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Solle v Butcher [1950] 1 K.B. 671; [1949] 11 WLUK 92 (CA)
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is generally regarded as a landmark in the law of mistake. It caused some adverse
reaction at the time,
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but it has now stood for more than thirty-five years and has been followed on a
number of occasions.
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It might therefore seem to require justification to reopen the discussion of the
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but it is hoped that what follows will show that there is more to be learnt from
the case about mistake itself, and indeed that an analysis of the use of equity in
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v.
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Butcher
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can shed some light on principles governing vitiating factors generally in the
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v.
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Butcher
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the Court of Appeal turned the law on common mistake in a new direction. The facts
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but for the present purposes it should be noted that the most far-reaching
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referred in some detail to the principles on which equity will intervene to grant
relief for mistake. It is worth setting out some of his judgment:
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\rdblquote [I]t is necessary to remember that mistake is of two kinds: first,
mistake which renders the contract void, that is, a nullity from the beginning,
which is the kind of mistake which was dealt with by the courts of common law; and,
secondly, mistake which renders the contract not void, but voidable, that is,
liable to be set aside on such terms as the court thinks fit, which is the kind of
mistake which was dealt with by the courts of equity. Much of the difficulty which
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*L.Q.R. 595
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Let me first consider mistakes which render a contract a nullity. All previous
decisions on this subject must now be read in the light of
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Bell
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v.
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Lever Bros. Ltd.
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 The correct interpretation of that case, to my mind, is that, once a contract has
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have to all outward appearances agreed with sufficient certainty in the same terms
on the same subject matter, then the contract is good unless and until it is set
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or for fraud, or on some equitable ground\u8230\'3f.
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Let me next consider mistakes which render a contract voidable, that is, liable to
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Torrance
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v.
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Bolton, per
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James L.J.
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8
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The court had, of course, to define what it considered to be unconscientious, but
in this respect equity has shown a progressive development. It is now clear that a
contract will be set aside if the mistake of the one party has been induced by a
material misrepresentation of the other, even though it was not fraudulent or
fundamental; or if one party, knowing that the other is mistaken about the terms of
an offer, or the identity of the person by whom it is made, lets him remain under
his delusion and concludes a contract on the mistaken terms instead of pointing out
the mistake\u8230\'3f. A contract is also liable in equity to be set aside if the
parties were under a common misapprehension either as to facts or as to their
relative and respective rights, provided that the misapprehension was fundamental
and that the party seeking to set it aside was not himself at fault\u8230\'3f.\
rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
It will be apparent that this judgment contains a wide statement of the
jurisdiction of equity, which hinges upon the concept of \ldblquote
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
unconscientiousness.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote It is proposed to study the analysis of the categories of \ldblquote
unconscientiousness\rdblquote set out by Denning L.J., and to argue that the third
category, that concerning common mistake, is not only an innovation unjustified by
authority, but is also not
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
eiusdem generis
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
with the other two categories and is therefore doubtful in principle.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 596
}
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb200
Authority
}
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
It is well known that the authority which appeared to prevent the grant of a remedy
in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
was the decision in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_9_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_9_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_9_1" }{\fldrslt
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9
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In that case, the House of Lords had refused to set aside a transaction under
which an employer had paid termination payments of \u163\'3f30,000 and \
u163\'3f20,000 to two employees respectively, when in fact they could have been
dismissed without any such payment, since they had committed breaches of duty
towards the employer. The case raised an issue of common mistake
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_10_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_10_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_10_1" }{\fldrslt
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10
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and contains statements indicating that the circumstances in which a contract can
be avoided on the ground of common mistake are limited.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
All four judges in the courts below had held that the contract was void for
mistake. The House of Lords, by a bare majority, disagreed; but there is more
unanimity as to the principles to be applied than might at first sight appear.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
An earlier case had considered the rules whereby a contract might be avoided on the
basis of common mistake. This was
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The Panama, New Zealand and Australian Royal Mail Co. Ltd.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_11_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_11_1}
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{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
11
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In that case, the defendant company, in a prospectus advertising the issue of
shares, referred to a contract for the carriage of mail which it honestly believed
it had made with the New Zealand Government. The plaintiff purchased shares, but it
was later established that there was no binding contract with the Government. The
value of the company (and therefore of the shares) was in consequence lower. On the
issue of mistake, Blackburn J., giving the judgment of the court of Queen\rquote s
Bench, said that there could be no remedy. An innocent misrepresentation or
misapprehension did not give the right to rescind at common law, unless
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_12_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_12_1}
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12
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 597
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\ldblquote it is such as to shew that there [was] a complete difference in
substance between what was supposed to be and what was taken, so as to constitute a
failure of consideration.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Since the plaintiff contracted for and obtained shares in the company, the result
of the mistake was insufficient to justify a remedy.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_13_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_13_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_13_1" }{\fldrslt
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13
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\lquote s case is important because it was a decision before the Judicature Acts,
and therefore represents only the common law view of common mistake.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
But clearly it envisages that, at common law, such a mistake
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
can
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
give rise to a remedy. The remedy is only to be granted when the actual subject-
matter of the contract is completely different in substance from the supposed
subject-matter. It is evident that the interpretation of this test will be
difficult.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
When the issue of mistake was considered in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
it is clear that the principles set out in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
were in the front of the judges\rquote minds. At first instance, Wright J. said
that a mistake would avoid a contract if it was a mistake as to the \ldblquote
underlying assumption without which the parties would not have made the contract as
they did,\rdblquote
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_14_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_14_1}
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14
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and that \ldblquote the mistake or misapprehension here is as to the substance of
the whole consideration and goes \ldblquote to the root of the whole matter,\rquote
in the words of the Court in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy\rquote s
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
case.\rdblquote
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_15_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_15_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_15_1" }{\fldrslt
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15
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
There was \ldblquote a total failure of consideration such as to vitiate the
bargain.\rdblquote
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_16_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_16_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_16_1" }{\fldrslt
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16
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The contract was therefore void on the ground of mistake. The judgments of the
Court of Appeal contain similar statements: Scrutton L.J.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_17_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_17_1}
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17
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
drew an analogy with frustration and spoke of the \ldblquote foundation\rdblquote
of the contract, and \ldblquote a fundamental reason for making it\rdblquote ;
Greer L.J. said that there was a complete difference in substance and so a failure
of consideration.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_18_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_18_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_18_1" }{\fldrslt
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18
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
He also said:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_19_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_19_1}
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19
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote [I]t is not, in my judgment, the law that the only mutual
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_20_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_20_1}
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20
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
mistakes that will avoid an agreement are mistakes as to the existence or identity
of the subject matter of the contract. I think a mistake as to the fundamental
character of the subject matter of the contract is one which, if mutual,
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_21_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_21_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_21_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
21
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the law will regard as rendering the contract void.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 598
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In the House of Lords, Lord Warrington (with whom Lord Hailsham agreed) cited
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and would have granted a remedy on the basis of the principles of that case;
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_22_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_22_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_22_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
22
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and two of the three of their Lordships who formed the majority also used
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lord Thankerton
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_23_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_23_1}
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23
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
said that the mistake must be as to \ldblquote something which both must
necessarily have accepted in their minds as an essential and integral element of
the subject-matter,\rdblquote but that this was not the case on the facts.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lord Atkin\rquote s speech, which is commonly regarded as the authoritative
statement, also envisaged that a mistake, even one as to quality of the subject-
matter rather than simply as to the physical existence of the subject-matter, could
in certain circumstances avoid a contract:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_24_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_24_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_24_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
24
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote My Lords, the rules of law dealing with the effect of mistake on
contract appear to be established with reasonable clearness. If mistake operates at
all it operates so as to negative or in some cases to nullify consent. The parties
may be mistaken in the identity of the contracting parties, or in the existence of
the subject-matter of the contract at the date of the contract, or in the quality
of the subject-matter of the contract. These mistakes may be by one party, or by
both, and the legal effect may depend upon the class of mistake above mentioned\
u8230\'3f.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Mistake as to quality of the thing contracted for raises more difficult questions.
In such a case a mistake will not affect assent unless it is the mistake of both
parties, and is as to the existence of some quality which makes the thing without
the quality essentially different from the thing as it was believed to be. Of
course it may appear that the parties contracted that the article should possess
the quality which one or other or both mistakenly believed it to possess. But in
such a case there is a contract and the inquiry is a different one, being whether
the contract as to quality amounts to a condition or a warranty, a different branch
of the law \u8230\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_25_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_25_1}
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25
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
I have come to the conclusion that it would be wrong to decide that an agreement to
terminate a definite specified contract is void if it turns out that the agreement
had already been broken and could have been terminated otherwise. The contract
released is the identical contract in both cases, and
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 599
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the party paying for release gets exactly what he bargains for. It seems
immaterial that he could have got the same result in another way, or that if he had
known the true facts he would not have entered into the bargain\u8230\'3f.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[I]t is of paramount importance that contracts should be observed, and \u8230\'3f
if parties honestly comply with the essentials of the formation of contracts--
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
i.e.,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
agree in the same terms on the same subject-matter--they are bound, and must rely
on the stipulations of the contract for protection from the effect of facts unknown
to them\u8230\'3f.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The implications to be made are to be no more than are \ldblquote necessary\rquote
for giving business efficacy to the transaction, and it appears to me that; both as
to existing facts and future facts, a condition would not be implied unless the new
state of facts makes the contract something different in kind from the contract in
the original state of facts \u8230\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
We therefore get a common standard for mutual mistake, and implied conditions
whether as to existing or as to future facts. Does the state of the new facts
destroy the identity of the subject-matter as it was in the original state of
facts?\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Two things emerge from
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The first is that, in the view of the House of Lords, there
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
are
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
circumstances in which a contract can be avoided purely on the basis of a common
mistake; and although there was no unanimity as to the effect of the mistake in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
itself, it appears that the judges were attempting to apply similar principles,
based on the common law case of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The majority in the House of Lords appear to have differed only in their
interpretation of the facts surrounding the mistake. Whereas the other judges in
the case (at all levels) regarded the mistake as being whether there was a
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
valid and unimpeachable
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
contract of employment (which there was not, since it had been broken by the
employees), Lord Thankerton and Lord Atkin appear to have regarded as the question
to which the contracting parties addressed themselves whether there was
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
a contract.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
As to this, there was no mistake.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_26_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_26_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_26_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
26
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Secondly, it is clear that the test of a successful common mistake is restrictive.
Indeed, Lord Atkin\rquote s speech most clearly expresses this and is suffused with
the principle of sanctity of contract: the policy of the law is to restrict the
circumstances where a contract can be successfully challenged to cases in which
relief will not
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 600
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
undermine freedom of contract (and so, generally, to require the parties to
provide in the contract for such challenge).
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_27_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_27_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_27_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
27
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
in his discussion of mistakes as to the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
quality
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
of the subject-matter of the contract, Lord Atkin relied
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_28_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_28_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_28_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
28
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
on two main authorities:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Panama,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_29_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_29_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_29_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
29
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Smith
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Hughes.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_30_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_30_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_30_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
30
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The relevant statement of Blackburn J. in the former case
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_31_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_31_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_31_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
31
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
deserves study:
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote There is \u8230\'3f a very important difference between cases where a
contract may be rescinded on account of fraud, and those in which it may be
rescinded on the ground that there is a difference in substance between the thing
bargained for and that obtained. It is enough to shew that there was a fraudulent
representation as to
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
any part
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
of that which induced the party to enter into the contract which he seeks to
rescind; but where there has been an innocent misrepresentation or misapprehension,
it does not authorize a rescission unless it is such as to shew that there is a
complete difference in substance between what was supposed to be and what was
taken, so as to constitute a failure of consideration.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
For example, where a horse is bought under a belief that it is sound, if the
purchaser was induced to buy by a fraudulent representation as to the horse\rquote
s soundness, the contract may be rescinded. If it was induced by an honest
misrepresentation as to its soundness, though it may be clear that both vendor and
purchaser thought that they were dealing about a sound horse and were in error, yet
the purchaser must pay the whole price, unless there was a warranty; and even if
there was a warranty, he cannot return the horse and claim back the whole price,
unless there was a condition to that effect in the contract.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The principle appears from
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
to be that an innocent mistake as to
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
substance
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
can give rise to a remedy, but not one as to mere quality.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_32_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_32_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_32_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
32
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lord Atkin refers to there being a remedy in respect of a mistake as to
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
quality,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
provided that it makes the subject-matter of the contract
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
essentially
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
different.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_33_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_33_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_33_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
33
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
This appears to be an unfortunate use of terminology, which is not stating a
principle different from that in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
According to
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
only fraud is sufficient to alter this. Since there was no fraud on the facts of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
itself, there was no
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 601
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
remedy. It should, however, be remembered that in equity there may now
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_34_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_34_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_34_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
34
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
be a remedy for a wholly innocent misrepresentation. It is therefore likely that,
if the facts of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
were to arise again, equity would be invoked and a remedy could be granted. This
was stated in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
by Scrutton L.J.:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_35_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_35_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_35_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
35
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote [I]n my view, the case of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Panama,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
so far as it decides that an innocent misrepresentation, though material, is not a
ground for rescission unless it is also fundamental, is no longer law, in view of
the fusion of common law and equity by the Judicature Acts, the rule of equity
prevailing.\rdblquote
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_36_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_36_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_36_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
36
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
shows that at common law, even an induced mistake gave no remedy unless either the
inducement was fraudulent or the mistake resulted in the contracting party
obtaining something essentially different from that for which he bargained.
Presented with a non-fraudulent mistake in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the judges used the principle of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
to deny a remedy for what was treated as a pure (not induced) mistake.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Smith
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Hughes
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_37_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_37_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_37_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
37
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
was a case involving a unilateral mistake;
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_38_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_38_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_38_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
38
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
however the principles involved in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Smith
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
are crucial in a discussion of mistake generally. Lord Atkin in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
confined operative mistake as to
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
quality
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
to common mistakes.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_39_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_39_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_39_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
39
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Smith
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Hughes
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
was concerned with ascertaining whether there was a concluded contract,
objectively tested, although there was in fact a unilateral mistake.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Smith,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
there was an agreement for the sale of oats. The evidence conflicted as to detail
of the negotiations, but it was clear that the oats which the plaintiff wished to
sell were
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
new
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
oats, but the defendant wished to buy
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
old
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
oats. The Court of Queen\rquote s Bench ordered a new trial on the basis that the
judge\rquote s direction to the jury as to the test to be applied had been
imprecise. They drew a distinction between a mistake as to the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
quality
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
of the subject-matter of the contract, and a mistake as to the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
terms
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
of the contract. Specifically, they were unclear from the evidence whether the
defendant had, on the one hand, just thought that the oats were
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
in fact
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
old oats (an issue as to quality); or had, on the other hand, thought that the
plaintiff was
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
warranting
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
that they were old oats (an issue as to the terms of the contract). If the latter,
there was prima facie no contract,
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
unless
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
one party was prevented (on an objective test) from asserting other than that
there was agreement
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 602
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
on the other party\rquote s terms.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_40_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_40_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_40_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
40
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In the case of a mere
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
quality
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
mistake there could be no remedy unless the mistake was
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
induced
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
by the party resisting relief. Thus, provided that there is no mistake as to the
contractual terms, both parties are bound
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
unless
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
one party induced the mistake; and then it is only the mistaken party who can
claim relief.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
These principles were expressed by Hannen J. in the following manner:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_41_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_41_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_41_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
41
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote It is essential to the creation of a contract that both parties should
agree to the same thing in the same sense\u8230\'3f. But one of the parties to an
apparent contract may, by his own fault, be precluded from setting up that he had
entered into it in a different sense to that in which it was understood by the
other party\u8230\'3f.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
If \u8230\'3f in the present case, the plaintiff knew that the defendant, in
dealing with him for oats, did so on the assumption that the plaintiff was
contracting to sell him old oats, he was aware that the defendant apprehended the
contract in a different sense to that in which he meant it, and he is thereby
deprived of the right to insist that the defendant shall be bound by that which was
only the apparent, and not the real bargain.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u8230\'3f but a belief on the part of the plaintiff that the defendant was making
a contract to buy the oats \u8230\'3f under a mistaken belief that they were old,
would not relieve the defendant from liability unless his mistaken belief were
induced by some misrepresentation of the plaintiff, or concealment by him of a fact
which it became his duty to communicate. In order to relieve the defendant it was
necessary that the jury should find not merely that the plaintiff believed the
defendant to believe that he was buying old oats, but that he believed the
defendant to believe that he, the plaintiff, was contracting to sell old oats.\
rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb200
Mistake at common law
}
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
It is possible now to state some preliminary views as to the basis of the doctrine
of mistake at common law.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In the case of a
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
common
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
mistake, ex hypothesi there is no difficulty in showing an agreement between the
parties. They have clearly agreed to the same effect, but it transpires that they
were unaware of some fact relevant to the contract. The common law will regard the
contract as void, but only if the mistake is
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 603
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
fundamental,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
in the sense that it is such as to show that there was a complete difference in
substance between what was supposed to be, and what was, taken.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_42_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_42_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_42_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
42
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The idea of the common law intervening to relieve one or both parties to a
contract, where the effect of their contract is fundamentally different from what
had been expected, is not confined to mistake. There is a clear analogy with the
doctrine of frustration, where an event
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
subsequent
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
to the formation of the contract may sometimes be relied on as discharging both
parties from future performance.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_43_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_43_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_43_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
43
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
It should be noted that in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Scrutton L.J. relied on frustration cases as an analogy with mistake.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_44_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_44_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_44_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
44
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In more recent cases the courts have stated more clearly what they regard to be the
basis of the doctrine of frustration. The test
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_45_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_45_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_45_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
45
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
is the statement of Lord Radcliffe in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Davis Contractors Ltd.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Fareham U.D.C.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_46_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_46_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_46_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
46
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote [F]rustration occurs whenever the law recognizes that without default of
either party a contractual obligation has become incapable of being performed
because the circumstances in which performance is called for would render it a
thing radically different from that which was undertaken by the contract. Non haec
in foedera veni. It was not this that I promised to do.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lord Diplock rephrased it in this way:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_47_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_47_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_47_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
47
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 604
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\ldblquote \u8230\'3f does the occurrence of the event deprive the party who has
further undertakings still to perform of substantially the whole benefit which it
was the intention of the parties as expressed in the contract that he should obtain
as the consideration for performing those undertakings?\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The cases appear to be striving for the same goal: a restrictive definition of the
circumstances which are sufficiently
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
serious,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
or where there is an
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
essential difference
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
from what had been expected, so as to justify dissolving the obligations.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_48_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_48_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_48_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
48
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In the case of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
unilateral
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
mistake, however, one must ask different questions. Ex hypothesi there is a
discrepancy between the parties\rquote respective understandings as to a material
fact; and the efforts of the common law are concentrated on establishing which
party\rquote s understanding is to be enforced. In achieving a conclusion as to the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
terms
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
of the contract, a form of \ldblquote estoppel\rdblquote is used. If one party
has acted in such a way as to disturb the balance of the negotiations, he may be
precluded from asserting his own terms in opposition to the other party\rquote s
terms. This was made clear in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Smith
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Hughes
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
by Hannen J.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_49_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_49_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_49_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
49
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Once the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
terms
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
have been established, there is no remedy for a mistake which goes simply as to
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
quality
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(unless the mistake is
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
induced
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
by the party against whom relief is sought.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_50_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_50_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_50_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
50
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Here again it is the action of one party which disturbed the balance of
negotiations, which can be relied on to justify a remedy; it is however a different
imbalance from that used within the \ldblquote estoppel\rdblquote to conclude the
terms of the contract (and one which is tested more restrictively)). The important
point is that in unilateral mistakes the common law looks to a form of imbalance in
the negotiations to decide which party to favour; and that it takes a very narrow
view indeed of mistakes as to quality: in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_51_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_51_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_51_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
51
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lord Atkin took the view (relying on
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Smith
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Hughes
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
) that a quality mistake is operative only if it is common--and we have seen that
it must also be so serious as to change essentially the subject matter of the
contract.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 605
}
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Rescission in equity before
}
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb200
Butcher
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Before one can consider adequately the impact of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
it is necessary to deal briefly with the question of what was the nature of
equity\rquote s jurisdiction for common mistake before 1950. This has received
detailed treatment elsewhere
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_52_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_52_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_52_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
52
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and were it not for the controversial treatment of the subject by Denning L.J. in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
which has so far been allowed to stand without successful judicial challenge, it
might be thought not to be worth labouring. Shortly stated, there is nothing to
suggest that the courts at the time of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
 thought that equity would act
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
over and above
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the common law, in order to hold voidable a contract which the common law would
hold valid.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
A number of cases have been relied upon to show that there was a wide jurisdiction
in equity to set aside, on the basis of mistake, a contract which the common law
would declare valid. In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_53_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_53_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_53_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
53
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
itself, Denning L.J. relied on
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Cooper
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Phibbs,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_54_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_54_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_54_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
54
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Torrance
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bolton,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_55_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_55_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_55_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
55
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Earl Beauchamp
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Winn
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_56_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_56_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_56_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
56
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Huddersfield Banking Co. Ltd.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lister.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_57_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_57_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_57_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
57
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
These cases do not, however, prove the point. What must be found is a case before
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(and, preferably, after the Judicature Acts 1873-1875, since only then would
equity and the common law be seen juxtaposed in the same case) which involves a
pure mistake (that is, unaccompanied by a misrepresentation) which the common law
would clearly refuse to recognise as a ground of relief, but which equity has
allowed to found rescission.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Cooper
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Phibbs
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_58_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_58_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_58_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
58
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the House of Lords invoked equity to set aside a contract where a person took a
lease of property which in fact belonged to him already--
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
res sua.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
But there is no reason to think that, had the same case been brought in a court of
Common Law, the court would have come to the conclusion that the contract was
valid. There is no statement to that effect in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Cooper,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and this point has been made judicially since then.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_59_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_59_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_59_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
59
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The equitable jurisdiction of the Court was invoked in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Torrance
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bolton;
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_60_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_60_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_60_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
60
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
but that case involved a misleading description in sale particulars; there was
more, then, than a pure mistake.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_61_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_61_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_61_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
61
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Earl
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 606
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Beauchamp
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Winn,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_62_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_62_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_62_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
62
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
rescission in equity was sought of a contract of exchange of property; the
argument was that there had been a false common assumption that the plaintiff had
only a right of warren
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_63_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_63_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_63_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
63
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
over one piece of property, and that the defendant had the right to the property
itself; and that therefore the plaintiff had obtained by way of exchange property
which was in fact his own. The House of Lords held that there was in fact no
mistake. Only Lord Chelmsford considered the question of what would have been the
outcome if there had been a mistake. He concluded
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_64_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_64_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_64_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
64
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
that equity could intervene on those facts; and he stated the principle as
follows:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_65_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_65_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_65_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
65
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote The cases in which Equity interferes to set aside contracts are those in
which either there has been mutual mistake or ignorance in both parties affecting
the essence of the contracts, or a fact is known to one party and unknown to the
other, and there is some fraud or surprise upon the ignorant party.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
It will be noted that this case involved a contract the subject matter of which was
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
res sua
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
;
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Cooper
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Phibbs
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
was cited, although not relied upon in the judgments; and (as in the case of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Cooper
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
) there is no reason to think that the common law would not also have said that the
contract was void. The terminology used by Lord Chelmsford shows some similarity to
that in the common law cases: the mistake must either be a common mistake which
affects the \ldblquote
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
essence
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote of the contract (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
cf.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the reference to \ldblquote substance\rdblquote in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Panama
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_66_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_66_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_66_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
66
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
); or it must be a unilateral mistake of which one party has sought to take
advantage (and where there is therefore an imbalance between the parties:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
cf. Smith
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
 v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Hughes
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_67_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_67_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_67_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
67
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
).
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
A final case to consider is
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Huddersfield Banking Co. Ltd.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lister,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_68_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_68_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_68_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
68
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
where the Court of Appeal considered a common mistake. This is a case after the
Judicature Acts; but it contains statements of principle which are rather wide.
Lopes L.J. and Kay L.J. both referred to the ability of the court to set aside an
agreement when it is shown that it was entered into under a common mistake.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_69_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_69_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_69_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
69
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The statement of principle by Kay L.J. suggests that he saw the merits of a purely
equitable jurisdiction:
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote Of course, if the order had been acted upon, and third parties\rquote
interests had intervened and so on, difficulties might arise; but nothing of that
kind occurs here.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 607
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
However, it seems very clear that Lindley L.J. (who considered the matter in the
most detail) saw the common law and equitable jurisdictions as
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
both
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
exercisable on the facts in front of him. A common mistake, he said,
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_70_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_70_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_70_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
70
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote is impliedly treated as a consideration which must exist in order to
bring the agreement into operation.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
It made the agreement void at law; then, an action would lie for money had and
received \ldblquote on the ground of the mutual mistake; or, rather, as it would be
put in law, a total failure of consideration.\rdblquote
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
He later said that \ldblquote on the same principle there are cases in equity \
u8230\'3f\rdblquote , and he cited
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bingham
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bingham
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_71_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_71_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_71_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
71
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Cooper
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Phibbs.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
To argue that the House of Lords in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
were ignoring the position in equity is not tenable. At first instance Wright J.
specifically considered equity
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_72_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_72_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_72_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
72
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
; and in the House of Lords Lord Warrington specifically mentioned it.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_73_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_73_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_73_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
73
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
To say that the House of Lords forgot to consider the one branch of the law which
could have given a remedy, is not possible. The reason must be that equity would
not have acted differently. In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lord Atkin justified his strict approach in this way
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_74_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_74_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_74_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
74
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
:
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote \u8230\'3f I see no way of giving relief to the plaintiffs in the
present circumstances except by confiding to the Courts loose powers of introducing
terms into contracts which would only serve to introduce doubt and confusion where
certainty is essential.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
This view of the policy of sanctity of contract must surely exclude any possibility
that Lord Atkin could nonetheless admit that a wider jurisdiction to relieve from
common mistake could exist in equity.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb200
Butcher
}
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In spite of this state of the authority, however,
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
appears to deny that there is any jurisdiction in the common law for a common
mistake, but asserts that there is a wide jurisdiction in equity.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The case involved an agreement between landlord and tenant for the lease of a flat
at a rent of \u163\'3f250 per annum. This was done on
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 608
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the common assumption that the flat, which had been repaired and improved after
having suffered war damage, was not subject to any statutory limitation as to rent.
In fact it was later discovered that, since the flat had been subject to rent
controls before the alterations, it was still subject to controls. The mistake
alleged was that the flat
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
as altered
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
was still the same flat as that which existed
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
before
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the alterations. Since it was still the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
same
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
flat for the purposes of the Rent Restriction Acts, the rent was limited to that
charged
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
before
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the alterations (\u163\'3f140 p.a.). It was however clear that, had this mistake
not been made, the landlord could legally have obtained the higher rent, but only
by following certain procedures laid down in the Acts. Once the lease had been
entered into, this was too late.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
On these facts, the tenant, having subsequently found out that the proper rent was
only \u163\'3f140, sued to recover the sums which he had overpaid. The Court of
Appeal was unanimous neither as to the result nor as to the principles to be
applied. Jenkins L.J. dissented, and would have refused relief on the ground that
the mistake was one of law, not fact.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_75_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_75_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_75_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
75
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Denning L.J. considered
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
explicitly, and said,
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote The correct interpretation of that case, to my mind, is that once the
parties, whatever their inmost states of mind, have to all outward appearances
agreed with sufficient certainty in the same terms on the same subject matter, then
the contract is good unless and until it is set aside for failure of some condition
on which the existence of the contract depends, or for fraud, or on some equitable
ground \u8230\'3f\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Neither of the other judges mentioned
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_76_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_76_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_76_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
76
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bucknill L.J. came to the conclusion
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_77_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_77_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_77_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
77
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
that
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote there was a common mistake of fact on a matter of fundamental
importance, namely, as to the identity of the flat with the dwelling-house
previously let at a standard rent of \u163\'3f140 a year, and that the principle
laid down in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Cooper
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Phibbs
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
applies.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
It was, of course, vital that equitable jurisdiction be exercised in order to give
the remedy desired.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Only if the court had a discretion,
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 609
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and could exercise it by imposing terms,
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_78_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_78_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_78_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
78
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
could the plaintiff be prevented from obtaining the advantage of paying only \
u163\'3f140 p.a. (unless, of course, relief should be refused altogether and the
original contract be allowed to stand in spite of the Rent Restriction Acts
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_79_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_79_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_79_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
79
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
). It was quite natural, therefore, that the authority appealed to was
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Cooper
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Phibbs,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
where terms were imposed upon the grant of a decree of rescission for mistake; and
the arguments of counsel reflected this. Counsel for the defendant cited
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_80_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_80_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_80_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
80
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Cooper
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Phibbs,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and argued for an equitable remedy. Counsel for the plaintiff, however, failed to
attack the issue of an equitable jurisdiction for mistake, and concentrated on the
argument that the mistake was one of law. Neither side cited
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The cases after
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
have tended to establish as the general rule the principles stated by Denning
L.J., thereby reducing
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
to almost nothing. In an early case,
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Rose
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Pim,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_81_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_81_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_81_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
81
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Denning L.J. took the opportunity obiter to make a statement about the equitable
jurisdiction for mistake. The case involved a claim for rectification, but Denning
L.J. (alone of the three Lords Justices) considered whether the contract was
vitiated by mistake. He set out
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_82_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_82_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_82_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
82
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the test for mistake in very similar terms to his statement in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Magee
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Pennine Insurance Company,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_83_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_83_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_83_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
83
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the Court of Appeal, in ex tempore judgments, was divided on the test for mistake.
On facts analytically indistinguishable from
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lord Denning M.R. referred to
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and said,
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_84_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_84_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_84_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
84
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote I do not propose today to go through the speeches in that case. They
have given enough trouble to commentators already. I would say simply this: A
common mistake, even on a most fundamental matter, does not make a contract void at
law: but it makes it voidable in equity. I analysed the cases in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and I would repeat what I said there\u8230\'3f.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The other two judges, however, applied
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
although they reached opposite conclusions. Winn L.J. said
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_85_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_85_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_85_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
85
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
that
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
was indistinguishable, and he applied it to hold the contract
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 610
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
valid. He therefore dissented. Fenton Atkinson L.J.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_86_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_86_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_86_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
86
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
referred to
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and said that an operative mistake must be as to an assumption which was \
ldblquote fundamental to the continued validity of the contract or a foundation
essential to its existence.\rdblquote He applied this test, and concluded that the
contract was avoided.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_87_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_87_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_87_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
87
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Magee
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
is important because the facts are perhaps as close as one could find to
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The case involved a promise by the defendant to pay \u163\'3f365 in settlement of
a claim on a motor insurance policy, where the policy itself was voidable by reason
of certain misrepresentations made by the plaintiff on the proposal form. Thus, in
both
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Magee
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
there is an agreement (to pay out on the insurance policy; to pay to terminate the
employment) which is sought to be set aside by the party who has agreed to pay,
where the foundation of this agreement to pay is a prior contract (of insurance; of
employment) which, unknown to the parties at the time of the later agreement, was
voidable (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Magee
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
) or terminable (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
). Thus in each case, the later promise to pay was made in circumstances where, had
the promisor known the true facts, he could have avoided the need to make the
promise at all. The difference was that in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the payment had already been made, and therefore the action was by the payor to
recover the money; whereas in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Magee
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the payment had only been promised, and the action was brought by the promisee to
enforce the promise. On principle, this should make no difference.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
On these facts, therefore, two members of the Court of Appeal applied
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
thus indicating that that case has some continuing force, at least. But, since
those two members of the court came to the opposite conclusion on the facts, it is
difficult to discern how exactly to apply
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lord Denning M.R. however would have nothing to do with
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and stated his reasons rather too widely:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_88_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_88_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_88_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
88
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote Mr. Magee had no valid claim on the insurance policy:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_89_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_89_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_89_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
89
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and, if he had no claim on the policy, it is not equitable that he should have a
good claim on the agreement to pay \u163\'3f385, seeing that it was made under a
fundamental mistake. It is not fair to hold the insurance company to an agreement
which they would not have dreamt of making if they had not been under a mistake.\
rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
It may well be that the judges will prefer to apply
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
rather than
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
precisely because of the
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 611
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
difficulty which emerges from the judgments in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Magee
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Pennine:
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
that although the test in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
is rather too wide to the point of uncertainty, that in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
is exactly the reverse; it is difficult to establish with confidence, on a given
set of facts, whether
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
applies at all.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_90_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_90_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_90_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
90
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
And, of course, being able to invoke an equitable jurisdiction means flexibility
in the result of any case.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Two other cases can be cited to show that the courts have been willing to apply the
test propounded by Denning L.J. in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
rather than that in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Grist
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bailey
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_91_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_91_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_91_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
91
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
there was a contract for the sale of a house \ldblquote subject to the existing
tenancy thereof.\rdblquote In fact, there was no protected tenancy, although both
parties thought that there was. When the plaintiff, the purchaser, brought an
action for specific performance, the vendor sought rescission on the basis of
mistake. Goff J. first asked whether the contract was void at common law; that is,
he applied
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
He concluded (although without giving full or convincing reasons) that the
subject-matter here was
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
not
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\ldblquote something essentially different from what it was supposed to be.\
rdblquote
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_92_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_92_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_92_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
92
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
But he then went on to consider the position in equity, and applied the test of
Denning L.J. in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
to hold the contract voidable.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In a more recent case,
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Laurence
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lexcourt Holdings
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_93_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_93_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_93_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
93
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Mr. Brian Dillon Q.C.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_94_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_94_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_94_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
94
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
granted rescission of a contract for lease where the parties contracted under a
common mistaken assumption that there was in force a more extensive planning
permission than in fact subsisted. The main ground of the decision was that there
had been a misrepresentation which sufficed for a decree of rescission in equity.
However, he also considered
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_95_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_95_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_95_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
95
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the question of rescission for mistake, and concluded, on the basis of the test of
Denning L.J. in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
that there was a mistake which justified a remedy. It is notable that nowhere, in
argument or in the judgment, is there any mention of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The only authorities on mistake which appear to have been mentioned are
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Grist
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bailey.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
So, the rule in equity appears (in courts of first instance, at least) to have
eclipsed the common law.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The application of the test in
}
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb200
Butcher
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Relatively few reported cases have been decided on the basis of common mistake.
Although the most recent cases have applied the test in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
there is comparatively little guidance as to
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 612
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
exactly how that test is to be interpreted. It will be remembered that the test is
formulated in this way:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_96_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_96_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_96_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
96
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote A contract is also liable in equity to be set aside if the parties were
under a common misapprehension either as to facts or as to their relative and
respective rights, provided that the misapprehension was fundamental and that the
party seeking to set it aside was not himself at fault.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Thus, there are three basic requirements:
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1) there must be a common mistake which
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(2) was fundamental, and
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(3) the party seeking relief must not himself have been at fault.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The first requirement poses no difficulty of interpretation. On the second and
third requirements there is very little guidance in the cases. The concept of
fundamentality had been regarded as a requirement for the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
common law
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
remedy for mistake. But the equitable rule has been interpreted more widely, and
therefore the term cannot be used in so narrow a meaning. It appears from
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Grist
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bailey
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_97_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_97_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_97_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
97
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
that it is a fundamental mistake if the value of the subject-matter of the
contract is rather different from that supposed (there, \u163\'3f2,250 rather
than \u163\'3f850). This would not satisfy the common law test (as Goff J. in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Grist
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
said
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_98_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_98_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_98_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
98
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
; and as
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
itself might seem to show: \u163\'3f50,000 was paid for something which was in
fact worthless
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_99_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_99_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_99_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
99
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
).
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
On the third requirement in the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
test, there is again little help in the cases. It could be interpreted as meaning
simply that, since rescission is an equitable remedy, the party seeking the remedy
must come \ldblquote with clean hands.\rdblquote But, if this is the case, it is
difficult to see why Denning L.J. should have spelt it out; he had mentioned the
remedy of rescission for misrepresentation, and for unilateral mistake,
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_100_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_100_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_100_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
100
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
but did not there say that there was a requirement of the party seeking relief not
being \ldblquote at fault.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Grist
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bailey,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Goff J. considered the requirement that the party seeking relief be not at fault,
and said
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_101_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_101_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_101_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
101
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
that it was not absolutely clear to him what Denning L.J. had intended. He thought
that it required some degree of blameworthiness beyond simply having made the
mistake; but each case must depend on its own facts, and he could not find fault in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Grist
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
itself.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 613
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The other case which has considered the meaning of the requirement as to \
ldblquote fault\rdblquote is
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Laurence
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lexcourt.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_102_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_102_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_102_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
102
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The defendants, the purchasers, resisted specific performance, and claimed
rescission on the basis (inter alia) of mistake. Mr. Brian Dillon Q.C. had no
difficulty in finding that the mistake was common and fundamental. On the issue
of \ldblquote fault,\rdblquote he found that the defendants were not at fault:
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote [T]here is no doubt that the defendants were imprudent in proceeding
without making the usual searches and inquiries, but they did not owe any duty of
care to the plaintiffs to make those searches and their mistake did not bring about
[the plaintiffs\rquote ] mistake.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The passage suggests two possible meanings for \ldblquote at fault.\rdblquote On
the one hand, Dillon Q.C. appears to be considering whether the party seeking
rescission was at fault in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
creating
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the mistake. He says that the mistake of the defendants did not bring about the
mistake of the plaintiffs. On this interpretation, the \ldblquote fault\rdblquote
could be relevant to who
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
induced
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the mistake. On the other hand, the judge appears to consider the issue of \
ldblquote fault\rdblquote as being whether the defendants failed to use what
opportunities they had to
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
discover
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the mistake. He says that they owed no duty of care to the plaintiffs to search.
The fact that they were most imprudent in failing to search was not sufficient.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_103_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_103_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_103_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
103
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Some light may be cast on the requirement of \ldblquote fault\rdblquote from
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Earl Beauchamp
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Winn,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_104_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_104_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_104_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
104
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
which is one of the authorities relied on by Denning L.J. in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
itself.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_105_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_105_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_105_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
105
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The mistake there was as to the rights of the Earl in certain land, and arose from
an old document in the plaintiff\rquote s possession. Lord Chelmsford said,
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_106_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_106_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_106_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
106
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
,
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote it was argued that the agreement could not be set aside in Equity, as
the late Earl at the time of entering into it knew, or had the means of knowing,
what his rights in the East common were\u8230\'3f. [T]here can be no doubt that if
the late Earl at the time of the treaty for the exchange, had taken the trouble to
examine his title deeds, he would have found the grant of 1799\u8230\'3f. Can it be
fairly alleged that culpable negligence was imputable to the late Earl in not
availing himself of this information in his possession respecting his title to the
East Common? \u8230\'3f [I]t may be remarked, that if reference had
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 614
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
been made to the neglected document, the knowledge which it would have imparted
would have been of a grant of doubtful construction. I cannot think that, taking
all the circumstances into consideration, there was such wilful ignorance or
culpable neglect as would have deprived the late Earl of his right to relief if he
was entitled to it upon other grounds.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
This seems to suggest that a document in the plaintiff\rquote s possession which
would clearly establish the mistake,
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
could
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
justify denial of relief. This casts some doubt on the decision in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Laurence,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
but only on the basis of pure mistake: misrepresentation was the alternative (and
principal) ground of relief.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Clearly, in both the meanings of \ldblquote fault\rdblquote to which Dillon Q.C.
alludes in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Laurence,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
what is sought is evidence that responsibility for, or risk of, the mistake lay on
the party seeking to take advantage of it. Only if it did not, can he obtain a
remedy. It is proposed now to consider the theoretical justification for the grant
of any remedy for mistake. It is hoped that this will show that the balance of
responsibility between the contracting parties is a fundamental aspect of such
justification, and that some doubt can be cast on the test proposed in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb200
Rectification for mistake
}
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
It is instructive to consider the circumstances in which rectification may be
granted as a remedy for mistake. It is clear that a decree of rectification will
perform a different function in unilateral and common mistake cases. The essence of
rectification for common mistake is that it merely alters the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
expression
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
of the transaction. There is no attempt to withdraw from the agreement; there is
simply an allegation that the document fails accurately to reflect the agreement
which was in fact made. This is illustrated by
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Rose
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Pim,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_107_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_107_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_107_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
107
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
where the plaintiff and defendant agreed on the sale and purchase of \ldblquote
horsebeans,\rdblquote although they were both under the false impression that
horsebeans were \ldblquote feveroles,\rdblquote which is what the purchaser
sought. The Court of Appeal refused rectification. Denning L.J. said
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_108_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_108_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_108_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
108
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
that the documents truly reflected what the parties had agreed. The mistake was
not in the expression of the agreement in the document, but in the agreement
itself.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Rectification for unilateral mistake raises different issues, however. If a decree
is granted here, the effect will be to alter the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
bargain.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
This is because the remedy is not being granted to give effect to the acknowledged
agreement between the parties, but to give effect, by alteration of the documents,
to the interpretation of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 615
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the agreement of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
one
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
of the parties. It is therefore to be expected that different principles will
apply. The basis of rectification for unilateral mistake is not always made clear
in the cases, although there is some support for the view that rectification is
founded upon some form of equitable estoppel.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_109_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_109_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_109_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
109
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
in this respect it appears to be akin to the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Smith
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Hughes
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
test for unilateral mistake, in so far as estoppel is relied upon to justify the
preference of one party\rquote s
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
terms
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
over those of the other party.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_110_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_110_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_110_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
110
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In the more recent cases, there has been some controversy over whether there need
be \ldblquote sharp practice\rdblquote by the party against whom the rectification
is sought, in order for the remedy to be granted. The argument here is that, since
the parties have produced a written document which ostensibly records their
agreement, that document should only be rewritten by the court if the party whose
understanding of the terms it in fact embodies used \ldblquote sharp practice\
rdblquote to secure the document in that form. It is instructive to consider
another area of the law which shows a similar principle. When a party to a written
contract seeks to allege that a particular term was not intended to be incorporated
in the final agreement, the law has developed a fairly stern rule that, if the
party so alleging has placed his signature on a document which contains that term,
he is bound.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_111_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_111_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_111_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
111
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The law wishes to give a certainty to the transaction, which is more easily
obtained, as a rule, by enforcing the written document than by allowing the parties
to override the expression of the agreement to which they have put their signature.
The recipient of a document on which a signature appears should be entitled to
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
rely
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
on that signature.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The rule is not, however, absolute. In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
L\rquote Estrange
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Graucob,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the principle was stated by Scrutton L.J.:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_112_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_112_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_112_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
112
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote When a document containing contractual terms is signed, then, in the
absence of fraud, or, I will add, misrepresentation, the party signing it is bound,
and it is wholly immaterial whether he has read the document or not.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
It is therefore clear that, if the party seeking to rely on the written terms
obtained their inclusion in the contract by fraud or misrepresentation, he cannot
be allowed so to rely. He is precluded, by his actions, from relying on the
ostensible legal position which he has obtained for himself. A purely innocent
misrepresentation is sufficient to exclude the normal rule
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_113_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_113_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_113_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
113
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
and so there need not necessarily be mala fides on the part of the party seeking
to rely on
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 616
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the clause. But there must be some imbalance between the parties which justifies
the intervention of the court to deny the written terms.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_114_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_114_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_114_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
114
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In the context of rectification for mistake, the court needs to find a clear
justification for rewriting the terms of the contract to represent the terms which
the party seeking relief had understood to be agreed. In the case of common
mistake, it is simply a question of establishing what was
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
in fact
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
agreed, and ensuring that the document (which ex hypothesi fails to reflect this,
through the mistake of both parties) is rewritten in appropriate terms. In the case
of unilateral mistake, however, the court looks for something more: action on the
part of the party resisting the remedy which induced the written form of agreement.
One may say that it is based on estoppel, or fault, or imbalance between the
parties; but its operation is tolerably clear, and can be illustrated from the
cases.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Riverlate Properties
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Paul
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_115_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_115_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_115_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
115
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
a lease was entered into in terms which included the obligation on the lessor to
effect exterior repairs. Two years after the lease had been executed, the lessor
alleged that there was an error, and sought rectification or rescission. The judge
at first instance found that only the lessor had thought that the obligation for
external repairs should rest on the tenant; the mistake was therefore unilateral.
The Court of Appeal refused to grant any remedy. Russell L.J.,
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_116_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_116_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_116_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
116
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
giving the judgment of the court, said that rectification could be granted for
unilateral mistakes; but this was only where the lessee was guilty of \ldblquote a
degree of sharp practice\rdblquote ; equity would only interfere on the basis of
conscience, and if the party resisting the rectification did not know of the
mistake, then \ldblquote conscience is clear at the time of the transaction,\
rdblquote and equity would not interfere.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
This expression of principle has been doubted. In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Thomas Bates
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Wyndham\rquote s (Lingerie) Ltd.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_117_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_117_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_117_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
117
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
a lease was drawn up without reference to arbitration as to rent review (which had
in fact been agreed); the defendant tenants noticed this at the time of execution,
but did nothing to draw the landlords\rquote attention to it. The Court of Appeal
granted rectification. Eveleigh and Brightman L.JJ.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_118_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_118_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_118_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
118
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
denied
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 617
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
that \ldblquote sharp practice\rdblquote was required, and Buckley L.J.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_119_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_119_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_119_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
119
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
doubted whether it was necessary. The principle was however expressed in this way:
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote The conduct of the defendant must be such as to make it inequitable that
he should be allowed to object to the rectification of the document \u8230\'3f the
conduct must be such as to affect the conscience of the party who has suppressed
the fact that he has recognised the presence of a mistake.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote If one party alone knows that the instrument does not give effect to the
common intention and changes his mind without telling the other party, then he will
be estopped from alleging that the common intention did not continue right up to
the moment of the execution of the clause. \u8230\'3f I think he might at that time
have had no intention of taking advantage of the mistake of the other party.\
rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
A further case has confirmed the general approach to rectification for unilateral
mistake. In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Agip SpA
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Navigazione Alta Italia SpA
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_120_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_120_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_120_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
120
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
a charterparty was entered into in a form which included a price escalation clause
expressed in U.S. Dollars. The original negotiations had provided for the clause to
be expressed in Italian Lire; and the charterers, who now sought rectification, had
not noticed that the wording had been changed.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_121_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_121_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_121_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
121
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
 In the Commercial Court Leggatt J. said that he was applying the law as laid down
in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Thomas Bates
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Wyndham\rquote s
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
, which he regarded as a case of equitable estoppel, rather than mistake.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_122_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_122_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_122_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
122
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
He refused rectification, since the fault in not noticing the change was wholly
with the plaintiffs:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_123_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_123_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_123_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
123
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote Since the defendants did not know that the plaintiffs were under a
misapprehension, it followed that the defendants cannot have decided, consciously
or otherwise, to refrain from disabusing them. \u8230\'3f [T]he defendants neither
knew of the plaintiffs\rquote misapprehension, nor so conducted themselves as to
make it inequitable for them to take advantage of it. The plaintiffs have no one to
blame but themselves for having entered into a contract containing a provision
which has
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 618
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
worked out much more adversely for them than they could reasonably have foreseen.\
rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The Court of Appeal also refused rectification, on similar grounds. Slade L.J.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_124_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_124_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_124_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
124
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
spoke in terms of an estoppel, and said,
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote I, for my part, would accept in principle that in a case where two
parties have been in negotiation with one another in such a manner as to produce \
ldblquote accord\rquote between them \u8230\'3f and one party proffers a draft
which purports to give effect to such accord, the proffering of the draft may, in
some circumstances, amount to a representation that the draft gives effect to the
accord, and that such representations may be capable of giving rise to an estoppel
in pais. \u8230\'3f However, if such an estoppel is to arise, two further
conditions are, I think, necessary. First, it must be intended, or at least be
reasonably foreseeable, by the representor that the representation will be relied
on. \u8230\'3f Secondly, the representee must have relied upon it to his detriment.
\u8230\'3f\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
He also added,
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_125_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_125_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_125_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
125
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
by way of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
obiter dictum:
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote I strongly incline to the view that in the absence of estoppel, fraud,
undue influence or a fiduciary relationship between the parties, the authorities do
not in any circumstances permit the rectification of a contract on the grounds of
unilateral mistake, unless the defendant had actual knowledge of the existence of
the relevant mistaken belief at the time when the mistaken plaintiff signed the
contract.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
It is therefore clear that the courts have used various ways of describing the
basis of the equitable remedy of rectification for unilateral mistake. It is talked
of as equitable estoppel
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_126_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_126_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_126_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
126
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
or common law estoppel.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_127_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_127_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_127_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
127
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
But in all these judgments what is being sought is more than a mere mistake; it is
some element of imbalance between the parties at the time of the contract, which
justifies tipping the scales against the party who appears only to be insisting on
his rights under the (written) contract. This imbalance may be found in fraud, or
misrepresentation, even if innocent; or actual knowledge that the other party is
mistaken whilst failing to intervene to point out the truth. And it is also evident
that the reason why such an imbalance is required before a remedy will be given is
that rectification will have the effect of altering the bargain in favour of the
plaintiff.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_128_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_128_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_128_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
128
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 619
}
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb200
Conclusion
}
}
{\b0 \cf23 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The reason why so much of this article has been devoted to discussions of
unilateral mistake and the equitable remedy of rectification is in an attempt to
point towards a theoretical basis for intervention by the courts in the transaction
between two parties where the alleged vitiating factor is a mistake. It is proposed
now to discuss briefly the remedy of rescission for common mistake in the light of
the above.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Rectification for common mistake casts little light on rescission. A court is able
to rectify documents to reflect what it has established was the true agreement
between the parties. It is not upsetting the balance of the agreement. In the case
of rescission, however, a court is generally unable to put the whole transaction to
rights, because it is unable to give effect to the agreement as if there had been
no mistake. A court cannot turn a mistaken fact into a true fact. It must either
allow the contract to stand (in which case the defendant usually obtains the better
bargain at the expense of the plaintiff) or rescind the contract (in which case the
plaintiff is allowed to extricate himself from what has turned out to be a bad
bargain).
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Rectification for unilateral mistake, however, can give rather better guidance on
the intervention which we may expect equity to make to rescind a contract on the
basis of mistake. We can now return to the statement of principle set out in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_129_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_129_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_129_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
129
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
It will be recalled that Denning L.J. referred to the intervention of equity as
being based on \ldblquote unconscientiousness\rdblquote ; and that this could be
particularised in three separate categories:
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
1. A mistake induced by a misrepresentation;
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
2. A mistake which one party knows the other party is making, but where he fails to
point out the error;
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
3. A common misapprehension which is fundamental, and where the party seeking
rescission is not at fault.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Whilst it is clear that Denning L.J. was here talking in terms only of the
equitable remedy of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
rescission
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
, his second category shows a principle which is reflected also in the intervention
of equity by way of rectification for unilateral mistake. The statement in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
appears to be a general statement about rescission for unilateral mistake:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_130_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_130_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_130_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
130
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
but it can be seen that, as in the case of
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 620
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
rectification for unilateral mistake, there is a positive fault on the part of the
defendant at the time of the contract: his actual knowledge of the mistake prevents
him from being allowed later to deny that the mistaken plaintiff can extricate
himself from the contract which he would not have entered but for the mistake.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Denning L.J. cited
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_131_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_131_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_131_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
131
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
as his authority for a general concept of unconscientiousness the case of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Torrance
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bolton.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_132_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_132_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_132_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
132
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In that case, Sir W. M. James L.J.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_133_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_133_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_133_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
133
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
referred to:
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote \u8230\'3f the ordinary jurisdiction of the Court to deal with
[contracts for the sale and purchase of lands] as it deals with any other
instrument or any other transactions, in which the Court is of opinion that it is
unconscientious for a person to avail himself of the legal advantage which he has
obtained. Indeed the books are full of cases in which the Court has dealt with
contracts of that kind--contracts obtained by persons from others over whom they
have dominion, contracts obtained by persons in a fiduciary position, contracts for
the sale of shares obtained by directors through misrepresentation contained in the
prospectus, in respect of which it was never necessary to allege or prove that the
directors were wilfully guilty of moral fraud in what they had done.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
This passage makes it clear that the essence of \ldblquote unconscientiousness\
rdblquote is, as Denning L.J. said in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
, that a party is seeking \ldblquote to avail himself of the legal advantage which
he had obtained\rdblquote
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_134_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_134_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_134_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
134
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
; but it is equally clear that the \ldblquote advantage\rdblquote referred to by
Sir W. M. James L.J. is one which has been actively obtained at the time of the
contract. There need be no fraud, as such: but there must be something in the
actions or the position of one party that justifies the scales being tipped against
him. It will be noted that the first category of \ldblquote unconscientiousness\
rdblquote set out in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
, that of misrepresentation, involves an imbalance between the parties at the time
of the contract. As in the case of rectification for unilateral mistake, a
misrepresentation, even if innocent, which induces the mistake, will give rise to a
remedy.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The third category, however, which refers to common mistake, is not
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
eiusdem generis
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
with the first two. If there is a pure mistake,
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 621
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
common to the parties, which was neither known of by the defendant, nor even
innocently induced by him by way of misrepresentation, there is nothing as between
the parties, at the time of the contract, which justifies the court taking the side
of one party rather than the other. It is only the facts as they turn out to have
been, and which therefore place one party in a less advantageous position than he
had expected, which can be appealed to, in order to justify the intervention of the
court.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The concept of rescission for common mistake therefore differs from the other
grounds of equitable intervention mentioned by Denning L.J. in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
in that there is nothing in the circumstances surrounding the making of the
contract which justifies the court in preferring one party to the other; the
inequity is rooted only in the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
consequences
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
of the bargain.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
One is left wondering whether there should be any remedy for common mistake at all.
It may well be that there are very few cases of pure mistake. Perhaps it will be
rare that neither party, however innocently, makes a statement as to the mistaken
fact, which can be regarded as influencing the other party in the negotiations and
therefore can give rise to the remedy of rescission on the basis of
misrepresentation.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_135_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_135_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_135_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
135
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The question which must be asked is whether, when there is present at the time of
the making of the contract none of the other vitiating factors which set an
imbalance in the transaction, and therefore justify a remedy--fraud, duress, undue
influence, misrepresentation--there should be any remedy at all for a party who
gets a bad bargain.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The common law gives a remedy for common mistake, but it is granted only in very
limited circumstances--essentially, only in those circumstances where the facts
turn out to be such that one party can be said to fail to receive the essential
benefit which the contract contemplated. This attitude was taken by the House of
Lords in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
on the basis that contracts should be preserved as far as possible, and that
parties should not be allowed to extricate themselves simply because they have made
a bad bargain. In a sense, the development of a new wider equitable jurisdiction in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
has side-stepped one of the
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 622
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
problems; since rescission is a discretionary remedy, there is no longer a \
ldblquote black and white\rdblquote answer to an allegation of mistake. If the
common law is called upon to give a remedy, it can only say either \ldblquote void\
rdblquote or \ldblquote valid.\rdblquote Equity gives a wider choice, in that a
decision that the mistake is operative does not lead inexorably to a remedy. In the
few cases in which rescission for mistake has been sought and granted since
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
, the courts have not necessarily simply torn up the contract. Where appropriate,
they have used the power to impose terms, in order to rewrite the contract, so far
as possible, as if the mistake had never been made.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_136_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_136_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_136_1" }{\fldrslt
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136
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
But it can certainly well be maintained, on the arguments elaborated in this
article, that interference by the courts in contracts should be limited to those
situations where either there is a failure of consideration or there is an
imbalance, built into the transaction by virtue of the conduct or position of one
party vis-a\u768\'3f-vis the other party at the time when the contract was made.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Moreover, it is not necessary to assume that
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
is entrenched in the law. There have been one or two hints recently that the
courts might take a more restrictive view of cases where the only alleged ground of
rescission is the unfair nature of the transaction, rather than the unfair
circumstances in which it came about. A good example
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_137_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_137_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_137_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
137
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
is the decision of the Privy Council in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Hart
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
O\rquote Connor
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0

}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_138_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_138_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_138_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
138
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
where it was held that a party may not obtain release from his contract on the
ground that he was of unsound mind unless either the other party knew of the
disability or the other party practised \ldblquote equitable fraud\rdblquote on
him. The fact that the terms of the contract are unfair to the disabled party is
not sufficient.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lord Brightman
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_139_1}{\*\bkmkend co_fnRef_139_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_139_1" }{\fldrslt
{\super \b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs16 \sa0 \sb0
139
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
drew attention to the fact that the word \ldblquote unfair\rdblquote is
ambiguous:
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\rdblquote If a contract is stigmatised as \ldblquote unfair\rquote , it may be
unfair in one of two ways. It may be unfair by reason of the unfair manner in which
it was brought into existence; a contract induced by undue influence is unfair in
this sense. It will be convenient to call this \ldblquote procedural unfairness\
rquote . It may also, in some contexts, be described (accurately or inaccurately)
as \ldblquote unfair\rquote by reason of the fact that the terms of the contract
are more favourable to one party than to the other. In order to distinguish this
}
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b1 \cf47 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
*L.Q.R. 623
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\ldblquote unfairness\rquote from procedural unfairness, it will be convenient to
call it \ldblquote contractual imbalance\rquote . The two concepts may overlap.
Contractual imbalance may be so extreme as to raise a presumption of procedural
unfairness, such as undue influence or some other form of victimisation. Equity
will relieve a party from a contract which he has been induced to make as a result
of victimisation. Equity will not relieve a party from a contract on the ground
only that there is contractual imbalance not amounting to unconscionable dealing.\
rdblquote
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Of course, the question is ultimately whether the principles of sanctity of
contract should be adhered to in the face of what appears to be an unlucky bargain,
if the unfortunate party cannot find any imbalance against him built into the
transaction. It is vital, however, that this question of policy should be decided
openly, after full consideration. The problem with
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
is that it marked a shift in policy without openly recognising that the shift was
taking place.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(Buckley L.J.)
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(Eveleigh L.J.)
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
JOHN CARTWRIGHT.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa200 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0 {
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clpadb400 \clpadfb3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clwWidth10080 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b1 \qc \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \fs22 \li0
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs22
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs22 \sa0 \sb0
Footnotes
\par
}
}
}
}\b1 \qc \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \li0 \fs22 \sa0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_1_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_1_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_1_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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1
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1950] 1 K.B. 671.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_2_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_2_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_2_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
2
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Slade, \ldblquote The Myth of Mistake in the English Law of Contract\rdblquote
(1954) 70 L.Q.R. 385.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
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clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_3_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_3_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_3_1" }{\fldrslt
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3
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
See, for example,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Grist
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bailey
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1967] Ch. 532;
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Magee
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Pennine Insurance Co. Ltd.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1969] 2 Q.B. 507,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lord Denning M.R.;
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Laurence
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lexcourt Holdings
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1978] 1 W.L.R. 1128.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_4_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_4_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_4_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
4
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
There is however some academic scepticism of the continuing strength of the
authority in so far as it relates to common mistake: Atiyah in
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lord Denning: The Judge and the Law,
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
pp.48-49.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_5_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_5_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_5_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
5
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
p.607
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
et seq..
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_6_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_6_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_6_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
6
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1950] 1 K.B. at 690-693.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_7_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_7_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_7_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
7
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1932] A.C. 161.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_8_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_8_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_8_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
8
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1872) L.R. 8 Ch. 118, 124.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_9_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_9_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_9_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
9
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1932] A.C. 161.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_10_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_10_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_10_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
10
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
As it has now come to be known. See, for example,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1950] 1 K.B. at 686
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bucknill L.J., at 693
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Denning L.J.;
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Magee
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Pennine Insurance Co. Ltd.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1969] 2 Q.B. at 514
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lord Denning M.R., at 515
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Winn L.J.;
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Laurence
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lexcourt Holdings
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1978] 1 W.L.R. at 1137
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
 Dillon Q.C. The textbooks use differing terminology, and indeed the House of
Lords\rquote speeches in
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
refer to
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
mutual
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
mistake. But the essence of the mistake which is being here considered is that
both parties are under the
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
same
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
mistake. This was the case in
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
because the jury found that, at the time of the making of the agreement to
terminate the employment contracts, the employees did not have the breaches of duty
in mind: see [1932] A.C. at 186,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lord Blanesburgh. A mistake where there is a discrepancy between the parties\
rquote respective understandings as to the contract will be referred to as
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
unilateral.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
It is however crucial to note that simply to label a mistake unilateral gives
little guidance as to whether any remedy is available. One must first consider what
further characteristics the unilateral mistake has--for example, whether it is a
simple unilateral mistake where the parties are innocently at cross-purposes with
no objective means of resolving the ambiguity (
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Raffles
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Wichelhaus
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1864) 2 H. & C. 906); whether the discrepancy relates to
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
terms
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
of the contract (
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Smith
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Hughes,
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
infra); whether the discrepancy is
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
known
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
by one party. Unilateral mistake will not be considered exhaustively in this
article, except in so far as it may cast some light on the reasons for allowing
remedies for common mistakes.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_11_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_11_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_11_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
11
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1867) L.R. 2 Q.B. 580.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_12_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_12_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_12_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
12
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 587.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_13_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_13_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_13_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
13
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 588-589. Indeed, another contract, though less lucrative, was negotiated with
the Government, and so it is not surprising that the tone of Blackburn J.\rquote s
speech is unsympathetic: see at 589.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_14_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_14_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_14_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
14
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1931] 1 K.B. 557 at 564.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_15_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_15_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_15_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
15
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 568.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_16_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_16_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_16_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
16
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 569.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_17_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_17_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_17_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
17
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 585, 586.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_18_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_18_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_18_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
18
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 597.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_19_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_19_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_19_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
19
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 595.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_20_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_20_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_20_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
20
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
I.e.,
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
common: see note 10,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
supra.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_21_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_21_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_21_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
21
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
I.e.,
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
common.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_22_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_22_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_22_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
22
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1932] A.C. at 207. 208.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_23_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_23_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_23_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
23
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 235.
\par
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}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
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\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
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\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_24_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_24_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_24_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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24
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 217; 218; 223, 224; 224; 226, 227.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
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\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_25_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_25_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_25_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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25
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
This highlights the first question which must be asked in the case of an alleged
mistake: whether one party has undertaken the risk of the mistake. The risk may be
undertaken expressly; or it may be undertaken impliedly by virtue, for example, of
conduct:
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
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McRae
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Commonwealth Disposals Commission
}
}
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1951) 84 C.L.R. 377 at 409. Only if, on the true construction of the contract,
the risk is not undertaken by either party, does the question of mistake arise.
This article is concerned only with the issues which arise once it is established
that the contract does not provide for the risk to be borne by either party.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
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clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_26_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_26_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_26_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
26
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
See at 233 and 236 (Lord Thankerton) and 223, 224 (Lord Atkin). Lord Blanesburgh
found for the defendants on a different point, but agreed generally with Lords
Atkin and Thankerton on the issue of mistake (at 198, 199). He said, however, (at
197) that an operative mistake must \ldblquote go to the whole consideration,\
rdblquote and doubted whether Lever Brothers had not in fact obtained more than
termination of a voidable contract: at 181 and 197. See also, on the interpretation
of the majority speeches, Lord Wright,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Legal Essays and Addresses,
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
p.262.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_27_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_27_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_27_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
27
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 229.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_28_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_28_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_28_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
28
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 219, 220.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_29_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_29_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_29_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
29
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Supra.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_30_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_30_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_30_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
30
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1871) L.R. 6 Q.B. 597.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_31_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_31_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_31_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
31
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1867) L.R. 2 Q.B. 580 at 587.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_32_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_32_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_32_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
32
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
This is not to suggest, of course, that a rule based on the distinction between
substance and quality will be easy to apply. Roman law wrestled with the same
distinction--and it was by reference to Roman law that Blackburn J. formulated his
rule in
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
: (1867) L.R. 2 Q.B. at 588.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_33_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_33_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_33_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
33
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1932] A.C. at 218.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_34_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_34_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_34_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
34
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Redgrave
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Hurd
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1881) 20 Ch.D. 1.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_35_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_35_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_35_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
35
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1931] 1 K.B. at 588.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_36_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_36_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_36_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
36
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
See also
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Rose
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Pim
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1950] 2 Q.B. 450 at 454,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
 Denning L.J. in argument.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_37_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_37_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_37_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
37
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1871) L.R. 6 Q.B. 597.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_38_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_38_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_38_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
38
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
That is, a mistake where there was a discrepancy between the parties\rquote
respective understandings as to the contract
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
cf.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
note 10,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
ante.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_39_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_39_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_39_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
39
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
p.598,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
ante.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_40_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_40_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_40_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
40
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Apparently, this is a form of estoppel by conduct. The case shows that unilateral
mistake is essentially an issue as to the terms of the contract, not as to the
quality of the subject-matter. on the point of estoppel, see also
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Scriven Bros. & Co.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
 v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Hindley & Co.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1913] 3 K.B. 564.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_41_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_41_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_41_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
41
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 609-611.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_42_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_42_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_42_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
42
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kennedy
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Panama
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1867) L.R. 2 Q.B. 580 at 587; see p.600
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
ante.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_43_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_43_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_43_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
43
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At first sight it might seem that there is an important difference between the
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
effects
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
of mistake and frustration, in that a contract entered into under a common mistake
is at common law void
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
ab initio
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
; whereas frustration does not avoid the contract, but
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
terminates
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
the obligations for the future only. This is however for the present purposes not
a material difference. The important difference between mistake and frustration is
in the
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
timing
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
of the event relied upon as the vitiating factor.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In the case of mistake, the fact or event which constitutes the mistake already
exists at the time the contract is made. The common law does not allow any effect
to be given to obligations purported to be undertaken or due to be performed after
the vitiating event; and in the case of mistake this means that the obligations can
never have force. The contract must be avoided if any remedy is given. In the case
of frustration, however, the vitiating event occurs during the lifetime of the
contractual obligations. As soon as it happens, the obligations come to an end; but
there is no reason to cancel or disturb performance of the obligations before that
time.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_44_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_44_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_44_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
44
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1931] 1 K.B. at 584-585. He spoke of the basis of mistake being the \ldblquote
foundation\rdblquote of the contract, or \ldblquote implied term\rdblquote ,
terminology which was also in use in 1931 to describe the basis of the doctrine of
frustration: see,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
e.g., Chitty on Contracts
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(18th ed., 1930), pp.828-832.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_45_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_45_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_45_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
45
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
According to
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
National Carriers Ltd.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Panalpina (Northern) Ltd.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1981] A.C. 675, 688 (Lord Hailsham), 717 (Lord Roskill) and
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Pioneer Shipping
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
B.T.P. Tioxide
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1982] A.C. 724, 744 (Lord Diplock), 751 (Lord Roskill).
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_46_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_46_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_46_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
46
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1956] A.C. 696 at 729.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_47_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_47_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_47_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
47
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Paal Wilson
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Blumenthal
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1983] 1 A.C. 854 at 918. This is the same formulation as that which Lord Diplock
has used to describe the circumstances in which a contract is repudiated (
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Afovos Shipping Co.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Pagnan
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1983] 1 All E.R. 449 at 455) or in which there is a fundamental breach (
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Photo Production Ltd.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Securicor
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1980] A.C. 827 at 849) or a breach of an intermediate stipulation (
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co. Ltd.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Kawasaki
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1962] 2 Q.B. 26 at 66) sufficient to justify the innocent party having the
election to terminate a contract.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_48_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_48_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_48_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
48
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Policy might suggest that the test for frustration should be less strict than that
for mistake. Since frustration is concerned with a vitiating event
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
subsequent
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
to the formation of the contract, it is something in the future and therefore the
parties should not be expected to be able to foresee it. In the case of mistake,
however, the vitiating fact exists at the time of entry into the contract, and is
therefore generally
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
capable
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
of discovery. It is therefore at least arguable that a party claiming to be
relieved of the contractual obligations on the basis of facts which
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
did
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
exist at the time at which he undertook the obligations should not be heard as
readily as a party who is appealing to facts which did
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
not
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
exist at the time of the contract, and which were therefore incapable of
discovery.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_49_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_49_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_49_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
49
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1871) L.R. 6 Q.B. at 609-610: see p.602,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
ante.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
See also Blackburn J. at 607, and
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Scriven Bros. & Co.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Hindley & Co.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1913] 3 K.B. 564
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
A. T. Lawrence L.J. It is of course loose terminology to describe this as
estoppel, since there may in fact be no representation: it is enough if A,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
knowing
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
of B\rquote s mistake as to the terms, fails to disabuse him:
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
acquiescence
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
is therefore sufficient. But the general point holds, that A has disturbed the
balance of negotiations by knowingly taking advantage of the other\rquote s
mistake.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_50_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_50_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_50_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
50
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Smith
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Hughes:
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
see pp.601-602,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
ante.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_51_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_51_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_51_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
51
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1932] A.C. at 218.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_52_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_52_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_52_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
52
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Slade, \ldblquote The Myth of Mistake in the English Law of Contract\rdblquote
(1954) 70 L.Q.R. 385.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_53_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_53_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_53_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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53
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1950] 1 K.B. at 694.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
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\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
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\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_54_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_54_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_54_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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54
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1867) L.R. 2 H.L. 149.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
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\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
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\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_55_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_55_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_55_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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55
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1872) L.R. 8 Ch.D. 118.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_56_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_56_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_56_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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56
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1873) L.R. 6 H.L. 223.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_57_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_57_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_57_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
57
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1895] 2 Ch. 273.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_58_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_58_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_58_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
58
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Supra.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_59_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_59_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_59_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
59
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Norwich Union Fire Ins.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Price
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1934] A.C. 455 at 463,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lord Wright;
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Bros.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1931] 1 K.B. 557 at 585 (Scrutton L.J.) and 591 (Lawrence L.J.); and [1932] A.C.
at 218 (Lord Atkin).
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_60_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_60_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_60_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
60
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Supra.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_61_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_61_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_61_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
61
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
See p.620,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
post.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_62_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_62_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_62_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
62
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Supra.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_63_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_63_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_63_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
63
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The right over property to kill and keep game or other animals.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_64_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_64_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_64_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
64
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 235.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_65_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_65_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_65_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
65
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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At 233.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
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\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
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{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_66_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_66_1}
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66
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
p.600,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
ante.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
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\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
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{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_67_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_67_1}
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67
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
pp.601-602,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
ante.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
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{\ri30 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_68_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_68_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_68_1" }{\fldrslt
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68
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Supra.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
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clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_69_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_69_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_69_1" }{\fldrslt
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69
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
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[1895] 2 Ch. at 283 and 284, respectively.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
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\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_70_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_70_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_70_1" }{\fldrslt
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70
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 281.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_71_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_71_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_71_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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71
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1748) 1 Ves. Sen. 126: a case of a contract by the plaintiff for the purchase of
}
}
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
res sua.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The report says: \ldblquote It was insisted, that it was the plaintiff\rquote s
own fault, to whom the title was produced, and who had time to consider it. Decreed
for the plaintiff \u8230\'3f; for though no fraud appeared, and the defendant
apprehended he had a right, yet there was a plain mistake, such as the court was
warranted to relieve against, and not to suffer the defendant to run away with the
money in consideration of the sale of an estate, to which he had no right.\
rdblquote
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
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clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_72_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_72_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_72_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
72
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 572.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
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clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_73_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_73_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_73_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
73
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 210.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_74_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_74_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_74_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
74
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 229.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_75_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_75_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_75_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
75
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1950] 1 K.B. at 705. It was \ldblquote simply a mistake as to the effect of
certain public statutes on the contract made, being in all respects precisely the
contract the parties intended to make.\rdblquote But he regarded the plaintiff\
rquote s case as \ldblquote as completely devoid of merit as any case could well
be\rdblquote (at 699). It is not difficult to sympathise with Jenkins L.J. on both
points.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_76_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_76_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_76_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
76
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Atiyah in
}
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lord Denning: The Judge and the Law,
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
at p.49, says that Bucknill L.J. found the contract void on the basis of
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lever Brothers;
}
}
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
this is however not at all clear from the report.
\par
}
}
}
}
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cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_77_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_77_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_77_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
77
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 686.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
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clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
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clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_78_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_78_1}
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78
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\par
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}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
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The effect of the terms imposed was that the tenant would have the lease set aside,
but only if the landlord agreed to grant a new lease at the rent of \u163\'3f250
p.a. if the tenant wished to stay. Thus, there was the possibility of the tenant\
rquote s occupation continuing, but only at the higher (and originally agreed)
rent.
\par
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}
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79
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\par
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A third possibility would have been to declare the lease void at common law for
mistake, but apply the principle of
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Hunt
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v.
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Silk
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(1804) 5 East 449 to bar the plaintiff\rquote s claim to recover the rent.
\par
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{\ri30 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_80_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_80_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_80_1" }{\fldrslt
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80
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}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
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}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
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At 678.
\par
}
}
}
}
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{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_81_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_81_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_81_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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81
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
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[1953] 2 Q.B. 450.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
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{\ri30 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_82_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_82_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_82_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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82
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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[1953] 2 Q.B. at 460.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
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{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_83_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_83_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_83_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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83
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1969] 2 Q.B. 507.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
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{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_84_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_84_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_84_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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84
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 514.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
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clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_85_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_85_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_85_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
85
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 515.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
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clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
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{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_86_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_86_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_86_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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86
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 517.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
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\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
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{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_87_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_87_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_87_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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87
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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From the context this appears to mean void. The judgment is however not very clear.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
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clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
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{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_88_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_88_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_88_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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88
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
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}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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At 515.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_89_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_89_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_89_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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89
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
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}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
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But it was voidable; it was not a void policy.
\par
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}
}
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{\ri30 \li30
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_90_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_90_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_90_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
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90
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
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}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
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But on the facts of
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Magee
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it was of no consequence to the plaintiff whether the contract was to be declared
void at common law or voidable in equity (hence the apparent conflict between the
judgments of the majority, Lord Denning (voidable) and Fenton Atkinson L.J.
(void)). There was no question of terms being imposed, or any of the bars to
equitable relief being relied upon.
\par
}
}
}
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91
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}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
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{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1967] Ch. 532.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_92_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_92_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_92_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
92
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 537.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_93_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_93_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_93_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
93
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1978] 1 W.L.R. 1128.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_94_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_94_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_94_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
94
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Now Dillon L.J.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_95_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_95_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_95_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
95
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 1137, 1138.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_96_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_96_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_96_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
96
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1950] 1 K.B. at 693.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_97_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_97_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_97_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
97
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1967] Ch. 532.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_98_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_98_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_98_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
98
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 537.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_99_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_99_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_99_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
99
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
It can however be argued that the mistake in
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bell
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
was not simply as to value: see n.26 and text,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
ante.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_100_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_100_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_100_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
100
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
See p.595,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
ante.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_101_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_101_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_101_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
101
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1967] Ch. at 542.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_102_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_102_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_102_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
102
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
p.611,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
ante.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_103_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_103_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_103_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
103
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
A solicitor acting for a purchaser would generally be held negligent if he failed
to make such a search: see
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Raintree Ltd.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Holmes and Hills
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1984) 134 N.L.J. 522. Should a purchaser not be left to his remedy against his
solicitor, or, if he chose not to employ a solicitor, bear the risk himself?
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_104_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_104_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_104_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
104
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1873) L.R. 6 H.L. 223.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_105_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_105_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_105_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
105
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1950] 1 K.B. at 694.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_106_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_106_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_106_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
106
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 233, 234.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_107_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_107_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_107_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
107
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1953] 2 Q.B. 450.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_108_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_108_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_108_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
108
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 462.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_109_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_109_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_109_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
109
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Snell\rquote s
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Principles of Equity,
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(28th ed., 1982) p.614.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_110_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_110_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_110_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
110
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
See pp.601-602, 604,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
ante.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_111_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_111_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_111_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
111
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
L\rquote Estrange
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Graucob
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1934] 2 K.B. 394.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_112_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_112_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_112_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
112
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 403.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_113_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_113_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_113_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
113
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Curtis
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1951] 1 K.B. 805.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_114_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_114_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_114_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
114
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
The English courts have not yet reached the position where mere acquiescence in the
failure to read the terms is sufficient: such as, where one party knows that the
other party has not taken the trouble to read the terms, but that he would object
if he did read them; or, more positively, where one party knows that the other has
not had the opportunity to read the terms.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
This latter situation appears to invoke the exception to the general rule in the
view of the Canadian courts:
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Tilden Rent-a-Car Co.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Clendenning
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1980) 83 D.L.R. (3d) 400.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_115_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_115_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_115_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
115
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1975] Ch. 133.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_116_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_116_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_116_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
116
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 140, 141.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_117_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_117_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_117_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
117
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1981] 1 W.L.R. 505.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_118_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_118_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_118_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
118
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 520 and 522 respectively.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_119_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_119_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_119_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
119
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 515.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_120_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_120_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_120_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
120
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1983] 2 Lloyd\rquote s Rep. 333 (Q.B.D., Commercial Court); [1984] 1 Lloyd\rquote
s Rep. 353 (C.A.).
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_121_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_121_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_121_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
121
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
In fact, it had been done by the brokers acting on behalf of the defendants, and
then the amendments were \ldblquote inadvertently rendered less conspicuous than
they would have been had they merely been effected in manuscript, because [the
brokers] tidily arranged for the whole document, or the material parts of it, to be
re-typed. It has not been suggested that [they] did so from any ulterior motive\
rdblquote : [1983] 2 Lloyd\rquote s Rep. at 337,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Leggatt J.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_122_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_122_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_122_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
122
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1983] 2 Lloyd\rquote s Rep. at 342.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_123_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_123_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_123_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
123
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1984] 1 Lloyd\rquote s Rep. at 343-344.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_124_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_124_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_124_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
124
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 364-365; Oliver and Robert Goff L.JJ. concurred in the judgment of Slade L.J.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_125_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_125_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_125_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
125
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 365.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_126_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_126_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_126_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
126
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bates, per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Buckley L.J.;
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Agip, per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Leggatt J.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_127_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_127_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_127_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
127
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bates, per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Eveleigh L.J.;
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Agip, per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Slade L.J.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_128_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_128_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_128_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
128
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
It should be mentioned that rectification may sometimes be granted for a unilateral
mistake, without the need to show this imbalance between the parties, in the case
of a voluntary transaction:
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Re Butlin\rquote s Settlement
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1976] Ch. 251. But in these situations there is no need to require the imbalance:
the transaction, being voluntary, does not involve a bargain. The only party whose
mistake is ever going to be relevant is the donor: a court is therefore more likely
to intervene to rectify a document to reflect the donor\rquote s true wishes.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_129_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_129_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_129_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
129
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
pp.594-595,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
ante.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_130_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_130_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_130_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
130
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
This statement of an equitable remedy for unilateral mistake is controversial. The
orthodox view is that a unilateral mistake operates only, if at all, to make a
contract void at common law: see
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Cundy
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lindsay
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1878) 3 App. Cas. 459. In
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
 v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
at 692-693, Denning L.J. suggested that
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Cundy
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lindsay
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
was wrongly decided by the House of Lords; and that
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Smith v. Hughes
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
should itself be decided according to equitable principles, rather than the common
law (cf. pp.601-602, 604,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
ante
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
). Lord Denning also expressed the view that the remedy for unilateral mistake is
rescission in equity, in
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Lewis
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Averay
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1972] 1 Q.B. 198 at 207. In
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Taylor
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Johnson
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1982-1983) 151 C.L.R. 422 (at 432) the High Court of Australia has accepted this
approach and applied it to grant rescission of a written contract entered into by a
party \ldblquote under a serious mistake about its contents in relation to a
fundamental term \u8230\'3f if the other party is aware that circumstances exist
which indicate that the first party is entering the contact under some serious
mistake or misapprehension about either the content or subject matter of that term
and deliberately sets out to ensure that the first party does not become aware of
the existence of his mistake or misapprehension.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_131_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_131_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_131_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
131
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
See [1950] 1 K.B. at 692.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_132_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_132_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_132_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
132
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1872) L.R. 8 Ch. 118.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_133_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_133_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_133_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
133
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 124, 125.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_134_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_134_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_134_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
134
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
See [1950] 1 K.B. at 692.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_135_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_135_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_135_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
135
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
For the purposes of the equitable remedy of rescission for misrepresentation, once
it is shown that a misstatement was made which was calculated to influence the
other party, it is
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
presumed
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
that the other party relied on it, unless the contrary is shown; that is, the
burden of proof is reversed:
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Redgrave
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Hurd
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
(1881) 20 Ch.D. 1,
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Jessel M.R. It is suggested that a plaintiff will seek to rely on common mistake
(and therefore
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
will be reexamined by the courts) only if no misrepresentation can be relied on.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
This will presumably happen only if (1) neither party made a misrepresentation as
to the mistaken fact; or (2) the defendant made a representation but it cannot be
relied on (for example, because rescission is barred by lapse of time: the
plaintiff may need to argue that the contract was void at common law); or (3) the
plaintiff himself made the representation (
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
quaere
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
whether this may have happened in
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Grist
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bailey
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
: see [1967] Ch. at 540).
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_136_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_136_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_136_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
136
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Solle
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Butcher; Grist
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Bailey.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_137_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_137_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_137_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
137
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
See also
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Multiservice Bookbinding Ltd.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Marden
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1979] Ch. 84 (mortgage: \ldblquote a bargain cannot be unfair and unconscionable
unless one of the parties to it has imposed the objectionable terms in a morally
reprehensible manner, that is to say, in a way which affects his conscience\
rdblquote :
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Browne-Wilkinson J. at 110);
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Alec Lobb (Garages) Ltd.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Total Oil (G.B.) Ltd.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1985] 1 All E.R. 303 at 312-313
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
per
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Dillon L.J. (mortgage);
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
National Westminster Bank plc
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
v.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
Morgan
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1985] A.C. 686 (undue influence).
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \ltrrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \
clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_138_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_138_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_138_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
138
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
[1985] A.C. 1000.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }
{\trowd \lastrow \trleft0
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \
clvertalt \clwWidth1320 \cellx1320
\clcbpat2 \clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \
clvertalt \clwWidth8760 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_139_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_139_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_139_1" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
139
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \li30 \fs20 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\ri30 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri30 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li30
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20 \chcbpat2
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0
At 1017, 1018. It will be apparent that Lord Brightman uses the word \ldblquote
imbalance\rdblquote in a different sense from that in which it has been used in
this article.
\par
}
}
}
}
}\b0 \cf1 \f2 \strike0 \i0 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 \ri30 \ul0 \ql \li30 \chcbpat2 \intbl \
cell \row }}\par
}
}
}
}\sect }