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Test 1 - Fluid

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188 views8 pages

Test 1 - Fluid

Uploaded by

dania
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CONFIDENTIAL CE/MAY 2022/ECW422

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA


TEST 1

COURSE : FLUID MECHANICS


COURSE CODE : ECW 422
EXAMINATION : MAC - AUGUST 2022
TIME : 2 HOURS

“I hereby declare that all the online submission is based on my original efforts, not
plagiarised from any source(s), nor attempting to or communicating with any other person
during the online assessment period. I am fully aware that candidates who are suspected of
violating this pledge are liable to be referred to the Disciplinary Committee of the College."

NAME : UiTM NO. : GROUP :


LECTURER :

TEST/ EXAM
SPECIFICATION TABLE
(TST/ EST)
Level of ALLOCATION MARKS MARKED
CO PO QUESTION
Difficulty MARKS EARNED BY
CO1 PO1 C2 1 15
CO1 PO1 C4 2 10
CO1 PO1 C3 3 10

CO1 PO1 C4 4 15

TOTAL MARKS 50
SETTER/ COURSE COORDINATOR RESOURCE PERSON

Signature and Stamp Signature and Stamp


Date : 24/3/2022 Date : 25/3/2022

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL CE/MAY 2022/ECW422

QUESTION 1

a) Explain how does capillary action happen and with the addition of diagram explain two
(2) types of capillary effect of liquid in tube. (CO1: PO1, C2)
(5 marks)

b) A tire having a volume of 0.085 m 3 contains air at a gage pressure of 180 kPa and a
temperature of 25 C ֯. Determine the density of the air and the weight of the air
contained in the tire. (Given: gas constant, R = 286.9 J/kg.K) (CO1: PO1,C2)
(5 marks)

c) Determine the force required on the plunger if the velocity distribution for the flow of
medicine fluid in the 5 mm diameter syringe as shown in Figure Q1 (c) exhibits a
parabolic velocity profile given by the following equation: (Given: ρair = 997 kg/m3,
maximum velocity, V = 1.2 cm/s, absolute viscosity, µ = 0.89 x 10 -3 N.s/m2 and y is
the height of maximum velocity) (CO1: PO1, C2)

(5 marks)

Length = 5 cm

y
h F

Figure Q1 (c)
ANSWER Q1:

a) Capillary action is a process during which a liquid, like water, moves up something solid,
like a tube, or into a material with a lot of small holes. This happens when three forces
called cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension work together

(A) (B)

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL CE/MAY 2022/ECW422

Condition 1: if the cohesive forces are bigger than the adhesive forces, the meniscus in a glass
tube will take shape as in B.
Condition 2: if the cohesive force are smaller than the adhesive forces, the meniscus in a
glass tube will take shape as in A.

b) Use the ideal gas law;

P
ρ=
RT

3
180 x 10 Pa
ρ=
( 286.9 ) (25+ 273 K )

3
ρ=2.1053 kg/m

The weight of the air;

W =ρ g x volume

W =2.1053(9.81)(0.085)
W =1.755 N

c)

τ =μ ( dVdy )
F
τ=
A

F= A μ ( dVdy )
A=2 π (
5 x 10−3
2 ) −4 2
0.05=7.85 x 10 m

−4 −3
F=7.85 x 10 x 0.86 x 10 x
3(1.2)
2 (
1−
2.5 x 10−32
5 x 10−3 )( )
F=1.256 x 10−6 N

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL CE/MAY 2022/ECW422

QUESTION 2

Figure Q2 shows the inclined differential manometer which contains carbon tetrachloride
(SG = 1.594). Initially, the pressure differential between pipes A and B, which contain a
brine (SG= 1.1), is zero as illustrated in the figure. It is desired that the manometer gives a
differential reading of 0.3 m (measured along the inclined tube) for a pressure differential of
0.7 kPa. Determine the required angle of inclination, θ. (CO1:PO1,C4).
(10 marks)

X’

Figure Q2
ANSWER Q2
P A =PB + ρ b g ( x−x ' ) + ρct g ( 3 sin θ )− ρb g ( x + x ' )

P A −PB =ρct g ( 3 sin θ )


3
0.7 x 10 =1594(9.81)¿
θ=8.58 °

QUESTION 3

A triangular plane surface (A-B-C) 0.70 m wide and 0.70 m deep is immersed at 0.90 m from
free surface of water as shown in Figure Q3. Determine the magnitude and location of the
resultant force. (CO1:PO1, C3)
(10 marks)

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL CE/MAY 2022/ECW422

Figure Q3

ANSWER Q3

β cos β=0.9/1
1
0.9 m m
β=25.84 °

1. Immersed area, A = ½ x 0.7 x 0.7


= 0.245 m 2

0.7 m
0.7
2. Centre of gravity for triangular
m
x 0.7 m
2/3 x x=2/3 x 0.7
¿ 0.467 m

0.7 m

3. Find Hg

0.3 m cos 25.84 ° =hg /(0.3+0.467)


hg
0.467 m hg=0.6903 m

4. Resultant force, FR

FR = pghgA
= 1000 x 9.81 x 0.6903 x 0.245
= 1659 N

5. Ig = bh3 / 36 = 0.7 (0.7)3 / 36 = 6.67 x 10-3 m4

6. hp = Ig sin2 θ / Ahg + hg

= (6.67 x 10-3) sin2 (90°+25.84°) / 0.245 (0.6903) + 0.6903


= 0.722 m

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL CE/MAY 2022/ECW422

QUESTION 4

a) An oil tanker in Figure Q4 (a) can carry 500 x 106 kg of oil in one trip. This ship can be
considered as approximately rectangular in shape, with length 380 m and width 55 m.
The mass of the ship without cargo is 190 x 106 kg. Take density of seawater as 1025
kg/m3.(CO1:PO1,C4)

i. Calculate the depth to which the fully loaded ship is immersed in seawater.
ii. When the ship is unloaded, it is necessary to carry seawater ballast in order to
keep the propeller submerged. A minimum immersed depth of 20 m must be
maintained. What is the volume of seawater required to meet this
requirement?

(7 marks)

380 m

55 m

Figure Q4 (a)

b) Early warning issued by government agencies such as the police, Fire and Rescue
Department and the Civil Defence Force helped reduce the impact of flash floods to
residents in the capital, as reported in The Straits Times on March 8, 2022. Figure Q4 (b)
shows an old boat with dimensions 5 m length, 2 m width and 0.5 m height from the bottom
of the boat. When it carries victims at the affected area, the total weigh including the boat is
6.50 kN. Assume the boat is approximately rectangular in shape and h is the depth of
immersion. Check the stability of the boat under static condition. (CO1:PO1,C4)

(8 marks)

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL CE/MAY 2022/ECW422

2m
5m

0.5 m

Figure Q4 (b)

ANSWER Q4
Q4A
i) W= mg
= [(190 x 106) + (0.5 x 109)] x 9.81
= 6768900000 N

Fb = W
PgVd = 6768900000 N
1025 x 9.81 x (55 x 380 x x) = 6768900000

x = 32.21 m

ii) Wship = (190 x 106) x 9.81


= 1863900000 N
Fb = Wship + Wseawater
1025 x 9.81 x (55 x 380 x 20) = 1863900000 + (1025 x 9.81 x V T)
4203094500 = 1863900000 + 10055.25 VT
2339194500 = 10055.25 VT
VT = 2.326 x 105 m3

Q4B

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL CE/MAY 2022/ECW422

1. Fb = W
PgVd = W
1000 x 9.81 x (5 x 2 x h) = 6.50 x 10 3
h = 0.0663 m

2. ycg = 0.5/2 = 0.25 m

3. ycb = h/2 = 0.0663/2 = 0.03315 m

4. Vd = 5 x 2 x 0.0663
= 0.663 m3

5. I = bh3/12 = 5(2)2/12 = 3.33 m4

6. MB = I/Vd = 3.33/0.663 = 5.02 m

7. ymc = MB + ycb
= 5.02 + 0.03315
= 5.05315 m

8. Compare
ymc (5.05 m) > ycg (0.25 m)
Therefore, the boat is stable for rescue work.

END OF QUESTION PAPER

© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL

Common questions

Powered by AI

Shear stress in fluid flow is the stress component parallel to the cross-section due to viscosity, defined as \( \tau = \mu \left( \frac{dV}{dy} \right) \). In a syringe, force is calculated using this stress over the plunger area, resulting in \( F = 1.256 \times 10^{-6} \text{ N} \) with the given parabolic profile .

Static stability is evaluated by comparing the metacentric height \( y_{mc} = 5.05315 \text{ m} \) and the center of gravity \( y_{cg} = 0.25 \text{ m} \). Since \( y_{mc} > y_{cg} \), the boat is stable . The boat displaces a volume \( V_d = 0.663 \text{ m}^3 \), confirming buoyancy equals weight .

To determine the force on the plunger, use the shear stress equation \( \tau = \mu \left( \frac{dV}{dy} \right) \) and the force area relationship \( F = A \times \mu \left( \frac{dV}{dy} \right) \). By finding the area \( A = 2\pi( 5 \times 10^{-3} / 2 ) \times 0.05 \), the force is calculated as \( F = 1.256 \times 10^{-6} \text{ N} \).

Using the ideal gas law, the density of the air is calculated with the formula \( \rho = \frac{P}{RT} \) giving \( \rho = 2.1053 \text{ kg/m}^3 \). The weight of the air is determined by \( W = \rho g \times \text{volume} \), resulting in a weight of 1.755 N .

Calculate the magnitude as \( FR = \rho gh_gA \) using the submerged centroid depth \( h_g = 0.6903 \text{ m} \) and the area \( A = 0.245 \text{ m}^2 \), giving \( FR = 1659 \text{ N} \). The location is determined using the formula for pressure center, resulting in \( h_p = 0.722 \text{ m} \).

For the fully loaded ship, immersion depth \( x \) is found using equilibrium \( W = F_b \) leading to \( x = 32.21 \text{ m} \). For unloading, the seawater ballast volume is calculated by setting \( F_b = W_{ship} + W_{seawater} \), requiring \( V_T = 2.326 \times 10^5 \text{ m}^3 \) of ballast .

Capillary action occurs when a liquid moves up a solid structure or into a porous material due to the combination of cohesive, adhesive, and surface tension forces . In a glass tube, if cohesive forces within the liquid are stronger than adhesive forces between the liquid and the tube, the meniscus takes a convex shape, as shown in Condition 1 . Conversely, if adhesive forces are stronger, the meniscus becomes concave as described in Condition 2 .

The angle of inclinometer affects the pressure differential according to \( PA - PB = \rho_{ct} g (3 \sin \theta) \). A larger angle results in increased height for the same pressure differential, changing the measured displacement necessary in the manometer .

An oil tanker balances buoyancy and load by distributing weight evenly. When loaded, it uses buoyant force \( F_b \) equal to total weight to immerse the ship to \( 32.21 \text{ m} \). When unloaded, it carries seawater ballast \( V_T = 2.326 \times 10^5 \text{ m}^3 \) to maintain buoyancy and stability for propeller submersion .

The required angle of inclination for the manometer is determined by the equation \( PA - PB = \rho_{ct} g (3 \sin \theta) \) for a pressure differential of 0.7 kPa . Solving gives \( \theta = 8.58^\circ \).

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