REVIEWER RPH

HISTORY - study and interpretation by a historian on the data and other source of the past
3 IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF HISTORY
1. past events
2. interpreted by someone usually by historian
3. rely on data and documents which historian call as historical sources

HISTORIA - means inquiry

- asking question or investigation
HISTORIAN - expert or student of history
HISTORIOGRAPHY - study of how history was written, by whom and why it was recorded

3 SOURCES OF HISTORY
PRIMARY - testimony of an individual who was a participant in or direct witness to the event
5 MAIN CATEGORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES - written sources, numerical records, oral
statements, relics, images

written sources - written or printed materials that have been produced in one form or another
sometime in the past
numerical records - printed or handwritten form
oral statements- video recordings, audio recordings, or transcribed
relics - artifacts, ruins and fossils
images - photograph, posters, paintings, drawing cartoons and maps

SECONDARY - interprets and analyzes

- an individual who was not direct witness to an event
EXAMPLE OF SECONDARY SOURCE: Textbook, Printed materials, Bibliographies,
Newspaper, Magazines, Journals

TERTIARY - third hand information by reporting ideas and details from secondary source
EXAMPLE OF TERTIARY SOURCE: encyclopedia, almanac, Wikipedia, YouTube,
dictionaries, message boards, social media sites and other search sites

HISTORICAL CRITICISMS
HISTORICAL CRITICISM - branch of criticism that investigates the origin of text or source
in order to understand the word behind the text
GOAL OF HISTORICAL CRITICISM
1. to discover the text primitive or original historical context and its literal sense
2. establish a reconstruction of historical situation of the author and recipients of the text
 2 KINDS OF CRITICISM
1. EXTERNAL - investigates the documents form
- obvious sign of forgery or misrepresentation
- Test of authenticity - determine the date of document
- determine the author’s handwriting, signature or seal
- anachronistic style
- anachronistic reference to events
- provenance or custody of the document
2 Test of Authenticity
1. Semantics is the linguistic study of meaning
2. Hermeneutics is more than interpretation or method used when immediate
comprehension fails
2. INTERNAL - investigates the content of the documents
- deeper or more intense study of sources
- Test of Credibility - identification of the author
- determine the approximate date
- ability to tell the truth
- willingness to tell the truth
- look for corroboration

CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES

- Background of the Author/Creator
- Background of the Document/Primary Source
- Content Analysis of the Important Historical Information Found in the Document
- Contribution and Relevance of the Document
- Relevance of the documents to the present time
- NAME
Novelty - something is new or never been seen before
Applicability - when it is similar to the present
Memory - how it has been remembered over time
Effect - how people have been affected

ONE PAST BUT MANY HISTORIES

A. The First Mass Site in the Philippines
- Antonio Pigafetta
- Father Pedro de Valderama
- March 31, 1521 an Easter Sunday
- Mazaua ~ venue
- island of Limawasa in Leyte
 B. The Two Faces of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny
Two major events happened in 1872
1. 1872 Cavite Mutiny
2. the martyrdom of the three martyr priests in the persons of Fathers Mariano Gomes,
Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora(GOMBURZA)

C. Cry of Balintawak or Pugadlawin?

- August 23, 1896
- Dr. Pio Valenzuela ~ testimony of only one eyewitness

D. Five Steps to Writing Strong Position Paper

1. Introduce your topic
2. Introduce possible objections
3. Support and acknowledge the opposing joints
4. Explain that your position is still the best one
5. Summarize your argument and restate your position

The Spanish version of Cavite Mutiny of 1872 is narrated by Jose Montero y Vidal. His account anchored on the thesis that the

fateful event of the 2oth of January 1872 happens due to the concerted effort of disgruntled native soldiers and laborers of Cavite

arsenal who willfully revolted to overthrow the Spanish rule, and thus, guilty of rebellion and sedition. By such acts, the

execution of prominent critics of the Spaniards and friars by the Spanish officials are justified, and the sentence of life

imprisonment and deportation of some natives critical of their incongruous rule is unquestionably legit if not morally blurred.

The account of Jose Montero y Vidal was even made credibly possible by no less than Rafael de Izquierdo, the governor-general

of the time when the revolt of 1872 happened.

The Filipino version is told by Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera. For him, the so-called Cavite Mutiny is a mere incident of mutiny

orchestrated by native soldiers and laborers who reacted to the harsh policy of the new governor-general, Rafael de Izquierdo,

who whimsically terminated the old-time privileges such as exempting them from paying annual tribute and from rendering

forced labor or polo. As accounted, it is made clear that the mutiny is blown-up by the Spanish officials and friars into a revolt as

a way for Filipinos to gain independence from Spanish monarchy.

It is very important to know the significance of the first mass in the Philippines because it is the day that
Spaniards that directed the campaign has carried Christianity to the Philippines. They brought religion
in our country. Our religion would probably be Islam which makes sense because most of our SE Asia
neighbors like Malaysia and Brunei are Muslims. The Rajahnate of Maynila is predominantly Muslim and
indigenous religion which has ties with Brunei.