65% of inorganic salt and water

POINTERS TO REVIEW like calcium and phosphorus

that gives the bone strength.
PHYSICAL AND PERSONAL
DEVELOPMENT IN ARTS Types of bones

LESSON 1 The types of bones are

classified on the basis of their
Skeletal System- consist of the form:
bones, cartilage and ligaments
that binds bones together. • Long bones- leg and arm
Without the frame to support bones ( Ulna & Radius)
your body you would collapse, • Short bones- wrist and
lose your shapes and be ankle bones
unable to move.
• flat bones- skull, shoulder
-it gives your body strength and blade, ribs, sternum, and
protects the soft parts inside. patella
The skeletal system –the • Irregular-bones of the
skeleton is made out of 206 spinal column
bones of different size and
shapes. It serves as the • The thigh bones or the
framework that holds the whole femur is the largest and
body together. strongest single bone in
the body, while the
The bones smallest bone called
The bones are the living stirrup found in the middle
structure consisting of several ear connected to two
layers. These include thin, other small bones called
membranous outer surface that hammer and anvil that
has a network of nerves and are joined to the eardrum
blood vessels running through it. . This carries sound signals
to the brain.
- Bones is made up of 35%
organic materials of fibrous
protein called collagen that
gives the bone flexibility. The
 4. Pelvic girdle ( the sacrum
and coccyx are
Division of the skeleton
considered part of the
The human skeleton is divided vertebral column)
into two parts:
The axial skeleton
Axial skeleton consists of the The skull-is the bony
bones that form the axis of the framework of the head. It
body and support and protect is comprised of the eight
the organs of the head, neck cranial and fourteen
and trunk. facial bones. The cranial
1. skull bones make up the
protective frame of bones
2. sternum around the brain while the
3. Ribs facial bones make up the
upper and lower jaw and
4. vertebral column
other facial structures,
CRANIAL BONES
1. Frontal –forms the
forehead(1)
2. 2. parietal –forms the roof
and sides of the skull(2)
3. Temporal- house the ears
(2)
4. Occipital –forms the base
APPENDICULAR SKELETON – is of the skull and contains
composed of the bones that the foramen magnum (1)
anchor the appendages to the
5. Sphenoid- is considered
axial skeleton.
the key bone of the skull
1. Upper extremities where all bones are
2. Lower extremities connected to it (1)

3. Shoulder girdle
 6. Ethmoid- located THE RIBS- the ribs are thin , flat
between the eyes that curved bones that form a
forms the part of the nasal protective cage around the
septum (1) organs in the upper body.
These bones of the rib cage are
FACIAL BONES divided into three categories
1. Mandible-forms the lower namely:
• TRUE RIBS- are the first
jaw and the only
seven pairs of bones
moveable joint in the
connected to the
head that provide the
spine(backbone) and
chewing motion. (1) directly to the breastbone
2. Maxilla-forms the upper or sternum by a strip of
law(2) cartilage called the costal
cartilage
3. 3. palatine- forms the hard • FALSE RIBS- are the next
palate or the roof of the three pairs of bones
mouth(2) directly connected to the
spine at the back and are
4. Zygomatic-are the cheek
attached to the lowest
bones (2) true ribs in front.
5. Lacrimal – help form the • FLOATING RIBS- are the
orbits or inner aspects of last two sets of the ribs the
the eyes (2) spine but not connected
to anything in front.
6. Nasal-forms the bridge of
the nose (2)
7. Vomer –from parts of the
nasal septum ( the divider
between the nostrils) 1
8. Inferior concha-bones
which makes up the side
wall of the nasal cavity (2)
 • Forearm – is the region
between the elbow and
THE STERNUM
the wrist. It is formed by
The sternum is a flat, dagger the radius on the lateral
shaped bone located in the side and the ulna on the
middle of the chest from where medinal side when
the ribs are connected to it by viewed on anatomical
the costal cartilage.. It is position.
composed of three parts, the
• Hands –have 27 bones
handle called the manubrium,
and are consist of the
the blade called body and the
three parts, the wrist ,
tip called xiphoid process
palms and fingers.
The vertebral column
Wrist or carpals –consist of 8
The vertebral column also small bones called carpal
called the backbone or spinal bones that are tighly bound by
column consist of series of 33 the ligament.
irregularly shaped bones called
Palm or metacarpal- consist of
vertebrae, this 33 bones are
4 metacarpal bones one
divide into five categories
aligned with each the fingers.
depending on where they are
located in the backbone. Fingers or phalanges- consist of
14 bones called phalanges.
• Cervical vertebrate –the
The single finger bone is called
first seven vertebrae
phalanx arranged in three
located on top of the
rows.
vertebral column., these
bones form a flexible LOWER EXTREMITIES
framework of the neck
• THIGH – the region
Arm – is the region
between the hip and the
between the shoulder
knee composed of a
and the elbow consist of
single bone
single long bone called
humerous. • LEG- it is the region
between the knee and
the ankle. It is formed by
 the fibula on side away the rib cage commonly called
from the body and the the shoulder blade.
tibia or thin shin bone.
THE PELVIC GIRDLE
• FOOT- contains 26 bones
The pelvic girdle is also called
of the ankle, insteap the
the hip girdle composed of
five toes. The ankle is
coxal bones that support the
composed of 7 tarsal
weight of the body from
bones the largest of which
vertebral column.
is called calcaneus or
heel bone. THE JOINTS

Phalanges or metatarsal-bones The joints or articulation is the

of the foot are similar in number place where two bones come
and position to the metacarpal together. There are three types
and phalanges of the hands. of joints classified according to
their degrees of movement.
Kneecap or patella-is a large
triangular sesamoid bone • IMMOVABLE OR
between the femur and the SYNARTHROSES –In this
tibia. joint the bones are in the
very close contact and
THE SHOULDER GIRDLE
separated only by thin
The shoulder girdle is also layer of fibrous
called pectoral girdle connective tissue.
composed of four bones. 2
• SLIGHTLY MOVABLE OR
clavicles and 3 scapulae.
AMPHIARTHROSES- This
*CLAVICLE –Is also known as joint is characterized by
collar bone. It is a slender S- bones that are
shaped bone connects the connected by hyaline
upper arm to the trunk of the cartilage. Ex the ribs that
body and holds the shoulder are connected to the
joint that allow a greater sternum
freedom of movement.
*FREELY MOVABLE OR
SCAPULA -Is a large triangular, DIARFTHROSES- Most of the
flat bone on the back side of joint in the human body are
freely movable which are of bones that are fused
six types: together in adult.
1. Ball-and-socket
2. Condyloid
3. Saddle LESSON 2
4. Pivot What is tissue
5. Hinge A tissue is a group of cells that
perform the same structure and
6. Gliding
functions.
• and support the head.
4 TYPES OF BODY TISSUE
• Thoracic vertebrae- are
• A connective tissue
the next 12 vertebrae membrane is built entirely
form the form the anchor of connective tissue. This
of the rib cage. type of membrane may
be found encapsulating
• Lumbar vertebrae-these an organ, such as the
five bones are the largest kidney, or lining the cavity
vertebrae in the spinal of a freely movable joint
column that support most • Epithelial tissue refers to
of the bodies weight and groups of cells that cover the
are attatched to many of exterior surfaces of the body,
the back muscles. line internal cavities and
passageways, and form certain
• Sacrum – is the triangular glands. Connective tissue, as its
bone located just below name implies, binds the cells
the lumber vertebrae that and organs of the body
consist of four of five together.
sacral vertebrae in a child
which fused into a single • Nervous tissue is also
bone after age 26. excitable, allowing for the
generation and propagation of
• Coccyc-is also called the electrochemical signals in the
tailbone consist of 3-5 form of nerve impulses that
communicate between 6. sweat glands—the minute
different regions of the body. curled tubes of the skin’s
epidermis growing
• Muscle tissue is a soft down into the dermis which
tissue that composes muscles in actively secrete sweat.
animal bodies, and gives rise to ♦ Keratin is the protein
muscles' ability to contract. It is responsible for keeping the skin
also referred to as waterproof.
myopropulsive tissue. This is ♦ The lymph vessels are tiny
opposed to other components openings into the dermis that
or tissues in muscle such as provide protection
tendons or perimysium. from infections.
♦ Sebum is the oily substance
LESSON 3 that lubricates and waterproofs
Integumentary system is made the hair and
up of skin and its glands and skin.
outgrowths. It provides ♦ Collagen is the tough fibrous
protection, sensory perception, protein of connective tissue
temperature found in the skin,
regulation and a means of bones, teeth, cartilage,
excreting wastes from the ligaments, etc. that forms the
human body matrix of the skin.
The different parts of the ♦ There are two general types
integumentary system are: of skin. These are:
1. epidermis—the outer surface 1. glabrous—the thick skin
of the skin; found on the palms of your
2. dermis—the inner layer of the hands and the
skin beneath the epidermis; soles of your feet; and
3. sebaceous glands—the tiny 2. nonglabrous—the thin, hairy
glands in the dermis of the skin type of skin.
that ♦ Melanin is the black or brown
protect it by secreting sebum; pigment found in varying
4. subcutaneous tissues—the degrees in the skin,
tissues found under the skin; hair and eyes of human and
5. hair follicles—the pits animals.
surrounding the roots of hair;
and