11 Large Numbers

10 sets of
1000 is .......

1 Ten and Hundred Thousand Place

1 How many sheets of paper are there in the above figure?
1 If we make bundles of ten thousand, how many can we make?

3 sets of ten thousand is written as 30000 and is read as

thirty thousand. It is also written as 30 thousand.

2 How many sheets of paper are

3 0 0 0 0
there altogether? 6 0 0 0
4 0 0
2 0
7
Three ten thousand, six thousand,
Ten thousands place

four hundred, two ten, and seven

Thousands place
Hundreds place

ones makes 36427 and it is read as

Ones place
Tens place

thirty six thousand, four hundred and

twenty seven.

Let’s find the structure of numbers larger than

10000 and how to express them.

+ = 109
 The number that is 10 sets of one thousand (1000) is
written as 10000 or 10 thousand and is read as ten
thousand. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sets of 1000

0
1 thousand 5 thousand 10 thousand
(1000) (5000) (10000)

2 Write the following numbers in numerals while being

careful about their place values.
1 The number that is two sets of ten

Ten thousands place

thousand, four sets of thousand, nine

Thousands place
Hundreds place
sets of hundred, a set of ten and eight ones.

Ones place
Tens place
2 The number that is the sum of seven
sets of ten thousand and 860. 1
2
3 The number that is the sum of eight 3
sets of ten thousand and nine sets of ten. 4

4 The number that is four sets of ten thousand.

Exercise

1 Read the following numbers.

1 48219 2 98056 3 28000 4 70006

2 Write the following numbers in numerals.

1 Eighty six thousand two hundred and fifty nine
2 Fifty thousand and thirty two
3 Twenty thousand and eight hundred
3 Write the following numbers in numerals.
1 The number that is the sum of three sets of ten thousand,
nine sets of thousand and five sets of ten.

110 = ×
3 In 2011, Papua New Guinea census statistic showed that the
number of male living in Eastern Highlands Province was
311000. Let’s think about this number.
Ten thousand 1 0 0 0 0
10 sets of ten thousand make a hundred thousand 1 0 0 0 0 0

Hundred thousands place

Ten thousands place
Thousands place
Hundreds place

Ones place
Tens place
3 1 1 0 0 0

1 How many sets of the hundred thousand, ten thousand

and thousand are combined to make this number?
2 Read the number 311000.

4 Let’s read the number of people in the Highlands Region

in 2011 below.
1 Southern Highlands Province: 510 245
2 Western Highlands Province: 249 449
3 Enga Province: 432 045
4 Hela Province: 249 449
5 Jiwaka Province: 343 987
6 Simbu Province: 376 473

5 Let’s make the largest number and the second smallest

number by arranging the number cards from 1 to 6.

+ = 111
 The number that is 10 sets of ten thousand (10000) is
written as 100000 or 100 thousand and is read as
hundred thousand.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sets of 10000

0
10 thousand 50 thousand 100 thousand
(10000) (50000) (100000)

Exercise

1 Read the following numbers.

1 The number of babies born in Papua New
Guinea in 2012 was 210181.
2 The number of Papua New Guinea small holder coffee
producers in 2008 was 397772.
2 Write the following numbers in numerals.
1 The population of Lae city in 2000 was one hundred
and nineteen thousand, one hundred and seventy four.
2 The number of people living with HIV in Papua New
Guinea in 2015 was two hundred, ten thousand, eight
hundred and eleven.

How to Read and Write Large Numbers

Read after separating the third and fourth place by counting from the
ones place. The number is read as Four hundred and sixty eight
thousand, one hundred and forty nine. 468 149
For every 3-digit numbers, we include a space or comma.
Examples: 1 Include space 468 149
2 include comma 468, 149

112 = ×
2 The Structure of Large Numbers

1 Write the following numbers in numerals and read them.

1 The number that is the sum of 3 sets
of ten thousand, 7 sets of thousand and

Hundred thousands
1 hundred.

Ten thousands

Ones place
The number that is the sum of 361 sets

Thousands
2

Hundreds
of thousand and 480.

Tens
3 The number that is the sum of 7 sets 1
2
of a hundred thousand and 9 sets of a
3
hundred.
2 Let’s think about 245000.
1 How many sets of hundred thousand, ten thousand and
thousand are there in this number?
2 How many sets of 1000 are there to make this number?
3 How many sets of 100 are there to make this number?

245000 is also written as 245 thousand.

3 How many sets of hundred thousands are there to make

1000000?

The number that is 10 sets of hundred thousand is

written as 1000000 and read as one million.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sets of 100000

0
100 thousand 500 thousand 1 million
(100000) (500000) (1000000)

− = 113
 Exercise

Write the following numbers and read them.

1 The number that is the sum of 3 sets of ten thousand

and 8 sets of thousand.

2 The number that is the sum of 5 sets of hundred

thousand, 2 sets of ten thousand and 9 sets of hundred.

4 Let’s think about the following number lines.

What is expressed by each scale?
Which numbers are expressed by a , b , c , d and e ?

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

A

a b

hundred two hundred three hundred four hundred five hundred

thousand thousand thousand thousand thousand
0
B

c d e

A straight line, with marked points that are equally spaced

in every point on the line corresponds to a number, is called
a number line.
On the number line, the number gets larger as you move
towards the right.

114 = ×
5 Draw the number line with a (unit) Scale of 10 thousand,
marked with on the line corresponding to the following numbers.

180 thousand 250 thousand 320 thousand

6 Fill in the with a number.

1 99998 99999 100002
2 750 thousand 800 thousand
900 thousand

7 Arrange the following numbers

Hundred thousands
Ten thousands
in descending order and line them

Ones place
Thousands
Hundreds
vertically in the table on the right.

Tens
1 386020 2 378916 3 89000
Compare the largest 1
place numbers. 2
3

8 Show the relationship between the two numbers using

> , < and = .
45000 140000

The symbols < and > are called inequality signs.

These symbols are used to compare two numbers,
whether one number is larger or smaller than the another
number.

+ = 115
 Exercise

1 Fill in the with a number.

1 99900 99950 100050
2 528 thousand 532 thousand
536 thousand 538 thousand

2 Arrange the following numbers in ascending order.

1 ( 30001, 190000, 210003, 99900 )
2 (400000, 94000, 170000, 240000)

3 Fill in the with a sign of inequality.

1 54300 64100 2 17300 17030

4 Fill in the with a number.

1 99900 99850 99700
2 648 thousand 642 thousand
636 thousand 633 thousand

5 Arrange the following numbers in ascending order.

1 ( 200000, 190000, 215000, 190050 )
2 (400000, 500000, 40000, 3000)

6 Fill in the with the signs of inequality.

1 24900 25900 2 39000 38000

116 = ×
3 10 Times, 100 Times and Divided by 10
10 tinned meat and
10 times have the
1 You buy tinned meat which costs 20 same meaning!
kina each. How much for 10 tinned meat?
20 × 10 =
Hundreds Tens Ones

2 0
10 times
2 0 0

2 What is 10 times 25?

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Hundreds Tens Ones
200
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 2 5
10 times
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 50 2 5 0

3 What is 100 times 25? Compare the largest

place digits.

10 times 10 times
Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
2500 250 25
2 5
10 times
100 times 2 5 0 100 times
10 times
25 × 100 = ? 2 5 0 0

When any number is multiplied by 10, each digit of that

number moves to the next higher place and then 0 is added
at the end. Also, when any number is multiplied by 100, each
digit of that number moves 2 places up and then 00 is
added at the end.

− = 117
 4 What is 150 divided by 10?
Hundreds Tens Ones
100 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 5 0 Divide
50 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 by 10

150 ÷ 10 =

If any number with a 0 in the ones place is divided by 10,

each digit of that number moves to the next lower place
and 0 in the ones place disappear.

5 Let’s make 10 times 35. Then divide the answer by 10.

10 times Divided by 10
35
If we multiply a number
10 times Hundreds Tens Ones by 10, and then divide it
by 10, the answer will be
350 35 10 times
3 5 Divide
the original number.

3 5 0 by 10
Divide by10

6 Multiply 48 by 100. Then Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones

divide the number by 10. 4 8

The answer is the 100 times Divide
same number as by 10
10 times 48.

Exercise

Multiply the following numbers by 10 and 100, then divide them

by 10.
1 70 2 500 3 640 4 850

118 = ×
4 Addition and Subtraction

1 Let’s add 7356 + 8421 in vertical form.

7 3 5 6
In the thousands place,
+ 8 4 2 1 the answer is carried up,
so how should we write?

2 Let’s use cards with numbers 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7

and 8 , for making addition and subtraction problems of
4-digit numbers.

Naiko’s problem Ambai’s problem

6 1 4 5 4 8 1 2
+ 7 3 2 8 − 3 5 7 6

1 Let’s make an addition problem that has the largest answer.

In which case does It is largest when both

the answer become thousands place are
largest? the largest!

2 Let’s make a subtraction problem that has the smallest

answer.

+ = 119
 3 In 2011, the number of people in West Sepik Province was
248000. The number of people in East Sepik Province was
450000. How many people are there in the provinces of West
and East Sepik altogether?

248000 is written
1 Write an expression. as 248 thousand.

+
2 Let’s think about how to calculate.

3 What is the difference in the number of people between the

West Sepik Province and East Sepik Province?
− Assume 1 thousand
people as one set, and
then calculate.
It is better to calculate
by estimating sets of
one thousand.
Exercise

1 4760 + 7071 2 5634 + 6509

3 8693 − 3587 4 8606 − 8198

5 210000 + 370000 6 530000 − 180000

4 Let’s add 187653 + 972784 in vertical form.

This one calculation
We use the same 1 8 7 6 5 3 is the result of the
method even if
there are more
+ 9 7 2 7 8 4 following calculations.
3 5 6
digits ! +4 +8 +7
7 8 1
+2 +7 +9

120 = ×
 E x e r c i s e

1 Write the following numbers in numerals. Page 109

1 The number that is the sum of 2 sets of ten thousand and 180.

2 The number that is the sum of 7 sets of hundred thousand,

6 sets of ten thousand and 3 sets of thousand.

3 The number that is the sum of 30 sets of

ten thousand and 50 sets of hundred.

2 Fill in the with an appropriate number. Page 115

1 11000 — — 12000 — 12500 — —

2 322 thousand — thousand — thousand
— 328 thousand — thousand — 332 thousand
3 Write the corresponding number in numerals to the one on
the number line below. Pages 114~115

1 100 thousand 200 thousand 300 thousand 400 thousand 500 thousand

a b c
2 540 thousand 550 thousand 560 thousand 570 thousand

d e f

4 Fill in the with the appropriate inequality sign. Page 115

1 333300 34330 2 5482941 5482899

5 Multiply the following numbers by 100 and then divide by 10.
Pages 117 ~ 118
1 23 2 40 3 111 4 605

6 Let’s calculate. Pages 119 ~ 120

1 3183 + 9897 2 6102 + 7938 3 6997 − 5006

+ = 121
 P r o b l e m s

1 Write the following numbers in numerals, and read them.

Understanding the structure of large numbers and how to read them.

1 The number that is the sum of 48 sets of ten thousand and

270.
2 The number that is the sum of 5 sets of hundred thousand,

9 set of thousand and 2 sets of hundred.

3 The number that is the sum of 2 sets of hundred thousand,

35 sets of thousand.
4 The number that is 10 sets of hundred thousand.

2 Draw an arrow to the number line that corresponds to the

numbers.
Represent numbers on the number line.

1 2000 2 18000 3 30000 4 45000

0 10000

3 Fill in the with an appropriate number.

Understanding how to arrange numbers in order.

1 19850 — — 19950 — 20000

2 19800 — 19900 — — 20100
3 250 thousand — — — 100 thousand—50 thousand

122 = −
12 Length

Let’s roll the balls using a cardboard!

How long is
How should we the length?
measure?

Investigate how far balls

can move. How should
we measure
the length?

The length is
approximately
5 times of a 1 m
ruler(stick).

How can we measure

the length in a straight
line?
Activity

Let’s investigate how to measure a longer length.

− = 123
 It is difficult to make a
line for measuring by
using a 1 metre ruler.
Activity

The length between 2 places along a straight line is called

distance.

A tape measure is good to measure the run distance.

Measure from this point

Start rolling here

124 = −
1 How to Measure

1 Let’s investigate how to use a tape measure.

1 How many metres can we measure?

2 Look for the location of the 0 cm line.
3 Jalany and three other children
rolled balls.
Write the distances in which
her friend’s ball moved in
the table below.
Jalany Roney Raka Golu

Distance that each ball rolled

Name Jalany Roney Raka Golu
Distance moved

4 Arua’s ball rolled 4 m 18 cm. Write an on the tape measure

above.

Jalany’s record

Measure to this point

× = 125
 2 How can you estimate the
length of 10 metres?
Walk to a point that you think
is 10 metres away. Then,
Activity

measure the real distance.

3 What can we use to measure with the following things?

1 The length and width of a book

2 The length and width of a desk
3 The length and width of a blackboard
4 The height of a desk
5 The circumference of a can
6 The length of a classroom

4 Let’s measure various things and find better ways.

Activity

126 = −
2 Kilometre

1 Look at the map below and solve the following problems.

Logging yard Fire station

Cannery factory

Vegetable
Market

The length measured along the road is called road distance.

1 How long is the road distance and the distance

Distance is the
from the fire station to the Tuna cannery length measured
in a straight line.
factory in metres, respectively?

1000 m is called one kilometre and is

written as 1 km. 1 km = 1000 m

2 How many kilometres and metres are the road distance and
the distance from fire station to Tuna cannery factory
respectively?
Road distance 1160 m = km m
Distance 1050 m = km m
1 km 160 m is called “one kilometre
and one hundred sixty metres”.

3 How many kilometres and metres are the road distance and
the distance from the fire station to logging yard, respectively?

+ = 127
 2 Look at the map below and solve the following problems.
General
Hospital
Tea plantation
1 km 860m
Coffee market
Church

2 km 170m

Students from Blue class visited town for the excursion.

Move from tea plantation to coffee market.
1 How many kilometres and metres is the road distance from
the tea plantation to the coffee market through the General
hospital and return from the coffee market to the tea plantation
through the church? Write an expression.
1 km 860 m 2 km 170 m
Let’s think about how to calculate.

Mero’s idea Yamo’s idea

Kilometre 1 km 860 m = 1860 m

1 km + 2 km = 3 km 2 km 170 m = 2170 m
Metre So,
860 m + 170 m = 1030 m 1860 m + 2170 m = 4030 m
1030 m = 1 km 30 m 4030 m = 4 km 30 m
Total, 4 km 30 m

2 Between the tea plantation

and the coffee market, which Calculate the Length in Vertical Form

road distance is longer and

by how many more?

128 = −
3 Let’s explore the distance of 1 km around the sport field.
1 Walk for 100 m and think about how far is 1 km.
How many of your steps did you take to walk 100 m?
How many steps for 1 km?

How many steps for

100 m?
How many steps for
1 km?

2 Let’s walk 1 km.

How many minutes does it take?
How do you feel?

How did you feel

about the distance
of walking 1 km?

3 Let’s relate the distance of 1 km in our environment.

× = 129
 Travelling by bicycle

4 Tanya is touring a sea side town by bicycle. She departs from

the Kai Bar, visits both the Radio station and the Wharf and
finally arrives at the fish market.
Radio station

Kai Bar

Wharf

Fish market

Road Distance and Time

Road distance Time
Kai bar ↔ Radio station 2 km 400 m 16 minutes
Kai bar ↔Wharf 6 km 100 m 28 minutes
Radio station ↔ Wharf 6 km 200 m 31 minutes
Radio station ↔ Fish market 19 km 100 m 48 minutes

1 The table above shows the road distance and travel time
between 2 places. Which is better to go first, is it the Radio
station or the Wharf?
2 Which is the longest road distance, is it when she goes to the
Radio station first or the wharf, and by how many?
3 Which takes a longer time by bicycle, and by how long?

130 = −
 E x e r c i s e

1 Let’s fill in the with a number or a word. Pages 124, 127

1 Choose 2 places and measure the length in a straight line.

This is called .
2 The distance measured along the road is called .
3 1 km = m
2 How many metres and centimetres are shown by the
arrows on the tape measures shown below. Page 125

a b c

90 10m 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 11m 10

ｄ e f

7m 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 8m 10 20

3 The map below shows the road distance and the distance
between Ansley’s house and the school. Page 130

1 How many kilometres and

Ansley’s house
metres is the road distance
Shop

from Ansley’s house to the

School 980 m
580 m
Park
school through the park?
2 What is the difference in metres
640 m
between the road distance 1

and the distance from Ansley’s house to the school?

Let’s find time and duration. Grade 3 Do you remember?

1 What time is 45 minutes after 10:40 in the morning?

2 What is the duration from 11 hours and 30 minutes in the
morning to 1 hour and 30 minutes in the afternoon?

− = 131
 P r o b l e m s

1 Fill in the with a correct unit.

Using units of length correctly.

1 The length of the classroom is 8 .

2 The road distance that we walk in one hour is 4 .
3 The height of the desk is 60 .
4 The height of Mt. Wilhelm is 4509 .

2 How many metres and centimetres are there at the arrows

on the tape measure?
Reading the scale of a tape measure.
1 2 3 4 5

80 90 17m 10 20 30

3 Which is longer?
Understanding relationship between different units of length.

1 2 km 50 m ; 2030 m 2 1580 m ; 1 km 59 m

3 5 km ; 4980 m

4 Let’s calculate.
Specify in meter / km and meter.

1 700 m + 500 m 2 1 km 900 m + 200 m

3 5 km 400 m + 680 m 4 1 km − 300 m

5 2 km 500 m − 800 m 6 3 km 530 m − 540 m

Thelma’s house
800m
5 Taleo can go to school through School
Taleo’s house
Thelma’s house or Hona’s house. 500m Hona’s house
450m

Which of the 2 has the longest road

770m
distance? And by how much?
Understanding the relationship of road distances from the map.

132 = +
13 Triangles

Let’s prepare making triangles!

Blue 6 cm

Yellow 8 cm

Red 10 cm

Green 12 cm

Let’s make triangles using straws of different lengths.

2 3
1

4 5

7 8

9 10
Activity

− = 133
 1 Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles

1 Group the same types of straw triangles.

What are the
differences? There are 4
coloured straws.

Classify by
the number
of coloured
straws.

Let’s pin triangles on

the bulletin board.
Some triangles are
slanted and others have
a horizontal base.

2
Teacher 1 3

7
6

4
5

Can you find triangles that

will change depending on
the hanging point?

8 10
9

1 Let’s classify triangles using Naiko and the teacher’s

Activity

methods.

Let’s investigate various types of triangles and how to draw them.

134 = ×
 Trace, cut and paste
Naiko’s method triangles on the table
below.

A B C
Blue, Blue, Red Blue, Blue, Blue Yellow, Blue, Green
6 cm, 6 cm, 10 cm 6 cm, 6 cm, 6 cm 8 cm, 6 cm, 12 cm

2
3 7

The lengths of the 3 sides are equal.

The same colour

shows the same
2 To classify triangles in A , B and C , length.
let’s think about the lengths of the sides and
write their properties in the bottom row.

− = 135
 Trace triangles in A and measure the lengths of their sides.

Draw a point at the vertex. Draw a straight line connecting the

2 points.

Measure the lengths Cut a triangle and

of sides by a ruler. fold it so that the
two sides overlap.

A triangle with two equal sides is called

an isosceles triangle.

2 Let’s look for isosceles triangles around us.

Activity

Exercise

Which of these triangles are isosceles triangles?

2 4
1
3 5

136 = +
3 Trace triangles in B on 1 and
measure the lengths of their sides.

A triangle with three equal sides is

called an equilateral triangle.

4 Let’s look for equilateral triangles around you.

Triangle warning kit

Activity
5 Which of these triangles are equilateral triangles?

4
1 3
2

Exercise

Let’s make an isosceles triangle

and an equilateral triangle by
using two same set-squares.

− = 137
 2 How to Draw Triangles
A
1 Let’s think about how to draw an isosceles
triangle where the sides are 3 cm, 4 cm
4cm 4cm
and 4 cm.
Draw the side BC. B 3cm C

1 Let’s think about how to locate the

vertex A from the drawing below.

B C

2 Let’s use a compass for drawing it.

4 cm 4 cm

3 cm

Exercise

Let’s draw the following triangles.

1 An isosceles triangle where the 3 sides are

4 cm, 6 cm and 6 cm
2 An isosceles triangle where the 3 sides are

5 cm, 5 cm and 8 cm

138 = ×
2 One side of an equilateral
triangle was drawn on the
right. The length is 5 cm.
Let’s draw the other sides of
the equilateral triangle. Also,
explain how you drew it.

Activity
Can I draw it as I did
for an isosceles It is understandable to explain
triangle? the reason using “first”, “next”,
“moreover” and “finally”.

First, let the end points of a line be A and B.

Next, draw a part of circle
with centre A and radius 5cm,
using a compass.
Moreover, draw a part of circle
with centre B and radius 5cm in
the same way. A B

Finally,connect from the intersected point of the two circles

to points A and B, respectively.

Exercise

Let’s draw the following triangles.

1 An equilateral triangle where all sides are 4 cm.

2 An equilateral triangle where all sides are 7 cm.

3 An isosceles triangle where 3 sides are 8 cm, 8 cm and 6 cm.

+ = 139
 3 Triangles and Angles

1 Trace each corner of the

set-squares on the paper
and investigate.
A B C D

1 Which corner is a right angle?

2 Which corner is most acute?

The figure formed by 2 straight lines from one point is

called angle.
The point is called vertex of the
Side of
angle and the 2 straight lines the angle
are called sides of the angle. Angle
The amount of opening between Side of the angle
both sides of an angle is called Vertex of the angle

size of the angle.

2 Compare the sizes of the angles

How can we
traced in 1 and say the order of compare?

the size of the angle.

The size of an angle is determined by the amount of

opening between sides and not the length of the side.

140 = ×
3 Let’s draw an isosceles triangle on
a
a sheet of paper and cut it.
1 Compare the sizes of angle b c

b and c .
2 Compare the sizes of angle a

a and b .
b c

In an isosceles triangle, sizes of two angles

are equal.

4 Let’s draw an equilateral triangle on

c
the paper and cut it, then compare a
a
the sizes of angles b and c , b c b

and a and b , respectively.

In an equilateral triangle, sizes of three

angles are equal.

Exercise

Can we make the following figures using the

set-squares as shown on the right?
rectangle, square, right triangle equilateral
triangle, isosceles triangle

− = 141
 4 Designing Patterns

1 Let’s make various shapes using the same isosceles triangles.

8 isosceles triangles 8 isosceles triangles 8 isosceles triangles

12 isosceles triangles 12 isosceles triangles

2 Let’s make various shapes using the same equilateral

triangles.
6 equilateral triangles 12 equilateral triangles 12 equilateral triangles

Let’s look for

I made a larger interesting shapes
equilateral triangle with triangles
using small around us.
equilateral
triangles.
Activity

142 = ×
 E x e r c i s e

1 What kinds of triangles are these? Page 136

b
c
a

d
e

2 The radius of the circle on the right Page 139

is 5 cm and its centre is point A.

1 What kind of triangle is triangle a ?

2 What kind of triangle is triangle b ?

3 Let’s draw the following triangles. Pages 138 ~ 139

1 An isosceles triangle where 3 sides are 7 cm,

5 cm and 5 cm.
2 An equilateral triangle where all sides are 6 cm.

Grade 3 Do you remember?

Multiply the following
numbers by 10 and 100 and divide them by 10.
1 20 2 400 3 780 4 910

+ = 143
 P r o b l e m s

1 Let’s fill in the with a number.

Understanding special triangles.

1 An isosceles triangle has sides of the same length

and angles of the same size.
2 An equilateral triangle has sides of the same length
and angles of the same size.

2 Let’s draw the following triangles. And what kinds of triangles

are these?
Drawing triangles from given three sides.

1 A triangle with sides of the lengths 6 cm, 4 cm and 4 cm.

2 A triangle with all sides of length 5 cm.

1 2

3 The radii of the 2 circles below are both 4 cm and their centres
are A and B. BD and AE are diameter of each circle. Draw the
same figure, and answer the following problems.
Understanding properties of triangles and circle.

1 Look for isosceles triangles.

C
If you do not know the length of the
sides, measure its length. D
A B
E

2 A triangle CAB is an equilateral

triangle. Explain its reason.

144 = +
14 Tables and Graphs

The children in Morea’s class investigated

the kind of food eaten for breakfast last
Sunday in Kerema town.

Let’s investigate the breakfast last Sunday

What kind of food was eaten?
Investigate and show in the table.
Biscuits
Bread
Scones
Only fruits
Others
Baked vegitable

Is it better to just group There may be

them into biscuits and nothing to eat.
bread only?

Making the table,

There are many let’s investigate it in
possibilities. order.

Let’s think about how to arrange the data and represent it.

× = 145
 1 Tables

1 The tables below are records of the kind of food children in

Morea’s class ate for breakfast last Sunday.
Morea’s Table Maia’s Table
Sunday’s Breakfast Sunday’s Breakfast
Kind Number of children Kind Number of children
Biscuit Biscuit
Scone Scone
Bread Bread
Others Others
Total Total

1 Let’s change the number of “ ” and the tally “ ” to

numbers.

…1 …2 …3 …4 …5

2 Discuss the different ways how the 2 children made their

tables.
3 What kind of food is eaten the most and by how
many children?
4 Write the total number of children surveyed.

Various Counting Methods

When we count the number of things, we use the signs and .

146 = −
2 Bar Graphs

1 Morea and Maia made the following graphs from the tables
in the previous page.
Morea’s Graph Maia’s Graph
Sunday’s Breakfast Sunday’s Breakfast
(children) (children)
15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
Biscuit

Scone

Bread

Others
Biscuit
Scone
Bread

Others

1 How did they represent the number of children?

2 Let’s discuss the differences between Morea’s graph and
Maia’s graph.
3 Compare the tables in the previous page with the graphs
above. Which one makes it the easiest to compare the
number of children? Which one makes it the easiest to see
the number of children?

A graph which represents the various amounts by the

length of bars is called bar graph.

× = 147
 2 Keni changed Maia’s graph into
Sunday’s Breakfast
(children)
this one on the right. 15
1 How many students ate biscuit,
scone, bread and others, 10

respectively?
2 Which kind of food has the 5
largest number of children?
3 Let’s discuss about Keni’s 0

Scone

Biscuit

Bread

Others
graph and how it is different from
Maia’s graph.

In the bar graph, the bars are usually drawn in order from
longest to shortest. The “other” bar is usually drawn last.

Monday’s Breakfast
(children)
20
3 This bar graph shows the
number of children and the type of
food children ate last Monday. 15

1 How is this different from the

graph for last Sunday? 10

0
Biscuit

Scone

Bread

Others

148 = ×
4 Dorah’s group recorded
Number of Children Who Visited
the number of children 0 10 20 30 (children)

Grade 1
who visited the school
nurse. Grade 2

They recorded the Grade 3

number of children in Grade 4

each grade and made

Grade 5
a bar graph.
Grade 6

1 How many children are in 1 scale unit of the bar graph?

2 Let’s read the number of You can make a bar graph for
large numbers by increasing
children who visited school the number that each scale
in the graph represent.
nurse in each grade.
3 What can we conclude from
this bar graph?

When a bar graph shows amounts with given order

like grades, the bars are drawn in that order.

5 In the graphs below, let’s read how much is each unit.

1
(cm) 2 (L) 3 (Kina)
60 30
500
40 20

20 10

0 0 0

+ = 149
 How to Draw a Bar Graph

6 The table on the right shows

the favourite sports of 3rd grade Favourite Sports
children in class one. Let’s draw Number of
Sports
children
a bar graph.
Soccer 14
Rugby 10
Volleyball 7
Cricket 3
Others 2
Total 36

How to Draw a Bar Graph

Title
(children) 1 Write each sport on
Favorite Sports
20
the horizontal axis.
Unit

15 2 Write the number of

children on the
vertical axis.
10
Vertical axis

3 Write the title and unit

5 of the vertical axis.

4 Draw bars according

0
Soccer

Rugby

Volleyball

Cricket

Others

to the number of
students.
Horizontal axis

150 = ×
7 We investigated the number
of third graders in each class (children)
20
who said their favourite sport
was soccer.
Let’s draw a bar graph.
Number of Children 10
Who Like Soccer
Number of
Class
children
A 14
B 15
C 11
Total 40

8 We investigated the favourite sports of all the third graders.

Let’s draw a bar graph.

Favourite Sports
Number of
Sports ( )
children
Soccer 40
Rugby 35
Volleyball 15
Cricket 10 10

Others 5
Total 105

How many children

should the unit scale
of the bar graph be?

− = 151
 3 Combining Tables

1 The following tables show the

types of tools and the number of
tools that the grade 3 students
borrowed in April, May and June.

Tools Borrowed in April Tools Borrowed in May Tools Borrowed in June

Type of Number of Type of Number of Type of Number of
tools tools tools tools tools tools
Rake 15 Rake 21 Rake 16
Knife 6 Knife 19 Knife 14
Spade 8 Spade 24 Spade 19
Others 5 Others 8 Others 9
Total Total Total

1 What is the total number of tools that were borrowed in each

month?
2 Which type of tool was borrowed the most in April, May and
June?
3 Combine the tables for each month together to make 1 table.
Books Borrowedd
Books Borrowed (June)
Tools Borrowed (April) (May)Number of tools
Kind Number of toolsNumber of tools
21 16
Number of tools Borrowed Rake
Knife
15
6 19 14
19
Spade 8 24
9
Month Other 5 8

Type April May June Total Total

Rake 15 21 16 52 All we did was to

combine the tables.
Knife 6 19 D
Spade 8 E
Others 5 F
Total A B C G

152 = ×
4 How many rakes were borrowed from April to June?
5 How many tools are in boxes A , B , C , D , E and F ?
6 What is the meaning of the number in G ?
7 Which kind of tools was borrowed the most from April
to June?

Exercise

The following table is a record in hospital of the number of

children who got sick in April, May and June, and the types of
sickness.
1 How many children were sick in each month?

2 What type of illnesses happened the most from April to June?

Records of Sickness
Month April May June Total
Type
Malaria 29 27 13
Pneumonia 21 46 30
Diarrhoea 13 7 4
Sore eyes 7 4 2
Others 10 14 6
Total

+ = 153
 Report and Present Your Discovery

Compile your report to present your

ideas to your friends. I investigated
about favourite
fruits.

Let’s write what you

investigated, and why?

Let’s write what

I expected.

Let’s show the

table and graph
to understand
what I investi-
gated.

Let’s write what

I found from
tables and
graphs.

Let’s write what

I thought
comparing the
expect.

What did you investigate? Let’s explain what you investigated

Activity

using tables and graphs.

154 = −
 E x e r c i s e

1 The following table shows favourite colours of children

in Miriam’s class. Let’s draw a bar graph. Pages 150 ~ 154

Favourite Colours ( )
Number of
Colour
children
Blue 12
Red 9
Green 6
Pink 3
Other 6
Total 36
0

2 The following table shows the number of children who hurt

themselves in June at Nathan’s school and the type of injuries.
Write the correct numbers in the boxes from A to H .
Pages 152 ~ 153
Records of Injuries (June)
Grade 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
Type
Scratch 3 B 2 5 3 4 21
Cut A 2 2 3 E 3 G
Bruise 1 1 C 2 2 F 13
Other 2 3 1 1 0 2 9
Total 7 10 8 D 9 13 H

+ = 155
 P r o b l e m s

1 Children picked up empty cans at Kaia’s school.

The following table shows the number of cans picked up
by the children in each grade.
Reading numbers from table and graph.

Number of Empty Cans Picked Up

Grade 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
Number of cans 120 240 160

1 What does the unit scale show on the graph on the right.

2 Let’s write the number Number of Empty Cans Picked Up

0 100 200 300 400 (cans)
of empty cans picked
Grade 1
up in the above table.
Grade 2
3 Let’s draw bars for
Grade 3
grade 2, 4 and 5 on the
Grade 4
graph.
Grade 5
4 Compare the table with
Grade 6
the bar graph.
a Which one makes it easier to read and which grade picked up
the most cans?
b Which one makes it easier to read and how many cans
did the children in each grade pick up?

2 What can you learn from the above bar graph? Write as
many points as possible.
Knowing various things from a graph.

156 = ×
15 Multiplication of 2-digit
Numbers

Multiplier
1-digit 2-digit We learned
multiplication using
3×10 2-digit numbers, but
What kind of Multiplicand 1-digit 8×6
only up to 10.
multiplication We haven’t learned
have we already 20×2 25×10 multiplication by 30,
learned? 2-digit
26×4 have we?
400×9
3-digit
315×6

There are 30 sets of stickers,

each set with 4 stickers.

1 Multiplication by 20, 30 .....90

1 How many stickers are there altogether?
1 Write an expression.

2 Let’s think about how to calculate.
Activity

Let’s think about how to multiply by a large multiplier

− = 157
 Asa’sSare’s
idea idea Rakai’s idea
Kekeni’s idea

3 × 10 × 4 = 10 × 3 × 4 =
Activity

30 × 4 = 10 × 12 = 12 × 10 =

30 × 4 = 3 × 4 × 10
Since 30 × 4 is 10 times of 3 × 4,
30 × 4 = 12 × 10
the answer is same as 3 × 4 with
0 placed at the end. 30 × 4 = 120

3 30
4
2 Let’s think about how to calculate
for 40 × 30.
40 × 30 = 4 × 10 × 3 × 10
40 × 30 = 4 × 3 × 10 × 10 40

= ×
=

Since 40 × 30 is 100 times 4 × 3, the answer is same as

4 × 3 with 00 placed at the end.

Exercise

1 3 × 40 2 4 × 60 3 70 × 30 4 80 × 50

158 = +
2 How to Calculate (2-digit numbers) × (2-digit numbers)

1 There are 21 children who are buying 13

marbles each at the market. How many
marbles do they have altogether?
1 Write an expression.
Approximately,
how many?
2 Let’s think about how to calculate.

Activity
Let’s think about how to multiply (2-digit numbers) × (2-digit numbers)

Vavi’s idea

Split 13 marbles into 10

marbles and 3 marbles.

21 × 3 =
21 × 13
21 × 10 =

Total

3 Where can you see 21 × 3 and 2 1

× 1 3
21 × 10 in the diagram? Circle them.
4 Let’s think about how to calculate
21 × 13 in vertical form.

× = 159
 Yamo’s idea Gawi’s idea
21
21 × 10 21 × 3 21 1 × 10 1×3
×13
×13 3
63 60
210 20 × 3 10
273 200
20 × 10 273

Multiplication Algorithm for 21 × 13 in Vertical Form

21 Multiplicand 21 2 1 21
×13
2 1

Multiplier ×13
4 3
×1 3 ×13
There are 6 3 63
63 63 21 sets of 21 21
210 10s blocks.
27 3 2 73
Multiply Multiply 21 Add 63
21 by 3. by 10. and 210.
21 × 3 21 × 10

2 Let’s think about how to multiply in vertical form.

1 26 × 23 2 18 × 27
2 6 52 means 52 1 8
× 2 3 sets of what? × 2 7
7 8 26 × 3 18 × 7
5 2 26 × 20 18 × 20
26 × 23 18 × 27

Exercise

Let’s multiply in vertical form.

1 16 × 24 2 27 × 32 3 15 × 12 4 21 × 14

5 36 × 23 6 17 × 57 7 27 × 24 8 15 × 38

160 = −
3 Let’s think about how to multiply in vertical form.
1 58 × 46 2 37 × 63
5 8 3 7
× 4 6 × 6 3
58 × 6 37 ×
58 × 40 37 ×
58 × 46 37 × 63

4 Let’s think about how to multiply 35 × 70 in vertical form.

1 Explain how the following two children multiply in vertical form.

Vavi’s idea Mero’s idea

35 35 35 35 35
× 70 × 70 × 70 × 70 × 70
00 00 00 245 2450
245 245

2 Compare the answer of 70 × 35 with the answer of 35 × 70.

Exercise

1 Let’s multiply in vertical form.

1 38 × 57 2 23 × 68 3 57 × 87 4 74 × 86

5 29 × 44 6 28 × 49 7 46 × 97 8 78 × 84

9 38 × 40 10 75 × 80 11 25 × 70 12 60 × 65

2 Waghi river guest house buys 20 mattresses that cost

98 kina each. How much is the total cost?

+ = 161
 3 How to Calculate (3-digit numbers) × (2-digit numbers)

1 Let’s think about how to Let’s consider using the same method
we had used for the multiplication of
multiply 123 × 32. (2-digit numbers) × (2-digit numbers).

123 × 2 =
123 × 32
123 × =

Total

2 Let’s write how to multiply

How to multiply 123×32
123 × 32 in vertical form in 1 23
your exercise book. × 32
2 46
We can calculate by
using how to multiply Multiply 123 by 2.
(2-digit number) × 123 × 2
Activity

(2-digit number) in
vertical form.

3 Collect 385 kina for each family as a youth’s group

fund raising activities for a trip. There are 35 The amount of
10 families is
families in the clan. 3850 kina, so …
1 Is the total cost larger than ten thousand?
2 Let’s calculate in vertical form.
Exercise

Let’s multiply in vertical form.

1 423 × 21 2 222 × 43 3 279 × 64 4 418 × 68

5 587 × 57 6 898 × 41 7 337 × 85 8 684 × 58

9 754 × 45 10 615 × 28 11 680 × 48 12 940 × 25

162 = −
 Hilda multiplied 508 × 40 as follows. If there are any
mistakes in the following multiplication, correct them.

How do we 508
Note the places
estimate × 40 when we multiply
500 × 40? by 10, 20, .., 90
2320

Mental Calculations

4 Ruka’s mother buys 4 pairs of shoes that cost 62 kina

each in a supermarket. Let’s think about how to find
the total cost without using the vertical form.

We can find the answer by By 60 × 4 = 240 and

splitting the multiplicand into 2 × 4 = 8,
two numbers for the ones 240 + 8 = 248.
and tens places.

5 Let’s think about how to calculate 25 × 3 mentally.

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 10 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

10 10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10 10 10

Exercise

1 Let’s calculate in vertical form.

1 608 × 50 2 503 × 60 3 409 × 40 4 703 × 80

5 205 × 74 6 802 × 26 7 400 × 37 8 900 × 70

2 Let’s calculate mentally.

1 52 × 3 2 71 × 5 3 46 × 2 4 33 × 4

+ = 163
 E x e r c i s e

1 Let’s calculate. Pages 158 ~ 159

1 5 × 20 2 60 × 30 3 40 × 50

4 22 × 14 5 19 × 31 6 27 × 28

7 36 × 43 8 67 × 58 9 73 × 47

10 25 × 84 11 48 × 60 12 30 × 92

Page 162

2 There are 34 children in Rataera’s class.

Each child studies 75 minutes after school.
How many minutes did they study
altogether?

3 Let’s make problems by filling in the with a number.

1 2 Page 162

× ×

164 = −
 P r o b l e m s

1 Summarise how to multiply 45 × 63.

Understanding how to calculate in vertical form.

1 Add the answers of 45 × 3 and of 45 ×

45
.
× 63
2 a is from the multiplication of × . 135 a
270 b
3 b is from the multiplication of × , 2835
and it means 270 sets of .

2 Are the following calculation in vertical form correct?

If there are any mistakes in the following multiplications,
correct them.
Multiplying in appropriate ways.

1
54 2 4 08
× 94 × 65
206 240
4560 288
4766 3120

3 You need 43 sheets of papers to make each collection of work.

You made 38 collections of work. How many sheets of paper
are there altogether?
Express a problem as an expression and finding the answer.

4 Let’s write numbers in the spaces below.

Understanding the structure of multiplication and solving problem.

1 2

A
A
B B
C D

D C E

× = 165
 Making Tapes
1 Let’s make some tapes.

4cm
1 Make a tape which length is 2 sets of .
Where should we cut it? And what is its length in cm?
2 × 4 =
4cm
2 Make a tape which length is 3 sets of .
Where should we cut it? And what is its length in cm?
3 × 4 = The original
number should
be 1 times itself.

1 set, 2 sets and 3 sets are ×3

cm 4 ?
called 1 time, 2 times and 3 times. Times 1 3
×3

2 Let’s find 4 times the following length. ×4

cm 2 ?
1 2cm Times 1 4
4×2= ×4

×4
0 1 2 3 4 (times) cm 3 ?
2 3cm Times 1 4
4×3= ×4

0 1 2 3 4 (times)

3 A kettle holds 8 times the amount of ×8

dL 2 ?
hot water in a coffee cup. A coffee cup Times 1 8
×8

holds 2 dL of hot water. How many dL

of hot water can be poured into the kettle?

166 = −
4 Kila has 15 cm of red tape and 3 cm of blue tape. How many
times the length of the blue tape is equal to the length of the
red tape?
15cm

Red
3cm
Blue
0 1 (times)

If 3 cm is regarded as 1 unit, 15 cm is 5 units of 3 cm.

This is called “15 cm is 5 times 3 cm”.
cm 3 15
To obtain the number of units 3 cm ÷3 ÷3
Times 1 ?
is equal to 15 cm, calculate 15 ÷ 3.

To make 3 to 1, what number should

we divide 3 with.

5 How many times of tape B is equal to tape A ?

8cm
A
2cm
cm 2 8
÷2 ÷2
B Times 1 ?
0 1 (times)
6cm
A cm 3 6
3cm ÷3 ÷3
B Times 1 ?
0 1 (times)

6 The big cooking oil container for Rose’s L 6 24

÷6 ÷6
aunty holds 24 L of cooking oil. The container Times 1 ?

for Angi’s aunty holds 6 L of cooking oil.

How many times the cooking oil for Angi’s
aunty’s container can be held in Rose’s
aunty’s container?

+ = 167
16 Weight

Which one is the heaviest?

Iron is heavier
Big things even if it is a
are heavier, small thing.
aren’t they?

Let’s
estimate.

1 How to Represent Weight

Can we compare
weights by hand?

1 Let’s line up objects from the heaviest to the lightest.

Let’s investigate how to compare weights and

Activity

how to represent weights with numbers.

168 = −
1 Let’s try comparing weights by using some tools.

2 Express weight as numbers by using clips or 5 toea coins.

Objects measured Paper clips 5 toea coin

Scissors

Compass

Scissors 88 of 5 toea coin

Weight is measured by finding how many units of weight

something is equal to.

1L
There is a unit called gram 20 toea
that is used to measure weight. is 10 g.

1 gram is written as 1 g.

3 What is the weight of a pair of scissors, a compass and a

glue, respectively if a paper clip is 1 g?

What kind of
measuring
instruments for
weight are
around us?
Electric scale

+ = 169
 2 A scale is used to measure weight.
Measure the weight of the following objects by using the scale.

1 Up to how many grams can we measure on the above scale?

2 How many grams does the smallest unit express?
3 How many grams is the weight of the pencil case? And how
many grams is the weight of the book?
4 The weight of the plate of avocados is 875 g.
Draw a needle on the scale shown on the right of this weight.

950 0 50g

1000g
850
900g 100g 150

800g 200g
750 250

700g 300g

650 600g 400g 350

500g
550 450

170 = −
3 How much is the weight of 100 coins of 20 toea?

How many
gram is a 20 toea
coin?

20 toea bag

1000 g is 1 kilogram and is written

as 1 kg. 1 kg = 1000 g

This is similar to
1 L of water the relationship
when measuring
weighs 1 kg. length.
1 km = 1000 m

4 Make objects that weighs 1 kg.

How to Use a Scale
1 Put the scale on a flat
surface.
2 Adjust the needle to 0.
3 Read the scale directly
from the front.
Activity

Book Sago

5 Look for objects where different units of weight are used.

There is a unit called tonne to measure
weight. 1000 kg is equal to 1 tonne and
is written as 1 t (metric ton).

1 t = 1000 kg
There are 100 of 10 kg rice bags on a
pallet. Total weight is 1000 kg or 1 t.

× = 171
 6 Let’s look at the scales below.
A B
0 0
4kg 4kg

3kg 1kg 3kg 1kg

How many
grams is
1 unit?
2kg 2kg

1 Read the weights shown on the scales. For example,

1 kg 500 g is called as “one kilo and five hundred grams”
in short.
2 Draw an for the following weight on the scales above.
1 1 kg 800 g 2 3 kg 300 g

7 Gibson weighs 31.8 kg.

How many kg and g is his weight?
0.1 kg = 100 g
31.8 kg = kg g

8 Let’s measure the

weight of different objects Objects Weight Weight
using the scale. measured expected measured

Dictionary
Let’s estimate Pencil case
the weight first.
Activity

172 = +
9 Identify the appropriate scale for the following items.
1 Watermelon 2 Textbook 3 Your weight
A
0
B
0
C
0
100kg 10kg 4kg 1kg

800g 200g
3kg 1kg

600g 400g
50kg 2kg

Units of Quantities

10 We have learned the units of length, amount of water and

weight. There are units of quantities as follows.

Length mm, cm, m, km

Weight g, kg, t
Amount of water mL, dL, L

1 Fill in the with a number.

1 m= mm 1 L= mL
1 km = m 1 kg = g

2 Let’s discuss what you found. Then write down your answer
in your exercise books.
1000 of a unit
There are measurement develops a
The base units of units which add k or m. new unit.
measurement are
m, L and g aren’t
they?
Activity

+ = 173
 Amount of Block and Weight

11 Let’s investigate the following using a scale.

1 There are pieces of iron, aluminum, sponge, esky,
rubber and timber each with the same size of block.
Do they weigh the same? Guess the answer and compare
their real weights.

Iron Aluminum Esky (Foam)

Sponge Rubber Timber

Different materials have different weights even if they

are of the same size.

2 Measure the weight of some clay. Then change the shape

and measure it again.
Explain what happens to the weight.

? ?
Activity

174 = −
2 Calculation of Weight

1 There are 900 g of

oranges in a basket that
weighs 400 g.
+ = ?
1 What is the total weight in g?
400 g + 900 g
2 What is the value in kg and g?

2 The bag weighs 900 g and the total

weight of bag with first aid kits is
3 kg 200 g.
What is the value in kg and g of the
first aid kits?

Exercise

1 Tom weighs 24 kg and George weighs 26 kg.

If Tom stands on a scale while carrying
George on his back, how many kg will the
needle of the scale show?
2 Junior weighs 3200 g at birth and weighs
9100 g on his 1st birthday.
By how many g has the weight increased
during the 1 year?

× = 175
 E x e r c i s e

1 Solve the following problems. Pages 173,175

1 When we add 1 kg of sand and 2 kg of sand, how many kg

are there altogether? And how many g are there?

2 When we add 2 L of water and 3 L of water, how many L are

there altogether? And how many kg are there?

Page 173
2 How many g is one unit on the following scales?
0 0 0
4kg 2kg 10kg 1kg

3kg 1kg 1kg500g 500g

2kg 1kg 5kg

3 Solve the following problems. Page 172

1 How many g and kg does each of the following scales

A ~ C show? How many kg are there?

A 0 B 0 C 0
2kg 4kg 10kg 1kg

1kg500g 500g 3kg 1kg

1kg 2kg 5kg

kg g kg g kg g
g g g

2 On the number line, mark where A , B and C are.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (kg)

Grade 3 Do you remember?

Let’s calculate.
1 84 × 65 2 56 × 90 3 457 × 42 4 209 × 70

176 = +
17 Fractions

There is a 1 m tape. Let’s measure

the lengths of different objects by
using the 1 m tape.
The length is 1 m and a remaining
part. How can we represent the
remaining part in metres?

1m ruler
The length of the
remaining part is
remaining part less than 1 m, isn’t it?

1 Fractions

1 Divide a 1 m tape into 2 and 4 equal parts respectively.

1m

The tape divided into 2

The tape divided into 4

remaining part

Let’s compare the lengths of the divided parts respectively

with the length of the remaining part.

Let’s think about how to represent the given quantities in fractions.

× = 177
 The length of remaining part is
We learned that one part of
equal to one part that is made a thing that is divided into 4
equal parts is expressed as
1 of a thing in grade 2.
by dividing 1 m into 4 equal parts. 4

The length of one part made by dividing 1 m into 4 3

1 1
equal parts is called “one fourth of a metre” or “one
quarter metre” and is written as 1 m.
4 2
4

1m

2 How many pieces of the 1 piece of the remaining part

remaining part are equal to 1 m? 2 pieces

3 pieces

4 pieces of the length of

4 pieces
the remaining part are equal to
1 m. The length of one part is obtained by dividing 1 m into
4 equal parts. The length of the remaining part is 1 m.
4

Exercise

How many metres are there? 1m

1 The length of one part is made by

m
dividing 1 m into 3 equal parts is m.
2 The length of the remaining 1m remaining part

part for which 3 pieces are

equal to 1 m is m.
3 The length of one part that is made by dividing 1 m into 5
equal parts is m.
4 The length of the remaining part for which 2 pieces are
equal to 1 m is m.

178 = −
3 The amount of water in the thermos bottle is 1 L and more.
How much more in L?
1L

1L
remaining part

remaining part
1L 1L remaining part 1L
remaining part

remaining parts make 1 L.

The amount for which 3 remaining parts are

1
3L
equal to 1 L is equal to the amount of one part. 1
1L 3L
The amount is obtained by dividing 1 L into 1
3L
3 equal parts. The amount is 1 L.
3

4 Colour in the portion of the amounts.

1L 1L 1L 1L 1L

1L 1L 1L 1L 1L
2 3 4 5

5 How many dL is the amount of water

1L
in the cup? Which measuring
cup should we use to find?

1L 1L 1L 1L 1L

1 dL scale 1 dL scale 1 dL scale 1 dL scale

2 3 4 5

+ = 179
 1 1L
The amount of 3 sets of dL is called
4
“three fourth of a decilitre” and is written
3
as “  dL.”
4

6 When a 1 m tape is divided into 5 equal parts, how many

metres are the length of 2 parts?
1m

1
m
5
m
1L 1L 1L
7 When a 1 L of milk is
divided among 3 children
1
equally, how many litres are 3
L
1L
there for 2 children?
L

Numbers such as 1 , 3 and 2 are called

3 4 5
fractions. The number below the bar is 3 …numerator
called denominator and the number 4 …denominator
above the bar is called numerator.

The denominator represents the number of equal parts

of the original quantities, such as 1 m and 1 L, and the
numerator represents the number of the collected parts.

180 = ×
 Exercise

1 Let’s represent fractions.

1L

L L

1L
2 Let’s colour in the portion of 4 dL.
5

Measuring Different Things Using Fractions

1 2 3
m m m 1m
0m 4 4 4

How to Make a Ruler with

1 Let’s make a ruler to measure Denominator of 9

fractions by dividing a 1 m tape

into equal sections. Make a ruler
to measure fractions with
denominators of 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 and
10 and then measure the lengths
of different objects.

2 Let’s make a 1 L measuring cup to

measure fractions by constructing a scale of fractions.

How to Construct a Fraction Scale of

Which the Denominator Is 7

+ = 181
 2 Structure of Fractions

1 Let’s colour each bar 1

m
5
from the left to a length 2
m
5
3
that matches each fraction. 5
m

How many 1 m are

4
1 m
5
5
in 3 m? 1m
5
0 1 (m)
2 Fill in the with a fraction.
3 How many 1 m are in 1 m?
5
4 Which is longer, 3 m or 4 m?
5 5

1L

2 How many L are 6 sets of 1 L?

6
Fractions with the same denominator and
numerator are equal to 1. 6
=
6 1

Exercise

Let’s compare the following fractions and represent the relations

using inequality signs.
3 m or 2 m? Do you remember?
1 Which is longer, < less than
4 4 > larger than
5 L or 6 L? = equal
2 Which is larger,
7 7
3 Which is larger,
7 dL or 1 dL?
8

182 = −
3 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

1 Elijah drank 1 L of milk yesterday and 2 L of milk today.

5 5
How many litres did he drink altogether?
1L 1L 1L

+ =
1 2
L L L
5 5

1 2 Consider how many 1

+ = are in the amount ….5
5 5

2 From a 7 m tape, 5 m was cut off. How many

8 8
metres are left?
5 7
0 8 8 1(m)

7− 5 =

8 8

How many sets of 1 are left?

8

Exercise
2
1 Let’s represent a calculation + 3 below.
6 6
1 1 1

+ =

2 Let’s calculate.
4 3− 1 4− 2
1 2 + 2 3
7 7 4 4 5 5

+ = 183
 E x e r c i s e

1 Fill in the with a number. Page 182

1 3 dL is sets of 1 dL. 2 m is 5 sets of 1 m.

5 5 6

3 sets of 1 L is 3 L. 4 5 sets of
1 cm is cm.
8 8 5
Pages 179 ~ 181
2 Let’s colour the portion for the following numbers.
1L 1L 1L

2 3 4
L L L
3 5 6

3 Which is bigger? Fill in the with inequality signs. Page 182

1 2 1 2 5 7 3 1 3
3 3 8 8 4

4 Let’s calculate. Page 183

1+ 3 2+ 4 5− 4 1
1 2 3 4 1−
4 4 8 8 6 6 3

Grade 3 Do you remember?

Let’s calculate.
1 24 ÷ 6 2 35 ÷ 7 3 9 ÷ 1 4 0÷7
5 12 ÷ 5 6 40 ÷ 9 7 31 ÷ 4 8 66 ÷ 8

184 = −
 P r o b l e m s

1 A 1 m tape was divided into 6 equal parts, and we took 4

pieces of those parts. Let’s represent the section that was
taken by fractions.
Understanding means of fractions.

2 Fill in the with a number.

Understanding the system of fractions.

1 m is 1 4
1 3 sets of m. 2 sets of L is L.
4 7 7

4 1
3 4 sets of m is m. 4 sets of dL is 1dL.
10 4

3 Let’s make an expression of the answer 7 by filling in the

8
with number.
Understanding the addition of fractions.

+ = 7
8 8 8

4 There are 5 cards from 1 to 5 as shown below.

Let’s make fractions with the denominator 5 using these cards
as numerator.
Understanding the size and the structure of fractions.

1 2 3 4 5

5
1 Make a fraction for which 3 sets are equal to
3.
5
2 Make a fraction that is equal to 1.

3 Make fractions that are smaller than

4.
5
4 Make fractions that are larger than
3 and smaller than 1.
5
× = 185
18 Math Sentences Using the

Represent the mathematical sentences for the following

situations shown in the photos below.
1 2 250g 3 850g

700g

100g 300g 150g

There are two kinds To subtract two I can make

of weight as fruits weights makes problems to
and holders. no sense. do additions.

1 The total weight of two apples on a bamboo tray.

2 The total weight of eight laulau fruit on glass dish.
3 The total weight of eight tomatoes on wooden bowl.

Math Sentence 1 + =
Math Sentence 2 + =
Math Sentence 3 + =

Weight of fruits +
Weight of holders = Total weight

186 = ×
 Represent the mathematical sentences for the following
picture situations.
4

1 Sepik mask K150

6 1 Necklace top K350

1 Laplap roll K200

We can make
This is a shopping
multiplication
situation.
problems.

4 The cost of 3 masks for 150 kina each.

5 The cost of 4 laplap rolls for 200 kina each.
6 The cost of 2 necklace tops for 350 kina each.

Math Sentence 4 × =
Math Sentence 5 × =
Math Sentence 6 × =

Cost of each
item × Number
items
of
= Cost

Let’s think about how to make mathematical sentence using

words and and how to find the number which fits the .

+ = 187
 1 Math Sentences of Addition

1 Let’s think about the following problem.

There are 900 g of mandarins in a bowl. The bowl weighs 300 g.

What is the weight of mandarins in g?

1 Let’s complete the diagram below by filling in the ( ) with

words. Weight of mandarins Weight of a bowl Total weight

( A )

( B ) ( C )

2 Let’s complete the mathematical sentence with words from

the diagram 1 .
+ =

3 Let’s represent the unknown number in the mathematical

sentence by using .
+ =

4 Let’s think about how to find the number in the .

Think of it
using the
Put numbers in figure.
the in order.
Activity

188 = −
 Kekeni’s idea Naiko’s idea

To find the number which Consider how to use the

fits + 300 = 900, put diagram.
numbers, 100, 200, …
into . 900g

300g
100 + 300 < 900 g
200 + 300 < 900
+ 300 = 900
600 + 300 = 900 = 900−300

Activity
2 The weight of a 500 g avocado on the plate is
850 g. What is the weight of the plate in g ?
Let’s draw the diagram or write a
mathematical sentence for the weight of
the plate by using g and find .

Exercise

The weight of 400 g bananas in the basket

is 600 g. What is the weight of the basket
in g? Let’s draw the diagram or write
mathematical sentence for the weight of
the basket by using g and find .

× = 189
 2 Math Sentences of Multiplication

1 Let’s think about how to solve the following problem.

We bought 10 traditional grass skirts and paid 500 kina.

What is the cost of one traditional grass skirt?

1 Let’s complete the diagram below by filling in the ( ) with

words. Cost of each traditional grass skirt
The number
Cost

( A )
( B )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (pieces)
( C )

2 Let’s complete the mathematical sentence with words from

the diagram.
× =
3 Let’s represent the unknown number in a mathematical
sentence by using .
× =
4 Let’s think about how to find the number in the .

Put numbers in Consider it using the

the in order. diagram as same as
the addition.
Activity

190 = ×
 Ambai’s idea Sare’s idea

To find the number which Consider how to use the diagram.

fits × 10 = 500, put 500 kina
numbers into . kina
10 × 10 < 500
20 × 10 < 500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (grass skirts)

× 10 = 500
50 × 10 = 500
= 500÷10

Activity
= 50

2 You divide 66 pencils into 6 pencils to each box.

How many boxes of 6 pencils can you fill?
1 Let’s draw the diagram by representing the unknown number
by using . (     ) pencils
(  ) pencils

0 1 ( ) (boxes)
2 Let’s make mathematical sentences with words and by
using .
Number of pencils
× in each box =
× =
3 Let’s find the number which fits the by using various ways.

Exercise 750kina
kina
The cost of 10 m tug rope for ship is
750 kina. Write a mathematical 0 1 10 (m)

sentence by using to find the cost of 1 m tug rope.

+ = 191
 P r o b l e m s

1 Write a mathematical sentence with words to find the

money paid. Money paid
Writing the mathematical
sentence with words.
Cost Change

+ = Money paid

2 Children are sowing flower seeds. They sowed 240 flower

seeds yesterday. Today, they sowed some seeds again. There
are 500 seeds sown in total. Answer the following.
Solving the problem using the .

1 Using Number of sowed seeds yesterday , Number of

sowed seeds today , Total number , write a mathematical

sentence with words to find the total number.
2 Let’s change the unknown number in mathematical sentence

by seeds.
3 Let’s find the number by filling in the .
3 The cost of 10 L paint is 980 kina. Now, answer the following
problem.
Solving the problem using the .

1 By using volume of paint , Cost of 1 L paint , Cost , let’s

write a mathematical sentence with words to find the cost.

2 Let’s change the unknown number in mathematical sentence

by kina.
3 Let’s find the number by filling in the .
4 Let’s make a math story to write the following mathematical
sentence and find the number by filling in the .
Developing the problem for mathematical sentence.

1 + 50 = 1000 2 × 10 = 1000

192 = ×
19 Using Money in Our Life

Let’s ask questions with friends.

I have .... kina in my pocket.
What operation Can I buy ... ? And how
do we use? many? How much change
will I receive?

How can we save

How can we reduce the
money?
number of coins in my
pocket?

1 Price and Coins

1 Price and Coins
Let’s read the following prices.

K 3.95

K 1.00

50 t K15.95

1 kina is written as K1.00 for the price. The price K3.95 is

read as three-kina and ninety-five toea. The price 50 t is
read just 50 toea. 1 kina is equal to 100 toea. Therefore, 3.95
kina is equal to 395 toea.

− = 193
 2 Let’s read orally and fill in the box.
1 The price of one small coffee packet is 50t. It is toea.
It is one 50 toea coin. It is coins of 20 toea
and coin of 10 toea.
The price of two mini coffee packets is toea.
It is 1 kina.
2 The price of a bottle of water is K1.50. It is toea.
3 The price of a dozen for pencils is K3.99. It is toea.
Exercise

Read the following price and arrange them in order.

1 Ice cream K2.00, Apple K1.50, Orange K2.60,

Chocolate K1.99 and Juice K2.95.

1. Arrange them from the highest price to the lowest.
2. Arrange them from the lowest price to the highest.
2 Arrange the following from lowest price.

Lolly 30 toea, Milk 2 kina, Chocolate 95 toea,

Snack 1 kina and Bubble Gum 5 toea.

Papua New Guinea Coins

There are 5 types of coins in

Papua New Guinea. Discuss
what kind of characteristics each
coin has.
Example: 1 kina coin has a hole.
The size is getting bigger while
5t 10t 20t 50t K1 the value increases.

194 = +
 Which Coin Do you use

3 James saved his money in the box for one year. Now,
he has a number of every coin in his box and goes shopping.
1 For paying a small coffee packet of 50 toea, which coins
should he use for paying and explain why?
2 Whose idea do you prefer?

Gawi’s idea Ambai’s idea Mero’s idea

Count by five coins of 10 toea If we only use 20

are 5 × 10 toea coins, I use 3
5, 10, coins of 20 toea and
10 receive the change
by 10 toea.
15, 20,
3 × 20 = 60
20

25, 30,
30 Yamo’s idea
If I pay by a 1 kina
35, 40,
40
coin,50 toea subtract
from 1 kina.
45, 50 The change is 50 toea.
50 toea It is 2 coins of 20 toea
10 coins of 5 toea and a 10 toea coin.

Which operation do you prefer?

Vavi’s idea

coins of 5 toeas are

10 × 5.

× = 195
 To know the value of a number of the same currency, we use
multiplication such as: 20 coins of five toea is 20 × 5 = 100 toea.
Its value is 1 kina. Five toea coin used as a unit for counting.
(Number of the Coin) × (Value of the Coin) = (Total Value)

For using coins, we use the several conversions such as:

2 coins of 5 toea convert to a 10 toea coin.
4 coins of 5 toea convert to a 20 toea coin.
20 coins of 5 toea convert to a 1 kina coin.

How Much in Total

4 At a market, you find the prices in the table below.

1 Fill in the table.
2 When you buy a bottle of water and a coffee packet each,
how much in total?

Item Price In Kina In Toea

Bottle of water K1.50 1.5 kina
Coffee Packet K0.50
Dozen Pencil K3.99

1.50 + 0.50?
K1.5 means 1 kina and 50
How can we add? toea and 0.50 kina means
50 toea, right?

196 = ×
 Kekeni’s idea Gawi’s idea
If we represent them in toea:
I calculated using vertical form.
K 1.5 is 150 toea
1.5 + 0.5 = 2 K 0.5 is 50 toea
1∙5 150
+ 0∙5 + 50
2∙0 200
2 kina 200 toea is 2 kina.

5 In 4 , when you buy all three items, For using calculator,

how much in total? we write as follows.
K t
150
1 Let’s find the total price in ∙
0∙5 0
vertical form. + 3∙9 9
2 Which coins should you use and
How do you type
how much will be the change?
it in your calculator?

In shopping, we write the price in vertical form and find the

total price by calculator. For payment, we usually show the
money as for the same value of total price or more at first.
When it is the same value, there is no change. When it is
more, we must receive the change, exactly.

To know the value of change we use subtraction:

(Given money) − (Price) = (Change)
For Confirmation: (Price) + (Change) = (Given money)

+ = 197
 6 How much in total? Write the prices in vertical form and find
the answer.
Coke K2.00, Biscuit K1.50, Cream bun K2.60 and Chocolate
K1.99.
7 I bought a bottle of water for 1.59 kina and I gave Water

two coins of one-kina, and received 3 coins of 20

K1.59
toea as for change. Is it correct? Explain with reason.

In our country, some shops set the price which does not
correspond to our money system. The price such as K0.99
cannot be paid by coins.

Dail
y situ
In the restaurant .... atio
n..
The total
amount is
K96.25. I think
he paid K100.

The change is
paid by one 2 kina
note, seventeen
10 toea coins and
one 5 toea coin.

Ten 10 toea coins

can be changed to 1 kina
coin and five 10 toea
coins can be changed
to 50 toea coin.

198 = ×
2 Unit for Currency

When we are not comfortable to pay by coins, we

use notes as the currency. They are not heavy.
1 Price of one hand cream bottle is K5.50.
1 How many coins do we
need for buying one bottle?
If 5 toea coin only:
If 10 toea coin only:
K 5.50
If 20 toea coin only:
If 1 kina coin only:
Which one will receive change?
2 How much is the cost for 50 bottles? Can we pay by coins?

2 In 1 , 1 if you use the following notes, below.

1 How would you pay and what will be the change?

A two-kina note is;

2 coins of 1 kina or
4 coins of 50 toea or
10 coins of 20 toea or
20 coins of 10 toea.
A five-kina note is; 5 coins of 1 kina, or
2 two-kina notes and one kina coin.
A five-kina note is 10 coins of 50 toea.
A ten-kina note is 10 coins of 1 kina coin.
A ten-kina note is 20 coins of 50 t or
2 notes of five-kina, or
five notes of two-kina .

− = 199
 Naiko’s idea Yamo’s idea

I only use two-kina notes as I use a ten-kina note because it

follows: is larger than 5.5 kina. The
Two, four, six. 5.5 is larger than 4 change is 10 − 5.5 = 4.5.
and less than 6. Thus, pay 6 kina 4.5 kina is 4 kina and 50 toea.
by three of two-kina note. It is 2 two-kina notes and one
6 − 5.5 = 0.5 coin of 50 toea.
0.5 kina is fifty toea.

Sare’s idea
Who will receive the
smallest amount
of change?
I use a 5-kina note and 2-kina
note. The change is
7 − 5.5 = 1.5
K1
1.5 kina is 1 kina and 50 toea. 50t
It is one coin of one kina and K1 50t
50t
50 toea.

2 In 1 2 , if you use the notes, how would you pay and what
will be the change?

Have you ever seen the following notes

A twenty-kina note is 20 coins of 1

kina,or 2 notes of ten-kina, or 4
notes of five-kina, or 10 notes of
two-kina.
A fifty-kina note is 2 notes of
twenty-kina and a ten-kina note.
A hundred-kina note is 100 coins of
1 kina, or 5 notes of twenty-kina,
or 10 notes of ten-kina, or 20 notes
of five-kina, or 50 notes of two-kina.

200 = ×
3 Fill in number in the boxes.
1 A two-kina note converts to coins of 20 toea.
2 A fifty-kina note is 2 notes of twenty-kina and note of
ten-kina.
3 50 kina is note of twenty-kina and notes of
five-kina.
4 84 kina is a fifty-kina note, a -kina note, a -kina note
and two notes of two-kina.

4 When you buy one of the items in the photo below, how
much is the change?
1 When you have a 100 kina note.
2 When you have 2 notes of 20 kina, 3 notes of 10 kina and 3
notes of 2 kina.

K25.00 means 25 kina.

Exercise

Solve the following mathematics expression.

1 1.5 kina + 2.5 kina 2 2 kina + 50 toea

3 50 toea + 90 toea 4 2.5 kina + 50 toea

+ = 201
 Price Survey Project at Local Market

Prices of selling food at the local market changes depending on

time in a day, season, and seller and so on. For price down, we
do some negotiation.
Visit your local market with Name of foods Price Location
your parents and learn the price.

1 Write the price of every food on the table in your local market
and report it in the class.

2 Choose the best survey in 1 and develop shopping-calculation

questions for using notes and coins and write it on a big chart to
show it to your friends.

3 Present the questions and select the interesting questions as

for the shopping.

202 = ×
20 Summary of Grade 3

1 Numbers and Calculations

1 Fill in the with a number or numeral. 9 12 16

1 The numeral in the hundred thousand place of

580000 is .
2 10 times 4300 equals and divide 4300 by
10 equals .

3 4 sets of 1 is .
7

2 Let’s represent the following numbers

12 16
by on the number line.
3 8
10 10 3
0 1 2

3 Let’s fill in the with the equality or inequality sign.

9 12 16
1 32419 319972 2 301201 300498
2 6 3 2
3 4
7 7 5 5

4 Let’s calculate. 1 6 7 12 14 16

1 7584 + 6439 2 8204 − 3427 3 8125 + 650 + 350

4 30 × 70 5 67 × 48 6 870 × 32 7 508 × 50

+ = 203
 8 24 ÷ 3 9 56 ÷ 8 10 44 ÷ 7 11 39 ÷ 5
1+ 2 2− 1 1+ 3 7− 2
12 13 14 15
7 7 3 3 5 5 9 9

5 There are 24 children who are going to receive 15 sheets

of coloured paper each, how many sheets of coloured
paper are needed? 14

6 Express the following problem using a multiplication

with and find the answer. 17

There are 64 mangoes that are divided equally into 8 boxes.

How many mangoes can be put in each box?

Multiplication Using Squares 56 × 82

5 6 5 6

8 8

2 2

1 Write 56 and 82 as 2 Draw diagonal line.

shown above.
5 6 5 6
5×8 4 4 6×8 4 4
8 4 8
0 8 0 8
5×2 1 1 6×2 1 1
2 2
0 2 5 0 2
3 Multiply each part. 9 2
4 Add the numbers diagonally.

Ones place… 2
Tens place…8 + 1 + 0 = 9
Answer
Hundreds place…4 + 0 + 1 = 5
Thousands place… 4

204 = ×
2 How to Measure

4 10 15
1 Let’s fill in the with a number.
1 1 km = m 2 2450 m = km m
3 1 minute = seconds 4 1 kg = g
5 148 seconds = minute seconds
6 3040 g = kg g 4

2 Let’s find the duration of time.

1 What is the duration from 7:40 to 11:00 in the morning?
2 What is the time that is 1 hour and 30 minutes after 10:20 in
the morning?
3 I enjoyed myself at the park for 1 hour and 10 minutes in the
morning and later enjoyed 30 minutes in the afternoon.
Let’s find the total time I enjoyed and the difference. 15

3 Measure the weight of two 0 0

2kg 2kg

oranges.
1.5kg 0.5kg 1.5kg 0.5kg

What is the weight altogether?

1kg 1kg
1st time 2nd time

Measure the Weight of an Elephant

In the old days, how did they measure the weight of an elephant?

Firstly, they put an elephant in the Next, they put stones in the boat until it
boat and drew a line to show how went down to the line.
far the boat went down in the water. Then they measured the weight of
stones to calculate the total weight.

× = 205
 3 Shape

1 What kind of shapes are the following figures? 9 11

1 A round figure that is the same length from one point.

2 An object that looks a circle from any direction and like a ball.
3 A triangle with three equal sides.
4 A triangle with two equal sides.

2 Let’s draw the following triangles. What kind of triangles

is drawn? 11

1 A triangle where 3 sides are 8 cm, 5 cm and 8 cm.

2 A triangle where 3 sides are 9 cm, 9 cm and 9 cm.

3 Let’s draw two circle with a radius 4 cm and the centre points
A and B. 8 11

1 What kind of triangles is a triangle ABC? C

2 How many centimetres are the sides

A B
of a triangle ABC?

How to Make a Right Angle

Draw the line CD, and measure the angle C

COB. This is the way to draw the right angle.
Let’s apply this method using a rope for B
A o
drawing a right angle on the land.

206 = ×
4 Tables and Graphs

1 The table below shows the grades of children who

were absent from school during the 5 days from March
1 to March 5. 13

1 day 2 day 3 day 4 day 5 day

Grade 6 Grade 2 Grade 2 Grade 6 Grade 1
Grade 3 Grade 3 Grade 6 Grade 6 Grade 1
Grade 1 Grade 1 Grade 3 Grade 3 Grade 4
Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 2
Grade 3 Grade 6 Grade 3 Grade 3
Grade 4

1 Let’s write the number of children in each grade in

the table below.

Children in each Grade who were Absent from School

Grade 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Using tally marks IIII
children Using number

2 Draw a bar graph using the table.

Children in each Grade who
were Absent from School
(children)

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 (grade)
3 What can you notice about the graph?

− = 207
 5 Using money

1 Let’s read orally and fill in the box. 8 19

The price of one small coffee packet is 70 t. It is toea.

1 The change is one 1 kina and 30 toea. It is coins of 20
toea and coin of 10 toea.
2 The price of two mini coffee packets is toea.
It is 1 kina and 40 toea.
3 The price of a bottle of water is K1.00. It is toea.
4 The price of a dozen for pencils is K 2.99. It is toea.

19

2 At the super market, you find the prices in the table below.
1 Fill in the table.
2 When you buy a water bottle and coffee packet, how much in
total?

Price In Kina In Toea

Bottle of water K1.00 1.00 kina
Coffee Packet K1.20
Dozen Pencil K 2.99

208 = ×
3 Let’s convert! 19
1 A two-kina note converts to coins of 50 toea.
2 A fifty-kina note is 3 notes of ten-kina and notes
of two-kina.
3 100 kina is notes of twenty-kina and notes of
five-kina.
4 100 kina is notes of ten-kina and note of
fifty-kina.
5 19 kina is a ten-kina note and a -kina note and
two note of -kina.
6 89 kina is a fifty-kina note and a -kina note and
a -kina note and a -kina note and two notes
of two-kina.

19

4 Sam bought a tray of chicken for 15.95 kina and

received 4 kina and 5 toea as change. How much did
he pay?

19

5 Lucial bought a packet of rice for 4.50 kina and tinned

fish for 2 kina. She received a change of 4 kina. How much
did she pay?

− = 209
 Answers
Chapter 2 Excercise: Page 40 Chapter 6 Excercise: Page 67
1 1 577 683 3 734 4 731 5 603 6 832 1 1 60 2 80 3 3
7 333 8 236 9 177 10 296 11 357 12 237 2 6 minutes 8 seconds
2 1 1596 2 1534 3 1003 4 5562 3 1 hour 55 minutes
5 5850 6 10000 7 813 8 508 4 1 hour 40 minutes
9 563 10 2022 11 1408 12 5995 5 9 hours 45 minutes
3 1 5487 2 3385 Do you remember?: Page 67
4 75 pages 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 70 6 50 7 30 8 60
5 Total: 4724 children. Boys are 12 more than girls. Chapter 6 Problems: Page 68
Do you remember?: Page 40 1 1) 1 day 2) 15 hours 3) 3 hours 45 minutes
1 18 2 32 3 54 4 28 5 9 6 8 7 15 8 4 4) 60 minutes 5) 75 seconds
Chapter 2 Problems: Page 41 2 1 180 2 100
1 1 588 2 782 3 812 4 543 5 807 3 2 , 5 4 33, 20
6 1303 7 8614 8 4000 9 10000 10 551 3 1 minutes 2 seconds 3 hours
11 119 12 678 13 254 14 387 15 398 4 10:40
16 508 17 2291 18 8219
2 1 Cathy’s sister has 891kina more savings. Chapter 7 Excercise: Page 73
2 8083 kina is their total savings. 1 1 45 2 96 3 94 4 72
3 5 252 6 441 7 232 8 666
9 304 10 210 11 320 12 3000
2 220 kina
Chapter 4 Excercise: Page 58 3 I LOVE MATHS
1 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 40
6 70 7 80 8 70 9 24 10 40 11 90 Chapter 7 Excercise: Page 77
2 1 3 2 6 3 7 4 4 5 3 6 8 1 1 99 2 608 3 301 4 224 5 145
3 6 564 7 648 8 1524 9 2415 10 1008
11 3689 12 5104
2 7, 7
Do you remember?: Page 58
3 750 kina
See teacher.
4 1360 meters
Chapter 4 Problems: Page 59
1 1 0 2 0 3 6 4 3 5 4
Do you remember?: Page 77
1 8 2 3 3 3 4 5 5 3 6 8
2 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 20
5 60 6 20 7 24 8 90
Chapter 7 Problems: Page 78
1 Total 2688,
3
Points on card 0 2 5 10 Total (7 × 4 = 28, 7 × 80 = 560, 7 × 300 = 2100)
Number of cards obtained 3 0 4 3 10
Total points 0 0 20 30 50 2 1 150 2 900 3 4200 4 88 5 270
6 512 7 669 8 2653 9 2920
4 90 capsules
3 1 255 2 1104 3 1008
4 1080 kina

210
 Chapter 7 Problems: Page 79 Chapter 9 Problems: Page 98
1 1 540 kina 1 9 remainder 1, 7 remainder 2
2 1 87 × 9 = 783 2 98 × 1 = 98 and 492 = 98 2 1 7 tomatoes remainder 4, 2 2 tomatoes
3 A = 1, B = 5 and C = 7 3 1 4 remainder 1 2 9 remainder 3
3 4 remainder 1 4 3 remainder 5
Chapter 8 Excercise: Page 91 5 6 remainder 2 6 6 remainder 5
1 1 5 2 8 3 3 4 7 5 4 6 7 7 5 8 6 7 5 remainder 1 8 5 remainder 4
9 8 10 6 11 4 12 8 13 9 14 9 15 7 16 4 9 8 remainder 2
17 1 18 0 19 23 20 21 4 Total 15 L, 15 divided by 3 equals 5, 5 L per
2 1 3 2 5 3 8 4 4 5 7 6 3 7 8 8 6 child.
3 1 7 friends 2 7 cookies 1. 2 bottles of 2L and 1 bottle of 1L, 2 bottles of
Do you remember?: Page 91 2L and 1 bottle of 1L and 5 bottles of 1L.
1 144 2 504 3 448 4 310 2. 1 bottle of 2L and 3 bottles of 1L, 1 bottle of
5 852 6 4501 7 1854 8 8991 2L and 3 bottles of 1L, 1 bottle of 2L and 3
Chapter 8 Problems: Page 92 bottles of 1L.
1 1 4 sheets 2 4 children
2 1 9 2 5 3 9 4 7 5 9 6 4 7 3 8 7 Chapter 10 Excercise: Page 107
9 3 10 7 11 4 12 7 13 4 14 6 15 9 16 7 1 1 (a) Centre 2 (b) Radius (c) Diameter
17 1 18 0 19 2 20 1 2 1 Diameter 2 2
3 1 There are 32 pencils distributed to 4 3 See teacher
friends equally. How many pencils can each 4 Compare the lengths using a compass.
friend receive? Longest-C and Shortest-B
2 There are 32 pencils. 4 pencils are Do you remember?: Page 107
distributed to each friend. 1 1 2 100
How many friends can receive? 3 100 4 2
Chapter 10 Problems: Page 108
Chapter 9 Excercise: Page 97 1 See teacher
1 1 9 remainder 2 2 7 remainder 1 2 Radius is 2cm. Length of 1 side of square is
3 2 remainder 5 4 4 remainder 7 same as diameter
5 4 remaunder 6 6 6 remainder 7 3 Square
2 6 pencils and a remainder of 6 4 16cm
3 7 cards and a remainder of 3
4 8 plastic bags Chapter 11 Excercise: Page 121
Do you remember?: Page 97 1 1 20180 2 763000 3 305000
1 307 2 328 3 164 4 267 5 539 2 1 11500, 13000, 13500 2 324, 326, 330
6 247 7 2189 8 2332 9 979 3 1 a 180000 b 320000 c 490000
2 d 545000 e 553000 f 567000
4 1 > 2 >
5 1 230 2 400 3 1110 4 6050
6 1 13080 2 14040 3 1991

211
 Chapter 11 Problems: Page 122 Chapter 14 Excercise: Page 155
1 1 480270 2 509200 3 235000 4 1000000 1
2

3 1 19900 2 20000 3 200000, 150000

Chapter 12 Excercise: Page 131 2 A 1 B 4 C 3 D 11 E 4

1 1 Distance 2 Road distance 3 1000 m F 4 G 15 H 58
2 a 10m 5cm b 10m 48cm c 10m 93cm Chapter 14 Problems: Page 156
d 7m 7cm e 7m 56cm f 8m 19cm 1 1 20 cans 2 80, 280, 200. Total: 1080
3 1 1220m 2 240m 3 See teacher 4 a Bar Graph b Table
Do you remember?: Page 131 2 See teacher.
1 11:25 2 2 hours
Chapter 12 Problems: Page 132 Chapter 15 Excercise: Page 164
1 1 8m 2 4km 3 60cm 4 4509m 1 1 100 2 1800 3 2000 4 308 5 589
2 1 16m 84cm 2 16m 99cm 3 17m 6cm 6 756 7 1548 8 3886 9 3431 10 2100
4 17m 18cm 5 17m 23cm 11 2880 12 2760
3 1 2km 50m 2 1580m 3 5km 2 2550 minutes
4 1 1200m 2 2km 100m 3 6km 80m 3 1 2
4 700m 5 1km 700m 6 2km 990m
5 Through Hona’s house. By 20m
Chapter 15 Problems: Page 165
Chapter 13 Excercise: Page 143 1 1 60 2 45, 3 3 45, 60, 10
1 a , c and e are Equilateral Triangles 2 1 2
b & d are Isosceles Triangles.
2 a Isosceles Triangle b Equilateral Triangle
3 See teacher. 3 1634 papers
Do you remember?: Page 143 4 1 A1, B5 2 A6, B5
1 20 & 200 2 400 & 4000 C3, D1 C2, D8
3 780 & 7800 4 910 & 9100 E6
Chapter 13 Problems: Page 144
1 1 two, two 2 three, three Chapter 16 Excercise: Page 176
2 See teacher 1 1 3kg, 3000g 2 5L , 5kg,
3 1 DAC and CBE are isosceles. 2 1 20g 2 10g 3 50g
2 CAB is formed by the radius of the two 3 A 1kg400g, 1400g B 2kg700g,2700g
circles. They are of the same length. C 6kg800g, 6800g

Do you remember: Page 176

1 5460 2 5040 3 19194 4 14630

212
 Chapter 17 Excercise: Page 184
5
1 1 3 2 6
3 3 4 1
2

3 1 > 2 < 3 >

6 1 2
4 1 1 2 8
3 6
4 3
Do you remember?: Page 184
1 4 2 5 3 9 4 0 5 2 remainder 2
6 4 remainder 4 7 7 remainder 3
8 8 remainder 2
Chapter 17 Problems: Page 185
4 2
1 1 6 simplified to 3
3 1
2 1 4 2 4 3 10 4 4
2 5
3 Possible answers: 8 + 8
1 5 1 2 3 4
4 1 5 2 5 3 5, 5, 5 4 5

Chapter 18 Problems: Page 192

1 Cost + Change = Money paid
2 1 [Link] seeds yesterday + No. of seeds
today = Total number
2 240 + = 500
3 500 − 240 = 260, therefore, 240 + 260 = 500
(seeds).
3 1 Volumme of paint × Cost of 1L pint = Cost
2 10 × = 980
3 980 ÷ 10 = 98, therefore, 10 × 98 = 980 (kina).
4 1 = 950
2 = 100

213
 Glossary
Addend is the number to be added. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 5
Angle is a figure formed by 2 straight lines from one point. · · · · · · · · · · · · 140
Augend is the number we add with. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 5
Bar graph is a graph which represents the various amounts by the length
of bars. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 147
Convert is changing from one money or unit to another. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 196
Denominator number below the fraction bar that represents the number
of equal parts the whole is divided into. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 180
Diameter is Is a straight line drawn from one point on the circle to the other
point on the circle passing through the centre of the cicle. · · · · · · · · · · · 102
Distance is the length between 2 places along a straight line. · · · · · · · · · 124
Dividend is the number to be divided. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 88
Divisible is when the dividend is divisible by the divisor, having no remainder.
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 94
Divisor is the number we divide. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 88
Equal Sign: “ = ” is called the equal sign. The symbol is not only used for
writing the answer of the calculation, but also used for showing that the
expressions or numbers on the left hand side and the right hand side are
equal. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 50
Equilateral triangle is a triangle with three sides and three angles equal.
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · 137
1 3
Fractions is a number that represents part of a whole such as , , etc.
3 4
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · 180
Gram is a unit used to measure weight. 1 gram is written as 1g. · · · · · · · · 169
Hundred thousand is the number that is10 sets of ten thousand and
written as 100 000 or 100 thousand. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 112
Inequality signs are symbols using to compare different quantities. < and >
are symbols used to compare two numbers, whether one number is larger
or smaller than the other number. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 115
Isosceles triangle is a triangle with two sides and two angles equal. · · · · 136

214
Kilogram is a unit of weight. 1000 g is called 1 kilogram and written as 1 kg.
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · 171
Minuend is the number we subtract from. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 8
Multiplicand is the number to be multiplied. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 49
Multiplier is the number we multiply. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 49
Not divisible is when the dividend is not divisible by the divisor, having
remainder. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 94
Number line is a straight line, with marked points that are equally spaced
where in every point on the line corresponds to a number. · · · · · · · · · · · 114
Numerator is the number above the bar that represents the number of
collected parts. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 180
One million is the number that is10 sets of hundred thousand and written
as 1 000 000 or one million. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 113
One kilometer is 1000 meter and is written as 1km. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 127
Road distance is the length measured along the road. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 127
Seconds are time units shorter than 1 minute. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 63
Size of angle is the the amount of opening between both sides of an angle.
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · 140
Sphere is an object that looks like a circle from any direction. · · · · · · · · · · 105
Subtrahend is the number to be subtracted. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 8
T-Math is Table Math. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 5
Ten thousand is the number that is10 sets of one thousand and written as
10 000 or 10 thousand. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 110
Thousand is the sum of 10 sets of 100 and is written as 1000. · · · · · · · · · · 15

215
 National Mathematics Grade 3 Textbook Development Committee

The National Mathematics Textbook was developed by Curriculum Development Division (CDD),
Department of Education in partnership with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) through the
Project for Improving the Quality of Mathematics and Science Education (QUIS-ME Project). The following
stakeholders have contributed to manage, write, validate and make quality assurance for developing quality
Textbook and Teacher’s Manual for students and teachers of Papua New Guinea.

Joint Coordinating Committee members for QUIS-ME Project

Dr. Uke Kombra, Secretary for Education - Chairperson, Mr. Walipe Wingi, Deputy Secretary - Deputy Chairperson, Mr. Baran
Sori, Mr. Samson Wangihomie, Mr. Titus Romano Hatagen, Dr. Eliakim Apelis, Mr. Godfrey Yerua, Mrs. Annemarie Kona, Mr.
Camilus Kanau, Mr. Joseph Moide, Mr. Peter Kants, Mr. Maxton Essy, Mr. Steven Tandale, Ms. Hatsie Mirou, Mr. Paul Ainui,
Mr. Packiam Arulappan, Mr. Allen Jim, Mr. Nopa Raki, Mr. Gandhi Lavaki, Mr. John Kakas, Ms. Philippa Darius, Mr. Alex
Magun, Ms. Mary Norrie, Mr. James Namari, Ms. Kila Tau, Mr. Moses Hatagen Koran, Ms. Colette Modagai, Ms. Dorothy
Marang, Mr. Dan Lyanda, Representatives from Embassy of Japan and JICA PNG Office, Mr. Akinori Ito, MPS, Mr. Chiko
Yamaoka and other Project Experts

Steering Committee members for QUIS-ME Project

Mrs. Annemarie Kona, First Assistant Secretary - Chairperson, Mr. Steven Tandale - Assistant Secretary, CDD - Deputy,
Chairperson, Ms. Hatsie Mirou, Mr. Paul Ainui, Mr. Gandhi Lavaki, Mr. John Kakas, Ms. Philippa Darius, Mr. Alex Magun, Ms.
Mary Norrie, Mr. James Namari, Ms. Kila Tau, Mr. Moses Hatagen Koran, Ms. Mary Phillips, Mr. Nopa Raki, Mr. Geoff Gibaru,
Ms. Jean Taviri, Mr. Akinori Ito, MPS, Mr. Chiko Yamaoka, Mr. Satoshi Kusaka, Mr. Ryuihi Sugiyama, Mr. Kenichi Jibutsu, Ms.
Masako Tsuzuki, Dr. Kotaro Kijima, Ms. Kyoko Yamada and Representatives from Textbook writers and JICA PNG Office

Curriculum Panel
Mr. Steven Tandale, Mr. Gandhi Lavaki, Ms. Philippa Darius, Mr. Alex Magun, Mr. John Kakas, Ms. Mirou Avosa, Ms. Mary
Norrie, Mr. Gilbert Ikupu, Mr. John Wek, Ms. Betty Bannah, Mr. Vitus Witnes, Ms. Clemencia Dimain and Ms. Celine Vavetaovi

Editorial Supervisors
Prof / Dr. Masami Isoda, Mr. Satoshi Kusaka, Mr. Katsuaki Serizawa and Mr. Akinori Ito, MPS

Content Supervisors
Ms. Kyoko Yamada, Prof. Hiroki Ishizaka, Prof. Yoichi Maeda and Prof. Takeshi Sakai

Writers & Proofreaders (Curriculum Officers & Textbook writers - Math working Group)
Ms. Mary Norrie - Math Working Group Leader, Mr. James Namari, Ms. Kila Tau, Mr. Anda Apule, Ms. Pisah Thomas,
Ms. Michelle Pala, Ms. Ileen Palan, Ms. Hilda Tapungu, Mr. Armstrong Rupa and Mr. Gibson Jack

Chief Proofreader, Illustrators, Photos & Desktop Publishing

Mr. Alex Magun (Chief Proofreader), Mr. Micheal John (Illustrator), Mr. David Gerega, Mr. Vitus Witnes (Graphic
designers), Mr. Armstrong Rupa, Mr. Gibson Jack, Mr. Satoshi Kusaka, Ms. Yoshiko Osawa, Ms. Michiyo Ueda (Desktop
Publishing), Mr. Chiko Yamaoka (Photographer) and Gakko Tosho Co.,Ltd. (Photos and illustrations)

Validation Team (Math working group & Teachers from pilot schools)
Ms. Aiva Koia, Ms. Aloisia Charles, Ms. Anne Auhava, Ms. Glenda Blasius, Ms. Idau Rea, Ms. Jacklyn Kerowa,
Mrs. Johanne Wambriwari, Mr. John Otai, Ms. Lee Kalinoe, Ms. Linda Wami, Ms. Marcia Pau, Ms. Serah Robinson,
Ms. Sheila Sabarei, [Link] Pet, Ms. Sussie Kipak and Mrs. Theresa Paisoi, Ms. Fredah Bonifas

Cooperation
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Department of National Planning & Monitoring (DNPM), Bank of
Papua New Guinea, Centre for Research on International Cooperation in Education Development (CRICED) -
University of Tsukuba, Naruto University of Education, Gakko Tosho Co.,Ltd. , Gaire Primary School, Iobuna Kouba
Primary School, Koki Primary School, Koiari Park Primary School, St. John Primary School, St. Peter Primary School,
St. Therese Primary School, Sogeri Primary School, Tubuseria Primary School and Wardstrip Primary School.

Department of Education
 + = 2 4 6
− ÷ 8 + 0 =
3 + 5 + 7− 9 =
1
÷
National
MATHEMATICS

National MATHEMATICS Textbook Grade 3

Textbook

Grade 3
Papua New Guinea
Department of Education