Lived Experiences of Jeepney Drivers Operating Under the Boundary

System, (STEM) Students of STI College - Santa Rosa S.Y. 2021-2022

A Qualitative Study Presented

To the Faculty of STI College - Santa Rosa Senior High School

Department

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in Practical Research 1

(PRARES 1)

Researchers:

Buenafe, Rico Jhay

Canog, Hazel

Cortes, Lea Joy

Cortes, Roland Joseph

Gonzales, Brian

Manalo, Haidie

Pajares, George Ivan

June 2022

I
 APPROVAL SHEET

The title of this study is “Lived Experiences of Jeepney Drivers

Operating Under the Boundary System,” which was prepared and
submitted Buenafe, Rico Jhay, Canog, Hazel, Cortes, Lea Joy, Cortes,
Roland Joseph, Gonzales, Brian, Manalo Haidie, and Pajares, George
Ivan, in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research 1
(PRARES 1) has been examined and is recommended for approval and
acceptance.

Signed:

JERALD M. FERNANDEZ DUMASIG

Research Instructor

Date Signed:

II
 GRAMMARIAN’S CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the undersigned has reviewed and went through all
the pages of the research paper entitled “Lived Experiences of Jeepney
Drivers Operating Under the Boundary System” by Buenafe, Rico Jhay,
Canog, Hazel, Cortes, Lea Joy, Cortes, Roland Joseph, Gonzales,
Brian, Manalo Haidie, and Pajares, George Ivan, guided by the set of
structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases and
words in the English language.

Signed:

III
 DECLARATION

We, the researchers from STI College of Santa Rosa, declare and
claim that this research paper, Lived Experiences of Jeepney Drivers
Operating Under the Boundary System, submitted in partial completion of
our requirements, is entirely our work as a group. It has never been
submitted in any other application, in whole or in part. All information
used herein is ours, except where stated otherwise by proper citation.

Signed:

Buenafe, Rico Jhay

Canog, Hazel

Cortes, Lea Joy

Cortes, Roland Joseph

Gonzales, Brian

Manalo, Haidie

Pajares, George Ivan

Date:

IV
 ABSTRACT

This study aims to show the lived experiences of jeepney drivers

operating under the boundary system. Some youth and other Filipinos are
unfamiliar with the boundary system and even their situation, which the
researchers' objectives are to introduce and show how they can survive
while fighting the pandemic, modernization, inflation rate, and injustice.
The researchers want to inform the readers by using qualitative research.
As researchers conducted semi-structured interviews, the data expanded,
and they became more familiar with their struggles and situations.

The data was obtained from the internet and jeepney drivers operating
under the boundary system. It shows that they are all against
modernization that will implement changes in the country's current land
transport system, especially on jeepneys. But they can't do anything just to
accept the decision of the government. Also, the price of diesel has the
most impact on their income, particularly during this pandemic when their
income is insufficient due to the high market pricing. Despite the
struggles, they didn't want anything more; they only wanted to survive in
life and give their family a good future. Jeepney drivers only want to hear
their voices. Give them a helping hand to have some change in the prices
and find a more efficient way to solve the problem of polluting the air
emitted from their vehicle

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 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 

This chapter will inform the readers of the brief insights,

background, challenges, and plans in this study.
 
1.1 INTRODUCTION 
        The jeepney has its roots in the Second World War. After the
liberation of the Philippines from Japan, the United States military had
hundreds of surplus general-purpose jeeps that it sold or gave to Filipinos. 
With Filipino ingenuity — expanding the rear hold for passengers, adding
metal roofs for shade, and colorful paintings and ornaments — these
military jeeps became heavy, long, and flashy mode of transportation that
gradually restored the country’s transportation system since trains,
tramcars, and buses have largely been destroyed during the war. 

In the present day, jeepneys are now manufactured by private

factories. From the post-war period to the present day, jeepneys remain
largely unchanged in terms of structure. On both sides and the front of the
jeepney are sign boards that portray its route of connecting landmarks and
road names. 
         
Since jeepneys are not subsidized by the national or local
governments, various drivers operate on a boundary system wherein their
income are solely dependent on the number of passengers that ride their
vehicles. Some people/companies make money from having jeepney
drivers to rent their jeepneys, it is called the boundary system. In this
system, the driver pays the jeepney owner, taxi’s company, or bus
company a fixed amount (the “boundary”) for driving a passenger vehicle
for 12 hours. 
          

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 The decision by the government to have bus companies pay their
drivers fixed wages is long overdue. The boundary system is common in
the Philippines wherein drivers who don’t have their own vehicle rent a
company's vehicle and pay a fixed amount of money per day; this is what
they call a boundary. The boundary is a problem for jeepney drivers
nowadays because other aspects like the gasoline's inflation rate and price
increase in the market will affect the income that they earn, resulting in
inconsistent comfortable living situations for their family. 
The researchers have observed that the holes of error in the system
of boundary for jeepney drivers in the present state of Philippines is quite
noticeable. This is because of the system being unfavorable to drivers that
operate public transportation and not having a fixed amount of income to
sustain their outlay when doing their services for the sake of passengers
that don't have their own private vehicle. According to ABS-CBN News
(August 2020), giving a fixed salary and being a part of cooperatives
should be distributed to operators as these measures and several others
could be a possible upgrade towards public transportation and a sign of
help. Due to the unfortunate inflation of the pandemic, the drivers should
be appropriate to conduct operations if they follow the health protocols. In
the given source, MAP said that getting rid of the boundary system will
eliminate unorderly opposition for passengers and reinstate order in the
streets. 
 
By the end of this research, our goal is to inform the readers
regarding the matter and make a change that helps the jeepney drivers’
have less burden on their shoulders. Dealing with financial katzenjammer
is one of the most common concerns for the people that operate this type
of public vehicle, and this is the least the researchers could do as many
people rely on the said people to give transportation for the commuters.
The researchers’ objectives are mostly out of empathy for the hard-
working individuals and are meant to give them a moment of relief if the
situation came to light. 
 
1.2 Statement of the Problem  
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 This study is conducted in reference to the research question:  
What are the lived experiences of jeepney drivers operating under the
boundary system? 
 
1.3 Significance of the Study 
         This study will highlight all the struggles of jeepney drivers under
the boundary system. This part contains the benefits that may help the
following: 

Jeepney drivers - The study will help the jeepney drivers who are
struggling with the boundary system by a goal of informing readers about
their hardships, to ease the burden on their backs, especially during this
pandemic where their income is not enough because of the high prices in
the market.  

The vehicle operator - This research will make them aware that
their drivers are struggling in this set-up; with this, it may convince them
to lower the rent and the operators will give the drivers all the benefits that
they deserve. 

The future researchers - This study may benefit the future

researchers. If they come up with the same project, this study may help
them profound their research paper. Also, this research can be their
reference to support the data that will assist their study.  
 
1.4 Scope and Limitations 
This study mainly explores on the lived experiences of jeepney
drivers who are operating under boundary system. The study will consist
of 5 participants from Sta. Rosa, Laguna whom the researchers will
interview. The researchers will conduct this during the time of the
pandemic so problem might occur -- if the jeepney drivers are willing to
participate in this study considering how packed their time is.  
 
1.5 Definition of Terms  
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Jeepney- a vehicle use for public transport that can occupy approximately,
18 passengers  
Liberation- an occasion of being free  
Surplus- an excess over what is needed  
Ingenuity- a creative skill to improve or think new ways to do something  
Boundary system- drivers who don’t have their own vehicle rent a
company's vehicle for 12 hours and pay a fixed amount of money per day 
Boundary- a fixed amount of money to pay, per day 
Inflation rate- increase of prices over a period a time 
Income- money earned daily from operating public transportation 
Katzenjammer- a German word that means “distress” 
Relief- a feeling of ease from distress  
Vehicle Operator- a person or a company who manages the drivers under
the boundary system 

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 CHAPTER 2 
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 
 
This chapter covers the relevant studies that substantiate and validates
the findings of this study. To give an in-depth analysis of the issue, the
researchers have grounded their detailed research on many opinions and
perspectives. To give a thorough backdrop of the study and to support the
researcher's goal in conducting it, conclusions and theories from the
research study and literature about the lived experiences of jeepney drivers
living under the boundary system are offered.

2.1 RELATED LITERATURE 

 
Boundary System in the Face of the Pandemic  
ABS-CBN News (2020) wrote a news article entitled “Give
jeepney drivers fixed salaries, scrap 'boundary' system: MAP” Jeepney
drivers ought to get settled pay rates, whereas operators ought to be
"empowered" to organize themselves into cooperatives, a gather of
management experts. The Administration Affiliation of the Philippines
(AAP) said these measures and a few other proposals can help move
forward open transportation in Metro Manila. The gather too kept up that
jeepneys are essential to meet Metro Manila's transport requests and they
ought to be permitted to function as "long as they follow health protocols."
The Management Association of the Philippines (MAP) said rejecting the
boundary framework and giving settled salaries to jeepney drivers will
"dispose of scattered competition for travelers and reestablish a few
arrange in our roads." "Such a framework will encourage enlistment of
drivers with government offices (SSS, PhilHealth, PAG-IBIG, BIR) and
will encourage get to benefit and assess collection, constraining features of
the underground economy to surface," Outline said. The gather added that
jeepney administrators, a bit like transport operator. 

According to Greg Refracction, John Michael Mugas, Tonette

Orejas (2022), Jeepney drivers can’t bring enough money for their families
X
because of the high expenses and make them do odd jobs to cope with the
crisis. Also due to Pandemic, it makes the passenger decrease, and because
of the small amount of passengers, it decreases the earnings of jeepney
drivers. Some drivers, according to Castueras (2022), have started taking
odd jobs while they're not on the road and some of them are helping at
family-owned farms, while others have found positions in chicken farms.
Many jeepney drivers were feeling the crunch since it was difficult to pay
their operators under the old system, also to avoid a major transportation
strike, the national government should promptly address the issue of
jeepney and bus drivers by offering fuel subsidies or raising fares said by
Cris Mira (2022) of the transport group Kaisahan ng mga Sasakyang
Namamasada sa Bataan (Kasakbayan).Kasakbayan Secretary-General
Efren Montes claimed some jeepney owners were also obliged to cover
fuel costs to assist their drivers. "Most of the time, it is the operators who
have had to pay for diesel because of recent price spikes; they have to do
this so their drivers can still earn and put food on the table," said by
Montes. The jeepney drivers is lucky enough if they can pay their
operators a boundary of P300. Along with the recent large spike in
gasoline prices caused drivers to "break even," or earn just enough to
cover the majority of their operating costs said by Danilo Yumul (2022). 
 
High Fuel Costs Affecting Jeepney Drivers Income 
Inquirer (2022) wrote an article entitled "Luzon jeepney drivers
find ways to cope with high fuel costs." The chair of a transport group said
jeepney drivers struggled to pay their operators under the old boundary
method. This is due to rising gasoline prices, jeepney drivers in Luzon
provinces find it difficult to provide enough money for their families after
a day on the road, forcing them to work or find other jobs. They believe
the national government should promptly address the issue of jeepney
drivers by offering fuel subsidies or raising fares to avoid a major
transportation strike. Some jeepney owners were also obliged to cover fuel
costs to assist their drivers. 

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 According to an article Bulalat Journalism for People (2022)
entitled ‘It’s hunger spell for Filipino transport drivers as oil prices
continue to spike’ In an interview with a jeepney driver said the constant
rise in oil prices may force him to stop working, worse scenario it will
prevent other jeepney drivers from feeding their families. He has been
running the Guadalupe to [Link] route for the past 15 years. However,
in recent months, more than two-thirds of his earnings have gone to his
gasoline and a daily boundary due to the constant price increases of oil and
other essentials. According to the independent think tank Ibon Foundation,
this is a far from the daily, they used to bring home. Not only a jeepney
driver experience struggle in oil price increase but other drivers too. 
 
Modernization 
According to an article of The Interpreter (2020) entitled
“Philippines government driving jeepneys off the road” which when the
Philippine government loosened restrictions for the majority of the country
last June of 2020, after nearly four months of lockdown due to Covid-19.
Public transportation systems gradually recovered but jeepneys were still
prohibited from operating.  On June 24, Chief Martin Delgra of the Land
Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board declared that
“traditional jeepneys” will be allowed on the road in Metro Manila the
following week. However, President Rodrigo Duterte’s office denied it
two days later, announcing that only “roadworthy” jeepneys would be
permitted. So far only 8% of the 74,000 jeepneys have returned to the
streets. The jeepneys are also targeted by the government’s
“modernization program” since 2017. The proposal, led by the Department
of Transportation, since the plan’s started, Philippine officials have faced
constant opposition from transportation and commuter groups. Piston, one
of the country’s largest transportation companies, has not been opposed to
the modernization plan, they are against the clauses that force jeepney
drivers and owners to fund the costs of the program’s requirements which
threatens the careers of around 650,000 drivers and 250,000 operators.
That’s why there are some questions popping up, Is the government using
the pandemic as a stepping-stone to fully exact their modernization
XII
scheme? Presidential spokesman Harry Roque attempted to lessen such
fears, saying it is not the time for modernization. However, there were
signs of a jeepney phase-out. Most modes of transportation were
operational by the end of June, to some degree.  

On the same day the DOTr initially announced a road reappearance

of jeepneys, they also made it clear what their priorities were. Jeepneys
were pegged at the bottom of the public transport ladder, due to health
precautions. The government’s treatment of jeepney drivers has been the
most visible indicator of its efforts to prevent their return. The police
responded by making arrests, citing physical distancing requirements.
Others took advantage of the opportunity to protest the criminalization of
drivers by collecting food gifts at various locations throughout the city.
Despite denials that it is pushing for a phase-out, the state’s support for
“modern jeepneys” and aggressive efforts to prevent their return through
legislation and police harassment reveal a different picture.  

Government Incentives that Jeepney Drivers Don't Receive

According to a Philstar Global News article, In MANILA, the

Philippines, The Money intended to assist the transportation industry
during the lockdown did not benefit public transportation drivers and
operators, even transport groups in connection with the audit of
government spending during the quarantine period. The Land
Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board used only about P59
million of the P5.58 billion fund for the Service Contracting Program,
which pays the transport operators for operating their routes despite lower
passenger capacity. But according to Mody Floranda, president of Piston,
none of the 800,000 operators, drivers, and transport workers reach them,
which also surprises them since this should be given during quarantine
days.

Early in the pandemic, jeepney drivers were forced to beg on the streets.
under enhanced community quarantine, they were even forced to stay at
home rather than work for a loss, without service contracting incentives.
XIII
Those brave enough to speak up at checkpoints said that their daily income
is just P250. This is important to know because due to the coronavirus
pandemic, thousands of drivers and operators have lost their primary
sources of income. Nolan Grulla, a spokesperson for the UP-Transport
Group who is himself a jeepney driver, highlighted the challenges of the
online registration process and the "roadworthiness" standards.

The jeepney modernization threat, according to Grulla, added to the

worries of the drivers who chose not to join up and said it will just be
taken away (jeepney), that is why they will still be going to continue to
fight.

What's hurtful is that the government is phasing out public

transportation amid a pandemic using this money, and even if they started
running routes again this will continue Floranda concurred. The 2015-
launched modernization program is facing opposition from drivers and
operators who claim they can't afford to pay the P2.4 million price tag for
each upgraded jeepney and still provide for their families. Transport
officials responded by increasing the existing subsidy for the upgraded
vehicle by two times to P160,000. However, given that the cost of the car
also increased during the pandemic, transportation experts and activists
claimed that this was still insufficient backing. Politicians even criticize
"penny-pinching" in public transportation subsidies.
 
 
2.2 Related Studies 
 
Struggles of Jeepney Drivers 
According to Guss and Tuason (2008), the problems, struggles, and
issues faced by jeepney drivers are categorized into two — financial and
personal. Financial problems are a common issue for jeepney drivers as
there is little economic space given to them as they work. It includes
buying food for the family, purchasing things needed by the children, and
repairing expenses for the jeepney. Besides, not having enough money to
pay for the boundary is the primary financial concern of drivers. The
XIV
research further explained that drivers have reported that there are work-
related issues such as poor road conditions, jeepney problems, and
concerns of passengers. In addition to this, drivers have struggled these
past two years since COVID-19 struck the Philippines. Ranis, Conquilla,
Buncaras, and Tus (2021). The series of lockdowns that have happened
made the drivers beg the Government hoping to be able to get on wheels
again.  Additionally, their study found that jeepney drivers experienced a
lack of emotional support as well as financial difficulties and that they felt
depressed, nervous, and compelled to stay healthy for their families. 
 
Jeepney Phase-out Program 
Before the pandemic struck, the PUVMP was launched — a project
that phases out old jeepneys to modernize the public land transportation
industry. LTO (2017). In research done by Santos (2018), jeepney drivers
stated the project will not achieve the goal as it unfavorable for those
living in common or poor lies. While still they acknowledge that their
vehicles are insufficiently capable and roadworthy, they consider
modernization as a threat to their livelihood and a complete disdain for
their needs. This jeepney phase-out projects showed a mass impact to
drivers as it caused more unemployment to a country where job is hard to
find. Santos (2018).0 
 
Diesel or Electric Jeepneys? 
According to Agaton et al. (2019) To progress towards a more
sustainable public transportation system, the Philippines is launching a
public utility vehicle (PUV) modernization effort that will use electric
jeepneys (e-jeepneys) and modified diesel jeepneys. Despite the
government program’s ability to fix problems, transportation associations
oppose its implementation because of cost and investment risk concerns.
But in this study, it shows that investing in the e-jeepney right now is the
best decision method in the current business environment, since
postponing investment may result in opportunity losses. Furthermore, the
government should increase the number of subsidies and base prices,

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provide public charging stations, and continue efforts to rely on cleaner,
cheaper, and renewable sources of electricity. 
 
Obstacles of Implementing Electric Jeepneys 
According to Charmaine Samala Guno et al. (2021), the
electrification of public utility vehicles is critical to the transition to a more
environmentally friendly transportation system. However, the adoption of
electric vehicles (EVs) faces several obstacles, including finance concerns,
government rules, and public acceptability. Based on their survey results,
the greatest impediments to the adoption of electric public transportation
are economic and technological concerns. This includes expensive
investment and operational expenses, a lack of charging infrastructure,
challenges with driving range and use in varied terrains, and the
availability of EV components and service stations. On the other hand, the
main enabler is the significant public support for the upgrading of public
transportation via EVs, which is supported up by policy and legal drivers.
This study advises that the government invest in renewable energy, build
more public infrastructure, diversify the transportation industry, subsidize
the development of locally manufactured EVs, and launch a huge
communication campaign to educate the people about its benefits. 

Impacts of Fuel Price Hikes on the Transportation System

According to Roquel et al., 2018 Living in an interconnected
economy, balance and harmony of production, marketing, and
transportation is a necessity. In line with it, effects of fuel price hikes
become a huge concern as it is being used as an instrument to transfer a
product from one place to another therefore an increase to fuel will
automatically affect the cost of goods and more households will fall in
poverty line. As of data collected in 2012, the Transport sector is most
impacted wherein a 10%, 20%, and 30% change in fuel prices will result
in total output changes of approximately PHP 175 billion, PHP 350 billion,
and PHP 525 billion. Moreover 13% of Transport Sector where Bus line
operation, Air Transport, Jeepney and other land transport service make up
more than half with 3.23%, 2.89%, and 2.31% respectively
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2.3 SYNTHESIS 
In the study of Ranis, Conquilla, and Tus (2021), it was found that
the pandemic had taken effect towards the operators of jeepneys in which
they have struggled to suffice for their financial and personal problems
that was supported by the study of Guss and Tuason (2008). Likewise, the
literature of Greg Refracction, John Michael Mugas, Tonette Orejas (2022)
revealed the struggles of jeepney drivers wherein the unfortunate turn of
events (pandemic) had affected their earnings due to less passengers and
according to Castueras (2022), some had to take odd jobs to make ends
meet while not operating jeepneys in which paying because of the
boundary system had them feeling the lack of money. Another problem
that arose is the high price of gasoline in which Inquirer (2022) also stated
that jeepney drivers had to take other jobs to cope with expenses as the gas
prices affects their income and based on an article Bulalat Journalism for
People (2022), it affirms that continuous spike of gas prices may lead to
jeepney operators quit their job or in worst case, it will make others stop
providing for their families based on an interviewee. One more relevant
issue based on the study of Santos (2018), is the modernization of public
transport in which people in lower class is unfavored in this change as it
phases-out old jeepneys which leads to massive unemployment rate at
common or poor parts of the country. 

In all of this, to avoid having a major transportation strike, ABS-

CBN News (2020) suggests a proposal of a fixed salary and to disregard
the boundary system to better help open transportation. Another
suggestion from Cris Mira (2022), is that the national government should
handle the issue of jeepney and bus drivers as soon as possible, either by
providing fuel subsidies or by raising salary rates from the problem of gas
price spikes which is also the same with the suggestion of Inquirer
(2022).   
 
2.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK  

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 The study is anchored from the Political Economy Theory that uses
a wide array of tools and methods generally from economics, political
science, to study the relationships between individuals and society and
between markets and the state (Veseth, n.d.). Jacel Vanessa Pereyra
Villarda (2016) stated that this theory was highly connected to the socio-
economic conditions of jeepney drivers with their financial situation. The
political economy of all the jeepney driver health is also explored. Under
capitalism, a person's relationship to public owners for production is
crucial to understanding not only their position in the hierarchy, but also
their chances for wealth and health (Bradby, 2012).  

Labor and exchange lead to inequality and only favors the needs of
the elite and not of the whole society (CFI, n.d.). As everything presented
above, the relationship within the public owners and drivers made a
difference to their income that affects the living conditions of the jeepney
drivers. This theory believed in equal opportunity on each in everyone and
are worried with the structure of civil society, rather than the decisions of
individual desires (CFI, n.d.) whom will favor the needs of system but not
their drivers who works hard to earn even less than the bare minimum.  

XVIII
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter explores the research design, sampling technique,

instruments, demographic profile of the participants, locale, data gathering
procedures, data analysis, and ethical considerations.

 
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 
Descriptive research is a sort of study that is used to describe a
population's characteristics. It gathers information that is used to answer a
variety of what, when, and how inquiries about a certain population or
group. The descriptive research method focuses on identifying the
characteristics of a demographic segment rather than “why a phenomenon
happens”. In other words, it describes the research topic without
explaining why it occurs. 
 
3.2 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE  
 
3.3 INSTRUMENTS  
Semi-structured interviews were used to gather the data needed for
the study. In semi structured interviews, the researcher begins with a set of
questions; however, the participants are given more freedom to explain
their answers further. The advantage of the semi-structured interview is
that the interviewer is in control of the process of obtaining information
from the interviewee but is free to follow new leads as they arise (Bernard,
1988). The research instrument of this study is based on what the
researchers need to know. The interview questionnaire was divided into
two parts. The first part documents the participants’ profile (age, gender,
and grade level), while the second part records the participants’ opinions.
Interviews may be useful to follow-up with person respondents
after surveys, e.g., to assist examine their reactions. In the preparation of
the instrument, the requirements in the designing of a good data collection
questionnaire were considered. In subjective inquire about particularly,
XIX
 interviews are utilized to seek after the meanings of central topics within
the world of their subjects. The most errand in meeting is to get it the
meaning of what the interviewees say. Usually, open-ended questions
are inquired amid interviews in trusts of getting unbiased answers, while
closed ended questions may force participants to answer in a particular
way (Creswell, 2012; McNamara, 2009). 
 
3.4 Participants of the Study 
        The participants of the study consisted of five (5) jeepney drivers
under the boundary system. The research participants will be interviewed
and provide their opinions and experiences of living under the boundary
system.  

Participant Address Age Sex Family

1
Balibago, 46 Male 3
Complex
2
Calamba 28 Male 3
City
3
Southville, 45 Male 7
Kaingin
4
Calamba 45 Male 3
City
5
Calamba 59 Male 5
City

 
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3.5 Locale 
        The participants are located at Balibago, Sta. Rosa, Laguna.  
 
3.6 Data Gathering Procedures 
1. After the researchers finalized their study's techniques and
instruments, the research instructor granted the permission to conduct the
interview. 
 
2. The researchers have gathered participants through snowball
sampling method. 
 
3. After getting the permission of participants, the researchers
explained what this study is all about to the participants. 
 
4. The researchers obtained the data after conducting a semi-
structured interview with the participants 
 
5. After the collecting the data from the answers of participants, it
was organized and analyzed by the researchers. 
 
3.7 Data Analysis 

The data received from the interviewers was transcribed, coded, and
examined by the researchers. The responses of the participants were
transcribed and helped the researchers expand the ideas in the boundary
system. The researchers coded or categorized raw information or data,
which helps to identify themes or topics from the data compiled in the
study. Focusing only on a portion of the data, however, could result in
data fragmentation and a failure to fully capture the nuances of
participants' descriptions or observations. The difficulty facing qualitative
researchers is in presenting a coherent interpretation of the data, which
might be "vast" and "messy" and needs to make sense of various points of
view or complex issues. The goal of data analysis is to put the data
together or reconstruct it in a way that makes sense or is understandable,
XXI
while also being open, meticulous, and "true" to the narratives of the
participants. (Dr. Helen Noble). Data will play a big role and help in
research. The last process is to examine the data.
 
3.8 Ethical Considerations 

According to Barrow J, Brannan G, and Khandhar P's research

from 2021, the researchers will carry out the study in accordance with
research ethics by first obtaining the higher-ups' authorization to perform
legal research. Before the videotaped interview, all participants received
an assurance of complete confidentiality and were asked to sign a consent
form stating their right to withdraw from the study at any time.
Additionally, all researchers are honest and transparent about their data
and study methods.

XXII
 Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF
DATA

This chapter presents the data found and interpretation of all the data that
the researchers have gathered, whose main objective is to know the lived
experiences of jeepney drivers living under the boundary system.

4.2 Presentation and Interpretation of Data

4.2.1 Participants

 Participant 1 is a 46 years old male, living in Balibago Complex. He

spends his whole day driving the jeep to earn for his family and pay the
boundary. He doesn’t see a problem joining the boundary system; it’s just
that the increase in diesel pushes them in a disadvantage, as it lessens their
income for the day. When pandemic started, his income decreased by a
half since people are not going out of their homes.
 Participant 2 is a 28 years old male, living in Calamba. He has a wife, and
a 11 years old daughter. After the pandemic strike, he joined the boundary
system in order to sustain his family’s needs. He earns from nothing to 500
pesos a day. When he is in need of money, he loans the boundary from the
owner. He then gives his income to his wife to balance according to
necessities.
 Participant 3 is a 45 years old male, living in Southville, Kaingin. He is
married with five children, three boys and two girls. He works as a jeepney
driver living in a boundary system to support his newly born baby and
post-pregnant wife. His daily routine is that he wakes up every 3 AM in
the morning, and stops at 10 PM at night. His daily income ranges from
200-700 pesos a day.
 Participant 4 is a 45 years old male, living in Calamba City. He has a wife
and a child. Every day, he always pay 500 pesos for the boundary of the
jeep he will use. With his daily income, it ranges from nothing to a little

XXIII
 above 200 pesos. It covers their family’s food, child’s needs in school, and
monthly expenses for the house from PAGIBIG.
 Participant 5 is a 59 years old male, living in Balo. He’s currently living
with his wife and three of his siblings in Calamba City. Participant 5 does
not want to have a child already and was satisfied with his family. He
waked-up 6 in the morning and stay late at night to gain a good amount of
profit.

4.1 Daily Routine of a Jeepney Driver

Some participants prefer earning the boundary first because they do

not own the vehicle, and they stated that they will earn whichever money
is left after the job. Participant three (3) mentioned that they work at night
just to earn enough money:

Hinde, syempre yung uunahin mo muna makakuha ng boundary kasi

hiram mo lang naman yung sasakyan e, kasi yung samin kung magkano
lang naman kikitain mo sa huli yun... Minsan hinahabol pa sa gabi. Oh!
Umagang madaling araw nagjejeep na kami eh

Participant 3

Participant five (5) described his experience of working until the

evening if he does not have earnings in the afternoon because he earns
more money at that time. He earns at least 500 pesos:

Ala sais pagka hapon na at wala pang kita, edi deretso na hanggang gabi.
Kasi sa gabi, minsan maganda ang kita. Kumikita ako ng 500 mga ganon.

Participant 5

Participant four (4) replied quickly as he questioned how he

managed his income “wala ngang natitira eh hahahaha”, he went on to

XXIV
say that he had to borrow money or eat tuyo in order to make ends meet on
their meager income as jeepney drivers:

While participants one (1) and (2) expressed their disbelief

regarding their nearly no earnings from the boundary system.

4.3.1 What Happens in a Boundary System?

Most of the participants expressed their distraught at how little

money they made through the boundary system. Participant two (2) claims
that he can't always pay the boundary, because he was simply renting a
jeepney from the owner:

Sa boundary? Minsan hindi nakaka boundary, minsan nakaka boundary…

kase utang lang namin sa may-ari.”

Participant 2

Another participant (4) stated that he was unable to pay the

boundary due to rising diesel expenses. He earns as little as 200 pesos per
day on occasion, which is clearly insufficient to support his family:

Eh minsan na… minsan nakaka boundary minsan hindi, dahil sa mahal ng

ano, mahal na diesel. Minsan naiuuwi naming mga dalawang daan lang.

Participant 4

Surprisingly, participant three (3) shared that he is in favor of his

earnings under the boundary system even though this job takes a lot of
patience. He said that he can perform construction, but he appears to be
XXV
 more accustomed to working in a Jeep, where his meal is cooked and he
can eat three times a day, as opposed to construction, where you would be
charged 500 pesos for your food and transportation:

Hindi, wala namang magagawa e, syempre ito walang hanap buhay na

iba e, pabor yan syempre, wala hahaha magtitiis ka talaga e, kahit mag
construction pa ako, pwede naman mag construction syempre sigurado na
ako dun, pero yun nasanay na kami sa byahe, nakalabas na pagkain
namin doon, yung pagkain ba. Sa isang ano e, tatlong beses ka kakain sa
eh sa labas na, diba? ‘Di tulad sa construction bawas 500 pesos kakain
kapa dun bawas pa dun, pamasahe pa, ‘di katulad sa jeepney medyo
sangay sangay pa kami doon

Participant 3

Other participants again mentioned that in the boundary system,

drivers mostly have an unstable income a day which resulted in
insufficient living conditions for their families.

4.2 The Moderator Reaps Their Benefits

One participant opened up about the injustice, of jeepney drivers’
experience in the boundary system. The 3rd participant explained how the
operators — those who own the jeepney — don’t give the benefits given
by the government to jeepney drivers:

Oo, yung iba ‘di nakatanggap ng ayuda sa LTFRB, katulad sa LTFRB

maraming driver ang hindi nakatanggap kasi gawa ng mga operator pag
pera na, ayaw ibigay ng operator sa driver sa totoo lang ‘ho yun, kawawa
talaga kami. Kami yung, kaya nga tinawag na “cart pasada” ngayon ang
pera pag na withdraw na ng operator, ginaganun lang nila…

Participant 3

XXVI
 He then shared his past experience with an operator who’s selfish
about the benefits, saying that they go to another operator if they encounter
one:

Napupunta sa operator. Mayroon nga akong operator, ‘di ako binigyan.

Nagresign na lang ako, lipat-lipat na lang kami.

Participant 3

Participant 3 added his insights on how and why jeepney drivers

should also receive the benefits offered by the government:

Ang sa akin ano na nga lang eh, parang naghahanap na lang ng bagong
ano…Kasi sa driver ng jeepney napakahirap; kasi nandiyan na yung
benepisyo, hindi dumadating. Ang ganda-ganda ng salita ng presidente
tapos ngayon hindi naman sinusunod nung mga sangay ng gobyerno… Oh
nagkakainteres.

Participant 3

He added how pitiful the jeepney drivers are if they applied the
boundary to the wrong operator:

Kasi kung sino lang yung nag leader-leader sila lang yung magiging
masaya, sila lang nag kakapera sa gobyerno papaano na naman yung
mga driver? Ginagamit lang kami, ‘di nakakarating samin yung
benepisyo.

Participant 3

4.6. Modernization

The officials aim to phase out colorum jeeps, and the government's
efforts to modernize our country significantly affect jeepney drivers. All
the participants were deeply affected by this issue. Participant one (1) has
stated his insights:
XXVII
Yung aming biyahe (boundary system) matagal nang panahon na yan.
Natural yan sa boundary-han. Ang nagpapahirap samin ay yung
modernization. Ayong ang, ‘eto traditional eh. Okay lang samin ang
traditional eh, ang mas mahirap yung aarawan ka (fixed time/date to do
the drive trip). Yung Boundary system okay lang, nasasaamin ang jeep,
kahit bente-kwatro oras ka bumiyahe, ‘di katulad nung modernization na
‘yon, may oras ka do’n tapos may pursentuhan (percentage) pa ata ‘yon.”

Participant 1

Participant three (3) discusses the biases where such, only the
corporate gained the earnings while the drivers only earn enough for a
living:

Yung modern, hindi naman para samin yun eh. Ang kikita lang doon yung
mga koorporatiba lang eh. Kami para lang kaming sasahuran dun —
hindi rin kami aasenso.

Participant 3

Participant one (1) preferred to stay in traditional jeepneys rather

than modernization, since pieces of modernization jeeps are being
exported internationally:

Alam mo mas malaking bagay sa amin ‘yun na narito sa boundary system

dahil tradionally, ang maintenace neto, para sa Pilipino rin- hindi katulad
nung modernization na ‘yon, angkas sa ibang bansa, edi sila kumita.
Galing pang Korea iyon eh- ngayon, kapag nasira iyon, galing din sa
Korea piyesa non. Hindi katulad ng traditional, nasa Pilipinas lang.

Participant 1

XXVIII
Kahit masira, Pilipino rin ang gagawa. Ayon ay company eh. Bahala sila.
Kaya tutol kami diyan dahil ang ating ekonomiya ay bababa. Sila lang
ang makikinabang. Eh, Korea, Korea ang piyesa. Hindi katulad natin
piyesa ng Pilipinas. Ayon yung kuwan diyan. Kaya lang, kahit tutol kami
dyan sa modernization na 'yan, kung itutuloy man nila 'yan wala na
kaming magagagawa.

Participant 1

Participant four (4) also conclude the burden of modernization in

which it will give more struggle to them financially:

Paano naman yung di naman kayang bumili nun diba, eh katulad namin
na nakikilabasan lang, paano kami makakabili nun diba? na wala naman
kaming sapat na pera, na maganda doon para sa amin mga driver na
maganda doon, yung mga halimbawa bubulok bulok na ngang jeep, Edi
pautangin nalang ng gobyerno, pagandahin nalang yung jeep diba? kaya
dapat, syempre tutol

kami doon dahil unang una kami maapektuhan ng mga driver dyan, mga
jeepney driver

Participant 4

On the other hand, participant two (2) stated that he doesn’t know
what’s really happening in the modernization system:

Wala akong masasabi do'n. Kase… hindi naman akin 'tong jeep, hindi ko
naman sarili kaya nagba-boundary lang ako. Ang may problema roon,
yung may mga sarili, yung mga may-ari. Ako walang akong ano ‘don sa
ano

Participant 2

XXIX
 4.6.1 Jeepney Phase-Out

Most participants opposed the government for phasing out

traditional jeepneys. Participant five (5) explains how the jeepney in the
phase-out are borrowed from the government and will never be referred to
as their own:
                Syempre lahat naman ay tutol. Kase, hindi naman pang karaniwang
jeepney driver ang makikinabang sa phase-out na ‘yan. Ang mangyayari
sayo, ang paliwagan nung (07: 46 unclear) sa amin, kapag kumuha ka ng
unit, hindi rin magiging sayo ‘yon. 
Participant 5 

                Kung baga, share ka lang. Hiram lang. Kung baga mawawalan ka na
ng ano. Wala ka na. Ang mangyayari siguro, gobyerno na rin ang
magpatakbo ng transportasyon. 
Participant 5 
 
Participant four (4) stated that this issue also triggered jeepney
drivers since this is the only way for them to earn money:
                Paano yung maliit na, katulad namin na yung mga nakikilabasan lang
ahh wala, walang magagawa kung pag ano yun na 
Participant 4
 
Participant five (5) added that they are powerless to stop the
government from seizing their jeepney:
Parang mahirap yan kasi kalaban mo gobyerno. Pwedeng sunod-sunuran
ka na lang dyan. Katulad ng phase-out kung sasamsamin sayo ‘to, wala ka
ng magagawa. 
Participant 5 
 
He then asked himself "how about my trip?" if they began to unregistered
the traditional jeepneys. 
XXX
 Wala na. Pag hindi nila inirehistro ito, paano pa kayo magbyahe? 
Participant 5 
 
Participant one (1) and participant two (2) take on phase-out
program are still the same from their previous answers about the
modernization. Participant five (5) lastly stated that their voices as a
citizen is too weak to compete with the government's power:
Oo, wala kang magagawa. Lalo na pangkaraniwan ka lang, anong
magagawa mo sa gobyerno na ‘yan? Sumunod ka nalang. 
Participant 5 

4.7 Oil Price Hike 

 
Recently, oil and gas prices increased in the market, have drivers
concerned about their income because this problem is inclined with
poverty the most. Participant two (2) honestly answered that crude’ is the
main problem of drivers these days:
Sa ano, yung krudo doon kami nahihirapan. 
Participant 2 
 
Participant five (5) mentioned that they are depleting four liters of
expensive petroleum which costs higher than 70 pesos:
Marami. Kahit mahirap ay wala ka ng magagawa. Mas matindi ito,
gasolina. Biruin mo 70 plus, isang litro. Umuubos kami ng balikan ng
apat na litro. 
Participant 5 
 
According to Participant four (4), before, the average cost of diesel
was 700 pesos per day. As of now, it costs a whopping 1500 pesos, thus all
their income is spent solely on diesel:

XXXI
Dati yung mga kwan namin ano lang P700 ang diesel namin, ngaun nung
tumaas nang tumaas ang diesel naging P1500 na, kaya kumbaga yung
kikitain namin napunta nalang don sa diesel 
Participant 4 
 
Participant three (3) wished for diesel to be returned to the
government because the negotiator does not care about the poor. They’re
only doing it for business, and the drivers are tired of it:
Yung diesel, dapat talaga yon… Sa totoo lang ang alam ko sa diesel na
ito, gobyerno talaga e dapat ibalik na sa gobyerno, kasi yung taong
negosyante walang pahalaga sa mahihirap talaga, gusto nila magnegosyo
lang nang magnegosyo sa totoo lang e, nagplano lang kami e, oh diba? eh
‘di namin kakayanin eh, sawa na. Sawa na , nagpapahinga na nga ako,
sasauli ko na itong jeep,  kasi sobrang init, medyo…  
Participant 3 
 
Participant three (3) added that they do not a have choice because
the government has not yet risen the jeepney fare:
Katulad nito, tignan mo nag papahinga kami ‘tas ang taas pa ng krudo.
Wala kaming magawa, hindi pa kami dinadagdagan ng pamasahe,
nahihirapan kami. Takbo ka ngayon... Wala! Ano yung krudo mo, yung
kinita mo, eh krukrudo pa; kaya kumikita kami kunti, pahinga lang kami,
mamayang hapon uli yung byahe namin. 
Participant 3 
 
Participant one (1) explained how the market prices were not
controlled like the crude oil is because it was owned by a private company.
He came to the conclusion that the government might reclaim it:
Kaya hindi natin makontrol ang presyo ng halimbawa, krudo dahil private
na. Ngayon siguro, balik tayo kay Marcos, baka ibabalik na uli kay
Marcos. Batsa gobyerno.  
Participant 1 

XXXII
 Unexpectedly, participant number five (5) claimed that sometimes,
it is unavoidable for the money to be used just for the purchase of crude oil
on a single trip, some of their money are not often used with crude oil:
Kaya naman, minsan nga lang talagang wala ng matitira sayo. Hindi ka
naman pwedeng tumakbo ka ng walang kang gasolina. Wala kang diesel.
Minsan kapag minamalas-malas ka, yung balikan mo pangkurudo lang.
Hindi naman ano, kumikita rin naman. Hindi naman lahat ay doon
napupunta. 
Participant 5 
  
4.7.1 Little to no Income

Respondent two (2) stated that sometimes, the income is not

enough and what is left is the money for paying the boundary:

Oo. Minsan, walang natitira sa amin… yung boundary lang talaga

Participant 2

Respondent three (3) discusses how incompetent an income can be

for a jeepney driver. As stated below, he has to do rounds for his five
children in order for them to survive for at least a day or else they have to
settle for a gnawing of their stomach with a saddened face:

200 pesos ang matitira doon kase hindi ano eh… sabihin mo swerte mo
yung araw na yun dahil sa sorang dami namin.. Hindi, sa may ano yun
hapon yun yung pinaka tamang byahe, yun dun lang mapupunta sayo yung
kita mo, eh yung sa ganito kailangan ikot ka ng ikot sa umaga, pag hindi
ka umikot edi wala, wala kang kita. Malungkot ang mukha mo hehe…
syempre yun lang yun, anak mo diba lima

Participant 3

Respondent two (2) stated that their income is not always the same;
sometimes they only gain 300 pesos, and there will also be times that they

XXXIII
will have at least 500 pesos, but surprisingly, they said that there are also
times that they gain nothing:

 Hindi pare-pareho eh. Merong ₱300, may ₱500… minsan wala

Participant 2

Respondent one (1) states that compared to their previous income,

almost half of it was deducted from their latest income which is not
enough to feed their family:

Eh, halos kalahati ang nawala (comparing past income to current income)

Participant 1

Respondent one (1) stated that there’s almost nothing left of their
income because they also need to pay for the maintenance of the jeepney:

Ayan nga, halos walang kikitain. Halos walang natitira dahil pa

maintenance pa (talking about income)

Participant 1

Respondent one (1) mentioned how their overtime work has

become normalized in order for them to be able to survive on a daily basis:

Ay pwedeng tinatagalan namin ang aming hanap buhay. Eh pag di ka

bumiyahe, wala kang kikitain, bawal namang nakatigil sa bahay.

Participant 1

Respondent four (4) stated that the revenue per day is not planned,
and the money they earn per day is budgeted for the food expenses:

XXXIV
Hmm, di na masabing pinagplanuhan kung ano yung kinita ayun nalang,
pag kakasyahin nalang ng pang ulam, pam bili ng bigas.

Participant 4

Chapter 5
Discussion
5.1 Introduction

5.2 Understanding the Findings in Relation to the Research Questions

Daily Routine of a Jeepney Driver and What Happens in a Boundary

System?

The majority of participants have stated that they are struggling with
a shortage of income. According to an article entitled “Give jeepney
drivers fixed salaries, scrap 'boundary' system: MAP” Due to the
exorbitant costs, jeepney drivers are unable to provide for their family and
are forced to work odd jobs to get by. Furthermore, because of the
pandemic, fewer people travelling, which lowers the number of passengers
and, consequently, the income of jeepney drivers. According to Secretary-
General Efren Montes, certain proprietors of jeepneys are also required to
pay fuel expenses to support their drivers. Due to recent price increases,
"most of the time, it is the operators who have had to pay for diesel; they
must do this so their drivers can still earn and put food on the table,"
according to Montes. The drivers of jeepneys are fortunate if they can give
their operators a tip of P300. As stated by Danilo Yumul, the recent sharp
increase in petrol prices also forced drivers to "break even," or earn just
XXXV
enough to pay the majority of their operating costs (2022). The challenges,
struggles, and issues faced by jeepney drivers can be divided into two
categories, according to Guss and Tuason (2008): financial and personal.
Since they are given little room to grow their businesses, jeepney drivers
often struggle with money issues. It covers expenses like feeding the
family, providing the kids with essentials, and maintaining the jeepney. In
addition, drivers' main financial worry is running out of money to pay for
the boundary. According to the research, drivers have mentioned work-
related challenges include bad road conditions, jeepney problems, and
passenger concerns. Additionally, when COVID-19 hit the Philippines two
years ago, drivers have had difficulty. Having a few participants makes it
hard for us to identify their daily lives. Some of our five participants did
not have a clear answer. One out of five participant was playing while
being interviewed and it served as an obstacle that's why the questions
were not answered properly.

The Moderator Reaps Their Benefits

There is one participant who shared that his operator does not give him a
share of the benefits. It's their operator who’s claiming their benefits, it can
also be a reason why jeepney drivers find it difficult to have a good life.
This act may also add to the reason why jeepney drivers are struggling in
life, besides the problem in the oil price hike, high price of daily needs,
and their daily pay of the boundary. Because there were only 5 participants
in this study, there is a limit to how far the findings may be applied. These
results are limited because not all participants had the same experiences,
especially in this section of the conversation where only one participant
provided results.

Modernization and Jeepney Phase-Out

         Based on the answers of the participant, most of them disagrees

because there are a lot of problems, such as the fact that there is no money
to buy the modernized jeep or E-Jeep and the parts of it that can only be
bought in other countries. In accordance to an article “Philippines

XXXVI
government driving jeepneys off the road” Since 2017, the government's
"modernization campaign" has also targeted jeepneys. Since the plan's
inception, commuter and transportation advocacy groups have consistently
opposed the project, which is being driven by the Department of
Transportation. One of the biggest transportation companies in the nation,
Piston, is not against the modernization plan; rather, they are against the
provisions that would force owners and drivers of jeepneys to pay for the
program's requirements, endangering the livelihoods of about 250,000
operators and 650,000 drivers. This modernization of the vehicle will lead
to the phase-out of jeepneys on the road which will give trouble for
jeepney drivers who have no money on buying this new electric vehicle.
However, in accordance with Charmaine Samala Guno et al. (2021), the
transition to a more environmentally friendly transportation system relies
on the electrification of public utility vehicles. However, there are a lot of
barriers to the widespread use of electric cars (EVs), including money
problems, legal restrictions, and public acceptance. According to the
results of their analysis, economic and technological issues are the main
obstacles to the adoption of electric public transportation. This includes
high upfront costs and ongoing costs, a lack of infrastructure for charging,
issues with a driving range and use on various terrains, and the
accessibility of EV parts and charging infrastructure. The key enabler, on
the other hand, is the considerable public support for the use of EVs to
enhance public transportation, which is backed both by policy and legal
drivers. The government must invest in renewable energy, increase public
infrastructure spending, diversify the transportation sector, promote the
manufacturing of electrical vehicles made locally, and conduct a massive
public awareness campaign about the benefits of doing so, according to
this report. The generalizability of the results is limited by having few
participants for this study which is 5 participant which leads our study to
fewer results, especially since there are some respondents whose responses
is not connected.

Little to no Income

XXXVII
 In line with the conducted interview by the researchers, jeepney
drivers cry for the low income as they need to pay for the maintenance of
the jeepney. They also said that their income varies, sometimes they gain
300 to 500 pesos but surprisingly there are times that they are left with
nothing which is close and related to the data from Philstar Global News
article wherein the driver’s average income is just in the range of 250
pesos. Moreover, in the early pandemic, during the enhanced community
quarantine (ECQ) government forced the jeepney drivers to stay at home
rather than work for a loss without proper contracting incentives. After
being jobless for months- jeepney drivers finally get the opportunity to
back in their works as the covid cases decreases but the jeepney drivers
shares how incompetent an income can be for a jeepney driver as they
need to do a lot of rounds to fulfill the needs of their families especially
that amidst the pandemic almost half was being deducted to their current
income compared to their profit before the pandemic which is not enough
sustain their daily basis despite of the thought that they are on the process
of normalizing the overtime work at the road.

Oil Price Hike

5.3 Comparisons with previous research

After the researchers have gathered all the data, it was found out
that some findings are aligned with Ranis, Conquilla, Buncaras, and Tus
(2021)’s study on lived experiences of jeepney drivers during the
pandemic. Both studies discovered that jeepney drivers are struggling
when a negative factor is being talked about. It includes mostly in having
difficulties to earn money; both participants that are interviewed by either
study were affected by the pandemic. However, Ranis, Conquilla,
Buncaras, and Tus (2021) acclaimed the coping mechanisms used by
jeepney drivers, which is not present with the researchers’ study. They
XXXVIII
found-out that jeepney drivers had to have an alternative work to earn
more money. On the other hand, the participants of this research did not
talk about having that, some even stated that driving jeep is the only way
of earning they do. There is difference because the time gap between both
research is a year; people might be adapting to the new normal now, so the
situation of jeepney drivers is not worse like before — though it’s still not
good — to the point where one should find and alternate job.

Additionally, both studies discussed the government’s move in

modernizing Philippines’ transportation that includes the jeepney phase-
out plan. Also, this topic was talked about by Santos (2018). Some
participants of either study shared their insights on why the modernization
program is not good for them. They all claimed that modernization is a
threat to their way of life and how they earn money, which they see as a
complete disrespect for their demands. Still, there are some limitations
since the research question for both studies are different, hence resulting
into some difference in findings.

XXXIX
 Chapter 6

6.1 Conclusion

Conclusion The goal of this evaluative study is to give a meaningful

explanation to the picked respondents based on their overall attributes or
lifestyle when questioned about their current standing on the ways of the
jeepney driving business in these current times. This of course accord to
the variation of takes from the population of a certain group of people.
This analysis hopes to empathize with the operators suffering from the
ongoing problem with the system of boundary for the vehicles (jeepneys)
in which there is an unfair advantage for the operators as they get barely
the minimum amount of income. Also, we desire to give the jeepney
drivers the attention they need from these struggles as we rely on them
mostly when doing transportation. We also aim to highlight the status quo
of jeepney drivers and how the pandemic affects their daily lives as they
temporarily stopped their job as a driver. This study also shows the
interconnectivity between poverty, price hikes, and inconvenient access to
public transportation. It also shows how the economy works in a
systematic way where changes at the smallest sector can also bring
changes to the bigger ones.

XL
6.2 Recommendations

In line with the current findings and conclusions, the researchers have
made recommendation to the following:

Jeepney Drivers

To the jeepney drivers always provide good service to the commuters to be

able to attract good people and environment. At least save a little amount
of money every boundary so that they can afford or have savings in time
or when needed.

Government

Implement laws for lower gas price for the public transportation that will
benefit the drivers. It will help the drivers to lessen their expenses in gas
that they can use in their other basic needs.

Vehicle Owners

Be considerate to the drivers that is taking boundary and do not take

advantage of them so that they can provide and save even a little for their
families.

Commuters

To the commuters do not take advantage of the drivers and always pay the
right amount of fare that is needed because it will help a lot to the drivers.
Avoid doing the “1,2,3” trick when commuting.

For Future Researchers

Provide a study that will help students to understand the stated issue. This
study is recommended to future researchers to provide knowledge,
information, and awareness about the issue that is abovementioned. This
study can also be used as reference if needed.

XLI
XLII