Bristol City Council

Bristol Avon Flood Strategy F/2021/0837

Strategic Outline Case Technical Document

DRAFT pending consultation analysis

December 2020

Better protecting people and property from flooding

Future-proofing Bristol and neighbouring communities; enabling a greener,

more active city; and unlocking our city’s potential.
Bristol City Council (supported by Environment Agency) Bristol Avon Flood Strategy
Ove Arup and Partners Strategic Outline Case Technical Document – October 2020 Consultation Draft

Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Strategy objectives ....................................................................................................................................2
1.2 Strategic case ............................................................................................................................................2
1.3 Economic case ..........................................................................................................................................5
1.4 Commercial case.......................................................................................................................................7
1.5 Financial case ...........................................................................................................................................8
1.6 Management case......................................................................................................................................8

2 Strategic Case ...................................................................................................................................................11

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................11
2.2 Need for intervention ..............................................................................................................................15
2.3 Supporting development .........................................................................................................................17
2.4 Aligned business strategies .....................................................................................................................18
2.5 Environment and other considerations ...................................................................................................21
2.6 Other sources of flooding .......................................................................................................................22
2.7 Strategic objectives .................................................................................................................................23
2.8 Current arrangements..............................................................................................................................24
2.9 Main benefits ..........................................................................................................................................28
2.10 Main risks ...............................................................................................................................................29
2.11 Constraints ..............................................................................................................................................30
2.12 Dependencies ..........................................................................................................................................31
2.13 Interfaces with other projects..................................................................................................................32

3 Economic Case ..................................................................................................................................................37

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................37
3.2 Appraisal boundaries ..............................................................................................................................37
3.3 Critical success factors ...........................................................................................................................37
3.4 Long list options .....................................................................................................................................38
3.5 Shortlist options ......................................................................................................................................41
3.6 Non-financial benefits appraisal .............................................................................................................52
3.7 Preferred option ......................................................................................................................................52
3.8 Environmental compliance .....................................................................................................................55
3.9 Residual risk ...........................................................................................................................................58

4 Commercial Case..............................................................................................................................................62
4.1 Roles .......................................................................................................................................................62
4.2 Regeneration and Development ..............................................................................................................62
4.3 Maintenance............................................................................................................................................62
4.4 Phasing Plan ...........................................................................................................................................63
4.5 Procurement Strategy..............................................................................................................................64
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Bristol City Council (supported by Environment Agency) Bristol Avon Flood Strategy
Ove Arup and Partners Strategic Outline Case Technical Document – October 2020 Consultation Draft

4.6 Contractual terms and risk allocation .....................................................................................................65

4.7 Procurement route and timescales ..........................................................................................................65
4.8 Efficiencies and commercial issues ........................................................................................................65

5 Financial Case ...................................................................................................................................................67

5.1 Financial summary..................................................................................................................................67
5.2 Funding Sources .....................................................................................................................................70

6 Management Case ............................................................................................................................................76

6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................76
6.2 Phase 1 management...............................................................................................................................76
6.3 Project management................................................................................................................................76
6.4 Alternative delivery approaches .............................................................................................................82
6.5 Next steps ...............................................................................................................................................85

Glossary .....................................................................................................................................................................86

Key supporting documents ......................................................................................................................................89

Appendix A................................................................................................................................................................90

Appendix B ................................................................................................................................................................91

Appendix C................................................................................................................................................................92

Appendix D................................................................................................................................................................93

Appendix E ................................................................................................................................................................94

Appendix F ................................................................................................................................................................95

Appendix G ...............................................................................................................................................................96

Appendix H ...............................................................................................................................................................97

Appendix I .................................................................................................................................................................98

Appendix J ................................................................................................................................................................99

Appendix K .............................................................................................................................................................100

Appendix L ..............................................................................................................................................................101

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Bristol City Council (supported by Environment Agency) Bristol Avon Flood Strategy
Ove Arup and Partners Strategic Outline Case Technical Document – October 2020 Consultation Draft

Executive Summary

Figure 1: January 2014 tidal surge inundating the A4 Portway in the Avon Gorge (top), Cattlemarket Road (left) and Clarence Road (right), and outflanking tidal flood gates at
Junction Lock into the Floating Harbour (bottom).

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Bristol City Council (supported by Environment Agency) Bristol Avon Flood Strategy
Ove Arup and Partners Strategic Outline Case Technical Document – October 2020 Consultation Draft

1 Executive Summary
Bristol and its neighbouring communities have grown and thrived on the banks of the River Avon. However,
people and property face an increasing risk of flooding. Storms can increase flows coming down the river or can
force tidal water to surge up the Severn Estuary. Large parts of Bristol’s centre are vulnerable to the River Avon
overtopping low spots and also causing water within the harbour to flood properties. Flood risk is increasing due to
climate change causing sea levels to rise and causing storms to increase in frequency and severity.

A major flood event that currently has a 0.5% annual chance of occurring now, could become as frequent as once a
year (63% AEP) by the end of the century if no strategic management of the risk is implemented.

Bristol City Council (BCC) and the Environment Agency (EA) are working together to deliver a long-term plan to
better protect homes, businesses and infrastructure from flooding from the River Avon. This is a unique
opportunity to enhance the river for all by creating a more resilient, active and sustainable city that can meet the
future needs of its residents, businesses and visitors.

This report sets out the Strategic Outline Case (SOC) to deliver a strategic flood risk management approach to the
single benefit area of central Bristol (plus measures upstream and downstream to ensure no adverse impact). The
SOC is in accordance with the HM Treasury Green Book and Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management
(FCERM) Appraisal Guidance principles. This SOC covers the Bristol Avon Flood Strategy – referred to as the
Strategy throughout this document.

1.1 Strategy objectives

The key investment objectives for the Strategy have been set to reflect the importance of delivering robust and
sustainable flood risk management infrastructure for the strategy area, whilst acknowledging the importance of the
area for employment purposes and future redevelopment opportunities. They are as follows:

• To support safe living, working and travelling in and around central Bristol by ensuring flood threat is reduced
and measures address residual risks.
• To facilitate the sustainable growth of Bristol and the West of England by supporting opportunities for
employment and residential land, and infrastructure.
• To maintain natural, historic, visual and built environments within the waterfront corridor and where possible
deliver enhanced recreational, heritage and wildlife spaces.
• To ensure navigation of river and marine activities continues.
• To ensure the strategy is technically feasible and deliverable.

These have been used to evaluate the flood risk management strategic approaches and to support the appraisal
process. In addition, the following objectives have been developed in relation to placemaking opportunities,
following the identification of a preferred way forward:

• To enhance walking and cycling links to enable greater access to

opportunity work and housing.
• To bring existing communities closer together, as well as providing the
opportunity to unlock new development land and attract residents,
businesses and visitors.
• To protect and enhance recreational, heritage and wildlife spaces, to
create healthier and more resilient communities, particularly those with
higher inequality or limited access to green space and contribute to
ambitions for the Avon Corridor as a key green infrastructure resource.

1.2 Strategic case

Tidal and fluvial flooding from the River Avon represent an increasingly significant risk to Bristol and its
neighbouring communities with the potential for severe consequences. The city is at risk from both tidal surges
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Bristol City Council (supported by Environment Agency) Bristol Avon Flood Strategy
Ove Arup and Partners Strategic Outline Case Technical Document – October 2020 Consultation Draft

from downstream and high river flows from upstream. Climate change is increasing sea levels and peak river flows
meaning that widespread flooding of central Bristol likely to become a relatively frequent occurrence (Figure 7).

Bristol has a history of flooding. More than twenty minor tidal events in the last decade have flooded properties
and/or roads around the river including at Sea Mills, the Portway, Cumberland Basin, Avon Crescent, Coronation
Road, Cattle Market Road and at St Philip’s, the highest in March 2020.

Flooding currently poses a threat to lives, properties, wellbeing and the long-term economic prosperity of the city
and wider region. A severe flood today would result in lasting widespread impact from hazardous flood water,
damage to property, damage and disruption to infrastructure and loss of cultural heritage.

Bristol’s Floating Harbour forms a fundamental part of the city’s current River Avon flood defences. The harbour’s
capacity is limited and the tidal flood gates are increasingly vulnerable to operational failure, overtopping and
outflanking by flood water.

Futureproofing the city and neighbouring communities – Without investment, Bristol and neighbouring
communities are at increasing risk of widespread flooding. Around 1,100 homes and businesses near the city centre
and 200 properties in neighbouring communities are at risk of being flooded in either a severe river or tidal flood
today from the River Avon. Tidal flooding would be relatively rapid. Predictions show flood waters inundating a
wide area to significant depths, creating an environment hazardous to life. Without action, by the end of the century
almost 4,500 existing properties could be at risk in severe floods (Table 1).

Figure 2 Visualisation of flood risk predictions looking east – Hotwells and Junction Lock in foreground, SS Great Britain and Spike Island in background

Figure 3 Visualisation of flood risk predictions looking east – Temple Meads in foreground, St Philip’s Marsh and Netham in background

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Bristol City Council (supported by Environment Agency) Bristol Avon Flood Strategy
Ove Arup and Partners Strategic Outline Case Technical Document – October 2020 Consultation Draft

Year Location Residential Non-residential Total

properties properties

2025 Central Bristol 510 615 1,328

Downstream 129 40
Upstream to A4174 22 12
2125 Central Bristol 2253 1880 4,459
Downstream 223 51
Upstream to A4174 32 20
Table 1: Properties at risk of flooding in 0.5% AEP tidal or 1% AEP fluvial events in the Do-Minimum status quo baseline (Note this avoids double counting and is not properties
claimed in the Partnership Funding Calculator)

Figure 4: Plan showing central Bristol with points identifying residential (red) and non-residential (green) properties with either greater than a 0.5% AEP tidal (pale blue extent) or
greater than a 1% AEP fluvial (dark blue extent) annual chance of river flooding, with allowance for the impact of climate change to 2125.

Without investment, Bristol and neighbouring communities are at an increasing risk of widespread flooding.

Enabling a greener, more active city – Creating and improving flood defences presents an opportunity to improve
walking and cycling routes along the River Avon. Links could be created with other parts of the city, better
connecting people with housing, work and recreation. Improved active travel links could be integrated into the
defences. In areas where more space is available, defences could take the form of a green space that provides
additional wildlife and recreation benefits every day. Access to the riverside could be improved, whilst areas with
historic features, such as retaining walls, could be restored and maintained to prolong their life.

Unlocking Bristol’s potential - Currently, without a Flood Risk Management Strategy that has reasonable
certainty of delivery, new development must individually deliver flood risk mitigation to ensure the development is
safe for its lifetime (100 years for residential uses) without increasing flood risk elsewhere and benefits from safe,
dry access during a “design flood”. In some locations this is extremely challenging to achieve, meaning
development is unlikely to comply with national planning policy and may be refused on this basis. Hence,
regeneration in the area is stagnating. The proposed approach has learnt lessons from other cities divided by
rivers who have successfully seized similar opportunities including Derby, Leeds and Sheffield.

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Bristol City Council (supported by Environment Agency) Bristol Avon Flood Strategy
Ove Arup and Partners Strategic Outline Case Technical Document – October 2020 Consultation Draft

A Strategy with a reasonable certainty of delivery will reduce the constraint of flood risk and open opportunities for
regeneration and new development, contributing to the economic success of the city. By defending areas currently
at risk of flooding, the proposed defences would also unlock wider benefits to the city through supporting growth
and regeneration such as the jobs, homes and public spaces that will ensure Bristol is a resilient city where people
and business can thrive.

1.3 Economic case

The preferred long-term adaptive approach is to create new flood defences or raise the level of existing flood
defences in phases along sections of the River Avon riverbanks to better protect people and property from the
increasing risk of flooding from the River Avon.

The Strategy will deliver an estimated £980m in benefits to the UK economy by reducing flood risk over the
next hundred years (Outcome measure (OM)1a benefits). These benefits include £118m benefits to people (OM1b)
and 553 properties at flood risk today are moved to a lower risk band by the end of the strategy life (OM2a). A
further 28 that would have become at risk by 2040 due to the impact of climate change are also moved to lower risk
bands (OM2b). The benefit to the local economy could be over £7.7bn.

The operation of the existing infrastructure around the Floating Harbour reduces tidal flood risk. However, this will
become less effective in future due to climate change, and there is an increasing risk that this will not be able to be
operated during large flood events.

A comprehensive appraisal process of strategic approaches has been carried out to determine the preferred way
forward to manage flood risk over the next hundred years. Different flood defence techniques that might be
effective were identified. Combinations of these techniques were used to create a long list of adaptive approach
options. This was reduced to a shortlist from which the preferred approach of phased raised defences was selected
as the most feasible option for reducing the flood risk to Bristol and its neighbouring communities.

Discounted flood defence techniques include:

• Source techniques to slow the flow upstream to reduce the peak flow (such as flood storage, working with
nature or land management) were discounted on technical grounds due to the impractically large scale of
upstream works required and the fact that this approach would not reduce tidal flooding from the estuary.

• Source techniques which keep out tidal surges include tidal barrages (permanently damming the river and
controlling water levels upstream, such as the Cardiff Bay barrage) and tidal barriers (closes at times when
flood tides are forecast, such as the Thames Barrier in London). A tidal barrier would be significantly more
expensive than the preferred approach. A barrage would be even more costly than a tidal barrier and would
have significant negative impacts on habitats, landscape, fish passage and navigation of the river. Both a
barrage and barrier were found to increase upstream flood risk as the River Avon does not have enough space
to store river flows trapped when the barrier is closed. Potential for wider benefits to be incorporated into a
barrier solution (e.g. transport links) were considered but this failed to improve the economic case.

• Pathway techniques to increase the river flow conveyance capacity (such as dredging or constructing a flood
relief channel or tunnel) could potentially reduce fluvial flooding however these have been discounted as they
would increase tidal flood risk by allowing more water to flow up the river from the estuary and space is
constrained. Storing the flood water in the Floating Harbour as it overtops low spots along the River Avon,
with levels lowered at times when flooding is forecast. There is not enough storage space in the harbour and it
would be overwhelmed during a severe flood.

• Receptor resilience techniques can increase the capacity of people, property and the environment to withstand
the impacts of flooding and to rapidly recover after a flood (such as flood plans, flood doors and flood resilient
buildings). These techniques are effective for minor flooding but the scale, depth and speed of predicted
flooding is too great to rely on these on their own.

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Bristol City Council (supported by Environment Agency) Bristol Avon Flood Strategy
Ove Arup and Partners Strategic Outline Case Technical Document – October 2020 Consultation Draft

The option selection process also identified an adaptive (rather than precautionary) approach had significant
advantages in terms of economic efficiency and environmental impact. Defences will be built in phases:

• In the 2020s, raised defences in locations along the Avon from Swineford upstream, through Bristol city centre
and as far downstream as Shirehampton and Pill.
• In the 2060s, where necessary these defences will be raised, as well as additional defences being constructed
along the Malago, in Totterdown and as extensions to defences already built.

Subsequently, additional analysis was undertaken to determine the required Standard of Protection for the defences
in each phase and for the spatial extent of the Strategy.

The preferred scheme on economic grounds in accordance with the FCERM Appraisal Guidance Decision Rule
is a 1 in 75 annual chance standard of protection, constructed in 2025 with an allowance for climate change to
2065, and uplifted in 2065 to have a climate change allowance to 2125. This scheme is assessed in the Defra
Partnership Funding Calculator to be eligible for £68.5m Grant in Aid funding towards up-front costs.

Local Choice – BCC’s local preference is a scheme that unlocks development potential by addressing the
requirements of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) to enable development. If such a scheme was
also developed in two phases like the Decision Rule compliant scheme described above, the second phase would be
very similar to the 2065-2125 phase of the Decision Rule compliant scheme, but somewhat lower in the first (2025-
2065) phase. It is therefore recommended that local choice should seek to promote a scheme that provides the
highest defence level required by either scheme in each Phase. This local choice option is the preferred way
forward.

The scheme capital costs are estimated at £216m for the initial construction in 2025, which shows that the scheme
will fall considerably short of a robust “Partnership Funding” score and will require significant partnership funding
contributions. In the course of strategy development, a number of funding sources have been identified with the
potential to meet this requirement.

The whole life costs of the scheme are estimated at £249m present value, which includes an additional £9m present
value for the future works in 2065, and maintenance costs of £24.3m. The benefit cost ratio for this scheme (against
Grant in Aid eligible benefits) is 4.0 – with details of the alternatives shown in Table 2:.

Do nothing Do minimum 75yr SoP 100yr SoP 200yr SoP

Damages (PV £m) 1046 886 66 65 52

Benefits (PV £m) 0 160 980 981 994

Whole Life 0 19 246 249 257

Costs (PV £m)

Benefit Cost Ratio - 8.4 4.0 3.9 3.9

IBCR to previous - 8.4 3.6 0.3 1.6

option
Table 2: Present Value damages, benefits and whole life costs of baseline and do-something options of Standard of Protection (SoP) considered by economic appraisal.

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Bristol City Council (supported by Environment Agency) Bristol Avon Flood Strategy
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Figure 5 Extent of Defences and total cost of works (maintenance plus capital)

Bristol City Council chose to subject the plans to Strategic Environment Assessment on a voluntary basis to better
understand any impacts of the proposed strategy. The SEA recognises beneficial effects on people, health, material
assets, heritage features and climatic resilience. The proposals are crucial to the preservation of key areas of Bristol
that are fundamental to the character and make-up of the city and will better protect these areas from flood events
arising from both tidal and fluvial events. It is recognised that the SEA identifies a number of negative effects
through the implementation of the Strategy. Further subsequent detailed studies should be undertaken to further
develop the design to minimise the impact on the environment and identify suitable mitigation measures.

1.4 Commercial case

Proposals are at a very early stage. Engineering surveys, engagement and design would be needed before the details
of the flood defences can be finalised.

BCC will lead the delivery of the Strategy in recognition of the potential impact and opportunity for the city, and
the Strategy’s interface with BCC’s harbour, highway, planning, lead local flooding, coastal protection, civil
protection and major landowner roles. The Environment Agency intends to delegate statutory powers for flood risk
management works to Main Rivers to BCC, as necessary.

Procurement for the schemes will first involve the development of Outline Business Cases (OBCs) and then the
detailed design, associated surveys and investigations; construction and supporting specialist advice and expertise
to successfully manage a major capital project.

There is a significant opportunity for coordinating the Strategy with areas of growth and regeneration. The Strategy
will be embedded into relevant planning policies and guidance including residual risk mitigation measures to be
addressed in planning applications. Integrating defences into development will be encouraged through the
publication of local planning guidance setting out expectations of how development should integrate flood defences
into proposals.

There are a number of different routes to market that are capable of delivering the needs of the scheme. These will
need to be considered at the next stage.

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Bristol City Council (supported by Environment Agency) Bristol Avon Flood Strategy
Ove Arup and Partners Strategic Outline Case Technical Document – October 2020 Consultation Draft

Figure 6: Indicative Strategy delivery timeline showing delivery of Phase 1 Build 1 and Phase 1 Build 2 stages over the 2020s.

1.5 Financial case

The Strategy proposals will rely on funding from a range of sources. The calculated present value FCERM
Grant in Aid (GiA) is £68.5m, and is specifically for up front capital costs, which means that present value £181m
will need to be found through partnership funding sources to fund the present value whole life costs of the scheme
(£249.3m), and £147.5m of that will need to be sourced in the immediate future to fund the Phase 1 capital works.

FCERM GiA does not cover maintenance and operational costs. In general, the Strategy is dependent on the
continued serviceability of some of the New Cut and harbour structures. In practice, a significant part of the
projected maintenance and operational costs for the Strategy are derived from the need to continue Floating
Harbour operations and these costs would have been incurred anyway.

During Strategy development, several funding sources have been identified.

• The Local Enterprise Partnership’s Economic Development Fund has a programme allocation of £5m in
2023 and £5m in 2032.
• BCC has funded the £9m 2020 Cumberland Road Stabilisation Works, required to deliver the flood
defences, by prudential borrowing under the Approved Capital Programme. This will be evidenced and
claimed as partnership funding.
• The other potential capital sources include the West of England Combined Authority programme and
Community Infrastructure Levy, and private development cash/in-kind contributions.

Opportunities for contributions in the form of cash or ‘in kind’ contributions such as associated works delivered by
BCC or developers will be sought. The economic analysis identifies significant potential benefits (£7.7bn) to the
local economy, in terms of supporting development proposals, protection against business disruption, the tourism
economy, and transport infrastructure improvements. With a clear plan for managing the risk of River Avon
flooding, businesses can have confidence that Bristol is a city to invest in, helping in turn to fund defences for the
city and ensuring flood defences are integrated into new developments.

1.6 Management case

Future stages of the Strategy including OBCs, detailed design and construction will be overseen by a multi-agency
Project Board. The Board will comprise senior management representation from BCC, the Environment Agency
and supplier(s), and will be supported by a project team led by a dedicated Project Manager. The Strategy will be
reviewed periodically over its lifetime, at least every twelve years or as the evidence base is significantly updated.

The Strategy will be delivered using powers under the Flood and Water Management Act or Water Resources Act.
BCC is the landowner for the majority of the Strategy however in St Philip’s, east of Temple Meads and in
neighbouring communities there will be third-party interfaces.

In October 2020, public consultation commenced to inform BCC’s decision-making prior to adopting the Strategy,
and will run until December 2020. The consultation will raise awareness of the need for the Strategy and seek
views on the leading strategic approach. BCC will work with neighbouring authorities to consult the communities
affected by the proposals outside of Bristol. The Strategy will be submitted to the Environment Agency for
endorsement, following Large Project Review Group (LPRG) assurance.

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Bristol City Council (supported by Environment Agency) Bristol Avon Flood Strategy
Ove Arup and Partners Strategic Outline Case Technical Document – October 2020 Consultation Draft

Next steps for the Strategy include:

• Work with funding specialists to develop a detailed funding strategy.
• Development of planning instruments to support the implementation of the Strategy.
• Additional numerical modelling, including refinement upstream and downstream of Bristol and more
detailed modelling to investigate flow pathways between flood sub-cells in high magnitude flood events.
• Additional refinement of the defence designs and alignments when developing OBCs for any of the phases
that follow on from the Strategy.
• Further consideration of maintenance aspects including assessment on a site by site basis.
• Further consideration of environmental mitigation and net gain enhancement such as landscaping, public
realm and habitat improvements.
• Environmental scoping and consenting including Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Habitats
Regulation Assessment (HRA) and Water Framework Directive (WFD).
• Further investigate opportunities and enhancements in relation to the Strategy with regards to heritage,
environmental and cultural outcomes, interfaces with the Harbour asset management, and areas of growth
and regeneration.
• Refinement of scheme costs and benefits.

To better protect people and property from the increasing risk of flooding from the River Avon, the
preferred long-term approach is to create new flood defences or raise the level of existing defences in
phases along sections of the riverbanks.

Summary of key benefits of the Strategy:

Future-proofing: Nearly 4,500 properties better protected against flooding in Bristol and the surrounding
areas over the next 100 years, with £820m of benefits to the economy

Adaptive: Mitigate climate change and sea level rise with sufficient flexibility to progressively improve flood
risk management

Supporting development: Reduce the constraint of flood risk and open opportunities for regeneration and
new development, contributing to the economic success of the city

Environment: Provide beneficial effects to people, health, material assets, heritage features and climatic
factors, as well as opportunities for environmental enhancement and biodiversity net gain

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Bristol City Council (supported by Environment Agency) Bristol Avon Flood Strategy
Ove Arup and Partners Strategic Outline Case Technical Document – October 2020 Consultation Draft

Strategic Case
Why is a flood strategy needed?

Present day

2065

2115

Figure 7: Flood threat today (top) increases significantly with the impact of climate change (bottom)

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Bristol City Council (supported by Environment Agency) Bristol Avon Flood Strategy
Ove Arup and Partners Strategic Outline Case Technical Document – October 2020 Consultation Draft

2 Strategic Case

2.1 Introduction
Bristol and its neighbouring communities have grown and thrived
on the banks of the River Avon, creating one the largest economic
centres in the South West.

Built on a background of trade, commerce and infrastructure,

Bristol has grown into a city recognised internationally with a
sustainable, innovative and culturally diverse community. The
city’s success brings with it challenges such as inequality,
increased cost of living and congestion.

As with any city located close to rivers and the sea, Bristol has Figure 8 View of Entrance Lock from downstream
experienced many flood events in its past. Today its people and
property face an ongoing flood threat which due to climate change will significantly worsen in future without
intervention. In addition, it is becoming increasing difficult to enable development to proceed within the city centre
under the current circumstances, stagnating the city’s ability to thrive.

A Strategy for flood risk management is needed to better protect Bristol and neighbouring communities from the
increasing flood risk posed by the River Avon from high river flows and tidal surges. A major flood event which
currently has a 0.5% annual chance of occurring now, could occur as frequently as once a year (63% AEP) by the
end of the century if no strategic management of the risk is implemented.

The Strategy is ambitious and will rely on funding from a range of sources. With a clear plan, flood defences can
be integrated with high-quality public spaces in future developments, positively regenerating areas around the
River Avon, whilst giving businesses the confidence to invest in Bristol, unlocking the funding needed to realise
these ambitions.

2.1.1 The Bristol Avon flood strategy background

The Bristol Avon Flood Strategy sets out a strategic long-term plan for managing flood risk from the River Avon to
Bristol and its neighbouring communities.

The Strategy has been developed by Bristol City Council (BCC), with support from the Environment Agency, and
consultants Arup and AECOM. BCC lead in recognition of the potential impact and opportunity for the city, and
the Strategy’s interface with BCC’s harbour, highway, planning, lead local flooding, coastal protection, civil
protection and major landowner roles. The Environment Agency will play an essential role given their statutory
lead role for Main River and coastal flood risk management.

This report is presented in the format of a Strategic Outline Case (SOC). The report is intended to inform BCC’s
decision makers and will be formally submitted to the Environment Agency to support advancing the first phase of
the Strategy. Submission will follow formal public consultation and further engagement with statutory consultees.

2.1.2 Flood risk

The Strategy has been developed because effective strategic flood risk management is essential for the long-term
sustainability of Bristol and the health and wellbeing of its citizens, as well as neighbouring communities. Flooding
poses a threat to lives and property, and to the long-term economic prosperity and viability of the city.

Bristol is positioned near the mouth of the River Avon as it connects with the Severn Estuary, with the second
highest tide in the world. It is therefore subjected to flood risk caused by extreme tidal events (from the sea) and
extreme fluvial events (from the inland waterways) and probabilistic combinations of both types of events
occurring at the same time.
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Bristol City Council (supported by Environment Agency) Bristol Avon Flood Strategy
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The predominant flood risk and potential for the most severe damage to much of the city centre is from high tides
combining with storm surges. This forces water up the river, overtopping many low spots around the harbour and
causing the Floating Harbour to flood properties. Some overtopping is shown at Albert Road in the 63% AEP tidal
event in 2030, the first ‘out of bank’ flooding predicted to occur.

Around 1,100 homes and businesses near the city centre and 200 properties in neighbouring communities are
currently at risk of being flooded in either a severe river or tidal flood from the River Avon, severing the region’s
transport network (see 2.2.1), causing grid lock to the city centre, and putting the operation of the existing flood
risk management systems at risk.

2.1.3 Influence of climate change

Since 1900, UK sea levels have risen by more than 16cm. Studies of records at Avonmouth found between 1993 to
2007 sea levels on average increased 0.2cm every year. As a consequence of climate change, the observed
increasing sea levels and peak river flows are predicted to continue and accelerate. Without action, by the end of
this century over 4,400 existing properties could be at risk in the event of a severe tidal flood. Figure 9 shows the
areas that would be flooded by a 50% annual chance flood in 2065 and 2125 should no action be taken (the ‘Do
Nothing’ scenario). The 2125 flood outline is the equivalent of a 0.5% AEP event today.

Flood risk is currently a significant constraint on development opportunities in central Bristol. Without a strategic
intervention, the predicted impact of climate change would exacerbate the impact of flood risk and further constrain
the scale and form of development in the central area.

Flood risk in the study area will increase unless appropriate action is taken. BCC operates the infrastructure in the
Floating Harbour which forms a fundamental part of the flood defences of the City. However, this is increasingly
vulnerable to tidal overtopping.

Figure 9: Do Nothing 50% annual chance tidal flood outline, 2065 (dark blue) and 2125 (light blue).

Two different climate change allowances have been used in this study:
• NPPF: This has been used to determine the scale of raised defences that would be required for new
development to meet NPPF requirements if other mitigation such as ground raising was not undertaken. It has
also been used for the assessment of residual flood risk, to assess any adverse impacts from the proposed
Strategy option and to determine the scale of works required to prevent adverse impacts. The Environment
Agency have advised that the higher central band for fluvial flows is used for new residential developments.

• FCERM: Guidance for Risk Management Authorities has been used to determine the crest level of all other
raised defences. For fluvial flows, the Central allowance is used. For relative sea level rise, the UKCP09
medium emission 95% projection data is used. FCERM defence levels are those levels set by climate change

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allowances for risk management authorities (as opposed to those levels set by climate change allowances for
planning, NPPF levels).1

2.1.4 Strategy development

In 2017 an early study focusing on the threat from tidal surges was produced. The River Avon Tidal Flood Risk
Management Strategy (the “2017 Study”)2 was developed by BCC with consultants AECOM following the
Environment Agency’s strategic appraisal approach whereby the technical, economic, environmental and social
merits of a range of strategic options were assessed. The 2017 Study set out a preferred option which involved
delivering flood defences at low spots along the River Avon delivered in phases. Engagement was limited to
statutory consultees informing the emerging technical studies. The 2017 Study is referred to throughout this
document.

In 2018 Arup were appointed to work with BCC to develop the 2017 Study, the results of which are set out in this
document. The work reviews and builds on the evidence base and ensures that the strategic approach also manages
fluvial flood risk and delivers wider benefits to public spaces. Following discussions with members of LPRG, this
report is presented in the format of an SOC.

The revised Strategy adds detail in considering:

• combined fluvial and tidal flood risk
• future areas of growth and regeneration around the harbour and NPPF requirements
• opportunities to unlock wider benefits of the Strategy
• measures to prevent adverse impacts of the preferred option
• a revised phasing plan
• updated costing and economics
• updated funding strategy
• the environmental impact of these options, in addition to the work done as part of the 2017 Study
• a plan for stakeholder engagement.

2.1.5 Historic flood events

Bristol has a long history of flooding, as suggested by numerous place names throughout the city centre, such as
Temple Meads and St Philip’s Marsh. The extent of tidal dominance in the New Cut channel changes depending on
tide conditions. Under extreme conditions the tide can extend far upstream of Netham Weir.

Bristol has been lucky in recent years and has avoided severe flooding. However, there have been more than twenty
minor tidal floods in the last decade. Properties and roads around the river have been flooded including at Pill, Sea
Mills, the Portway, Cumberland Basin, Avon Crescent, Coronation Road and Cattle Market Road.

A 1.6m tidal surge in December 1981 caused levels to reach 8.8mOD and flood many properties at Pill,
Shirehampton, Avon Crescent and across St Philip’s. Subsequently flood defences were constructed by the
Environment Agency at Pill, Shirehampton and St Philip’s. Despite this defence, there was still localised flooding
of St Philip’s in 2014 and 2020.

There have been many recent near misses. Levels reached 8.8mOD in February 1990 and 8.7mOD in January 2014
when flooding closed key roads including the A4 Portway, Cattlemarket Road and Cumberland Road. Good
weather in 2014 reduced forecast surge levels by 0.8m and the proactive use of a temporary barrier protected
properties at Avon Crescent.

1
Following completion of all hydraulic modelling for the SOC, FCERM climate change guidance was updated in 2020. The
allowances for fluvial flow increases are unchanged, but the sea level rise allowances are greater and comparable with NPPF
allowances. The latest climate change guidance should be considered in modelling for future stages.
2
AECOM, “River Avon Tidal Flood Risk Management Strategy - Strategy Technical Report,” 2017.
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© Bristol City Council

Figure 10: March 2020 tidal surge caused localised overtopping around the Harbour and River Avon

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In March 2020, Bristol experienced the highest tidal event (of 8.81m AOD) since records began. This led to
significant flood depths under the Clifton Suspension Bridge, at Junction Lock and at Cattle Market Road (see
Figure 10). Flooding occurred for up to 15 hours3. Astronomical high tides combined with a 1.0m storm surge
caused by a low-pressure system and south-westerly winds. Flood gates were closed at Pill and Shirehampton. At
Sea Mills property flood defences were successful in protecting all but one property. Roads were inundated
throughout the city, with disruption amplified due to precautionary closures for safety. The following morning,
levels were again high at 8.67mOD. It was also difficult to access the harbour assets for maintenance and proactive
intervention as the harbourside itself was flooded. The event could have been significantly worse if it had coincided
with the worst of the storm surges seen just a few weeks earlier.

Downstream, Pill and Shirehampton experienced widespread flooding with three major tidal flooding episodes
between 1981 and 1990 affecting roads and properties to depths of 0.6m, prior to construction of raised defences.
The riverside communities here have a long history of fluvial flooding.

Upstream, high tides frequently overtop Netham weir. The tidal limit stretches up to Hanham Weir in a 50% fluvial
event with a Mean High Water Spring tide. However, a 1 in 200 (0.5%) Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP)
tidal event paired with a 50% AEP fluvial event impacts almost to Saltford Weir because the tide prevents fluvial
flows from discharging.

2.1.6 Extent of Strategy Influence

Outside of Bristol, the Strategy extends into North Somerset at Pill and Ashton; South Gloucestershire at Hanham;
and Bath and North East Somerset (B&NES) at Keynsham, potentially interfacing with emerging ambitions for
growth and regeneration at North Keynsham.

2.2 Need for intervention

The ‘Do Minimum’ scenario for this Strategy represents a continuation of the status quo, assuming existing
activities are continued and the current defences are kept in place, but not raised. The do minimum scenario is
described in more detail in 3.5.6, as it also takes into account the fact that the infrastructure must be operated
successfully, which is in itself susceptible to potentially hazardous flooding.

Numerical modelling has shown that around 1,100 homes and businesses near the city centre and 200 properties in
neighbouring communities are at risk of being flooded in either a severe river or tidal flood today from the River
Avon in the strategy area and sever the region’s transport network. Tidal flooding would be relatively rapid.
Predictions show flood waters inundating a wide area to significant depths, creating an environment hazardous to
life. Without action, by the end of the century almost 4,500 existing properties could be at risk in severe floods.

Year Location Residential properties Non-residential properties Total

2025 Central Bristol 510 615 1,328

Downstream 129 40
Upstream to A4174 22 12
2125 Central Bristol 2253 1880 4,459
Downstream 223 51
Upstream to A4174 32 20
Table 3: Properties at risk of flooding in 0.5% AEP tidal or 1% AEP fluvial events in the Do-Minimum status quo baseline (Note this avoids double counting and is not properties
claimed in the Partnership Funding Calculator)

3
Bristol City Council, “Flood Investigation for the March 2020 Tidal Flood Events,” 2020.
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The main areas of River Avon flood risk in central Bristol are located on the north bank of the New Cut and the
Floating Harbour. On the south bank of the New Cut the flood risk is more localised and often multi-sourced, for
example, from tide locking of fluvial watercourses. Flood maps showing the flood risk to Bristol in a ‘do nothing’
or ‘do minimum’ (the status quo) are included in Appendix B.

Figure 11: View looking East - Temple Meads in foreground, St Philip’s Marsh and Netham in background

Figure 12 View looking east - Hotwells and Cumberland Basin in foreground. SS Great Britain and Spike Island in background.

The impact of widespread flooding to Bristol would be felt across the West of England due to the city’s importance
for employment, transport, recreation, tourism and economic growth. Key heritage and tourist attractions are also
at risk, such as the SS Great Britain (located in the Floating Harbour), the Mshed and We the Curious museums.

2.2.1 Transport severing

Bristol is a South West hub for links between South East (Bath, Swindon, Reading, London), the Midlands
(Gloucester, Cheltenham, Birmingham), Wales (Cardiff, Newport) and the South West (Bridgewater, Exeter,
Devon Cornwall). Many people work in, visit or travel through the centre of Bristol every day, so people across the
city and the region will be affected. Although it should be noted that the coronavirus pandemic may have a long-
term effect on transport and how people use cities, the centre of Bristol will remain vital. Bristol’s transport
network is vulnerable to flooding; ranging from the Portway and riverside arterial routes to Bristol Temple Meads
railway station underpass (a key transport hub for the wider south-west region) becoming impassable.

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Figure 13: Bristol is a key transport hub for the South West and beyond4

2.2.2 Social consequence

Flooding can also have large social consequences for communities and individuals. Parts of Redcliffe and Barton
Hill fall within the 10% most deprived neighbourhoods in England. In some cases, flooding can lead to poverty in
low income households. It can make life more precarious for the vulnerable and elderly and have psychological
impacts. There are also both short- and long-term health impacts associated with flooding. For instance, drowning,
injuries and hypothermia could all occur during or immediately after a flood event, whereas long term issues such
as chronic disease, disability, poor mental health and stress and anxiety related illnesses may be a legacy from a
severe flood event.

The benefits of reducing the flood risk in Bristol are therefore wide ranging, with economic, social, health,
infrastructure, recreation and tourism benefits.

2.3 Supporting development

Developments in central Bristol which are at risk of flooding must be consistent with the ‘sequential approach’ and
comply with the ‘exception test’. That means they should deliver sustainable development benefits which outweigh
the flood risk and will be safe for their lifetimes without increasing flood risk elsewhere. Currently, without a Flood
Risk Management Strategy that has reasonable certainty of delivery, new development must individually deliver
flood risk mitigation to ensure the development is safe for its lifetime (100 years for residential uses) without
increasing flood risk elsewhere and benefits from safe, dry access during a “design flood”. In some locations this
can be impossible to achieve meaning development is unlikely to comply with national planning policy and may be

4
Western Gateway, “Draft Strategic Transport Plan 2020-2025”.
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refused on this basis, including on some sites already allocated for development in the local plan. In such
circumstances planning applications will be recommended for refusal because they would be contrary to NPPF
regarding flood risk. Hence regeneration in the area risks stagnating.

Once the Strategy is adopted by Bristol City Council and endorsed by the Environment Agency as having
reasonable certainty of delivery (see Section 4.2), it will reduce the constraint of flood risk and open opportunities
for regeneration and new development, contributing to the economic success of the city. The proposed approach
has learnt lessons from other cities divided by rivers who have successfully seized similar opportunities including
Derby, Leeds and Sheffield. Proposed developments in areas currently at risk of flooding are anticipated to be able
to rely on planned strategy measures (now and future phases).

2.4 Aligned business strategies

2.4.1 Flood and Coastal Risk Management

The Strategy sits on the second tier of flood risk management hierarchy, below the Severn Estuary Shoreline
Management Plan (SMP) which was completed in 2010 and the Local Flood Risk Management Strategy (LFRMS)
and Flood Risk Management Plan (FRMP) for Bristol.

These plans and strategies identify flood risk management policies to deliver sustainable flood risk management for
the long term. The SMP is a high level non-statutory planning document which presents a long-term policy
framework to reduce the risks associated with coastal processes. Within the SMP, the Strategy area has a
designated ‘hold the line’ management policy.

In the LFRMS and FRMP the recommended policy for Bristol is to take further action to reduce flood risk to
ensure that the standard of protection through Bristol is improved where required. The Wessex Regional Flood and
Coastal Committee Strategy identifies Bristol as a priority at-risk community. Managing flood risk is also a priority
in Bristol City's Resilience Strategy initiative.

In addition to these plans and strategies, a number of studies have investigated flood risk in Bristol in more detail.
In 2010 BCC commissioned the Bristol Central Area Flood Risk Assessment (CAFRA) to develop an
understanding of flood risk on tidally influenced watercourses within the Bristol City Boundary. A significant
aspect of this study involved the building of a numerical hydrodynamic model and its use for option testing.
Updates to the CAFRA study were made in 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2019.

In 2013, a First Phase Feasibility study was undertaken to appraise strategic options to manage the flood risk in
central Bristol. Given the changing flood risk profile over the next century an adaptive approach that progressively
improves the flood risk management by building on the outcomes of previous interventions was advocated by the
study.

In addition to the above, a draft of the Severn Estuary Flood Risk Management Strategy has been produced. This
defines a 100-year plan of investment for flood defences for the coast between Gloucester to Lavernock Point near
Cardiff, and from Gloucester to Hinkley Point in Somerset. The Strategy does not yet have formal approval from
the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) or the Welsh government and is considered a
working draft.

2.4.2 Climate Resilience

The Climate Change Act 2008 commits the UK Government to reduce carbon emissions to net zero by 2050.

BCC declared a Climate Emergency in 2018, recognising the risk of climate change to the city. In 2020 BCC
published the Bristol One City Climate Strategy5 setting out a strategy for a carbon neutral, climate resilient Bristol
by 2030. The wider opportunities of flood risk mitigation are recognised, such as integrating green infrastructure

5
Bristol City Council, “One City Climate Strategy”
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solutions into a city centre flood management strategy and developing wildlife and nature corridors (green and
blue) to create a network through Bristol that connects to surrounding areas.

Launched in January 2019, the One City Plan describes where BCC want to be by 2050, and how city partners will
work together to create a fair, healthy, and sustainable city. Drawing from feedback, input and consultations
throughout the year, the City Office produced the second iteration of the One City Plan. Relevant goals include:
• Improve Bristol’s infrastructure to protect against flash flooding in high-density areas (by 2026)
• Sustainable urban drainage will span the city and reduce likelihood of localised flooding during wet weather
(by 2043)
• The city is fully resilient and able to respond to rising water levels and localised flood risks (by 2048)

The Environment Agency have committed6 to becoming a net zero organisation by 2030. FCERM capital
projects form a major source of carbon emissions and early consideration of carbon is required to identify solutions
that efficiently minimise whole life carbon impacts.

2.4.3 Planning and Development Policy

The NPPF sets out the Government’s planning policies for England. Those policies require that inappropriate
development in areas at risk of flooding should be avoided by directing development away from areas at highest
risk (whether existing or future) – the sequential approach. Where development is necessary in such areas, it is
expected to be made safe for its lifetime, taking into account the predicted impacts of climate change without
increasing flood risk elsewhere. Strategic policies for flood risk are expected to take account of advice from the
Environment Agency.

The Bristol Local Plan7 (running to 2026) sets out the development objectives for Bristol. The local plan includes
Bristol City Council’s approach to minimising the risk and impact of flooding in the context of new development.
Its spatial strategy is based on a sequential approach whereby priority is given to development of sites with the
lowest risk of flooding in the area.

As part of the emerging Local Plan review, it is expected that large numbers of new homes and other forms of
development will be delivered in central Bristol within the plan period, with scope for significantly greater numbers
where the delivery of flood risk management infrastructure can unlock more potential. New development in areas
of current and future flood risk will require appropriate flood risk mitigation to ensure it is safe in accordance with
NPPF. That potential is focussed particularly in proposed areas of growth and regeneration at Western Harbour,
Bristol Temple Quarter and St Philip’s Marsh which all include areas at risk of flooding.

6
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/environment-agency-sets-net-zero-emissions-aim
7
Bristol City Council, “Bristol Local Plan Review”
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Figure 14: Areas of growth and regeneration identified in the Local Plan Review 8

2.4.4 Local Cycling and Walking Infrastructure Plan

The spatial extent of the Strategy interfaces with the West of England Combined Mayoral Authority (WECA)
regional strategic transport programme, which includes the A4 Bath-Bristol and MetroWest Portishead to Bristol
suburban rail corridor enhancements.

In June 2020, WECA produced a Local Cycling and Walking Infrastructure Plan9 2020-2036 as part of their wider
plans and ambitions for creating and improving active travel, and their vision to “Connect people and places for a
vibrant, inclusive and carbon neutral West of England”. The plan includes key walking routes and zones, as well
as proposed improvements, for several areas impacted by the Strategy including Bedminster, Southville and
Shirehampton.

2.4.5 Joint Green Infrastructure Strategy

The West of England Joint Green Infrastructure Strategy 2020-203010 aims to secure investment in Green
Infrastructure planning and provision. The rich and diverse natural environment of the West of England is integral
to the region’s health and economic prosperity. Well planned, managed and functioning Green Infrastructure is
crucial for people, places and nature and is a key component in addressing environmental impacts including climate
change and biodiversity loss. The JGIS strategy establishes the approach for identifying and coordinating future
partnership projects and funding bids for key shared GI assets such as the River Avon.

8
Bristol City Council, “Bristol Local Plan Review”
9
TravelWest, “Local Cycling and Walking Plan,” [Online]. Available: https://travelwest.info/projects/local-cycling-and-
walking-infrastructure-plan.
10
West of England Combined Authority , “West of England Joint Green Infrastructure Strategy 2020-2030,” [Online].
Available: https://www.westofengland-ca.gov.uk/west-of-england-joint-green-infrastructure-strategy/.
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2.5 Environment and other considerations

2.5.1 Environmental studies

A number of environmental studies have been undertaken throughout the development of the Strategy which have
fed into the options appraisal process at key stages. Integral to the development of the preferred strategy approach
was the production of a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in 201711. The Project Board made up of
representatives of BCC and Environment Agency chose to commission a voluntary SEA to identify significant
positive and negative effects, and ensure the environment was appropriately accounted for within the decision-
making process. This comprehensively assessed the proposed flood management approach and evaluated the
environmental impacts of different options.

Following submission of the SEA in 2017, BCC commissioned Arup to provide an update given the need to
consider fluvial inputs combined with tidal flows to understand broader implications on the core areas of Bristol
and the need for flood defences and measures to prevent adverse impacts. An SEA Addendum12 has been
undertaken by Arup that considers the changes to the Strategy as a result of the flood risk modelling undertaken on
the preferred approach and provides an update to the original SEA report to review the environmental impacts to
align with the amended Bristol Avon Flood Strategy.

The SEA process coupled with a multi-disciplinary appraisal that was undertaken during the earlier phases of
option development has ensured that the environmental implications of the preferred strategic approach have been
robustly assessed.

As part of the SEA and the necessary SEA Addendum, preliminary Water Framework Directive Assessment
(WFD) and Habitats Regulations Assessment (HRA) have been undertaken to consider the effects of the Strategy in
greater detail. As the Strategy develops, it is acknowledged that an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is
likely to be required to ensure compliance and that updates to the WFD and HRA assessments should be
undertaken. The Strategy will also be subject to planning approval.

2.5.2 Environmental designations

The Strategy area is a mixture of developed urban environment and open space, as well as some agricultural land.
There are a number of environmental designations within and adjacent to the study site including:
• Avon Gorge Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), Horseshoe Bend SSSI, Ashton Court SSSI and Ham
Green SSSI.
• Avon Gorge Special Area of Conservation (SAC).
• Leigh Woods National Nature Reserve (NNR).
• The Severn Estuary, situated close to Pill and Shirehampton, is designated as a SSSI, SAC, Ramsar and Special
Protection Area (SPA).
• The River Avon, which forms a Site of Nature Conservation Interest throughout the city and links Important
Open Spaces.

For maps of the environmental designations within and adjacent to the study site refer to the various environmental
assessment reports.

2.5.3 Cultural heritage

Given the historic harbourside setting in central Bristol, there are a number of listed buildings, scheduled
monuments, conservation areas and locally valued historic buildings that stand to be affected by flooding. These
include features important to the heritage of the area including numerous scheduled monuments such as Underfall
Yard (within Bristol Docks).

11
AECOM, “River Avon Tidal Flood Risk Management Strategy - Strategic Environmental Assessment: Environmental
Report,” 2017.
12
Arup, “River Avon Flood Risk Management Strategy - SEA Addendum,” 2020.
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There are several Grade I, Grade II and Grade II* listed buildings within the study site, many of which are integral
to the existing flood defences along the River Avon and the Floating Harbour and are particularly sensitive to
flooding. There are a number of non-designated heritage assets, registered parks and gardens and popular tourism
assets including the SS Great Britain and the MShed.

The character of the reaches along the river varies significantly. From the wide-open estuarine environment at Pill
and Shirehampton, to the iconic setting of the River Avon gorge, the urban historic townscape of the New Cut, the
original river course upstream of Temple Meads with both urban and natural settings, and then to wooded river
valley at Conham. The scale of the impact is dependent on the setting of the area and the form and scale of any
flood defence.

The River Avon at Entrance Lock and Cumberland Road falls within the City Docks Conservation Area. It is rich
in both long-range panoramic views, long views to specific features, landmarks and distinctive skylines, as well as
short-range contained views and glimpses. The Cumberland Basin area offers high quality views out of the
character area including the iconic view of the Avon Gorge and Clifton Suspension Bridge.

The Cumberland Road and Bathurst Basin areas are more enclosed, offering local views across the New Cut and
longer views along the river corridor to bridge crossings. From Bedminster in the South, when the trees are not in
leaf, views from the slightly elevated Coronation Road are across the New Cut to Spike Island, with the distinctive
skyline of Clifton, Clifton Wood and Brandon Hill above.

2.5.4 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

Several of the UN’s sustainable development goals are relevant to the development of the Strategy, as described
below.

• Goal 8 – decent work and economic growth. The Strategy is required to help to promote economic growth
throughout Bristol and its neighbouring communities.
• Goal 9 – industry, innovation and infrastructure. The Strategy is required to ensure Bristol is resilient and
has high quality infrastructure.
• Goal 11 – sustainable cities and communities. The Strategy will look to safeguard cultural heritage, reduce
the number of people affected by disasters (in this case flooding) and provide access to safe, inclusive and
accessible public spaces.
• Goal 13 – climate action. The Strategy will strengthen the city’s resilience and adaptive capacity to
climate-related hazards and integrate climate change requirements.

Figure 15: Sustainable Development Goals relevant to the Strategy

2.6 Other sources of flooding

Whilst River Avon flooding is the key source of risk being addressed by the Strategy there is also a significant
localised flood risk from the River Frome and other tributaries outside the scope of the Strategy. For example at
Ashton, where the flood risk from Colliter’s Brook is the result of a combination of tide locking, stormwater
discharge and land drainage issues.

Other sources of flooding, such as surface water, sewer and groundwater flooding, are outside of the scope of the
Strategy and have not been considered in detail. These aspects will need to be adequately appraised and any
adverse impacts prevented through suitable mitigation in the design and delivery of required schemes.

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Wessex Water (WW), the sewerage undertaker for Bristol, has identified operational performance concerns with a
small number of combined sewer overflows into the River Avon, where tidal ingress can occur at times of extreme
high tide. There are reports of drainage surcharging at times of tidal surge. WW plan studies by 2026 to review and
improve or rationalise these arrangements where necessary and this may involve pumped arrangements and
enhanced non-return valves to maintain flood protection against increasing tidal levels.

The likelihood of a Grant in Aid application(s) for other sources of flooding in the Strategy location is thought to be
low.

2.7 Strategic objectives

The key investment objectives for the Strategy have been set to reflect the importance of delivering robust and
sustainable flood risk management infrastructure for the strategy area, whilst acknowledging the importance of the
area for employment purposes and future redevelopment opportunities.

• To support safe living, working and travelling in and around central Bristol by ensuring flood threat is reduced
and measures address residual risks.
• To facilitate the sustainable growth of Bristol and the West of England by supporting opportunities for
employment and residential land, and infrastructure.
• To maintain natural, historic, visual and built environments within the waterfront corridor and where possible
deliver enhanced recreational, heritage and wildlife spaces.
• To ensure navigation of river and marine activities continues.
• To ensure the strategy is technically feasible and deliverable.

In addition, objectives have been developed in relation to placemaking opportunities, following the identification of
a preferred way forward. The placemaking opportunities report (Appendix D) expanded on these in relation to the
four character areas identified in Figure 16.

• To enhance walking and cycling links to enable greater access to opportunity work and housing.
• To bring existing communities closer together, as well as providing the opportunity to unlock new development
land and attract residents, businesses and visitors.
• To protect and enhance recreational, heritage and wildlife spaces, to create healthier and more resilient
communities, particularly those with higher inequality or limited access to green space and contribute to
ambitions for the Avon Corridor as a key green infrastructure resource.

Figure 16: Character Areas identified as part of the Placemaking Report 13

13
Arup, “Placemaking Opportunities Report,” 2020.
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2.8 Current arrangements

Numerical model simulations show that River Avon flooding occurs in two ways; by directly flooding properties
adjacent to low points in the New Cut defences, and by indirectly flooding properties adjacent to the Floating
Harbour after flood water has entered the harbour, filled it to capacity and then spilled into adjacent areas.

2.8.1 Bristol’s Floating Harbour

Bristol’s historic Floating Harbour was constructed to overcome the challenge of the second highest tidal range in
the world. Opened in 1809, the river was diverted, and lock gates were installed so that the water level in the
harbour remains constant, regardless of the level of the tide. In the 1870s, changes were made to Cumberland Basin
and the harbour’s water and silt level regulation.

Now, two pairs of BCC-owned lock gates west of Cumberland Basin and a pair of lock gates at Junction Lock
maintain water levels at 6.2mOD and enable navigation during mid-tide. During high tide these navigation lock
gates have no ability to hold back high river levels because they are mitred in the opposite direction, and so are
opened to avoid damage due to reverse loading.

Fluvial flow enters the harbour from the River Avon via the Feeder Canal at Netham Lock diverted by Netham
Dam, and also from the River Frome which passes through the centre of Bristol and enters from the north at Broad
Quay and Castle Park. Flows discharge from the harbour via four culverts at Underfall Yard sluice, located close to
Junction Lock. The schematic in Figure 17 shows the range of connected assets associated with controlling the
Harbour, and their approximate locations, from which it can be seen that it is a relatively complex system.

Figure 17: Asset schematic showing the numerous interconnected control structures around the Harbour

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Figure 18: Netham Lock

At Junction Lock and Netham Lock the quayside levels adjacent to the stop gates are lower than the crest level of
the gates, and if water levels exceed 8.2mOD, river water can overflow into the harbour. Other low points in the
defences adjacent to the harbour also serve as entry points, such as Bathurst Basin Dam at 8.3mOD.

Figure 19: Water shown overtopping the Junction Lock stop gates into the Floating Harbour

2.8.2 Bristol’s Floating Harbour operation

The harbour infrastructure and operating procedures aim to reduce the chance and consequences of overtopping
into the Floating Harbour to reduce flood risk to large parts of the central Bristol. Two pairs of flood stop gates are
deployed by BCC at Junction Lock (the downstream entry point to the harbour) to restrict water from flowing from
the River Avon channel into Cumberland Basin and then into the harbour. The stop gates are operated and
maintained by BCC under a Memorandum of Agreement with the Environment Agency who pay for their
operation. The Junction Lock stop gates are operated around 200 times every year but are otherwise left open. The
manual lock gates at Netham (upstream entry point to the harbour) were refurbished in 2011, and restrict water
entering at this location.

BCC works in partnership with the Environment Agency and Met Office to monitor river levels and rainfall and
respond accordingly. In addition to the above, water levels in the Floating Harbour are typically lowered by 0.05m
prior to a flood event to increase the storage capacity of the harbour. The maximum the harbour level can be
reduced by is 0.5m.

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The procedures to manage flood risk in central Bristol are reliant on effective and timely flood forecasting. The
Environment Agency flood forecasting enables preparation, however, Bristol’s 12m tidal range makes tidal
forecasts challenging. Significant variations in predictions occurred during the lead up to peak tidal surge events in
1981, 1990, 2014 and 2020. Water levels are gauged by the Environment Agency upstream of Netham Weir and at
Avonmouth, and by BCC at Bedminster Bridge.

The harbour’s capacity is limited. The harbour’s control infrastructure operation is extremely vulnerable to
flooding and some key assets are approaching the end of their lives. As sea levels rise, the risk of operational
failure increases.

An operational incident with the lock gates in 2006 almost led to the rapid draw down of harbour levels, risking the
collapse of dockside walls. Despite a subsequent £11m refurbishment programme, operation remains dependent on
human intervention and control infrastructure could become inoperable due to debris. Studies have highlighted the
significant risk posed from boats, cars and other potential floating debris. Junction Lock hydraulic power units are
resilient to flood levels up to 9.6mAOD.

Flooding at three main operational locations (Junction Lock, Netham Lock and Underfall Sluices) is predicted to be
hazardous. Junction Lock is typically the most hazardous location, followed by Netham. At Junction Lock the
hazard rating is ‘Danger for most’ during 1.33% AEP events or above today, increasing to 5% AEP by 2030. In this
situation the operation of the stop gates at Junction Lock during a flood event is likely to be unfeasible.

The following considerations highlighted by the Central Area Flood Risk Assessment (CAFRA) Harbour
Resilience Study (2013) are relevant when assessing future plausibility of maintaining gate deployment and
harbour operations with minimal investment:

• No recent extreme tidal event has been recorded. Tidal stop gates have only been operated during events up to
a 5% annual chance.
• BCC Harbour Master has noted the Netham Lock assets are manually operated and remote from the wider
harbour operation.
• The Harbour’s vulnerability increases significantly during more extreme events (especially as it relies on
human intervention which may be hindered during a flood), and it will continue to increase in vulnerability as
the impact of sea level rise is realised.

Figure 20: Construction of Junction Lock, 1964 14 (left) and Brunel Harbour, 1929 (right)

14
City Design Group, Bristol City Council, “Heritage Assessment – The River Avon”, 2018
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Figure 21 Water rushes through the sluice gates of the dam built about 1890 to close off Brunel’s lock (left), Cumberland Basin15; Brunel’s other bridge (right)

2.8.3 Containing river levels

Along the banks of the River Avon, low points include Cumberland Road, Commercial Road, Clarence Road and
Cattle Market Road. Raised defences in the city include the recently constructed MetroBus flood wall along a
section of Cumberland Road and a combination of embankments and defacto defences at St. Philip’s. The
MetroBus flood wall (Figure 22) is constructed to 9.2mOD (present day 1 in 100 annual chance, 1% AEP). The St
Philip’s riverbank is narrow and the flood defences are lower at 8.8mOD and now in a variable condition, relying
on some privately-owned walls and buildings with gaps as low as 8.4mOD. Private gabion wall flood defences
reduce risk to the Paintworks development in Totterdown.

Figure 22: The MetroBus flood wall on Cumberland Road

2.8.4 Outside the city centre

Pill is located downstream of central Bristol, on the south bank of the River Avon. The frontage is defended to
9.3mOD by a sea wall constructed in the 1990s and a series of manually operated flood gates. Shirehampton is
located opposite Pill, on the north bank of the River Avon, and includes a mixture of defences also built in the
1990s to 9.35mOD and a set of manually operated raised flood gates. Several properties rely on standalone flood
defences at Watch House Road. Maintenance is planned by the Environment Agency to address the durability of

15
Bristol City Docks, Cumberland Basin [Online], https://bristolcitydocks.co.uk/cumberland-basin
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Pill’s sheet piles following shore recession. The flood gates at Pill and Shirehampton are operated by the
Environment Agency and rely on effective and timely flood forecasts. Nearby at Sea Mills, a number of low-lying
properties have installed private property flood resilience measures.

Upstream of Bristol, several riverside properties between Hanham and Saltford had property flood resilience
measures installed in 2016 to reduce the consequence of flooding, supported by the Environment Agency following
repeated fluvial flooding. Environment Agency modelling predicted flooding to properties in proximity to
Riverside Inn, Saltford (20% AEP), Swineford (1.33% AEP, with gardens 5% AEP), Broadmead Lane Industrial
Estate (2% AEP) and Hanham/Riverside (50% AEP).

Throughout the area, low embankments and land drainage reduce the inundation of land downstream at Chapel Pill
and upstream at Keynsham, for example at Broadmead Lane Industrial Estate where a flood plan seeks to reduce
the risk posed from flood inundation.

2.8.5 Tributaries
Following catastrophic fluvial flooding in July 1968 where seven people died and more than 800 properties
flooded, large tunnels (Airport Road Tunnel, Malago Interceptors and the Northern Storm Water Interceptor) have
been built that significantly reduce the flood risk to large parts of the city by diverting flood water into the River
Avon from tributaries such as the River Frome and Malago.

2.8.6 Management authorities

Flood risk in Bristol is currently jointly managed by BCC and the Environment Agency. BCC is responsible for
operating the water level control infrastructure in the city centre, such as the tidal stop gates at Junction Lock and
Netham, and the numerous sluice and culvert systems. BCC is also responsible for the upkeep of the retaining walls
on the banks of the New Cut which act as a flood defence to the areas behind. The Environment Agency is
responsible for providing flood forecasting and warnings to the area which are essential for the timely operation of
the water level control infrastructure of the Harbour. In addition, the Environment Agency is responsible for the
closure of manually operated flood gates at Pill and Shirehampton, as well as the deployment of temporary flood
barriers in the city centre. The Environment Agency is also responsible for opening the Eastville Sluices, which
relieves the Harbour and central Bristol area in times of high flow in the River Frome.

2.9 Main benefits

The Strategy will deliver a high standard of protection against flooding for Bristol and neighbouring communities,
reducing the flood risk to properties, businesses, infrastructure and commerce to 2125 and beyond. Without the
strategy, large sections of Bristol’s city centre would be at potential risk of write-off of existing property or
development blight. This will reduce the economic, social and environmental damage associated with flooding, as
detailed in Section 3.5.6. The total economic benefit to the nation is over £980m when compared with the Do
Nothing scenario, and over £820m when compared with Do Minimum.

In addition, as outlined in 3.5.7, potential local financial benefits are significant, by avoiding damage to properties
and infrastructure, disruption to businesses and tourism, and unlocking sites for growth. These benefits are more
than £7.7bn when compared with the Do Minimum scenario.

Whilst the key objective of this Strategy is to better protect people and property from flooding, it also brings
opportunities to invest in public and wildlife spaces; improve walking and cycling links,; enhance historic features
and support regeneration; tackle the challenges of the climate crisis and build stronger communities (see Figure
23). The Strategy will also unlock developments in key areas around the city which are either currently at risk of
flooding or will be in future. All of these would further contribute to the economic success and wellbeing of local
people, businesses and visitors.

From an environmental perspective, the delivery of the strategy provides beneficial effects to people, health,
material assets, heritage features and climatic factors, as well as opportunities for environmental enhancement and
biodiversity net gain (e.g. native planting, urban greening etc.). These works are crucial to the preservation of key
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areas of Bristol that are fundamental to the character and make-up of the city and will better protect these areas
from flood events arising from both tidal and fluvial flows.

Figure 23: Key benefits identified as part of a wider placemaking strategy (Arup, 2020)

2.10 Main risks

A delivery risk register has been kept and updated throughout the development of the Strategy. Table 4 captures
those considered the highest priority at this stage, and that could materially affect the delivery of the Strategy.

Key risk Consequence Response and action

Consultation procedural risk. Delay or challenge to adoption and / or Supportive engagement and
delivery of Strategy. Limited ability of awareness raising. Clarity of language
stakeholders to influence strategy or and timing. Seek cross-party
predetermination. consensus and continue Stakeholder
Working Group liaison.

Strategy endorsement by Delay to adoption and / or delivery of Programme of briefings and reporting
Environment Agency Regional Strategy. planned. Clear governance structure
Director or adoption by BCC agreed.
Cabinet delayed.

Insufficient capital funding – Delay to flood strategy delivery. Lack of Environment Agency and BCC
either insufficient budget reasonable certainty of delivery sufficient funding team support. OBCs to
estimates or unaddressed for Environment Agency to consider develop funding stream for works to
funding gap. strategy as part of planning and be constructed in 2020s.
development consultee responses.

Landowner / occupier Programme delay and potential increase Default strategy option minimises
agreements protracted or in costs for additional studies and requirement for works on non-BCC
delayed. Areas of land currently mitigation measures. land. Budget estimate includes
unregistered. compensation allowance. Embed
agreements in policy.

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Key risk Consequence Response and action

Challenge to scheme(s) Programme delay and potential increase Works to prevent adverse impacts
consenting due to perception of in costs for additional studies and have been developed in consultation
third-party flood risk impact. mitigation measures. with the Environment Agency.
Affected communities to be engaged,
identifying ‘win-win’ opportunities.

The amended Strategy contains Potential significant increase in costs, Heritage baseline and assessment
a number of direct impacts on delay or changes to proposed defences. completed. Environmental
heritage assets. Risk of further Consent from Historic England / LPA. documentation to be further updated
archaeological finds. in future stages. Engage with Historic
England.

The design of measures to The impacts reported within the Environmental documentation to be
prevent adverse impacts has Environmental Report may change on updated further at future stages,
been undertaken to a different closer inspection following greater definition of these
level of detail in comparison to defences
the flood defence design
Table 4: Key risks, consequences and proposed responses

2.11 Constraints
There are a large number of constraints on the Strategy, including:

• The need to minimise disruption to adjacent businesses, transport networks and the community along the Avon,
its tributaries and neighbouring communities.
• The need to maintain harbour structures, operation and navigation.
• The requirement not to increase flood risk (adverse impact) due to implementation of the Strategy through
permanent or temporary works.
• Funding constraints, and those associated with other works taking place in the Strategy area, are discussed in
other sections of this report.
• The strategy needs a reasonable certainty of delivery, which will require agreement with the Environment
Agency.

Reasonable certainty relates to the linkage between the emerging strategy and spatial planning and is a requirement
of the regulatory role of the Environment Agency. Without reasonable certainty of delivery of strategic flood risk
management infrastructure, new development is unlikely to comply with national planning policy. The National
Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) 2019 requires new development to be safe in respect of flood risk, taking into
account the predicted impacts of climate change without increasing flood risk elsewhere. Currently, without a flood
risk management strategy that has reasonable certainty of delivery, new development must individually meet these
requirements. In some locations this is impossible to achieve due to the high flood depths, meaning that the
Environment Agency as statutory consultee would be duty bound to object and development would be likely
refused on this basis.

In order to overcome this issue and support the Council’s aspirations for growth and the development, the EA (and
Planning Inspector at any Local Plan Examination) will require reasonable certainty of delivery of a FRMS, which
means that we need to be confident that the strategy is deliverable.

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2.12 Dependencies

2.12.1 Existing riparian assets

The Strategy is dependent on the New Cut retaining structures, the banks of the River Avon, the harbour dam
structures and the harbour water control assets at Underfall Yard. In addition, to ensure that navigation within the
Floating Harbour continues it will be essential for the lock gates at Entrance Lock, Junction Lock and Netham to
remain in operation throughout the duration of the Strategy – as demonstrated in Figure 17.

The external dependence on these existing assets and need for continued investment in the harbour outside of the
scope of the Strategy is recognised by BCC. The cost of continuing to operate harbour assets is not fully known but
BCC is committed to funding this. Following a recent comprehensive condition survey, an asset management
strategy is scheduled to be completed and this will form the basis from which BCC will manage the existing assets.
Regular monitoring and maintenance of the existing walls is also recommended to ensure they can retain the design
flood events, as well as in the interests of public safety.

In 2018 BCC commenced preliminary inspections of existing infrastructure in and around the Harbour and New
Cut. The condition of riparian retaining walls is poor in places and deteriorating. An asset condition survey carried
out in 2019 highlighted that some were in ‘serious’ or ‘critical’ condition – most notably on Cumberland Road (see
below) and also around the Paintworks, which are likely to require remediation prior to flood defences being
constructed. Arup carried out a review of the harbour assets in serious or critical condition that are relevant to the
Strategy18. Other riparian wall collapses include Clarence Road (2014) and Cumberland Road (1981).

2.12.2 Cumberland Road stabilisation works

BCC is currently delivering a £9m scheme to repair a 113m section of Cumberland Road riparian wall. The
significant repairs address a collapse in January 2020 following long term increasing deformation due to ground
failure (see Figure 24). The proposed structure will support Cumberland Road, Bristol Harbour Railway and the
Chocolate Path and comprises a contiguous bored pile wall and pile group tied together by a single concrete slab.
The structure has been designed to allow the future raising of the Cumberland Road flood wall from the existing
9.2mOD to 10.5mOD to accommodate this Strategy’s response to sea level rise.

Figure 24: Photo showing the collapse of the riparian wall on Cumberland Road in 2019

18
Arup, “Bristol Flood Strategy; Updates to Proposed Defences”.
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2.12.3 Partnership funding

The Strategy is dependent on the provision of partnership funding from FCERM-GIA sources. In order to progress
an application for GiA it will also be necessary for the Strategy and then the OBC for the first phase works to be
approved by the Large Projects Review Group (LPRG).

2.13 Interfaces with other projects

Emerging proposals and projects likely to influence the Strategy, and vice versa, are summarised below.

2.13.1 Bristol Temple Quarter (BTQ)

BCC, working in partnership with WECA, Network Rail and Homes England are currently working on a long-term
plan to guide how Temple Quarter and St Philip’s Marsh develop in future. This includes a detailed plan for the
transformation of Temple Meads station, as well as a long-term vision for the surrounding 70ha area.

The area was included in the Bristol Local Plan Review 201819, which was consulted on in 2019. Following initial
BTQ engagement in 2019, consultation on draft plans is anticipated. The development of the BTQ site will be
limited if a city-wide flood risk management strategy is not approved and implemented, in particular a holistic
approach to defending areas of Bristol.

Whilst this Strategy has identified a preferred way forward (see Section 3.7) which can be delivered using
Environment Agency’s Water Resources Act powers within the narrow river corridor, the emerging masterplan
identified the ambition to set back defences to create a riverside greenway. As explored in the appended
Placemaking Opportunities report (Appendix D), such an approach would unlock many wider benefits but is unable
to be the default approach due to the delivery risk of land assembly. Defences proposed along Feeder Road also
could be integrated into development frontages.

St Philip’s Marsh redevelopment is likely to be a later phase and will require substantial enabling infrastructure.
Precautionary planning assessments of residual flood risk, considering the risk of defence/gate failure, led to an
emerging concept of a raised Resilient Access Network (RAN) constructed to provide access/egress above flood
levels at all times with existing high ground combined with new elevated access roads. The RAN would facilitate
movement around and away from St Philip’s Marsh, as well as serving a number of wider objectives including
utilities, green infrastructure and active travel. Options for delivery of the RAN are being explored.

Figure 25: Example of how flood defences can be incorporated into BTQ development 20

Delivery of the plan is constrained, both physically and by the needs of multiple landowners. Regeneration is
therefore planned over several decades.

19
Bristol City Council, “Bristol Local Plan Review”.
20
Mott Macdonald, “Bristol Temple Quarter Masterplan Flood Risk Appraisal,” 2020.
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2.13.2 Western Harbour

The Western Harbour21 was also included in the Bristol Local Plan Review 2018 as an area of growth and
regeneration, consulted on in 2019. Proposals are at a very early scoping stages and a masterplan for the area has
yet to be developed. Progress to date has included a Transport Feasibility Study and some early engagement on
findings. Currently BCC is undertaking further engagement with stakeholders and communities to understand,
capture and feed-in views for the area before commencing any further works.

There is significant scope for integrating the redevelopment of this area with proposed flood defences which can be
explored at future stages. Delivery is constrained and regeneration is anticipated to be phased over the long term.

2.13.3 Pill
As works are likely to be required at Pill as part of the measures to prevent adverse impacts for this Strategy, this
interface will be managed to ensure the schemes are compatible. The Environment Agency is investigating the case
for works to sustain or improve the Standard of Protection within the Pill area, focusing on the Markham Brook
tributary. Likely works include upgrades to a culvert, trash screen and pumping station on Markham Brook; and
implementation of Natural Flood Management options upstream. Studies and engagement are ongoing.

Figure 26: Existing flood defences in operation at Pill

2.13.4 Lower River Frome

The River Frome discharges into the Floating Harbour, with the River Avon and harbour levels causing a
backwater effect, increasing river levels and flood risk to properties in the lower River Frome area. The area is
significantly constrained by flood risk, driven by limited pass-forward culvert capacity and considerations of
necessarily precautionary Northern Storm Water Interceptor Tunnel failure scenarios.

BCC is currently engaging with stakeholders before preparing a development framework for the Frome Gateway,
located adjacent to the lower River Frome and an area of growth and regeneration included in the Bristol Local
Plan Review 2018 and consulted on in 2019. Proposals are at a very early scoping stage and a masterplan for the
area has yet to be developed.

The Environment Agency is undertaking an SOC to make the case for asset repairs to sustain defences in the lower
River Frome, including the NSWI Eastville sluices. In parallel, the Environment Agency is to complete a Bristol

21
Bristol City Council, “Western Harbour,” [Online]. Available: https://www.bristol.gov.uk/planning-and-building-
regulations/western-harbour.
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Frome Catchment Investment Strategy to identify the case for short-, medium- and long-term interventions to
reduce flood risk and deliver wider benefits with partners BCC and South Gloucestershire Council. BCC and the
Environment Agency will ensure that both schemes are compatible and benefits will not be ‘double-counted’.

2.13.5 Brislington Boat Screen

The Environment Agency are currently delivering £2m of works to the Boat Screen on the Brislington Brook.
Refurbishments include access enhancements to address blockage risks of the trash screen and retaining wall
repairs. The Strategy’s preferred option works to prevent adverse impacts include construction of a new wider inlet
structure and screen.

2.13.6 Portway
BCC has been developing minor bank measures to reduce the onset of flooding to the Portway A4 in the Avon
Gorge. There is a low-spot and the modest raised defences would reduce the onset of flooding to between 10% and
5% annual chance events in the present day. Construction is planned during the 2020-21 financial year. This is not
expected to have a significant effect on the Strategy but will be modelled in future stages.

2.13.7 Sea Mills

Following March 2020 property flooding and ad-hoc engagement to inform the Flood Investigation Report, BCC
plan to make improvements to flood risk modelling in the area of Sea Mills. The modelling will draw on both the
upstream-focused CAFRA, and the modelling developed to inform the downstream Avonmouth Severnside tidal
scheme.

2.13.8 Local cycling and walking infrastructure plan

The WECA Local Cycling and Walking Infrastructure Plan22 includes proposed improvements to walking and
cycling in the Strategy area. The Strategy may interface with emerging proposals for cycle path enhancements of St
Philip’s Marsh River Avon, Feeder Road and St Anne’s, and Bedminster Bridges improvements.

2.13.9 North Keynsham

North Keynsham was identified as a strategic development location as part of Bath and North East Somerset
Council work to develop their Local Plan, as part of the wider West of England Joint Spatial Plan (JSP). A 2017
initial strategic planning framework identified the potential (circa 1,400 new homes with supporting mixed land
uses over the 150ha site)23. The site slopes to the River Avon and a riverside park was proposed for areas within the
functional floodplain. Whilst the JSP was halted at the Examination stage and the Plan withdrawn in January 2020,
technical assessments for the area have commenced to inform the future emerging Local Plan Review.

There is scope for integrating proposed works to prevent adverse impacts with development proposals which can be
explored at future stages. Synergies will be pursued such as sharing of enhanced hydraulic modelling. Any
regeneration is anticipated to be phased over several decades.

2.13.10 Review of Bristol Harbour

BCC is planning a wider Review around the whole of the Harbour leading to the development of a Harbour
Strategy24. In 2020 the Council commenced a feasibility and case study project to provide market-rate comparators

22
TravelWest, “Local Cycling and Walking Infrastructure Plan,” [Online]. Available: https://travelwest.info/projects/local-
cycling-and-walking-infrastructure-plan
23
Bath & North East Somerset Council, “North Keynsham Strategic Planning Framework”, [Online]. Available:
https://www.bathnes.gov.uk/sites/default/files/sitedocuments/Planning-and-Building-Control/Planning-
Policy/LP20162036/lp_201636_io_north_keynsham_strategic_planning_framework.pdf
24
Bristol City Council, “Harbour Estate Review,” [Online]. Available:
https://democracy.bristol.gov.uk/ieDecisionDetails.aspx?AIId=18194.
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and key background information. The Review will commence engagement with all stakeholders and citizens as
soon as possible in 2020.

2.13.11 Bedminster Green

Central Bedminster is proposed as an area of growth and regeneration, focused on a number of vacant or underused
sites clustered around the River Malago. The Bedminster Green Framework25 was approved by BCC in March
2019 and sets out guidelines for planning applications on five plots, includes the aim to “Open up and enhance the
Malago where feasible to create an asset for amenity, sustainable drainage, urban cooling, wellbeing and habitats.
Flood attenuation and management potential should be increased, to benefit the neighbourhood.” BCC is working
in partnership with developers, and, supported by the Environment Agency, is developing proposals for river
restoration. The Strategy has assessed the impact of the preferred option in the area and from 2065 measures are
proposed to temporarily store water during times of extreme river flows in the Marksbury Road open space to
mitigate low levels of adverse impact downstream.

25 Bristol City Council, “Bedminster Green Framework,” [Online]. Available:

https://democracy.bristol.gov.uk/ieDecisionDetails.aspx?AIId=15476.
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Economic Case

Is there a case for change?

Figure 27: Flooding along Sea Mills Lane during 11th March 2020 tidal surge

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3 Economic Case

3.1 Introduction
Throughout this section, ‘options’ should be considered as preferred strategic approaches or ways forward, as
opposed to finalised engineering designs.

3.2 Appraisal boundaries

The appraisal period adopted is 100 years, based on the expected design life of any interventions. The geographic
boundaries of the appraisal are set by the range of hydraulic influence of interventions at the Floating Harbour – i.e.
analysis has taken account of any detriment to property caused by those works and account for any detriment
mitigation, both in terms of costs and benefits.

3.3 Critical success factors

The critical success factors identified below were used to differentiate between options and formed the basis of the
options assessment. The most important critical success factor is the reduction of flood risk to existing
communities; however, the wider objectives and potential benefits of the scheme are acknowledged.

Critical Success Factor Measurement Criteria

To support safe living, working and • No. of people better protected against flooding over the whole life
travelling in and around central Bristol of the Strategy
by ensuring flood threat is reduced and
• No. of residential and commercial properties better protected from
that measures address residual risks.
flooding over the whole life of the Strategy
• No. of key infrastructure assets better protected from flooding
• Adverse impact to other areas managed to within agreed acceptable
limits

To ensure the strategy is technically • Delivery of Strategy to provide agreed scale of flood risk
feasible and has a reasonable certainty management
of delivery. Associated risks can be
reasonably managed to ensure timely • A costed option which maximises the benefit to cost ratio
delivery. Optimise benefits and • Planning permission granted
outcomes to demonstrate value for
• Required partnership funding contributions identified and secured
money.
to achieve final PF score >100%
• Key stakeholders are supportive of proposals. Communities are
aware and understand project benefits and timescale
• Health, safety and wellbeing of all involved

To facilitate the sustainable growth of • New employment opportunities created

Bristol and the West of England by
supporting opportunities for • Sustainable development in areas benefitting from Strategy
employment and residential land, and
infrastructure.

To maintain natural, historic, visual • No net loss of key habitat and enhancement where possible
and built environments within the
waterfront corridor and where possible • Compliance with regulations

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Critical Success Factor Measurement Criteria

deliver enhanced recreational, heritage • Protection of cultural heritage assets
and wildlife spaces
• Placemaking opportunities realised

To ensure navigation of river • Number of vessel journeys affected

and marine activities continue.
• Continuation of existing activities
Table 5: Critical success factors

3.4 Long list options

A long list of options was considered for managing the flood risk for Bristol City Centre. The long list development
and appraisal was undertaken in the 2017 Study.

In developing this Strategy, further development of the longlist has not been undertaken but below is a summary
of the long list options considered and their appraisal to the shortlist. More details on the long list is provided in
section 3.3 of the 2017 Study. Figure 28 outlines the process. The long list was reviewed and considered
appropriate. Whilst the 2017 Study has not been assured by Environment Agency’s Large Project Review Group, a
working session on 27th April 2017 discussed the emerging case for change and the long list was reviewed and
considered appropriate.

Although additional work was carried out as part of this Strategy that has changed the costs of the raised defences
options, it was noted in the sensitivity testing of the 2017 Study that with an increase in raised defences cost “the
relative economic merits of each option would be largely unchanged”. Similarly, “should the barrier cost reduce
by 50% the barrier options still remain significantly higher than the cost of the preferred option”.

A wide range of techniques or “measures” were considered as part of the longlist. These include:
• Source techniques to slow the flow upstream to reduce the peak flow or techniques to keep out the tide
• Pathway techniques to increase the river capacity to contain flood water within the river channel and convey
flow downstream or storing flood water.
• Techniques to increase the resilience of receptors such as people, property and the environment to withstand
the impact of flooding better.

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Figure 28: Representation of the optioneering process across the 2017 and into 2020

A number of measures were discounted as they were not considered technically feasible. Table 6 summarises the
techniques taken forward to form long list strategic options.

Measure Description Commentary Outcome

Do A cessation of all maintenance No benefits delivered Not considered an acceptable

Nothing and operations, with gates or viable approach in Bristol.
assumed to be in open position Included as a baseline against
which strategic options could
be compared.

Do Maintain the ‘status quo’ i.e. No additional benefits delivered Not considered an acceptable
Minimum continued maintenance of all or viable approach in Bristol.
existing defences and the Included as a baseline.
existing Floating Harbour water
level control structures, but no
new defences and no raising of
defences.

‘Low’ Constructing new defences, to a Flood risk management up to 2030 Considered viable to take to
defences chosen standard of protection required funds only to provide part of the shortlist in combination
for 2030, as an interim measure the defence. with other measures.

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Measure Description Commentary Outcome

‘High’ Constructing defences to a Flood risk management up to 2115. Considered viable to take to
defences chosen standard of protection the shortlist in combination
Construction of new defences require
for 2115. Implemented by with other measures.
funds in Epoch 1.
constructing a new defence or
raising a low defence. Raising of existing defences is
considered and may achieve cost
savings.

Wide tidal Construction and operation of a Flood risk management against tidal Considered viable to take to
barrier tidal barrier across a ‘wide’ flooding. the shortlist in combination
section of the River Avon with other measures.
High cost and high-risk option with
downstream of Bristol at Pill
negative environmental impacts.
and Shirehampton,
approximately 500m upstream Potential secondary uses include
of the M5 road bridge generation of tidal energy and
provision of transport links.

Narrow Construction and operation of a Flood risk management against tidal Considered viable to take to
tidal tidal barrier across a ‘narrow’ flooding. Traps fluvial flows when the shortlist in combination
barrier section of the River Avon barrier shut and raised defences with other measures.
downstream of Bristol at Ham would be required in conjunction with
Green / Nibley Road, barrier.
approximately 1500m upstream
Relatively higher cost and higher risk
of the wide barrier option
option than other measures
location.
considered. Will have considerable
negative environmental impacts.

Local scale Property resilience measures Increases receptor resilience can Considered viable to take to
measures (such as flood plans, flood increase the capacity of people, the shortlist for suitable
doors and flood resilient property and the environment to individual properties only.
buildings) and temporary withstand the impacts of flooding and The scale, depth and speed of
defences to rapidly recover after a flood. Only predicted flooding is too great
suitable for shallower depths of to rely on these on their own.
flooding. Manual deployment can be Need to be considered with
required presenting residual risk. other measures.
Table 6: Summary of long list measures

Discounted flood defence techniques include:

• Source techniques to slow the flow upstream to reduce the peak flow (such as flood storage, working with
nature or land management) were discounted on technical grounds due to the impractically large scale of
required upstream works for the 2,200km2 upstream catchment and the fact that this approach would not
reduce tidal flooding from the estuary. This concurs with catchment flood management planning and
similar options appraisals for upstream schemes such as the recent FCERM options appraisal for the Bath
flood scheme itself with a slightly smaller upstream catchment. BCC support natural flood management
measures in upstream areas and work closely with the Avon Catchment Partnership to take a catchment
wide approach. However, these techniques would not reduce tidal flood risk and the large size of the
upstream river catchment makes this impractical for the Bristol Avon. Recognising that this is a long-term
strategy, NFM measures that reduce peak river flows will be explored, in particular on smaller tributaries
of the River Avon.

• Source techniques which keep out tidal surges include tidal barrages (permanently damming the river and
controlling water levels upstream, such as the Cardiff Bay barrage) and tidal barriers (closes at times when
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flood tides are forecast, such as the Thames Barrier in London). A barrage would be significantly more
costly than a tidal barrier and would have significant negative impacts on habitats, landscape, fish passage
and navigation of the river. A barrage would increase upstream flood risk as the River Avon does not have
enough space to store river flows. Potential for wider benefits to be incorporated into a barrier solution (e.g.
synergies with a new transport link crossing the River Avon or tidal energy generation) were considered
but this failed to improve the economic case. A tidal barrier was included in the long list.

• Pathway techniques to increase the river flow conveyance capacity (such as dredging or constructing a
flood relief channel or tunnel) could potentially reduce fluvial flooding however these has been discounted
as they would increase tidal flood risk by allowing more water to flow up the river from the estuary and
space is constrained. Storing the flood water in the Floating Harbour as it overtops low spots along the
River Avon, with levels lowered at times when flooding is forecast. However, there is not enough storage
space in the harbour and it would be overwhelmed during a severe flood.

Strategic long-list options were then formed by assigning measures to each time epoch (noting that three epochs
were used during the 2017 Study, and now only two are proposed). For instance, an option could comprise local
scale measures followed by low and then high defences. Each long-listed option was developed sufficiently in
terms of concept and spatial influence and potential form to ensure an adequate understanding of potential option
impacts was achieved in order to carry out a robust appraisal with sound decision making. A long list of thirty-nine
reasonable strategic options were assessed for the short list.

3.5 Shortlist options

The appraisal of the long list of options to shortlist of options included a multi-criteria assessment whereby each
long list option was scored against the Strategy objectives (as described in section 2.7) in equal measure. The total
score of each of the thirty-nine long listed options across the Strategy objectives was used to select the short list of
Options. From this assessment, the options in Table 7 were discounted for the outlined reasons.

Long List Description Commentary Reasons for discounting

Option

Wide barrier As per Table 6 Highest capital costs estimated High cost
between £550-600million
High delivery risk
Estimated less than 20% GiA
No significant improvement to the
contributions from partnership funding
economic case or the funding gap
calculation
from additional uses
Potential other uses may include
Significant environmental impacts
generation of tidal energy or provision
across multiple receptors
of transport links.
The benefits of the wide barrier
Project risks may include challenges to
option can largely be achieved by
obtain environmental consents and
combining alternative measures with
Transport and Works orders for
lesser negative impacts such as the
example
narrow barrier or high defence
High environmental impacts measures.
anticipated: Barrier location adjacent to
key environmental designations.
Other potential impacts include:
Landscape and visual, ecological
(Terrestrial, Estuarine and River),
heritage and archaeological,
geomorphology, water quality and
traffic and transport

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Long List Description Commentary Reasons for discounting

Option

PLP / As per Not considered a viable long-term solution Discounted as a standalone option but
Temporary Table 6 due to operational risks may be considered as an interim option
barriers (short term) with other measures.
Table 7: Options discounted from assessment

Based on the scoring and a moderation/rationalisation process, a shortlist of seven strategic options covering both
precautionary and adaptive approaches were selected. The options scoring the highest from the multi-criteria
assessment were adaptive approaches providing the flexibility to build defences to the level required for each epoch
and thus requiring funds in phases. Precautionary approaches where defences are built to provide flood protection
to 2115 in Epoch 1 scored lower but were still considered viable short list options. The resulting short list was
comprised of seven strategic options (denoted A-G), in addition to the Do Nothing and Do Minimum scenarios.
Table 8 is a summary of the shortlisted options as presented in Table 8 from the 2017 Study.

Option Option Title Epoch 1 Epoch 2 Epoch 3

(2015-2030) (2030-2065) (2065-2115)
Do Nothing No maintenance, no new No maintenance, no new No maintenance, no new
defences defences defences

Do Minimum Do Minimum approach, Do Minimum approach, Do Minimum approach, existing

existing defences existing defences defences maintained but no new
maintained but no new maintained but no new defences, no defence raising
defences, no defence defences, no defence
raising raising

A PLP* – Low Property level measures Linear flood walls built to Additional linear flood walls built
Defences – and temporary barriers protect Bristol to a chosen to protect Bristol to a chosen
High Defences used to mitigate flood risk standard in 2030. standard until 2115, with existing
walls being raised or replaced as
necessary

B PLP – High Property level measures Linear flood walls built to Walls maintained, standard falls
Defences – and temporary barriers protect Bristol to a chosen over time to chosen standard in
High Defences used to mitigate flood risk standard to 2115. 2115

C PLP – Narrow Property level measures ‘Narrow’ tidal flood barrier Barrier maintained, standard falls
Barrier – and temporary barriers built to protect Bristol to a over time to chosen standard or
Narrow Barrier used to mitigate flood risk chosen standard or higher, higher
for the next 100 years

D Low Defences Linear flood walls built to Walls maintained, standard Additional linear flood walls built
– Low Defences protect Bristol to a chosen falls over time. to protect Bristol to a chosen
– High for 2030. standard until 2115, with existing
Defences walls being raised or replaced as
necessary

E Low Defences – Linear flood walls built to ‘Narrow’ tidal flood barrier Barrier maintained, standard falls
Narrow Barrier– protect Bristol to a chosen built to protect Bristol to a over time to chosen standard or
Narrow Barrier for 2030. chosen standard or higher, higher
for the next 100 years

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Option Option Title Epoch 1 Epoch 2 Epoch 3

(2015-2030) (2030-2065) (2065-2115)
F High Defences- Linear flood walls built to Walls maintained Walls maintained, standard falls
High - High protect Bristol to a chosen over time to 2115
for 2115.

G Do Min – Do Do Minimum approach, Do Minimum approach, Linear flood walls built to protect
Min – High existing defences existing defences Bristol to a chosen standard until
Defences maintained but no new maintained but no new 2115
defences defences
Table 8: Shortlist of strategic options taken forward

3.5.1 Short list options assessment

The short list options appraisal consisted of a qualitative assessment of each of the shortlisted measures against the
Strategy objectives and critical success factors. Each shortlisted measure was appraised on their technical viability,
environmental impact and other impacts such as cost, buildability and socio-economic impact. In addition to the
technical and environmental assessment undertaken in the 2017 Study, a red, amber, green (RAG) colour scheme
has been used to indicate the viability of each measure. Refer to the short list qualitative appraisal table in
Appendix E for a more detailed assessment of the shortlisted options.

A key change from the 2017 Study to that currently proposed is moving from three epochs to two. The proposed
phases 1 (construction in 2020s) and 2 (2030s), were combined due to the minimal difference in water levels
between 2025 and 2035, and because the vast majority of proposed defences were found to require construction
phase 1. This is explained in more detail in a report26 produced to support modelling for the Bristol Temple Quarter
masterplan

By developing strategic options in accordance with these time epochs it has allowed an adaptive approach to be
developed that keeps pace with climate change and potential changes in predicted sea level rise. In addition, the
approach has in-built flexibility to address future uncertainty to ensure that the timing of future works is
appropriate.

3.5.2 Selecting the preferred option

An economic appraisal including assessment of costs and damages and benefits was carried out on each of the
seven shortlisted options.

The strategic options (Options C and E) with barrier measures, could not be economically justified (costing
significantly more to construct) and the appraisal of non-economic benefits did not yield significant reasons to
select them over other options. Extensive raised defences would still need to be built in the city centre to contain
river flows trapped at times the barrier was closed, despite testing barrier locations as far downstream as possible.
Therefore, these options were discarded.

The options comprising of low defence, high defence and PLP measures (Options A, B, D and F) show economic
justification for the increased investment to implement defences in epoch 1 or 2 rather than deferring to epoch 3,
without any significant adverse issues so the Do minimum and High defence option (Option G) was discarded.

The economic case for the low defence options (Options A and D) and the high defences options (Options B and F)
were very similar. However, considering the Strategy objectives in terms of earlier investment in defences to better
support wider growth and development opportunities, options involving PLP measures (Options A and B) were
discarded.

The Low defence option supporting an adaptive approach (Option D) was selected as the preferred option over the
high defence precautionary option (Option F) for the following reasons:
26
Arup, “Hydraulic modelling to support Bristol Temple Quarter project”, 2019
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• Lower cost, and significant part of cost deferred until 2065

• High defence construction deferred until 2065, deferring adverse visual impacts.
A more adaptable approach, with Low Defences constructed in epochs 1 and ability to review the
requirements of the High Defences in epoch 2 with a more accurate view of sea level rise projections.

3.5.3 Development of the preferred option

The preferred option developed in the 2017 Study has been further developed as part of this Strategy. Although
based on an adaptive approach, additional complexity is introduced in the form of different climate change
allowances (and hence a range of defence heights), works to address adverse impacts and placemaking
opportunities, which formed a new set of options.

A key uncertainty from the 2017 Study was fluvial flood risk which needed to be addressed. As part of the 2020
Strategy, further flood modelling was undertaken to assess the flood risk from fluvial effects as well as update the
modelling to assess tidal flood risk for an appraisal period of 2025 to 2125. Two epochs have been considered in
the flood modelling to determine the required standard of protection in 2065 and 212527. A significant change as a
result of this modelling was that higher defences are needed earlier, and that this requires significant foundations
which increase the Phase 1 epoch costs whilst reducing the Phase 2 epoch costs.

Flood modelling to assess the adverse impact to properties and proposed works to prevent adverse impacts was
carried out on the developed preferred option, to manage any increase in flood risk to properties caused by the
proposals.28

3.5.4 Approach to costing

To develop the costing of the preferred option, a bottom-up approach has been used. The updated modelling work
defines the levels, height and lengths of the flood defences and works to prevent adverse impacts. A high-level
assessment of the 2017 Study defences was carried out, and changes proposed to defences to cater for the increased
wall heights whilst ensuring technically feasibility.29 Updated unit rates for the defences were used to calculate the
cash cost of the individual flood defences and works to prevent adverse impacts.

As well as requiring an assessment of costs required for different standards of protection (return periods) and across
epochs (i.e. construction to 2065 and 2125) costs were also developed for different climate change allowances
(FCERM and NPPF).

The adverse impact assessment focussed on the Flood Risk Assessment (FRA) requirements, therefore to develop
and test options to prevent adverse impacts, the NPPF climate change allowances were used.

For flood defences that are designed to provide a given SoP to receptors behind the defence, allowance has been
made for freeboard to manage the uncertainty in modelled water levels. However, where the flood defence is used
purely to prevent detriment, a freeboard allowance is not required. Therefore, for costing of the works to prevent
adverse impacts, flood defences have been based on the higher of the FCERM water levels with freeboard and
NPPF water levels without freeboard.

To enable the cost-benefit assessment for the strategy, the cost of the scheme has been derived for a number of
scenarios with different Standards of Protection (SoP) incorporating both adaptive and precautionary approaches as
shown in Table 9. Allowances have been made for other costs such as services and diversions and other costs and
fees to develop the scheme to construction.

A 60% optimism bias was then applied in line with FCERM-AG recommendations for Strategic level studies. For
Reach 2 (Cumberland Road) where detailed design tendered cost information was used, the optimism bias was

27
Arup, “Bristol Flood Risk Management Strategy, Overview of flood modelling”, 2020
28
Arup, “Bristol FRM Strategy, Detriment Mitigation Testing”, 2020
29
Arup, “Bristol Flood Strategy; Updates to Proposed Defences”, 2020
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reduced to 46% using a risk-based approach in line with the FCERM Appraisal Guidance30. Refer to Appendix C
for definition of the reaches.

Scenario Phase 1 Phase 2

(2020s) (2065)
1B Construct to FCERM 2065 50yr SoP by 2025 No work, i.e. do not raise
2B Construct to FCERM 2065 75yr SoP by 2025 No work, i.e. do not raise
3B Construct to FCERM 2065 100yr SoP by 2025 No work, i.e. do not raise
4B Construct to FCERM 2065 200yr SoP by 2025 No work, i.e. do not raise
5C Construct to FCERM 2065 50yr SoP by 2025. Raise in 2065 to FCERM 2125 50yr SoP
6C Construct to FCERM 2065 75yr SoP by 2025. Raise in 2065 to FCERM 2125 75yr SoP
7C Construct to FCERM 2065 100yr SoP by 2025. Raise in 2065 to FCERM 2125 100yr SoP
8C Construct to FCERM 2065 200yr SoP by 2025. Raise in 2065 to FCERM 2125 200yr SoP
9A Construct to 2065 NPPF 100/200yr SoP without freeboard by 2025 Raise in 2065 to 2125 NPPF 100/200yr SoP without
everywhere. freeboard everywhere
9B Construct to 2065 NPPF 100/200yr SoP with freeboard by 2025 Raise in 2065 to 2125 NPPF 100/200yr SoP with
everywhere. freeboard everywhere
10A Construct to 2065 NPPF 100/200yr SoP without freeboard by 2025 for Raise in 2065 to 2125 NPPF 100/200yr SoP without
reaches 1 and 7 only. freeboard for Reaches 1 and 7 only.
Construct to FCERM 2065 75yr SoP by 2025 elsewhere. Raise in 2065 to FCERM 2125 75yr SoP elsewhere
10B Construct to 2065 NPPF 100/200yr SoP without freeboard by 2025 for Raise in 2065 to 2125 NPPF 100/200yr SoP without
reaches 1 and 7 only. freeboard for Reaches 1 and 7 only.
Construct to FCERM 2065 100yr SoP by 2025 elsewhere. Raise in 2065 to FCERM 2125 100yr SoP elsewhere
10C Construct to 2065 NPPF 100/200yr SoP without freeboard by 2025 for Raise in 2065 to 2125 NPPF 100/200yr SoP without
reaches 1 and 7 only. freeboard for Reaches 1 and 7 only.
Construct to FCERM 2065 200yr SoP by 2025 elsewhere. Raise in 2065 to FCERM 2125 200yr SoP elsewhere
11A Construct to 2065 NPPF 100/200yr SoP with freeboard by 2025 for Raise in 2065 to 2125 NPPF 100/200yr SoP with
reaches 1 and 7 only. freeboard for Reaches 1 and 7 only.
Construct to FCERM 2065 75yr SoP by 2025 elsewhere. Raise in 2065 to FCERM 2125 75yr SoP elsewhere
11B Construct to 2065 NPPF 100/200yr SoP with freeboard by 2025 for Raise in 2065 to 2125 NPPF 100/200yr SoP with
reaches 1 and 7 only. freeboard for Reaches 1 and 7 only.
Construct to FCERM 2065 100yr SoP by 2025 elsewhere. Raise in 2065 to FCERM 2125 100yr SoP elsewhere
11C Construct to 2065 NPPF 100/200yr SoP with freeboard by 2025 for Raise in 2065 to 2125 NPPF 100/200yr SoP with
reaches 1 and 7 only. freeboard for Reaches 1 and 7 only.
Construct to FCERM 2065 200yr SoP by 2025 elsewhere. Raise in 2065 to FCERM 2125 200yr SoP elsewhere
12A Precautionary approach; construct to NPPF 2125 without freeboard for No work
Reaches 1 and 7 and FCERM 2125 75yr SoP everywhere else by 2025
12B Precautionary approach; construct to NPPF 2125 without freeboard for No work
Reaches 1 and 7 and FCERM 2125 100yr SoP everywhere else by
2025
12C Precautionary approach; construct to NPPF 2125 without freeboard for No work
Reaches 1 and 7 and FCERM 2125 200yr SoP everywhere else by
2025
13A Precautionary approach; construct to NPPF 2125 with freeboard for No work
Reaches 1 and 7 and FCERM 2125 75yr SoP everywhere else by 2025
13B Precautionary approach; construct to NPPF 2125 with freeboard for No work
Reaches 1 and 7 and FCERM 2125 100yr SoP everywhere else by
2026
13C Precautionary approach; construct to NPPF 2125 with freeboard for No work
Reaches 1 and 7 and FCERM 2125 200yr SoP everywhere else by
2027
14A Precautionary approach; construct to NPPF 2125 with freeboard No work
everywhere else by 2025
14B Precautionary approach; construct to NPPF 2125 without freeboard No work
everywhere else by 2025

30
Environment Agency, “Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Appraisal Guidance,” 2010.
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Scenario Phase 1 Phase 2

(2020s) (2065)
15C Construct to 2065 NPPF 100/200yr SoP without freeboard by 2025 for Raise in 2065 to FCERM 2125 200yr SoP everywhere
reaches 1 and 7 only.
Construct to FCERM 2065 200yr SoP by 2025 elsewhere.
Table 9: Summary of costing scenarios

The input assumptions and cost output for each of these scenarios are listed in Appendix C of the Updates to
Proposed Defences Report.31

Table 10 below shows how little costs vary between comparable standards of protection: this is driven by relatively
small differences in defence heights or lengths between options, and the need to build in adaptability to future
defence raising through building larger foundations in 2025.

Option Description Standard of Protection 2025 capital cost (£m,

undiscounted)
5C Construct in 2025 to 2065 FCERM 1 in 50 year 211.5
6C standard. Uplift in 2065 to 2125 1 in 75 year 213.7
7C FCERM Standard 1 in 100 year 215.3
8C 1 in 200 year 223.3

9A Construct to 2065 NPPF 100/200yr Greater of 1 in 100year 215.9

(local choice) SoP without freeboard. Uplift in fluvial / 1 in 200yr tidal
2065 to 2125 NPPF Standard without
freeboard.
Table 10: Comparison of Capex costs for different FCERM adaptive approach schemes

Public realm enhancement costing

The costs quoted above are based on public realm works commensurate with a consentable FCERM scheme in line
with the Grant in Aid rules. A higher level of public realm intervention was assumed for the Knuckle/Entrance
Lock area due to the landscape sensitivity and significance. The consentable FCERM scheme public realm rate of
£400/m2 was based on an allowance for alterations to general layout, use of basic materials, limited interventions.
Costs include allowance for these minor enhancements/interventions along a nominal 3m wide corridor.

The costing of the defences also considered allowance for a higher level of public realm enhancement, recognising
Bristol’s ambitions for greater placemaking. The high public realm rate of £560/m2 was defined as alterations to
general layout, creation of extent of public realm, seating, lighting, tree planting and Sustainable Drainage Systems
(SuDS). The difference is shown below.

Option Public realm option 2025 capital cost (£m,

undiscounted)
Local Choice
Consentable FCERM scheme 215.9
Local Choice
High public realm 235.7
Table 11: Comparison of costs of the Local Choice scheme with different public realm interventions (placemaking)

3.5.5 Economic appraisal

This assessment looks at the economic case for the scheme; the basis for selection of the preferred scheme using
the FCERM Decision Rule; and the case for “local choice” of an alternate scheme that facilitates Bristol’s greater
ambitions.

The assessment has undertaken analysis of Grant in Aid eligible benefits, which are attributable to the reduction of
flood risk, and reflect economic impacts on the nation. These will form the basis for the assessment of the quantum

31
Arup, “Bristol Flood Strategy; Updates to Proposed Defences”.
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of DEFRA Grant in Aid that may be available to the scheme, as calculated using the Partnership Funding
Calculator (PFC).

The assessment has also analysed local benefits, reflecting the financial impacts on the City of Bristol of addressing
flood risk. This may form the basis of bids to alternate sources of funding, further supporting the development of
the scheme.

Further details of the assessment are available in the Economic Appraisal Technical Report32, Appendix H.

3.5.6 Damages assessment

Economic losses from the predicted flood risk have been estimated using the Flood Hazard Research Centre’s
Multi Coloured Manual (MCM)33 methodology. The avoidance of damage from flooding to residential and non-
residential property fabric and contents is the principal benefit for the purposes of the economic assessment (so
called ‘direct’ damages).

In addition, the below ‘indirect’ damages have also been estimated:

• Emergency Services
• Utilities damages
• Indirect commercial impacts due to flooding to businesses
• Costs of evacuation
• Vehicle damages
• Risks to Life
• Mental health
• Rail disruption
• Traffic disruption
• Intangible Benefits

The assessment to date has not taken account of the carbon losses associated with flood damages, and given the
high flood damages assessed, these could be considerable.

The shortlisted options for the economic assessment were as follows:

• Do Nothing
• Do Minimum (described in 2.2)
• Construction of flood defences

Do Nothing
Under the Do Nothing scenario, the flood gate protective structures at Netham Lock and Junction Lock are no
longer powered, supported or maintained. In the absence of proactive management of the gates, they would not be
closed on time; the lock gates managed by the Harbour Master are not constructed to hold back flooding. The lock
gates / flood gates are modelled as being static and open.

The Avon through Bristol is not subject to active maintenance and increases to roughness or bed levels have not
been assumed in the Do Nothing scenario.

Do Minimum
The Do Minimum option assumes that the lock gate and flood gate protective structures at Netham Lock and
Junction Lock are maintained and refurbished over the appraisal period so that, if operated successfully, they
provide a significant reduction in flood risk in flood events.

The default modelled scenario in the Do Minimum is therefore that the locks are managed in a timely fashion prior
to a flood event, and are managed proactively during the event so that the levels of fluvial events entering the
Floating Harbour do not cause flooding by being prevented from leaving the docks.

32
Arup, “Economic Appraisal Technical Report,” 2020
33
Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management: A Manual for Economic Appraisal, 2013 Flood Hazard Research Centre
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However, the locks have had near misses during past flood events, where due to equipment failure, electrical
failures, and traffic disruption impacting on staff availability, flood control systems were difficult to operate.
Although this has not caused a significant issue yet, it will become more of an issue as flood risks are increasing
and events are becoming more common. Notably, the need for proactive management during a flood event does
not allow deployment of the gates to be limited to a single operation in advance of a flood.

In flood events greater than a present day 8.3% AEP fluvial event, or a 0.5% AEP tidal event, flood flows
bypassing the lock gates via the quays on either side are fast and deep, achieving hazard ratings of “dangerous to
most” or above; and it may reasonably be considered that there is a very significant chance of failure to close the
gates. In the largest tidal and fluvial events, the tide has been witnessed carrying significant volumes of debris,
(including vehicles), which may impair the function of the gates.

The Do Minimum economic modelling reflects this by reverting to the outputs of the Do Nothing modelling in
these events.

Construction of flood defences

As explained in section 3.5.3, the assessment of flood defences is based on an adaptive approach to raised defences.
A range of standards of protection have been considered in the assessment, to facilitate assessment of the Decision
Rule and to allow identification of a range of options for the development of the “Local Choice” preferred option,
particularly with a view to management of climate change.

Development of flood defence options

As a starting point, scenarios have been built around the concept of constructing a scheme in 2025 on a
precautionary basis, the standard of which will decline against time to meet a given standard in 2065, at which
point the defence would be raised again to a higher level, the standard of which will decline against time to meet
the given standard in 2125 at the end of scheme life.

For example: To provide a 75-year standard of protection (SoP) on this basis (and considering only the tidal
component for now), the scheme would need to be built to the equivalent of a ~250-year scheme in 2025. Over
time, this SoP would decline, reaching a 75-year SoP in 2065. At this point in time, the scheme would be raised to
what would be, in 2065, the equivalent of 1540-year standard of protection. However, over time, this too would
decline to a 75-year standard of protection by the end of scheme life.

This example is a good illustration of why this adaptive approach is necessary. Had the scheme not been raised in
2065, the 75-year scheme would have continued to decline such that by 2125, it would have had a SoP equivalent
to 3.5 years – the property it protected would be at risk of being written off.

On the other hand, to construct on a fully precautionary basis to the 2125 75-year standard of protection would
have meant that, when constructed, the scheme would have had a SoP equivalent to the 2025 5250-year event. This
would be potentially excessive, and it is noted that the defence heights in some locations are significant: their visual
and amenity impact is reduced by deferring construction to the 2125 standard. The difference between 2065 and
2125 defence heights is typically 0.50 - 0.60m.

The options considered are for a 75-year, 100-year and 200-year SoP, corresponding to 6C, 7C and 8C in Table 9.

Overlaps
The analysis into impacts on the local economy covers the same area geographically as the flood damage
assessment. Where proposals are being assessed for their potential to unlock future development, care has been
taken to manage overlaps.

Understanding of development proposals in Bristol has been informed by BCC’s available “Economic
Development Needs Assessment” dataset (EDNA), which presents disparate development initiatives, generally in a
near time frame of 0-10 years, and by various masterplan documents relating to Bristol’s more strategic and longer-
term Growth and Regeneration initiatives.

For properties overlapped by proposed developments set out in the EDNA dataset, it is assumed that damages are
only accrued for a 5-year period. This is because the development of those sites will lead to replacement of the
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properties on those sites with NPPF compliant construction. After that time, only 10% of damages are accrued,
reflecting the assumed likelihood that some developments do not proceed.

For properties overlapped by Bristol’s more extensive masterplan ambitions, the timelines of those masterplans
have been taken into account. Damages can still be accrued up till the expected delivery timelines of those
developments. Properties can still be written off if at high risk in the Do Minimum and Do-Nothing scenarios.

Benefits
Capped PVD damages are shown in Table 12 below. It is
Do nothing Do minimum 75yr SoP 100yr SoP 200yr SoP

Damages (£m) 1046 886 66 65 52

Benefits (£m) 0 160 980 981 994

Intangible 0 5 28 28 29
benefits (£m)
Table 12: Summary of economic benefits of options

Costs
Net present value costs of each option have been calculated as described in 3.5.4, and are summarised in Table 13.
Do nothing Do minimum 75yr SoP 100yr SoP 200yr SoP

Capital works, 2020s (£m) 0 14 213.7 215.3 223.3

Capital works, 2060s (£m) 0 0 7.9 7.9 7.9

Whole life maintenance (£m) 0 5 24.1 25.2 25.5

Whole Life 0 19 245.7 248.5 256.7

Costs (£m)
Table 13: Summary of present value costs of options including optimism bias

Benefit cost ratios

Having calculated the benefits and costs of each option, a benefit cost ratio, and the incremental benefit cost ratio
(IBCR) can be calculated as per Table 14.

Do nothing Do minimum 75yr SoP 100yr 200yr

SoP SoP

Damages (£m) 1046 886 66 65 52

Benefits (£m) 0 160 980 981 994

Whole Life 0 19 246 249 257

Costs (£m)

Benefit Cost Ratio - 8.4 4.0 3.9 3.9

IBCR to previous option - 8.4 3.6 0.3 1.6

Table 14: Benefit cost ratios for each option

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Application of the Decision Rule

From the Do Minimum, an IBCR>1 is required to progress to a subsequent option. The analysis indicates an IBCR
>3.

From the 75yr SoP, an IBCR>3 is required to progress to consideration of the next option, and this is not achieved,
but only just. The cost differential between the 75yr and 100yr scheme is very small, but so is the benefit
differential. This makes the 75yr SoP option the “preferred scheme on economic grounds” and this is the basis on
which Grant in Aid should be calculated.

Therefore, the scheme that the calculation of Grant in Aid should be based on is a 75-year scheme,
constructed to the 2065 75yr standard in 2025 and uplifted to the 2125 75yr standard in 2065. This is
scenario 6C from Table 9.

The Grant in Aid associated with this option is £68.5m, based on the payments for outcomes shown in Table 15.
The calculated value of Grant in Aid is low compared to the overall value of damages, and the proportion of
damages associated with residential properties in the floodplain. From review of the mechanisms behind this, it
appears that Bristol is particularly subject to high levels of “capping” and write-off. Capping is a process to avoid
more benefit or damage being claimed for a property than the property is actually worth, and property is written off
if its flood frequency exceeds 33% Annual Exceedance Probability. This process not only limits the value of
benefits claimed, it also changes the percentage make up of “People related” benefits that would pay out at a more
generous rate. Bristol is subject to particularly high rates of capping and write-off because it is at risk from both
tidal and fluvial flooding, and tidal flooding is particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change.

Damage type Qualifying %age of Payment rate Eligible Grant

Outcome
benefits (£m) benefits (p/£) in Aid
Measure
OM1a Overall damages 844 86.1% 6 50.6
OM1b People related 118 12% 20 23.6
deprivation
OM2 20% most 0.25 0.0% 45 0.1
deprived
21% to 40% 7.5 0.8% 30 2.3
most deprived
60% least 10.7 1.1% 20 2.1
deprived
TOTAL 980.4 Pv. max eligible 78.7
GiA
Table 15: Payment for outcomes from the Partnership Funding Calculator

Local Choice
Bristol City Council’s ambitions for Western Harbour, Bristol Temple Quarter and St. Philip’s Marsh merit the
consideration of an NPPF-compatible standard of protection. Such a scheme would be constructed to the greater of
the 100-year fluvial, or 200-year tidal SoP, with greater allowances for climate change.

The defences however would not need to be constructed with freeboard, because uncertainty in flood risk can be
managed by development behind the defences through their own application of freeboard in their floor levels.
Comparison of such a scheme suggests that both phases would have defence heights higher than the Grant in Aid
eligible scheme.

The cost analysis suggests that in Net present terms, the NPPF scheme would be slightly more expensive than the
Grant eligible scheme, at £225m NPV capital works (compared to £222m for the grant eligible scheme).

3.5.7 Local benefits

The Environment Agency / Defra Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Grant in Aid (GiA) fund is
determined based on the national economic benefits flood damages avoided. The effects on the local economy, of
interest to BCC will not necessarily be taken into account in such an assessment, and these effects are set out in this
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section. The unit of impact is a monetary measure of the value added by businesses to the local economy termed
Gross Value Added, GVA.

The benefits assessed include:

• The “first order” losses associated with direct flood impacts on commercial property
• GVA losses saved through reduced flood risk to existing businesses
• GVA earned through jobs created by the unlocking of development on the floodplain
• GVA earned through jobs created by construction of the strategy and the unlocked development.
• GVA losses saved through reduced flood risk to the tourist industry
• Potential health and amenity benefits generated through enabling the creation of a sustainable transport
network next to the River Avon.

The calculations and methodology are set out in more detail in Appendix H, and the results are summarised in
Table 16. In terms of the local economy, the strategy would help deliver significant benefits through avoided
damage to businesses and infrastructure, avoided disruption to local businesses and the creation of construction
jobs. The Bristol tourist industry is centred on the Floating Harbour as an aesthetic heritage site and the absence of
investment in the Strategy could effectively lead to a significant portion of this industry being written off.

Benefit compared Benefit compared

with Do Nothing with Do Minimum

Commercial property damage and infrastructure disruption avoided £405m £281m

Disruption to businesses avoided £250m £250m

Growth enabled at unlocked sites (EDNA sites) £5,635m £5,635m

Growth enabled at unlocked sites (Growth and Regeneration sites) £1,513m £1,513m

Jobs created through construction £25m £25m

Disruption to the tourism sector avoided £263m £21m

Benefit of enabling green transport infrastructure £18m £18m

TOTAL £8,109m £7,743m

Table 16: Potential local benefits of the Strategy

Clearly the bulk of these benefits are associated with the growth enabled at unlocked development sites. It is
important to recognise that identification of the potential local benefit of the scheme is not the same as claiming all
these benefits toward a funding application. Flood risk is not the only infrastructure issue to be resolved to enable
the unlocked sites or enabling green transport infrastructure, and the benefits identified above would need to be
apportioned across a number of infrastructure investments. However, without resolving flood risk, it is true to say
that these developments will only proceed with significant delay or cost.

The city’s ambitions for growth outside of the floodplain require an effective integrated transport network linking it
to the city centre, and Bristol Temple Meads rail station is seen as the key hub of that network. However, the
station, and routes to and from the station are at risk of disruption from flooding, and the strategy proposals would
form a key part of making this ambition effective.

Further work would be necessary to resolve this analysis in greater detail, and in particular this should focus on
assessing the potential benefits associated with unlocking the Growth and Regeneration sites and resolving the
potential overlapping claims to infrastructure funding associated with these sites.

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3.6 Non-financial benefits appraisal

The objectives for the Strategy are as set out in section 2.7. The economic and flood-risk benefits have been
described in previous sections, with the remaining objectives focussing on technical robustness, continuation of
navigation, environmental sustainability and the facilitation of growth.

All of the options were considered acceptable from a navigation perspective. Tidal barrier options presented a
significant potential impact, but technical studies undertaken showed that feasible designs could be implemented
without significantly constraining navigation. Environmental assessments are described in 3.8.

3.6.1 Development opportunities

A key objective of the options was to facilitate the sustainable growth of Bristol and the West of England by
supporting opportunities for employment and residential land, and infrastructure. In particular, this includes areas
of growth and regeneration at Bristol Temple Quarter and Western Harbour (see 2.13).

All the raised defence options support this objective as they will provide a higher standard of protection against
flooding, reducing potential development constraints. The Strategy area will generally become a more viable
location for development.

An adaptive approach will also allow for integration between development opportunity and the Strategy. Lower
defences mean greater flexibility to adapt to changing development needs, whereas if high defences were
constructed straight away, it could be constraining.

The Local Choice option described above allows a NPPF-compatible standard of protection to be in place for
development and therefore is likely to be more attractive to potential developers.

3.7 Preferred option

As described in the preceding sections, the preferred way forward is to construct raised defences in the Strategy
area, from Shirehampton and Pill, through central Bristol and upstream to Keynsham and Swineford. These will be
constructed in two phases. The extent of the defences is shown in the drawings in Appendix C.

The preferred option specifies the construction of defences to the NPPF SoP for 2065 in the 2020s. Further work
has been undertaken to split this phase into ‘build stages’, as the construction of each phase is likely to take several
years and be delivered in discrete packages (see Section 4.4). These phases are indicative as they are subject to
further modelling, investigations and detailed design.

Build stage 1 - estimated 2025-2027 at a capital cost of £89m:

• Entrance and Netham Lock flood gates
• Works in Shirehampton, Pill and Sea Mills;
• Works upstream of St Anne’s;
• Brislington Brook
• St Anne’s
• Bower Ashton

Build stage 2 - estimated 2027-2028 at a capital cost of £127m:

• Remainder of city centre defences

In the 2060s, defences will be raised as necessary to the higher of the 200-year FCERM or NPFF SoP for 2125.
This will also require the construction of some additional defences in new areas:
• Pill
• Totterdown (near the Paintworks)
• The Malago

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Figure 29 Extent of Proposed Measures

3.7.1 Engineering design

At this preliminary stage, engineering designs for budget cost estimating have been developed as well as to
highlight potential risks and opportunities. No engineering design has been completed on works to integrate the
defences into the public realm for wider benefits. Surveys, engagement and design is planned during subsequent
stages.

The Updates to Proposed Defences report (Appendix G) gives details of each defence solution, summarised in
Table 17. Works to prevent adverse impact are required upstream of St Anne’s, as far upstream as Swineford. Due
to reduced certainty in the hydraulic model and topographic information in this area, the engineering designs are
less advanced here than for the rest of the Strategy.

Defence section Structure type Defence level, Defence level, Length of

mAOD (2065) mAOD (2125) section (m)

Entrance Lock / Concrete and sheet pile flood walls, flood /

Western Harbour * lock gate replacement, replacement of Brunel
Dam, ramps, road raising 10.05 10.80 1350

Cumberland Road Piled flood wall, flood gate 10.10 10.80 866

Commercial Road Concrete flood wall, dam raising, ramps

and Bathurst Dam 10.15 10.75 310

Clarence Road Concrete flood wall 10.25 10.7 570

Cattle Market Road Piled flood wall 10.20 10.7 250

St Philip’s Marsh * Concrete wall on angled mini-piles, flood

gate, ramps, embankment 10.25 10.75 1488

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Defence section Structure type Defence level, Defence level, Length of

mAOD (2065) mAOD (2125) section (m)

Netham * Concrete flood wall, wall raising,

embankment, flood gate. 10.40 10.95 715

Bower Ashton Embankment 10.05 10.8 940

Totterdown (South) Raising of existing wall - 10.75 440

Feeder Road * Contiguous piled flood wall 8.75 9.05 880

St Anne’s (North) Sheet piled flood wall 11.00 11.4 1414

St Anne’s (South) Sheet piled flood wall 11.05 11.45 1010

Shirehampton Embankment, wall raising 9.90 10.50 850

Pill Wall raising, embankment 9.85 10.45 1075

Sea Mills Embankment 10.00 10.60 350

Chapel Way Embankment

(Brislington Brook) 14.30 14.30 210

Measures upstream Embankment / walls. Property Level

of A4174 Protection may be suitable Various Various Various
Table 17: Summary of defence section types and levels for the chosen SoP

In general, defences constructed during the 2025-2065 period would be parapets, typically 0.5-1.2m above general
ground level, allowing people seated beside immediately adjacent footways or paths unobstructed views of the
horizon. High defences proposed through Epoch 2 (2065-2125) would be designed to allow for the impact of sea
level rises and could require defences to be increased in height a further 0.5m-0.6m. Precautionary allowances of
climate change associated with the NPPF would require approximately a further 0.3m to be added to defence
levels.

The Strategy has been developed with flexibility in mind. For instance, BCC can work with potential developers to
incorporate the appropriate standard of protection into new developments. This may involve bringing forward the
delivery of flood defences in areas of developments or changing designs to fit with those constructed by
developers. It is also possible that some areas could be delayed to avoid defences being constructed by BCC only to
be replaced by developers. However, this would require agreement to ensure that there is not an unacceptable risk
to properties should development be delayed. The reaches indicated with a * symbol in Table 17 are thought to be
most likely to involve overlap with developers.

3.7.2 Placemaking
Flood defences can be integrated into wider multi-functional public realm infrastructure. In the absence of designs,
a placemaking opportunities study has explored aspirational opportunities that align with the Strategy’s strategic
objectives (Appendix D). The study focused on four character areas, shown in Figure 16. The study investigated the
site characteristics of each area and how flood defences could benefit them in terms of development, landscape,
nature, movement, recreation, heritage and culture.

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Figure 16 shows the network of green spaces around the River Avon and the opportunity to create a green corridor
for health, wellbeing and wildlife benefits. The corridor has many strategic transport nodes with the potential to
establish strong connections along the E-W river corridor with N-S links into the city.

Figure 30: Network of green spaces identified around the River Avon to create a green corridor

The additional cost of placemaking measures has been estimated as £20-£28m depending on how much is
implemented (see 11). It will be BCC’s choice as to whether to proceed with this additional work, but it should be
noted that additional placemaking may be necessary to ensure delivery of the scheme, as well as helping to realise
the benefits already discussed.
The scheme costs given in Table 13 include the minimum required for a consentable scheme. As further
placemaking elements are not Grant in Aid eligible they have not been included in the PFC.

3.7.3 Strategy Carbon Impact

BCC, supported by the Environment Agency, will work to develop solutions that efficiently minimise whole life
carbon impacts. Following the carbon management hierarchy, the Strategy can make a lasting contribution through
options that avoid, reduce and replace carbon. Do-something options avoid the carbon impact of the emergency
response and recovery prompted by widespread flood events in the absence of investment.

Development of the Strategy preferred strategic approach will include lower carbon options for detailed appraisal
unless they are likely to be very significantly more expensive at achieving other scheme objectives than
alternatives, or poor at achieving other scheme objectives.

The Environment Agency’s Carbon Modelling Tool (CMT) was used to evaluate the whole life carbon emissions
of the preferred strategic approach against the discounted option of constructing defences in 2020s followed by the
construction of a ‘narrow’ tidal barrier in 2065 (see Appendix L). The emissions for the preferred strategic
approach were 1,540,000 tCO2e, against 2,260,000 tCO2e for the narrow tidal barrier option. The study
demonstrates that the operational stage (which includes maintenance and repair) accounts for the largest proportion
of carbon consumption. The tool's limitations were acknowledged with iterations proposed as design development
commences recommended to consider an assessment of sequestration benefits of green infrastructure and soft
landscaping.

3.8 Environmental compliance

A number of environmental reports have been produced to demonstrate the environmental compliance of the
preferred option for the Strategy, as outlined below.

3.8.1 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)

A SEA has been undertaken as an integral part of the option appraisal process and this assessed the likely
significant effects of the emerging strategy in terms of key environmental issues. The SEA comprehensively
assessed the proposed flood management approach and evaluated the environmental impacts of different options.

The SEA and SEA Addendum found that although all of the options have a potential for significant adverse
impacts during both construction and operation, it also identified benefits from the implementation of the flood
defences, including the beneficial effects on people, health, material assets, heritage features and climatic factors.
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These works are crucial to the preservation of key areas of Bristol that are fundamental to the character and make-
up of the city and will protect these areas from flood events arising from both tidal and fluvial flows. The SEA and
SEA Addendum have identified a number of negative effects, some of which are likely to be significant. Further
work, alongside existing studies including the Placemaking Opportunities report should be undertaken to develop
the design to minimise the impact on the environment and those effects reported.

The SEA found likely significant effects to the following environmental topics for the preferred option of the
Strategy:
• Biodiversity, flora and fauna, including intertidal habitat (negative – note these are associated with construction
and there are opportunities for enhancement throughout the Strategy);
• Cultural Heritage (negative & positive)
• Population, human health and material assets (positive)

Similarly, minor effects were identified for:

• Landscape;
• Soil/Water; and
• Climatic Factors.

A number of mitigation measures have been outlined in the SEA to avoid potential adverse effects and has
identified the need for further work to ensure environmental compliance as the Strategy develops. Opportunities
for potential enhancements through the Strategy which would benefit wildlife include built-in bird, bat and insect
boxes or bricks integrated within the proposed defences, kingfisher perches, areas of wildflower meadow for
pollinating insects, green walls, the planting of berry-bearing trees and shrubs and nectar-rich flowering plants.

A Habitat Regulations Assessment (HRA) and a Statement to Inform an Appropriate Assessment (SIAA) (Stage 2)
have been undertaken by Arup as part of the SEA Addendum to reflect the changes to the amended Strategy and
with regards to recent case law. The SIAA provides an assessment of the potential for effects on European Sites
from the implementation of the proposed works.

The SIAA undertaken has reported that the potential pathway for effects at construction includes habitat loss and
degradation, habitat severance, disturbance, and species mortality / injury. There are no predicted potential
operational effects from the amended Strategy.

As detailed design progresses, and consultation with statutory bodies continues, it is anticipated that baseline
surveys and supporting information will provide further assessment on the potential for adverse effects to arise.
Without further baseline and supporting survey information at this stage, and without avoidance and/or mitigation
measures, it is reasonable to conclude there could be adverse effects on the integrity of the European Sites.

To allow the competent authority to conclude no adverse effect, further survey and mitigation measures are
required. Winter bird surveys and habitat assessments are required, in part, to understand the impact of the
proposed works on the Severn Estuary SPA, Ramsar and SAC, and the Avon Gorge Woodlands SAC. Any habitat
management or reinstatement, with respect to impacts on the European Sites, may require monitoring and further
management. Refer to the SIAA for full details.

3.8.2 Water Framework Directive (WFD)

An updated Preliminary WFD Assessment has been produced by Arup as part of the SEA Addendum which
includes an assessment of all water bodies that could be affected by the implementation of the amended Strategy,
including their current water quality status.

The updated Preliminary WFD Assessment concluded that the piling involved for any defences has the potential to
intercept groundwater levels, however there are currently no groundwater Source Protection Zones (SPZ) in the
scheme area, and no groundwater abstractions close to the River Avon that would be likely to be affected. As such,
impact to groundwater is scoped out of this WFD assessment. This statement should be reassessed in the future as
new groundwater abstraction licences could be granted near the River Avon, within the Triassic Groundwater body
that could potentially be impacted by piling. The Preliminary WFD Assessment found that there is potential for
impacts on the Bristol Avon water body, as well as the Floating Harbour as the construction of defences in
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currently undefended areas has the potential to impact the ecological status of the water bodies, as this will likely
involve a reduction of aquatic habitat areas, as well as potentially having a negative effect on hydromorphology.

The Preliminary WFD Assessment therefore recommends that a full WFD Assessment will be required to evaluate
the total combined length and percentage of the water bodies affected to assess the overall significance of the
impacts. As whilst an individual scheme may have an insignificant impact on WFD quality elements within a
reach, the combined effect of several small-scale schemes within a water body may cause deterioration. It is
intended that a full WFD Assessment will be carried out and submitted as part of a future Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA).

3.8.3 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) pre-scoping

An EIA pre-scoping report has been produced by AECOM to provide a framework for the future EIA process. The
pre-scoping report identified the key environmental issues to be:
• Terrestrial Ecology;
• Estuarine Ecology;
• Landscape;
• Archaeology and Heritage;
• Land Quality and Land use; and
• Traffic and Transport.

The pre-scoping report made a number of recommendations including the next steps for the EIA process.

3.8.4 Environmental enhancements and biodiversity net gain

As the Strategy progresses through the OBC, detailed design and delivery stages, opportunities for environmental
enhancement will be sought. In particular this includes an ambition for biodiversity net gain. Net gain is an
approach to development that aims to leave the natural environment in a measurably better state than beforehand.
As the Strategy is refined further, and detailed defence design takes place, every opportunity should be taken to
minimise net loss of intertidal saltmarsh and mudflats. Ultimately, measures will be devised and presented as part
of the detail to support a planning application that must commit to no net loss approach of intertidal habitat
Biodiversity Net Gain.

The loss of coastal habitats may require creation and / or enhancement of intertidal habitats of a greater area than
the area lost. Considering the constraints of the river corridor and urban environment, this will require creative,
innovative solutions. This could include intertidal habitat built into ‘grey’ infrastructure (such as rock pools),
additional planting and habitats incorporated into defences to create wildlife corridors.

At OBC stage, a net gain options appraisal is to be carried out to consider how this has been achieved in similar
locations, to ensure that this thinking is captured sufficiently early in the Strategy’s development.

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Figure 31: Porter Brook pocket park, Sheffield, winner of the Living Waterways contribution to the built environment category 201635

3.9 Residual risk

Residual risk for the Strategy has two main elements: risks associated with the failure of the defences and risks
associated with events occurring which exceed the design parameters of the defences. It should also be noted that
some flooding will still occur in the design event once the Strategy has been implemented, however as
demonstrated in Figure 32 and Figure 33, the reduction in flooded area for the city of Bristol is significant for each
SoP.

35
The Landscape Institute, “National Living Waterways Awards winners announced”, [Online] Available:
https://www.landscapeinstitute.org/news/national-living-waterways-awards-winners-announced/
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Figure 32: Flood extents of raised defences options vs Do Minimum for 2125 fluvial 100yr event.

Figure 33: Flood extents of raised defences options vs Do Minimum for 2125 tidal 200yr event.

3.9.1 Risk of defence failures

The 2017 Strategy included a number of model runs to investigate residual risk, including those associated with
defence breaches at locations along the raised defence alignments and at entrance points to the Floating Harbour.
For the worst case design event, the flood risk during a 2115 0.5% AEP event with Entrance Lock gates failing lead
to flooding in areas around Entrance Lock, Junction Lock, Victoria Street, Temple Back and St Philip’s. Failure of
the proposed gates at Netham for the same event showed flooding in Netham and St Philip’s. The flood risk
associated with the breaching of raised defences was also modelled extensively.

It should be noted that this modelling considered only tidal flooding and will require updating at future stages.

When the preferred way forward is implemented, the chance of failure of the defences will be greatly reduced
compared with the present day, considering:
• New flood gates will be constructed with multiple levels of redundancy to protect against failure
• Most of the new defences are ‘hard’ defences (concrete walls, sheet piles or ground raising) and are generally
not susceptible to failure

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• Defences will be designed to accommodate loading from the design water levels plus a freeboard allowance for
uncertainty. In practice this will lead to them being designed structurally for a larger event

To prevent the risk of manually operated gates being incorrectly deployed during a flood event, current operations
procedures will require updating and refining following the implementation of the Strategy.

3.9.2 Risk of events greater than the design flood

The process for choosing the standard of protection for the proposed defences is explained in section 3.5.3. It
should be recognised that the Strategy is unable to completely protect the city and surrounding areas from flooding,
since larger, rarer events can always occur, however unlikely. This is to some extent mitigated by the provision of
freeboard on the defences, which increase defence levels in practice. In 2016 the project supported the Environment
Agency’s residual uncertainty analysis guidance pilot. Strategy indicative proposed crest levels include a freeboard
allowance. Residual uncertainty analysis will be revisited upon availability of updated modelling prior to OBC
assurance e.g. consideration of the uncertainty in modelling tidal/fluvial dependency factor.

Additional flood modelling was undertaken to determine the worst-case residual flood risk to the Bristol Temple
Quarter site from overtopping. Residual risk was assessed for:
• fluvial events up to and including the 1% AEP flood event using the upper end climate change allowance or the
0.1% AEP event not including climate change (current day), whichever is higher;
• tidal events up to the 0.1% AEP event not allowing for climate change.

The residual flood risk modelling results were used to produce a suite of residual flood depth maps provided to the
BTQ project for developing the site layout, including alignment of access and egress routes. This modelling has
been used in the development of a ‘resilient access network’ as part of the BTQ strategic growth and regeneration
proposals, ensuring that key access routes are protected against flooding.

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Commercial Case

How will the strategy be delivered?

Figure 34: Example of integrated flood defences and public realm at Bath Quays

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4 Commercial Case

4.1 Roles
BCC will lead the delivery of the Strategy in recognition of the potential impact and opportunity for the city, and
the Strategy’s interface with BCC’s harbour, highway, planning, lead local flooding, coastal protection, civil
protection and major landowner roles. The Environment Agency intends to delegate statutory powers for flood risk
management works to Main Rivers to BCC, as necessary. The scheme elements pertaining to flood risk
management will primarily be carried out under the Environment Agency’s powers of Section 165 of the Water
Resources Act, 1991. The Environment Agency will issue notices of entry under Section 172 of the Water
Resources Act authorising BCC to enter land.

A Memorandum of Understanding is to be developed at OBC stage in advance of a legal agreement at FBC to

formalise the roles and responsibilities of BCC and the Environment Agency in delivery of the Strategy. Such an
approach has been successfully used to support the Derby City Council led, Environment Agency supported Our
City Our River partnership project and lessons have been shared.

4.2 Regeneration and Development

The Strategy sets out a clear route map to deliver safe management of flooding across the city without increasing
flood risk elsewhere. Throughout production of the Strategy, dependencies on which the Strategy could become
reliant have been identified and mitigated to avoid barriers to reasonable certainty of delivery.

A proportion of the defences interface with areas of growth and regeneration (discussed in 2.13). Proposals are at
an early stage. Implementation is constrained and anticipated over the long term. The default budgeted approach of
the preferred strategic approach is phased standalone flood defences typically delivered using the Environment
Agency’s powers (i.e. avoiding Compulsory Purchase Orders). The Strategy avoids reliance on defences integral to
new development, delivered over a period of time to a degree as the market dictates. However, integration of the
defences into the urban landscape as part of developments offers many opportunities. BCC are focused on ensuring
the flood defences will be integrated with high-quality public spaces in future developments wherever possible.

BCC plan to continue to work closely with the Environment Agency in order to ensure the Strategy has a
reasonable certainty of delivery. This may include suitable planning instruments to support delivery of Phase 1
setting out how defences will be implemented and safeguarding land for delivery. Prospective developers will be
provided with the details necessary to incorporate any mitigation / evacuation measures to address residual risks
through information on requisite site-specific mitigation measures to be addressed in planning applications.
Development would have to manage residual risk of an “extreme flood” or defence failures, possibly through
evacuation or other plans and appropriate to the vulnerability classification of the proposed land use, or the
emerging RAN strategy in St Philip’s.

Where possible, integrating defences into development would ensure that the wider benefits of the scheme are
realised. BCC will continue to lead on the regeneration aspects and work with developers to progress integral
defences along with the implementation of the funding strategy and gaining further contributions. The Environment
Agency are working closely with BCC planning teams to produce guidance for potential developers to ensure that
future riverside development is undertaken in a manner which supports the principles of the Strategy and
appropriately manages flood risk.

4.3 Maintenance
BCC currently operates the harbour flood stop gates as agents for and funded by Environment Agency who also
maintain the raised tidal flood defences at St Philip’s, Pill and Shirehampton. In practice, a significant part of the
projected maintenance and operational costs for the Strategy are derived from the need to continue Floating
Harbour operations and these costs would have been incurred anyway.

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It is intended that the actual maintenance activities for the assets will be shared between the Environment Agency,
BCC, and third-party owners who have incorporated flood defences within their developments. This will be on the
basis of the most cost-effective way of providing the necessary maintenance, and via legal obligation of developers.
Agreement over maintenance liabilities and responsibilities will be included in principle within the legal agreement
between the two parties and will be clarified in an addendum to the agreement, developed as the final solutions are
realised and constructed.

Bristol City Council has engaged with Sheffield and Derby City Councils learning from similar implemented
schemes.

4.4 Phasing Plan

The first phase of the Strategy is likely to be delivered over several years. There are key elements in different areas
that need to progress in advance.

More complex areas are likely to be delivered by BCC, with support from the Environment Agency. The proposed
flood gates at Entrance Lock and Netham Lock will require ongoing operation and maintenance and require full
consideration to ensure no impact on navigation, with Entrance Lock flood gate also to replace the navigation lock
gate. Upstream and downstream raised defences interface with existing Environment Agency assets, particularly at
Pill and Shirehampton. Raised defences along sections of the New Cut interface with highways, the harbour
railway and other BCC assets.

Elsewhere Sections of the Strategy could be delivered by developers. Delaying the build of sections of the Western
Harbour and St Philip’s frontages will maximise the chance of integration and developer-delivery.

A review of the following impacts on the timing of the key reach areas has been assessed. The assessment is
included in Appendix F.
• Reliance on other projects
• Abortive work
• Construction inefficiency
• Impairment of development opportunities
• Adverse flood risk impact elsewhere

Components with a low risk of impact have been prioritised, leading to the initially suggested build priority of the
Phase 1 works, shown in Figure 35. The variety of defence forms may favour splitting delivery into further discrete
packages to be procured separately, especially at the FBC and construction stages.

Figure 35: Phasing of the works

Key points of this approach:

• Detriment mitigation addressed upfront, so that strategy is NPPF/flood risk assessment compliant.
• Each stage is cost beneficial
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4.5 Procurement Strategy

Procurement of the Strategy schemes will first involve developing the Outline Business Cases (OBCs), then the
detailed design, associated surveys and investigations, consenting, construction and supporting specialist advice
and expertise required to successfully manage and deliver a major capital programme.

Although the Strategy has been developed as a strategic approach to a single benefit area (plus measures upstream
or downstream to ensure no adverse impact), the scale of works required means that the recommended approach is
for OBCs to be developed for each of the two build stages identified in Section 4.4. Careful co-ordination will be
required to ensure benefits are realised and not either double counted or overlooked for each phase.

The OBCs will develop the commercial case for delivery each package and alignment with other ongoing
programmes and projects. There are multiple approaches, either as one package or as a number of discrete
packages, including but not limited to the following options:

• a traditional design-bid-build,
• a specialist design and build contract,
• incorporating the works as part of developer-led works.

An overview of the different procurement approaches is provided in Table 18. All procurement routes have
potential advantages and disadvantages which will need to be carefully managed.

Approach Advantages Disadvantages

Traditional Quality; full design pretender Time; requires full detailed pack pretender
(design-bid-build)
Design flexibility, variations and instructions Cost; not a benefit if many changes are
made once the design is tendered.
Specialist subcontractors
Design control
Cost; there may be a cost benefit unless
multiple changes are made

Design and build Time; fast track, overlap of design and Quality; cheapest route to meet contract
construction specification can lead to low quality
products / build quality
Cost; target or guaranteed maximum price
Design flexibility; request for changes will
Single point of responsibility; contractor
have high cost / time implications
design and build responsibility
Can end up paying for risks which are not
Innovation; can benefit quality
realised.
Low risk for the client
Need to develop the design to a significant
Named subcontractors; level where the contract with the contractor
Early contractor input to design can be let without passing over too much
risk as this will drive the costs up.

Developer led Reduced responsibility for BCC to manage Less control over solution.
Defence levels can still be met Lack of design flexibility
Programme outside of Environment
Agency control
Greater complexity for assurance,
inspection and maintenance
Table 18: Potential procurement approaches

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The procurement of any services and works associated with delivery, operation and maintenance of the schemes
will follow BCC contract procedure rules to ensure compliance with relevant legislation.

The strategy developed as part of each OBC will need to be flexible to:
• allow different procurements routes to be considered,
• integrate with wider development and funding opportunities, and
• prioritise flood risk mitigation in the context of the overall flood risk strategy.

4.6 Contractual terms and risk allocation

Appropriate contractual terms are important to minimise (or allocate) risk during the term of the contract.
Contractual terms for the detailed design and construction of the schemes will be established during or after the
OBC stage.

4.7 Procurement route and timescales

There are a number of different routes to market that are capable of delivering the needs of the scheme. These and
the associated timescales will need to be considered at the OBC stage but for information a selection of the
potential routes are listed below:
• Bespoke tender
• Scape Procure – Civil Engineering and Infrastructure Framework (Scape Framework)
• EA Collaborative Delivery Framework

The potential value of early contractor involvement (ECI) has been noted and should be considered to allow
increased input to areas of the design from a buildability perspective, as well as allowing for continuity between
design and construction.

The anticipated provisional timescales for the next stage of work are set out in the list below:
• Spring 2021: Key decision on SOC and Environment Agency endorsement
• Summer 2021 onwards: Develop OBCs
• 2022 onwards: Detailed design, consenting and delivery

Figure 36: Indicative Strategy delivery timeline

4.8 Efficiencies and commercial issues

Identifying and realising efficiencies will be an integral part of the delivery of the scheme, with an aim to deliver
15% efficiency savings against the baseline of £216m present value phase 1 capital works (as per the DEFRA
target for efficiency savings). Some opportunities for potential cost savings are given in the Updates to Proposed
Defences report36.

36
Arup, “Updates to Proposed Defences”, 2020
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Financial Case

How will it be funded?

Figure 37: Flood defences including glass panels installed in Upton upon Severn
Bristol City Council (supported by Environment Agency) Bristol Avon Flood Strategy
Ove Arup and Partners Strategic Outline Case Technical Document – October 2020 Consultation Draft

5 Financial Case

5.1 Financial summary

The total Net Present Value (year 2025) cost of the Strategy is as broken down in Table 19 in present value terms.
Capital costs refer to the construction and preliminary costs associated with building the new defences.

Maintenance and operation costs refer to the costs associated with maintaining the defences and costs associated
with defence operation and maintenance (including that of the Floating Harbour specific to managing the flood risk
i.e. deployment and upkeep of stop gates). Allowance for the maintenance of the existing defences has been
assumed as per the 2017 study. The maintenance costs take account of two major repairs to defences or locks over
the lifetime of the scheme, assumed to occur at year 33 and year 67 of scheme life, as well as annual maintenance
to both. Further details are available in Appendix G.

Present Value Costs

(£m, in today’s prices)
Phase 1 Capital works, 2020s 216
Phase 2 Capital works, 2060s 9.1
Whole life maintenance and operation 24.3
Whole Life Costs 249.3
Table 19: Breakdown of Strategy costs NPV 2025

The capital costs shown in Table 20 for delivery of the Strategy’s works include a 60% optimism bias recognising
the level of uncertainty at this early stage in scheme definition. The exception to this is elements of the Cumberland
Road works where a reduced optimum bias of 46% has been used as construction design/cost for ongoing wall
repairs are known. It is noted that costs are relatively insensitive to changes in Standard of Protection.

Estimated capital cost in 2024 Estimated capital cost in 2065

(£k 2019 equivalent + other (£k 2019 equivalent + other
costs & fees + optimism bias, costs & fees + optimism bias,
Areas Reach Title undiscounted) undiscounted)
Entrance Lock / 27,030 4,890
Western Harbour Western Harbour
Western Corridor Cumberland Road 63,470 2,500
Cumberland Rd East 380 -
Western Corridor Defence
Commercial Road / 10,800 1,430
Western Corridor Bathurst Dam
Western Corridor Clarence Road 18,240 2,380
Eastern Corridor Cattle Market Road 3,110 770
St Philip’s Marsh 23,600 5,490
Eastern Corridor Defences
Netham Lock Netham Lock 13,870 2,200
Western Harbour Bower Ashton 5,100 1,610
Totterdown South - 1,380
Eastern Corridor Defences
Feeder Road Feeder Road 7,180 2,790
St. Anne’s St. Anne's North Bank 18,390 -
St. Anne’s St. Anne's South Bank 12,120 1,320
Downstream, City 12,660 7,650
Works to prevent Centre and Upstream
adverse impacts of A417
Total 215,950 34,410
Table 20: Breakdown of scheme Capex costs by reach including optimism bias

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The first phase of the strategy may be delivered over several years and could progress as one package, however it
has been assumed that delivery will be in at least two discrete packages, Build 1 and Build 2 (see Section 4.4).

The costs and benefits of Build stages 1 and 2 have been approximated as shown in Table 21.

Build Components Benefits Capital Estimated Grant in Funding

Stage (£m) works (£m) Aid funding (£m) required (£m)
Entrance & Netham Lock 75
1 flood gates. 228 89 14 (84% of build)
Detriment mitigation works
72
2 The remainder of Phase 1. 753 127 55.3
(57% of build)
Table 21: Costs, benefits and GiA estimate for build stage 1 and 2

5.1.1 Strategy asset dependencies

The condition of river and harbour assets is variable and maintenance will be required to maintain their current
serviceability. The costs of the Strategy are dependent on the serviceability of the New Cut retaining structures,
banks of the River Avon, dam structures (Brunel and Bathurst) and the harbour water control assets at Underfall
Yard (see Section 2.12). However, there are significant synergies such as the new gates at Entrance Lock, and the
preferred option includes an allowance to replace stretches of riparian retaining walls at Cumberland, Commercial
and Clarence Roads. In general BCC will need to identify funding to maintain those assets where the Strategy is
dependent on the structures.

Assets Preferred Option assumption Impact commentary

Entrance Lock Relies on existing masonry Recent BCC asset visual surveys did not identify
gate cill and dockside wall significant defects with the dockside wall structures.
structures. Potential saving opportunity to reduce maintenance
Replaces Outer Lock gate. /operational costs through decommissioning part/all of
the two tidal stop gates at Junction Lock.
Brunel and Bathurst Works to increase crest level Recent BCC asset visual surveys did not identify
Dam of existing dockside structures. significant defences with these structures.
Riparian retaining Capital costs assume new Cumberland Road costs assume continuation of 2020
walls at Cumberland, raised defences with new remedial works to Chocolate Path and railway
Commercial and replacement retaining retaining wall. Elsewhere riparian retaining wall to be
Clarence Road structures. replaced.
Preferred option assumes short section of existing
Netham New flood gate and gate cill
Feeder Canal dockside structures replaced.
Flood walls/embankments
Pill and replaced except Pill sheet pile Aligns with emerging Environment Agency
Shirehampton wall where allowance has been maintenance proposals at Pill.
made to raised existing.
At St Philip’s preferred option costing also allows for
Preferred option has been
cantilevered path to maintain the greenway. Riverbank
costed so that flood defences
defences costed to avoid requirement for land
are independent of riverbank
assembly however BCC’s ambition is to integrate
stability (for instance through
flood defence proposals into emerging wider
Other reaches using new raised defences
development opportunities as part of a green corridor.
founded on mini-piles).
No repair works to existing retaining wall or bank
Stability during construction
allowed in preferred option costing. Should major
may require additional
slippage occur during construction or operation, BCC
mitigation.
funded repairs will be needed independent of Strategy.
Strategy dependant on continued serviceability and
Floating Harbour water level management BCC operation/maintenance outside of preferred
option costing.
Table 22: Strategy asset dependencies

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5.1.2 Strategy development costs

For the development of the SOC, BCC have contributed £935k up to February 2021, and the Environment Agency
have contributed £384k. An estimate of required costs for the Outline Business Cases for Phase 1 are given in
Table 23.

OBC section Assumptions Build 1 Build 2

OBC OBC
Estimate Estimate
(£k) (£k)
Prepared using evidence base from SOC supplemented by
Outline Business 40 40
below. Intrusive survey and consenting during subsequent
Case
Technical Design.
BCC and Environment Agency to prepare Memorandum of
Legal Agreement 40 10
Understanding setting out expectations and requirements for
delivery of OBCs.

Supportive studies:

Update of climate change allowances to reflect changes in

Flood modelling 100 25
guidance. Modelling updates including ground level LiDAR
data, representation of flow pathways between flood sub-cells
during high magnitude flood events. Improvements to the
representation of Pill, Shirehampton and Sea Mills.
Improvements to modelling to finalise works to ensure no
adverse impact upstream of the A4174 and works adjacent to the
Malago.
Least cost outline reference design (Design and Build route, with
Develop reference 80
contractor to subsequently obtain planning). Concept design of
design - flood scheme
piled solution for Knuckle and Netham and works to ensure no
adverse impact.
Wide range of approaches dictated by wider contracting/risk
120
ownership. Least cost outline reference design (Design and Build
route, with contractor to subsequently obtain planning). Concept
design optimising existing design for Western Corridor.
Range of approaches, from no-extra over (from consentable
Develop reference 20 30
strategy) to integrated and high value public realm. Potential for
design - public realm
delivery routes via masterplan areas.
Site constraints and access including liaison and discussion with
De-risking strategy 30 65
leaseholders and landowners to influence layouts/approach
including working areas. Utility review, engagement and outline
mitigation strategy.
Significant GI collated from other projects for other purposes.
Site investigation 80 120
Recommend delay until Technical Design stage. Some
banks/structures have ground-risk and an SI and assessment will
help to finalise the approach and de-risk the solutions.
Prioritised surveys to include topographic to refine works to
prevent adverse impacts; prioritized SI at Knuckle and Netham
(boreholes and cores).

Contractor 15 20
Increased preferred solution cost uncertainty.
involvement

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OBC section Assumptions Build 1 Build 2

OBC OBC
Estimate Estimate
(£k) (£k)
Significant engagement needed but only to outline level. BCC to
Stakeholder 20 50
lead. Consultation on the preferred option to establish case for
engagement
design.
Baseline data review, programming future surveys, assessment
Environmental 50 50
of Phase 1 first build stage impacts to scope mitigation, statutory
assessment
meetings and engagement.
Business case financial case development including liaison with
Funding strategy 30 30
partners, agreements and viability assessments. Economic case
currently focused on Flood Defence Grant in Aid and nominal
allowance for work to expand justification around wider benefits
to align with funding partner requirements.
Option favoured by project team is to exclude completely, given
Planning 20 20
need for detail not available until Technical Design. Full
planning could exceed £250k plus Technical Design informed by
surveys.
Develop consenting strategy including early planning
engagement and agreement over approach (noting option of
Hybrid application)

BCC PM including 76 87
managing project
15%
interfaces with BTQ
and WH.
Allowance for BCC scheme promoter Officer salary recharge
BCC Senior User 88 88
costs. Employer Representative £28k/yr and SRO £11k/yr. 10%
allowance for E/O.
Citywide engagement as phase 1 build stages are refined and
Risk contingency 240 312
development.
Allowance for active travel and public realm integration.

TOTAL 929 1,067

Table 23: Estimate of OBC costs

5.2 Funding Sources

5.2.1 FCERM Grant in Aid

Partnership funding is the approach that the costs of FCERM projects are shared between national and local sources
of funding. Under the 2020 ‘Flood and Coastal Erosion Resilience Partnership Funding’ policy, eligibility for
central government FCERM Grant in Aid depends on the benefits and outcomes of the FCERM project. If the
eligible FCERM GiA does not cover all costs, scheme promoters need to raise extra money from partners through
contributions. The Partnership Funding calculator is the tool used to calculate the Partnership Funding (PF) score of
a potential project, to show the maximum amount of FCERM GiA funding available.

The scheme benefits considered in determining the Grant in Aid contribution are:
• Flood damages avoided, in terms of their impact at a national level
• Flood impacts to people
• Households better protected against flood risk, in each deprivation category, including with impacts of climate
change
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• Statutory environmental obligations met, in terms of habitat creation and improvement

In order to qualify for this funding, the Adjusted PF score must be 100% or above, and due to the high demand for
this funding only those schemes with higher scores are likely to be prioritised. If the funding for a scheme is reliant
on the maximum available government funding, with the remainder provided by third parties, then the Adjusted PF
score will be limited to 100%; to increase this, it is necessary to seek a greater percentage of third-party
‘partnership funding’.

Present value FCERM Grant in Aid towards up-front costs are given as £68.5m. The Grant in Aid estimate would
need to be reviewed and updated at the Outline Business Case stage. The amount of Grant in Aid indicated by the
Partnership Funding Calculator seems low compared to the overall damages, and this seems that Bristol’s
particularly high flood risk is in fact limiting the potential return on benefits due to high levels of write-offs and
property capping (see Section 3.5.6). It is recommended that the economic effects of wide scale property write-off
are explored in greater depth in collaboration with Environment Agency assurance.

It should be noted that GiA does not cover maintenance and operational costs. In practice, a significant part of the
projected maintenance and operational costs for the Strategy are derived from the need to continue Floating
Harbour operations and these costs would have been incurred anyway.

It has been assumed in the calculator that, to allow for pluvial flood risk, only 90% of properties have been
claimed. 90% reflects the approximate proportion of properties in the fluvial and tidal flood plain that are also
subject to pluvial flood risk to reduce the risk of double counting. However, this element of the analysis will need
to be progressed through a greater level of interaction with BCC’s emerging surface water flood risk management
plan, its proposals and the latest surface water risk mapping.

Placemaking enhancements not strictly required for a consentable flood scheme such as amenity or active travel
works are not eligible for FCERM GiA. Placemaking opportunities have been estimated may cost an additional
£20m.

5.2.2 Additional sources of funding

There is a compelling case for other sources of funding for the Strategy (see Section 3.5.7). In terms of the local
economy, the Strategy would help deliver significant benefits through avoided damage to businesses and
infrastructure (£400m), avoided disruption to local businesses (£250m) and the creation of construction jobs
(£25m). There are emerging/proposed developments that could be capable of generating an estimated £7.1bn GVA
located in the benefitting floodplain of the strategy and whilst the progression of these developments is not solely
dependent on delivery of a flood strategy, it will enable these to progress to a faster timescale and lower cost.

The FCERM GiA funding identified at this stage for this scheme has been identified at a maximum of £68.5m,
requiring funding of £147m to be secured for Phase 1, excluding placemaking. Additional available sources of
funding are identified below. This was discussed in the Outline Funding Strategy37, which was produced as part of
the 2017 Study, but the below conclusions have been updated to reflect subsequent changes. Work to develop a
robust funding strategy is ongoing led by BCC supported by the Environment Agency.

Identified in principle
• The Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) Economic Development Fund (EDF) has a programme allocation of
£5m in 2023 and £5m in 2033. Seeking further funding from this source could be explored but given that the
EDF is fully subscribed this could only be via a substitution with other BCC programme allocations.

• BCC has funded the £9m 2020 Cumberland Road Stabilisation Works, required to deliver the flood defences,
by prudential borrowing under the Approved Capital Programme. This will be evidenced and claimed as
partnership funding.

37
AECOM, Outline Funding Strategy, 2017
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To be secured
• A contribution to strategic flood defences could come from the Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) subject
to reconciling with the needs of other infrastructure projects.

• A Local Levy contribution will be sought from the Wessex Regional Flood Defence Committee (WRFFC) to
support production of the first phase OBC. The Local Levy is a locally raised source of income used to support
the WRFFC, fully funded Local Levy flood risk management projects as well as acting as contributions
towards schemes under DEFRA’s partnership funding policy. The level of funding available to support
delivery of the Strategy schemes could be significant.

• Potential contributions from developers / landowners / beneficiaries recognising BCC’s significant land
ownership of the areas proposed for defence works and potential for capital receipts, particularly in the area of
Western Harbour. Contributions could take the form of developer bonds, business rates, local levy, business
rate retention.

• Costs-avoided through synergies with other emerging proposals for FCERM improvements including proposals
at Pill (Environment Agency promoted) and in the Lower Frome.

• The West of England Combined Authority (WECA); Bristol and other Councils in the west of England are
progressing a devolution deal with the Government to lever an additional £900m of investment over the next 30
years. There is potential for the Devolution funding to help deliver the flood strategy, which in turn, will assist
in the delivery of the city’s housing and economic growth strategy. Opportunities include transport and green
infrastructure.

• A Business Improvement District (BID) could provide an opportunity to secure monies from harbourside
businesses. Support is likely to be greatest for the BID to fund targeted public realm enhancements, noting
BIDs require ongoing extensive administration and renewal.

• The Coastal Communities Fund should be investigated by BCC to make a case for submitting an expression of
interest; flood defence schemes have received funding in the past.

• The Local Growth Fund via the Growth Deal could also be explored particularly if this was of a scale with
potential to dovetail into the forward programme e.g. be ready to take up any available slack arising from
slippage elsewhere.

• Central Government grant funding to support regeneration and associated enabling infrastructure.

• Growing Places Fund/Revolving Infrastructure Fund. (Bath Quays was funded using the Revolving
Infrastructure Fund from the LEP).

• National Lottery Heritage Fund.

• Sustrans – contribution to improved cycle network

• Developers absorbing delivery costs if integrated within development fabric.

An indicative illustration of potential funding contributions for the preferred strategic option for works in Phases
1&2 is provided in Table 24. Note that potential sources of funding are still under review with BCC negotiating
further with other parties.

Going forward it is recommended that liaison and dialogue with the Environment Agency’s local and national
investment and funding specialists is carried out to provide assurance on the funding baselines. Until this
discussion with LRPG is held, the amounts of GiA funding stated in this report should be considered preliminary
and in need of confirmation, in conjunction with serious investigation into the potential alternative sources of
funding needed. At OBC stage it is recommended that the partnership funding calculations are revisited.

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Potential
Contributor Notes / Assumptions
Contribution (£m)

Subject to LPRG assurance and outcome of

Partnership Funding Calculator. Focus on
Flood Defence Grant in Aid £68.5m High
better protecting existing homes and
businesses present day an in 2040

BCC borrowing to be repaid by the EDF

sourced from business rate uplift. Programme
level commitment pending LEP OBC
LEP EDF £10m Medium acceptance. Allocations of £5M in 2023 and
£5M in 2033.
Business Rates Levy? Business rates
retention?

Prudential borrowing - £9m Cumberland Road stabilisation works

>£9m Medium
committed contribution & cost avoided (2020)

Funding to support business case development.

Allocation, subject to WRFCC approval for
OBC development £500k 2021-2022 and
WRFCC Local Levy Low £156k 2022-2023.
£290k 2017-2018 and £94k 2020-2021 for
study (sunk costs)

Infrastructure levies, BTQ, Western Harbour

Developer Bonds and mechanisms to capture
Enabling Infrastructure funding High land value uplift/ business rates/ levy /
retention/new housing credits/user charges/ tax
increment financing.

Approximately £3.5m available for strategic

CIL Medium infrastructure annually, subject to ongoing CIL
commitments.

£469k 2014-2017 and £300k 2018-2020 for

BCC Reserves Low
strategy (sunk costs)

Prudential or equivalent including state

Borrowing Large
infrastructure banks

Subject to successful implementation of BID.

Support is likely to be greatest for the BID to
BID Medium fund targeted public real enhancements, noting
BIDs require ongoing extensive administration
and renewal.

Sustrans, heritage groups, biodiversity groups,

Community Groups Low
museums etc

Coastal Communities Fund Low

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Potential
Contributor Notes / Assumptions
Contribution (£m)

£900m found over 30 years. Composition of

Devolution Deal Medium programme to be confirmed and likely
oversubscribed.

Central Government grant funding to support

regeneration and associated enabling
infrastructure.
Developers absorbing delivery costs if
integrated within development fabric.
Heritage Funding – e.g. Natural Lottery
Other sources TBC
Department of Education to safeguard schools
(St Mary Redcliffe)
Active Travel Funding
Crowd funding
Additional climate emergency state grants
Table 24: Potential funding contributions. Key: Low ≤ £1m <Medium ≤ £10m < High

5.2.3 Impact on revenue and balance sheet

BCC will act as the accountable body for Strategy delivery. BCC has experience of managing capital construction
projects and will be responsible for performance and compliance to ensure the activities supported fit within the
programme objectives, are value for money and are an efficient use of public resources.

On completion of Phase 1 a series of flood risk management assets will be created. The revenue costs associated
with the maintenance required over the whole life of the Strategy have been estimated.

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Management Case

How will it be managed?

Figure 38: Overtopping at Junction Lock during March 2020 tidal surge

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6 Management Case

6.1 Introduction
The Strategy will be submitted to the Environment Agency for endorsement, following assurance by the Large
Project Review Group (LPRG).

6.2 Phase 1 management

This management case sets out the first phase of construction works planned for 2025 onwards. Phase 2 is proposed
to be constructed in 2065, and thus proposing management arrangements at this stage is not appropriate.

However, reviews of the Strategy are proposed at least every twelve years to review the latest observations and
projections of the impact of climate change on River Avon flood risk predictions. The reviews will enable BCC and
the Environment Agency to determine the timing and form of Phase 2 when the magnitude and rate of sea level and
peak river flows increase can be better determined.

6.3 Project management

6.3.1 Project structure and governance

The Strategy delivery will be managed by BCC, supported by the Environment Agency. Roles and responsibilities
are outlined below.

6.3.2 Project board

A multi-agency Project Board comprising senior management representation from BCC, the Environment Agency
and supplier(s) will provide direction and management for the Strategy’s implementation. The board will give
direction for the Strategy and be accountable for its success. The board will have sufficient authority to carry out
their responsibilities effectively. Membership from the Environment Agency and BCC includes flood risk, planning
and development, city docks, estates, harbour and regeneration. The collective responsibilities of board members
include:

• Accepting and demonstrating ownership of the Strategy.

• Working as a team to provide collective and unified direction.
• Effective delegation with appropriate project tolerances and exception management processes.
• Facilitating cross functional working ensuring that the project structure is recognised and respected by line
management.
• Supporting development and delivery of the funding strategy.
• Committing all of the resources required to successfully complete the project.
• Effective decision-making including risk, issue and change management.
• Project assurance and quality control.
• Ensuring timely and effective communication within the project and with external stakeholders.
• Ensuring the Strategy deliverables are reliable, sustainable and can be maintained effectively.

6.3.3 Steering group

Overseeing the Project Board will be a Steering Group (comprising representation from BCC and the Environment
Agency) and a Strategic Board. This governance structure will provide appropriate interface management with
parallel projects such as BTQ and Western Harbour, as shown in Figure 39.

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Figure 39: Management structure

6.3.4 Decision making

Decisions will be made through the three-tiered central governance of Project Board, Steering Group and Strategic
Board. These currently meet monthly, bi-monthly and by exception respectively.

The Steering Group is the senior decision-making forum represented by BCC’s Executive Director for Growth and
Regeneration and the Environment Agency’s Area Flood Risk Manager supported by officers. The Strategic Board
is formed by the Mayor or delegated cabinet member and the Environment Agency’s Area Director.

It is also noted that both the Environment Agency and BCC have their own decision-making pathways. These will
be followed to ensure appropriate internal officers and members are well informed of the decisions that are to be
taken at each level. BCC’s Economy of Place Director takes responsibility for managing the interfaces as Sponsor.

6.3.5 Project manager

The Board will be supported by a team led by a dedicated Project Manager who has the authority to run the projects
to deliver the Strategy on a day-to-day basis on behalf of the Project Board. The Project Manager’s primary
responsibility is to ensure that the project produces the required outcomes to the required standard of quality and
within the specified constraints of time and cost.

6.3.6 Project representative

The Environment Agency provide a Project Representative from the Wessex Area team to work with BCC on a
weekly basis to represent the interests and requirements of the Environment Agency and provide general advice for
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delivery of the Strategy. This time will not be charged directly to the Strategy. Advice from the Environment
Agency cost and carbon lead, NEAS, modelling, legal or other specific advice from will be charged to the Strategy
and funded through Local Levy.

Other statutory bodies with an interest in the Strategy (specifically Historic England, Natural England, Wessex
Water, and neighbouring risk management authorities as well as BCC and Environment Agency in their role as
regulators) support through a stakeholder working group

6.3.7 Project roles and responsibilities

Specific roles for the Strategy are subject to change but listed below:

• Project Sponsor - Nuala Gallagher

• Senior Responsible Officer - Adam Crowther
• Project Executive – John Roy
• Project Manager - Robin Campbell
• EA Project Representative - Deborah Steadman

6.3.8 Project plan

The following milestones have been agreed at a high level for the SOC and OBC stages of the Strategy. Further
detail of the programme will be supplied at OBC.

• Consultation: Early Autumn 2020

• EA assurance (LPRG) Autumn 2020
• Executive Director Meeting: November 2020
• Corporate Leadership Board: November 2020
• Strategic key decision: February 2021
• Phase 1 Build 1 OBC development: 2021-22
• Phase 1 Build 1 design and consenting: 2023-24
• Phase 1 Build 1 construction: 2024 onwards
• Phase 1 Build 2 OBC development: 2022-24 (incorporating engagement and masterplanning for areas
of growth and regeneration)
• Phase 1 Build 2 design and consenting: 2025-26
• Phase 1 Build 2 construction: 2027 onwards
• Supportive planning instruments: 2021 onwards, subject to Local Plan

The Strategy interfaces with many projects and programmes. Phasing of the proposed construction works is
discussed in 4.4.

6.3.9 Communications and stakeholder engagement

Statutory stakeholder engagement
Stakeholder engagement with statutory bodies has helped shape early technical stages of Strategy development.
These include BCC, Environment Agency, Natural England, Historic England, North Somerset, South
Gloucestershire, Bath & North East Somerset and Wessex Water.

The organisations have formed the stakeholder working group who meet regularly to provide assurance and support
to the project team. Emerging work is shared for observation and information.

Public engagement and consultation

In Autumn 2020, public consultation is planned to inform BCC’s decision-making to adopt the Strategy,
specifically Cabinet approval, and subsequent stages. The consultation will raise awareness on the need for the
Strategy and seek views on the leading strategic approach. BCC will work with neighbouring authorities to ensure
that the communities affected by the proposals outside of Bristol are also appropriately consulted. Views on
alternative strategic approaches that are not proposed will also be invited. BCC Cabinet will be asked to take a
decision on the Strategy once consultation has been analysed and incorporated into the Strategy.
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Specific objectives of the consultation are:

• To create understanding of the need for the Strategy and the benefits it will bring to the city.
• To seek the views of local people, businesses, stakeholders and developers about the preferred strategic
approach outlined in the strategy, placemaking opportunities and to ensure that they have the opportunity to
comment on the approaches that the council is proposing not to take forward.
• To ensure that those outside of Bristol who may be affected by flood measures in their areas are adequately
consulted.
• To ensure citizens and stakeholders have the opportunity to comment on other options that the council is not
proposing to take forward.
• To ensure that consultees understand how flood measures can be successfully designed into developments and
create opportunities for placemaking.
• To consult on the Strategic Environmental Assessment.

Consultation plans have been constrained due to the ongoing pandemic and are limited to online material and
events, complemented by direct mailings to harder to reach communities. To complement the formal consultation,
events will be held with interested groups to understand the issues and opportunities in more detail including:

• Interested communities / individuals

• Developers and businesses
• Advisory groups
• Interested groups such as civic, architects, engineers and others

Further rounds of engagement and consultation are planned as the first phase of the Strategy progresses to design,
consenting and construction. For example, when initial designs are drawn up to help develop the proposals at a
local level. Feedback will inform the case and then design of the first phase of measures.

6.3.10 Change management

Robust change management control procedures will be used for the OBCs and detailed design and construction
phases of the schemes, managed by exception.

Project changes will be agreed with the Project Board to ensure consistency in reviewing all project changes and
also whether there is a need to implement the change.

6.3.11 Benefits realisation

The realisation of benefits will be managed by BCC in their capacity as the lead organisation for delivering the
Strategy. All benefits will be realised when construction works have been completed. The location of the
households moving to lower flood categories (in relation to OM2) is shown in Figure 40. The number of properties
are:

• Households moved out of any flood probability category to a lower category: 581
• The number of households for which the probability of flooding is reduced from the very significant
or significant category to the moderate or low category: 375
• The number of households in the 20% most deprived areas moved from the very significant or
significant flood probability category to the moderate or low category: 219

The first phase works are currently expected to be completed between 2025-27 (as per Figure 6) and therefore BCC
will report the realisation of benefits at that time.

Ongoing realisation of benefits will be achieved through a co-ordinated response to ensure flood gates and lock
gates are closed prior to future flood events. This will be achieved by continuing forecasting of flood events and
asset operations.

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Figure 40: Shows the change in flood probability for households in the present day (above) and at the end of the appraisal period (below)

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6.3.12 Risk management

The key delivery risks for the Strategy are summarised in section 2.10. Refer to the risk register included in
Appendix G for more information.

6.3.13 Safety plan

Public health and safety elements will form a key consideration in scheme development, will be considered
throughout further design stages and will form part of the designer’s risk assessment. This will be continued
through detailed design with any residual risks included in the Health and Safety file.

Consideration will be given to the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations (CDM) and key health and
safety issues as the preferred strategy is advanced through the development of OBCs and detailed design stages.
Designer risk assessments will be written, and appropriate records will be kept throughout future stages of the
schemes. Where risks are identified that cannot be resolved entirely then appropriate mitigation measures will be
developed wherever possible to reduce the probability of the risk occurrence.

Public Safety Risk Assessments (PSRAs) will be carried out prior to any work starting on site to ensure the safety
of the public during and after construction.

A health and safety file will be produced for all stages of a scheme to ensure that the operation and maintenance of
any built asset can be carried out safely.

6.3.14 Safety of harbour management

An essential component of the strategy is the installation of new flood gates at the upstream and downstream ends
of the Floating Harbour. The gates will require routine operation and with this brings operational safety risks. BCC
Harbour Authority will operate these gates, in the same way as they operate the existing harbour gates by
agreement with the Environment Agency by way of a memorandum of understanding.

This sets out the funding provisions by the Environment Agency, and also sets out the expectations of both parties
associated with operation, including the requirement to use every endeavour to perform the works with due skill,
care and diligence, and to the highest appropriate accepted standards of public sector accountability. Appropriately
trained personnel are to be made available by the Authority to carry out the works. By continuing with these
approach, adequate safety protocols will be ensured for the operation of the new gates.

6.3.15 Contract management

Contract management for the OBCs and detailed design / construction will be delivered in accordance with the
BCC procedures ensuring compliance with all relevant legislation.

6.3.16 Assurance
The Strategy’s Integrated Assurance and Approvals Plan (IAAP) is included in Appendix J, which has been
developed in line with the Environment Agency’s Integrated Assurance and Approval Strategy (IAAS) and
following the model structure presented by the Infrastructure and Projects Authority.

The governance structure laid out in Section 6.3.1 will be responsible for project assurance for the OBCs and
following stages of work. Due to the scale of work required over the lifetime of this strategy, the Strategy will be
subject to assurance from the Environment Agency’s Large Project Review Group for this strategic outline case,
the outline business case(s) and the full business case(s). This will complement the BCC scrutiny process including
the Growth and Regeneration Scrutiny Commission and the current inquiry into climate adaption.

Given the scale and nature of the Strategy, three possible consenting options under the following Acts have been
identified and are being explored for the proposed development:
1. Application for planning permission under the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 and application for
Listed Building Consent under the Planning (Listed Building and Conservation Areas) Act;
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2. An Order made under the Transport and Works Act 1992; and
3. An application for Development Consent under the Planning Act 2008.

Engagement with the relevant planning authorities and legal opinion is being sought. The phased delivery
programme offers the potential for a combination of consenting routes to deliver the strategy, as long as adequate
assessment is undertaken in accordance with The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment)
Regulations 2017. The level of detail assessed through the relevant consenting route will be balanced against the
potential need for flexibility to meet the particular circumstances of the build stage, whilst ensuring that the
interests of stakeholders and local communities are protected.

6.3.17 Post project evaluation

Upon closedown of the OBCs and detailed design / construction projects a post project evaluation will be
completed. This will be to verify that all objectives are met, the intended benefits realised, and lessons learnt are
captured and shared with the Project Board.

Reviews will be carried out periodically during the development stages.

6.3.18 Contingency plans

BCC Civil Protection Unit are in the process of reviewing their city centre emergency plans for flooding from the
River Avon. The BCC Harbour Operational Protocol is well-established and constantly reviewed for
improvements, such as the recent communications protocol for Netham lock gates / dam sluices to complement
those on the Eastville sluices. Contingency plans will be established during the OBC stage of the scheme delivery.

6.4 Alternative delivery approaches

Although the early build out of the flood defences can easily be addressed through the above management
approach, which is summarised in Figure 41, the later build out elements (build 2) may need different mechanisms
to both fund and deliver.

Figure 41 Existing business model for flood risk management 38 ©

38
Walsh et al. (2016), Alternative business models for flood risk management infrastructure [online] accessed at:
https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2016/02/e3sconf_flood2016_20015/e3sconf_flood2016_20015.html
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The flood defence adjacent to St Philip’s Marsh is complex with multiple landowners who have a significant drive
to see the defences installed as it will benefit land value and unlock development, whilst Western Harbour is
wholly owned by BCC but is more sensitive from a heritage, operation and consenting point of view. As plans
develop for the more complicated areas such as Western Harbour and St Philip’s Marsh, alternative funding and
delivery approaches can be considered. An example of alternative business models is set out below (Figure 42) and
summarised in Table 25: Business Model Options

Business Model Description Advantages

Stakeholder delivery A local enterprise partnership is formed and • Reduced taxes

comprises local businesses, property owners,
insurance companies, developers, sewage • Meaningful stakeholder input
undertakers, other catchment users and local • Local pooled resources avoids
authorities including BCC as the lead. This failure
organisation would have the ability to enter into
relationships to enable the financing of the flood
risk management project.

Financing through full Private sector recovers cost of providing • In longer term reduced
cost recover financed flood risk management requirement for insurances
/compensation pay out
• Can adapt indirect user
charges to suit phased
approach

Financing by Initial outlay paid by various landowners • Simple

developers/landowners through savings, loans or subsidiaries. As
compensation they receive a reduction in bills, • Helps unlock funding
home insurance premiums and an increase in • Easy to control
property prices
Table 25: Business Model Options

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Figure 42 Stakeholder Delivery Business Model (top); cost recovery business mechanism (middle); Development/property owner investment (bottom)39

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Walsh et al. (2016), Alternative business models for flood risk management infrastructure [online] accessed at:
https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2016/02/e3sconf_flood2016_20015/e3sconf_flood2016_20015.html

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6.5 Next steps

• Work with funding specialists to develop a detailed funding strategy including identification of funding
mechanisms and approach to resolving any shortfall.
• Development of suitable planning instrument(s) supporting the implementation of the Strategy.
• Numerical modelling recommendations including;
• Update of climate change allowances to reflect changes in guidance.
• Modelling updates including ground level LiDAR data, representation of flow pathways between flood
sub-cells during high magnitude flood events40.
• Improvements to the representation of Pill, Shirehampton and Sea Mills either through refining the Strategy
model in these areas and/or drawing on the nearby Avonmouth Severnside scheme estuary model.
• Improvements to modelling to finalise works to ensure no adverse impact upstream of the A4174 (either
through refining the Strategy model in these areas and/or drawing on the Bath to Bristol model), works
adjacent to the Malago (incorporating the recent housing estate ground levels into the model).
• Additional refinement of the defence designs and alignments will be required when developing an OBC for any
of the phases that follow on from the Strategy, including engagement and consultation, and integration of
regeneration and placemaking opportunities. This will lead to a refinement of scheme costs and benefits.
• Further consideration to maintenance aspects including assessment on a site by site basis.
• Further consideration of environmental mitigation and net gain enhancement such as landscaping, public realm
and habitat improvements.
• Environmental scoping and consenting – i.e. EIA, HRA, WFD. Additional work on defence encroachment
areas and numerical modelling to establish the impacts of the scheme on low and high tide levels within the
study area. This will be used to ascertain the scale of potential impacts to habitats and areas of loss to inform
the requirements for compensatory habitat.
• Further investigate opportunities and enhancements in relation to the Strategy with regards to heritage,
environmental and cultural outcomes, interfaces with the Harbour asset management, and areas of growth and
regeneration.

40
The sub-cells within the city centre are separate during smaller magnitude events, however, for large return period events the
cells appear to merge in various locations.
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Glossary
ABCR Average Benefit Cost Ratio - the ratio of project benefits to costs over the lifetime of the project, with
all benefits and costs discounted to the present day

AEP Annual Exceedance Probability is the probability associated with a return period, or chance of
occurrence in any given year. An event of return period 50 years has an AEP of 1 in 50 or (2%).
• High risk means that each year this area has a chance of flooding of greater than 3.3%.
• Medium risk means that each year this area has a chance of flooding of between 1% and 3.3%.
• Low risk means that each year this area has a chance of flooding of between 0.1% and 1%.
• Very low risk means that each year this area has a chance of flooding of less than 0.1%.

BCC Bristol City Council

BAFS Bristol Avon Flood Strategy completed in 2020 focusing on managing the risk of flooding from the
River Avon to Bristol and neighbouring communities.
“The Strategy”

BTQ Bristol Temple Quarter – the area around Temple Quarter and St Philip’s Marsh

CAFRA Central Area Flood Risk Assessment completed 2010 to assess flood risk in central Bristol from the
River Avon and its tributaries.

EA Environment Agency

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

FBC Full Business Case recording the procurement phase, to identify the option that offers the best public
value, records the contractual arrangements, confirms affordability and puts in place the agreed
management arrangements for the delivery, monitoring and post-evaluation of the project. Document
for submittal to Environment Agency to secure GiA funding of a scheme.

FCERM-AG Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Appraisal Guidance

Flood defence Structures built to reduce flood risk

Flood risk A combination of the chance and the impact of flooding in an area. Could be caused by high tides and
storm surges, high river levels, heavy rainfall, sewers and drainage overflowing or high groundwater.

Fluvial flood Flooding caused when excessive rainfall across the upstream catchment causes flows to exceed the
river’s capacity.

GiA Grant in Aid

HRA Habitat Regulations Assessment

IBCR Incremental Benefit Cost Ratio, the marginal benefit-cost ratio of one scheme compared to a less costly
one, used as a test of whether the additional benefits justify the additional costs.

LPRG The Environment Agency’s assurance Large Project Review Group.

NPPF National Planning Policy Framework

OBC Outline Business Case identifying the investment option which optimises Value for Money, prepare
the scheme for procurement and put in place the necessary funding and management arrangements for
the successful delivery. secure in-principle GiA

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PLP or PFR Property Level Protection or Property Flood Resilience measures applied to individual properties to
provide flood proofing

SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment

SOC Strategic Outline Case to establish the case for change and to provide a preferred way forward

SoP Standard of Protection, the return period up to which a flood defence is designed to be effective and
beyond which the flood defence will be overtopped/exceeded.

Storm surge When storms create a surge of higher water levels out at sea that can travel inland, increasing the water
level in the River Avon.

Tidal flood A flood caused by a high tide and/or a storm surge.

WFD Water Framework Directive

1 in 200 (0.5% An event that would have a 1 in 200 chance or 0.5% probability of occurring in any given year.
AEP)

2017 study Study completed in 2017 appraising options to manage the risk of tidal flooding.

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Contact
Henrietta Ridgeon
e: [email protected]
t: 01179886825

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Key supporting documents

Non-Strategy key documents
Severn Estuary Shoreline Management Plan (2010, Environment Agency)
Bristol Avon Catchment Flood Management Plan (2012, Environment Agency)
Bristol Central Area Flood Risk Assessment (CAFRA) (2010, Bristol City Council)
Strategy reporting summary

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Appendix A
Key plans

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Appendix B
Flood depth maps

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Appendix C
Proposed defences

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Appendix D
Placemaking opportunities report

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Appendix E
Shortlist appraisal table

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Appendix F
Priority assessment Phase 1 build out

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Appendix G
Defence options report

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Appendix H
Economic assessment report

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Appendix I
Flood modelling overview report

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Appendix J
Integrated Assurance and Approvals Plan

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Appendix K
Risk Potential Assessment

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Appendix L
Initial Carbon Assessment

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