julio brito

10b
The Renaissance and Reformation

● The Renaissance

Define:
1. Humanism: the system of education and mode of inquiry that originated in
northern Italy during the 13th and 14th centuries and later spread through
continental Europe and England. In short, humanism called for the
comprehensive reform of culture, the transfiguration of what humanists
termed the passive and ignorant society of the “dark” ages into a new order
that would reflect and encourage the grandest human potentialities.
Humanitas meant the development of human virtue, in all its forms, to its
fullest extent.

2. Perspective: Perspective allowed art to have depth and appear to be in 3D,

allowing portraits and paintings to seem more realistic, a key factor that
defined the Renaissance Era.

3. Vernacular: a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a

literary, cultured, or foreign language. With the rise of the vernacular languages
during the Renaissance, translating to and from Latin had great importance. Even
the most exotic and remote languages have been tackled, often by religious
missionaries with the motive of translating the Bible.

4. Describe the characteristics of the Renaissance.

● In literature, great Italian poets such as Petrarch began to explore

human emotion. By the early 1500s three painters of genius –
Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael – were at the height of
their powers, bringing new energy and realism to the art while
architects designed new and elegant buildings that echoed the
 classical styles of ancient Greece and Rome.
● Humanism promoted the idea that man was the center of his own universe
and that advancements in education, classical arts, and science should be
accepted for the betterment of humankind. The easy availability of books
made education cheap and widespread. Now more people could learn to
read and write and interpret ideas and even closely examine religion as they
know it. The most significant aspect of
the printing press was the fact that the Bible could now be
mass-produced and easily accessible by the people themselves for the first
time.

● By the early 1400s and the late 1500s, Europeans set out to explore the
oceans with stronger and sturdier ships made for long voyages into the sea.
The most famous of these voyages resulted in the discovery of the North
American continent.

● Common values of this era were humanism, individualism, skepticism,

well-roundedness, secularism, and classicism.

5. Why was Italy a favorable setting for the Renaissance? The Fourth Crusade of the
13th century had weakened the Byzantine Empire substantially, and in 1453
Constantinople, at last, fell to the Ottomans. Over this turbulent period, a huge
community of Byzantine scholars were forced to flee into the north of Italy, bringing
with them a host of classical texts preserved in their libraries.

6. How did the city-state structure encourage the Renaissance? The wealth of the
Italian city-state played an important role in the Renaissance. This wealth
allowed prominent families to support artists, scientists, and philosophers
spurring new ideas and artistic movements.
7. How were Renaissance ideals reflected in the Arts?
Artists emphasized classical subjects and the human form, and they employed new
techniques for showing subjects more realistically.
8. Describe the work of Renaissance artists (Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo
Raphael, and Donatello)
● Donatello: was the most important sculptor and architect of 15th-century
Italy having transformed art from the typical Gothic period’s flat
iconography by introducing lifelike and humanist features into
sculptures.
● Leonardo: The style in which the painting (Mons Lisa) is made is called
Sfumato, the technique of allowing tones and colors to blend gradually
into one another(which Leonardo himself invented)and gives the painting
a soft calmness. Mona Lisa is also the first painting to feature aerial
perspective and never has a smile been spoken about more than hers.
● Michelangelo: His sculptures were extremely detailed with the musculature
of the figure and their smoothness. His statues seemed so life-like that he
was said to be the one who could conjure real life from stone.

9. How did Renaissance artists differ from medieval artists' treatment of religious
themes?
Renaissance artists did not have to create art based on religious themes with
humanism and medieval artists did not have humanism so all of the art was based
on religious themes.

10.How did Renaissance writings express realism?

Writers focused on human experience in the world around them.

11. How the printing revolution shaped European society? quickened the spread of
knowledge, discoveries, and literacy in Renaissance Europe. The printing
revolution also contributed mightily to the Protestant Reformation that split
apart the Catholic Church.
12.Describe the themes that northern European artists, humanists, and writers
explored. Northern European humanist scholars stressed education and classical
learning. They emphasized religious themes. They believed that the revival of
ancient learning should be used to bring about religious and moral reform.

13.What was the impact of the printing press? Printing made it possible to put
information on paper quickly and cheaply, leading to an explosion in the
distribution of books, pamphlets, pictures, and newspapers. It also enabled the
creation of new forms of written communication. Printing accelerated the
spread of knowledge and the dissemination of ideas.

14.Why was the Christian Bible the first book Gutenberg printed?
he raves that the Bibles are “exceedingly clean and correct in their script, and without
error, such as Your Excellency could read effortlessly without glasses.”

15.What themes did Northern Renaissance artists explore?

Realism in the human form and in daily life, religious upheaval, and classical themes.
16.How did the printing press encourage the spread of ideas? It made it possible to
produce books cheaper so that more people could afford them. This made reading
more common and also spread new information.

17.Why did humanists like Erasmus call for translating the Bible into the
vernacular?
He believed that people should have access to religious and classical learning.

● The Protestant Reformation

Define:
1. Indulgences: a distinctive feature of the penitential system of both the Western
medieval and the Roman Catholic Church that granted full or partial remission
of the punishment of sin.
2. Diet: Diet of Worms would make Luther officially an outlaw within the Holy
Roman Empire. Many of the princes would oppose this measure and Luther
would have to avoid Holy Roman Emperor Charles V for the rest of his life
after Worms.
3. Predestination: predestination, in Christianity, is the doctrine that God has
eternally chosen those whom he intends to save.
4. Anabaptist: a member of a fringe, or radical, movement of the Protestant
Reformation and spiritual ancestor of modern Baptists, Mennonites, and
Quakers. The movement’s most distinctive tenet was adult baptism. In its first
generation, converts submitted to a second baptism, which was a crime
punishable by death under the legal codes of the time.
5. Ghetto: formerly a street, or quarter, of a city set apart as a legally enforced
residence area for Jews.
6. What factors set the stage for the Protestant Reformation? Money-generating
practices in the Roman Catholic Church, such as the sale of indulgences. Demands
for reform by Martin Luther, John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other scholars in
Europe. The invention of the mechanized printing press,
allowed religious ideas and Bible translations to circulate widely. 7. What was
Martin Luther’s role in shaping the Protestant Reformation? sparked a revolt in
1517, arguing that indulgences held no place in the Bible and that Christians could
only be saved by faith. He rejected the authority of Rome and soon his 95 theses
started debate across Europe.
8. How did Luther’s teachings affect people and society in Northern Europe? Luther's
teachings lead to the establishment of a new church and sparked a period of social
upheaval and violence as people fought over religious beliefs.
9. Explain the teachings and impact of John Calvin. He stressed the doctrine of
predestination, and his interpretations of Christian teachings, known as
Calvinism, are characteristic of Reformed churches.
10.Describe the new ideas the Protestant sects embraced. That infants shouldn't be
baptized because they don't have a grasp on the belief on God, tolerant of other
religions, separation of churches should stay out of government
11. Why was the Church of England established? The catholic church doesn't permit
 divorce and King Henry VIII wanted to anole his marriage, but the Pope wouldn't
let him, so he just wanted a different wife, so he just started a new church

12.What actions did Queen Elizabeth take to turn England toward Protestantism?
Queen Elizabeth I restored England to Protestantism. She did this by overturning
the Supremacy Acts that Henry VIII had created. This Act made Elizabeth the
Supreme Governor of the Church of England and ensured that the Roman
Catholic Church had no say over the workings and beliefs of the Church of
England.
13.What was the outcome of the Catholic Reformation? the determination of the
border between Catholic and Protestant Europe that would remain in place well
into the 19th century.
14.Explain why Jews and other groups faced persecution during the
Reformation.
This first public declaration of a Christian church against the persecution of the
Jews, and the first manifestation of disapproval of the regime, was largely
circulated in the Southern zone; and greatly influenced the behavior of the
Protestants.