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Union of Bulgarian Mathematicians Sava Grozdev Emil Kolev

BULGARIAN MATHEMATICAL COMPETITIONS 2000

So a, 2000

Winter Mathematical Competition Russe, 4-6 February 2000

where n is an integer. a) Factorize the expression 3n 4n + n + 2: b) Find all n; for which the inequality holds true for any positive number x: Solution: a) 3n 4n + n + 2 = (n + 1) (2 3n): b) Since 0:x < 0 is not true for any x it follows that n 6= 1: If n > 1 then the inequality is equivalent to (n 1)x < (n+1)(2 3n): If n = 1 then 0:x < 2 which is not true for any x: Let n 6= 1: 1)(2 If n 1 > 0; then (n + n 1 3n) < 0 and the inequality is not true for any positive x: If n 1 < 0; then the inequality becomes 1)(2 x > (n + n 1 3n) and n = 0 is the only solution. If n < 1 then (n + 1)(2 3n) > 0 and there exists x > 0; which is not a solution. n 1 Therefore the inequality has no solution when n < 1:
3 2 3 2 2

Problem 8.1 Given the inequality (n 1)x < 3n 4n + n + 2;

2 3 2

Problem 8.2 In an isosceles 4ABC (AC = BC ) the points A ; B

1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1

and C are midpoints of BC; AC and AB respectively. Points A and B are symmetric points of A and B with respect to AB: Let M be the intersecting point of CA and A C ; and let N be the intersecting point of CB and B C : The intersecting point of AN and BM is denoted by P: Prove that AP = BP:
2

CC A A is a parallelogram. Thus, A M = C M: But A B C B is also a parallelogram and therefore the intersecting point of BM and AC is B : Hence P lies on the median BB : Analogously P lies on the median AA : In the isosceles 4ABC the medians AA and BB are of the same length. Therefore AP = 2 AA = 2 BB = BP: 3 3 Problem 8.3 Find all pairs of prime numbers p and q; such that p + 3pq + q is: a) a perfect square; b) a power of 5. Solution: a) Let p + 3pq + q = r ; where p and q are prime numbers. If p 6= 3; q 6= 3; then p + 3pq + q 2(mod 3) and r 2(mod 3); a contradiction. Without loss of generality p = 3 and we get that q + 9q + 9 = r and 4q + 36q + 36 = (2r) : Therefore (2q 2r +9)(2q +2r +9) = 45: We may assume that r > 0 and so 2q +2r +9 = 15 or 2q +2r +9 = 45: In the rst case q + r = 3; which is impossible and in the second case solving the system q+r = 18 2q 2r + 9 = 1;
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Solution: Since CC k A A and CC = A A ; we have that

1 1 2 1 1 2

we nd q = 7: Because of the symmetry the only solutions are p = 3; q = 7 and p = 7; q = 3: b) Let p + 3pq + q = 5n ; where n is a natural number. Since p 2; q 2; we have p + 3pq + q 20 and so n 2: It follows now that 25=(p + 3pq + q ) and 5=(p + 3pq + q ) = (p q) + 5pq: Thus, 5=(p q) and 25=(p q) : Therefore 25=5pq; showing that p = 5 or q = 5: But if p = 5 then q = 5 (and vice versa). We obtain p + 3pq + q = 125 = 5 : The only solution of the problem is p = q = 5:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

a parameter. a) Solve the equation. b) If a is the square of a prime number prove that the equation has a solution which is a compose integer. Solution: After squaring and simple calculations we obtain (26a 1)x = (26a 1)(26a + 1): 1 1 a) If a = 26 then every x 6= 2 is a solution. If a 6= 26 then the only solution is x = 26a + 1: b) Let a = p where p is a prime number. If p = 3 then x = 235 is not a prime. If p 6= 3 then p = 3k 1 and x = 26(3k 1) + 1 = 3A + 27; which is divisible by 3:
2 2

Problem 9a.1 Given the equation jx 1 2j = jx 152aj ; where a is

diameter BD: Let M be the symmetric point of A with respect to BD and let N be the intersecting point of the straight lines AM and BD: The line passing through N; which is parallel to AC; intersects CD and BC in P and Q respectively. Prove that the points P; C; Q and M are vertices of a rectangle. Solution: It follows from the condition of the problem that _ lies M on the circumcircle of ABCD: Since < MAC =< MBC = MC and ) ) < MNQ =< MAC i.e. < MNQ =< MBC , we get that the points ) ) ) ) M; N; B and Q lie on a circle. Since < MNB = 90 we conclude that ) < BQM = 90 : Also, since 4BDC is a right angle triangle we have ) _ that MQ k PC: From the other hand < MDC =< MAC = MC ; and ) ) therefore < MDC =< MNQ; so the points N; P; M and D lie on a ) ) circle. Thus, < MPD =< MND = 90 and MP k CQ: Therefore ) ) P; C; Q and M are vertices of a rectangle.
2 2

Problem 9a.2 The quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a circle with

Problem 9a.3 See Problem 8.3.

1 +x = a 1 x+y x x + y = a 2; where a is a real parameter. a) Solve the system if a = 0: b) Find all values of a; such that the system has an unique solution. c) If a 2 (2; 3) and (x; y) is a solution of the system nd all values y of a such that the expression x + x takes its minimal value. y 1 Solution: It follows easily that x and x + y are roots of the equation t (a 1)t + a 2 = 0: There are two cases to be considered: x = 1 x = 1 (1) 1 = a 2 () 3 a ; when a 6= 2 y = a 2 x+y and x = a 2 x = a 2 (2) 1 = 1 () y = 3 a: x+y 3 a) When a = 0 we have (x; y) = (1; 2 ) or (x; y) = ( 2; 3): 5
2

Problem 9b.1 Given the system:

b) The sytem has an unique solution (0; 1) when a = 2 and (1; 0) when a = 3: y c) If (x; y) is a solution and a 2 (2; 3) then x and x are positive. y x + y 2; and equality occures when x = y : It follows Further y x y x x = a 2 : Using the equality a 2 = 3 a from (1) and (2) that y 3 a 3 a a 2 5: we nd the only value of a = 2

Problem 9b.2 Given an acute 4ABC: The bisector of < ACB )

AM = BN AD BD Further if CH ? AB (H 2 AB ) then 4ALM 4AHC and so AL = AM : In the same manner BL = BN : But CL is a bisecAC AH BC BH AL = BL ; so AM = BN : The last equation tor and therefore AC BC AH BH combined with (1) gives D H which implies CP ? AB: Problem 9b.3 Prove that the digit of the hundreds of 2 +2 +
(1)
1999 2000

intersects AB at point L: The feet of the perpendiculars from L to AC and BC are denoted by M and N respectively. Let P be the intersecting point of AN and BM: Prove that CP ? AB: Solution: Let l be the line through C which is parallel to AB: Let F and E be respectively the intersecting points of AN and BM with l: The intersecting point of CP and AB is denoted by D: We obtain AD = PD = BD ; so AD = CF : From the other hand AM = CF PC CE BD CE CM AB and BN = AB : But CM = CN and we get AM = CF : CE CN CF BN CE AD = AM ; which implies Therefore BD BN

is even. Solution: Write the number 2 +2 +2 in the form 2 (1+ 2 + 4) = 7:2 :2 = 7:2 :2 :2 = 7:2 :2 :(2 ) : Since 2 = 512; 2 = 1024 and 2 = (2 ) we have that the last two digits of 2 coincide with the last two digits of 24 ; so the last two digits of 2 are 76: Moreover the last two digits of 76:76 are also 76: Therefore the last two digits of the given number are the last two digits of the product [Link]; which are 1 and 6: Since 2 + 2 + 2 is divisible by 8 and it ends by 16; the digit of the hundreds is even.
2001 1999 2000 2001 1999 9 1990 9 10 1980 9 10 20 99 9 10 20 10 2 20 2 20 1999 2000 2001

nonnegative solutions of the equation (2a 1) sin x +(2 a) sin 2x = sin 3x form an in nite arithmetic progression. Solution: Since sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x and sin 3x = sin x(4 cos x 1); we may write the equation in the form sin x (2 cos x (2 a) cos x a) = 0: Thus sin x = 0; cos x = 1 or cos x = a : The nonnegative solutions of the equations sin x = 0 2 and cos x = 1 are x = k and x = 2k ; k = 0; 1; 2; : : : respectively. Let jaj > 2: In this case the equation cos x = a has no solution 2 and therefore the nonnegative solutions of the initial equation are 0; ; 2 ; : : :; which form an arithmetic progression. Let now jaj 2 and let x be the only solution of the equation cos x = a in 2 the interval 0; ]: In this case the nonnegative solutions of the last equation are x = x + 2k and x = 2 x + 2k : It is clear now that the nonnegative solutions form an arithmetic progression only when x = 0; x = 2 and x = ; so giving a = 2; a = 0 and a = 2: The values of a are a = 0 and jaj > 2:
2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Problem 10.1 Find all values of the real parameter a such that the

Problem 10.2 Let O; I and H be respectively the circumcenter, incenter and orthocenter for an acute nonequilateral 4ABC: Prove
7

that if the circumcircle of 4OIH passes through one of the vertices of 4ABC then it passes through another vertex of 4ABC: Solution: Assume that O; I; H and C lie on a circle. It is well known that CI is the bisector of < HCO: Thus < IHO =< ICO =< ICH ) ) ) ) =< HOI and it follows from 4IHO that IH = IO = t: ) We shall prove that if < BAC 6= 60 then O; I; H and A lie on ) a circle. Denote by M and N the projection points of I respectively on AO and AH: Let O and O be such that IO = IO = t and O lies between A and M; and M lies between O and O : Analogously let H and H be such that IH = IH = t and H lies between A and N; and N lies between H and H : If O O ; H H or O O ; H H ; then 4AIO 4AIH and therefore AO = AH: But AH = 2AO cos < BAC and so < BAC = 60 : ) ) If O O ; H H or O O ; H H ; then it follows from < IO O =< IO O =< IH H =< IH H that AOIH is inscribed. ) ) ) ) Suppose now that A and B do not lie on the circumcircle of 4OIH: In this case < BAC =< ABC = 60 and therefore 4ABC ) ) is equilateral which is a contradiction.
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

Problem 10.3 In each of the cells of a 3 3 table is written a real number. The element in the i th row and j th column equals to the modulus of the di erence of the sum of the elements from the i th row and the sum of the elements from the j th column. Prove that every element of the table equals either to the sum or to the di erence of two other elements of the table. Solution: Let p ; p ; p and q ; q ; q be the sum of the elements in the rst, second and third row and in the rst, second and third column respectively. It is clear that p + p + p = q + q + q : Therefore the element in the rst row and the rst column equals to jp q j: From the other hand jp q j = jp + p q q j which implies jp q j = jp q j + jp q j where ; 2 +1; 1: Since
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 2

By analogy every element of the table is the sum or the di erence of two other elements. Problem 11.1. Prove that for every positive number a the sequence fxng1 ; such that x = 1; x = a; xn = 3 xn xn; n 1; n is convergent and nd its limit. Solution: It follows by induction that the terms of the sequence fxng1 can be expressed as xn = a n ; where f n g1 ; is a siquence n n 2 n + n ; n 1: Thus, de ned by = 0; = 1; n = n 3 n 1( 1 ( n = n n ) and therefore n n = 3 3 1 k for k = 1 n : Adding the equalities )= 3 k k = 3 1 0; 1; : : : ; n after simple calculations we obtain n = 3 + n 1 + ::: + 1 n = 1 1 n ): Since = 3 (1 3 3 4 3 1+ 1 n 3 = 0 and nlim 3 = 0 it follows that nlim n = 4 : This shows !1 !1 3 that the sequence fxng1 is convergent and nlim xn = a 4 : n !1
q =1 1 2 +2 2 +1 =1 =1 1 2 +2 +1 +2 +1 +1 +2 +1 2 1 +2 +1 0 +2 0 1 1 3 +1 +1 1 3 0 =1

jp q j 0 it is clear that = = 1 is impossible. Therefore jp q j is either the sum or the di erence of jp q j and jp q j:
1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 3

the intersecting point of its diagonals. It is known that DB = 3DM; AM = MC: a) Express BC and CD by the sides of 4ABD: b) Prove that if 2 < ADB < ABD = 180 ; then < DBC = ) ) ) 2 < BDC: ) Solution: a) Denote AB = c; BC = p; CD = q; DA = b and 9

Problem 11.2 Given a convex quadrilateral ABCD where M is

DB = a: It follows from the condition of the problem that DM = 1 a; MB = 2 a: The formula for the median in a triangle applied for 3 4ABC and34ACD gives 16 a = 2p + 2c 4AM 4 a = 2q + 2b 4AM (1) 9 9 Let < AMB = : From the Law of Cosines for 4AMB and 4AMD ) we obtain a 2 c = AM + 49 4 AM:a cos b = AM + a + 3 AM:a cos 3 9 2 Thus 2b + c = 3AM + 3 a and a substitution in (1) gives c (2) p = 4a + 12b 3c q = 3b + 69 2a 9
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

b) It follows from the condition of the problem that < ADB > ) 90 and so c > a: Let D be a point on AB; such that D B = DB: < < Further < AD B =< ABD + 180 2) ABD = 180 + 2) ABD = ) ) < ADB: Therefore 4AD D 4ADB and thus b = c(c a): A ) substitution in (2) implies p = 3c 3 2a and q = 9c 3ac 2a : 9 Hence q = p(p a): Let B be a point on BC (B lies between C q and B ), such that BB = BD = a: Since p = p + a it follows that q 4DBC 4B DC: Therefore < DBC =< BB D+ < BDB = ) ) ) 2 < BB D = 2 < BDC: ) )
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Problem 11.3 See problem 10.3.

10

Spring Mathematical Tournament Jambol, 24-26 March 2000

and f (f (0)) = 15: Find all values of m; for which the set of the solutions of the inequality f (x):f (m x) > 0 is an interval of length 2: Solution: Let f (x) = ax + b: It follows from f (0) = 5 that b = 5; and from f (f (0)) = 15 that a = 2: Therefore the function is f (x) = 2x 5: Consider the inequality (2x 5)(2(m x) 5) > 0 () (2x 5)(2m 5 2x) > 0: The solution of the last inequality is an 5 interval with end points 5 and 2m2 5 : Therefore 2 2m2 5 = 2; 2 so j5 mj = 2: Finally, we obtain that m = 3 and m = 7: Problem 8.2 Given an isosceles right angle triangle ABC with < ACB = 90 : Point P lies on BC; M is the midpoint of AB and ) let L and N be points from the segment AP such that CN ? AP and AL = CN: a) Find < LMN ; ) b) If the area of 4ABC is 4 times greater than the area of 4LMN nd < CAP: ) Solution: a) Let < CAP = : We nd < ACN = 90 ) ) and < MCN =< ACN 45 = 45 ) ) =< LAM: Since AM = CM and ) ) AL = CN it follows that 4AML = 4CMN: Therefore < AML = < CMN and so < LMN = 90 < AML+ < CMN = 90 : ) ) ) ) b) It follows from 4AML = 4CMN that LM = MN and since 11

Problem 8.1. Let f (x) be a linear function such that f (0) = 5

< LMN = 90 we get SLMN = MN : Also SABC = AC : Now ) 2 2 4MN = AC applies that MN = AC : Denote by Q the midpoint 2 2 2 AC = MN: Therefore 4QMN is of AC: Thus QM = QN = 2 equilateral and < QNM = 60 ; which implies < QNA = 60 45 = ) ) 15 : But AQ = QN and so < CAP =< QNA = 15 : ) ) Problem 8.3 There are 2000 white balls in a box. There are also su ciently many white, green and red balls. The following operations are allowed: 1) Replacement of two white balls with a green ball; 2) Replacement of two red balls with a green ball; 3) Replacement of two green balls with a white bal and a red ball; 4) Replacement of a white ball and a green ball with a red ball; 5) Replacement of a green ball and a red ball with a white ball; a) After nitely many of the above opperations there are three balls left in the box. Prove that at least one of them is a green ball. b) Is it possible after nitely many opperations to have only one ball left in the box? Solution: Consider a box with x white, y green and z red balls. Direct veri cation shows that after applying any of the allowed operations the sum x + 2y + 3z does not change modulo 4. Since the initial values are x = 2000; y = z = 0; we obtain that this sum is congruent to 0 modulo 4. a) There are 3 balls in the box and therefore x + y + z = 3: Moreover x +2y +3z 0(mod4): If a green ball is not in the box then y = 0 and so x + z = 3 and x +3z x +3(3 x) 1 2x 0(mod4);
2 2 2 2

12

which is impossible. b) Suppose that there is only one ball left in the box. Therefore x + y + z = 1 and x + 2y + 3z 0(mod4); which is impossible. Problem 9a.1 Find all values of m such that the equation 1 + m 2m (jx mj m) = 0 x+m x m m x has exactly one nonnegative root. 1 Solution: The equation x + m + x mm m 2m x = 0 is equivalent to (when x 6= m) to (m + 1)x = m(m + 1): When m = 1 it has in nitely many roots { all numbers x 6= 1: If m 6= 1 we obtain x = m: The equation jx mj m = 0 has two roots: x = 0 and x = 2m when m > 0; an unique root: x = 0 when m = 0 and has no roots when m < 0: Let m < 0 and m 6= 1: In this case the equation has an unique root x = m and it is nonnegative. Let m = 0: Then the equation 1 becomes x jxj = 0; which obviously has no roots. Let m > 0: The equation has three roots x = m; x = 0; x = 2m and two of them are nonnegative. Thus, the desired values of m are m < 0 and m 6= 1: Problem 9a.2 Given an acute-angled triangle ABC and let ; and be its angles respectively to A; B and C: For an arbitrary interior point M denote by A ; B and C respectively the feet of the perpendiculars from M to BC; CA and AB: Find the locus of M for which the triangle A B C is a right angle triangle. Solution: Let M be a point such that < A C B = 90 : Since the ) quadrilateral AC MB is inscribed we have < B C M =< B AM = ) ) x: Analogously < A C M =< A BM = y: Denote z =< AMB: It ) ) ) follows now from the quadrilateral AMBC that x + + y + (360
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

13

z) = 360 : Since x + y =< A C B = 90 we get z = 90 + : ) Therefore < AMB = 90 + : Thus, the locus of M such that ) < A C B = 90 is an arc G in the interior of 4ABC for which ) the segment AB is seen under angle 90 + : Analogously one can prove that the locus of M such that < C B A = 90 is an arc G ) in the interior of 4ABC; for which AC is seen under angle 90 + : Further, the locus of M such that < B A C = 90 is an arc G in ) the interior of 4ABC for which BC is seen under angle 90 + : The desired locus is the union of the three arcs G G G : Problem 9a.3 See Problem 8.3 Problem 9b.1 The real numbers x and y are such that x +xy +y = 1: If F = x y + xy ; a) prove that F 2; b) nd the greatest possible value of F: Solution: a) It follows from the condition of the problem that (x + y) = 1 + xy and therefore xy 1: From the other hand x + y = 1 xy: Thus, xy 1; so z = xy 2 1; 1]: Hence F = xy(x + y ) = z(1 z) and the inequality F 2 is equivalent to the inequality z z 2 0: The latter one is true for any z 2 1; 2]: b) Assume that the greatest value of F exists and denote it by A: This implies that the system xy(x + y ) = A (1) xy + (x + y ) = 1 has a solution. It is clear that t = xy and t = x + y are roots of the quadratic equation t t + A = 0: But t t = 1 (x y) + 1 (x + y) 0 and the equality is impossible since if 2 2 so then x = y = 0 which is a contradiction to x + xy + y = 1: 1 Therefore t > t and so D = 1 4A > 0; i.e. A < 4 : The system 14
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1

= (1) is equivalent to x xy y = tt ; and the last is equivalent to + (x y) = t 2t The latter system has a solution i the in(x + y ) = t + 2t : equalities t 2t 0 and t + 2t 0 hold true. It su ces to prove 1 that when A < 4 the roots t < t of the equation g(t) = t t + A satisfy the inequalities t 2t 0 and t + 2t 0: If A = 0 then t = 0 and t = 1 and the inequalities hold true. It is clear 1 that we can consider only the case A 2 (0; 4 ): Now t > 0; t > 0 and the inequality t + 2t 0 holds true. From the other hahd 2 t + t = 1 and the inequality t 2t 0 is equivalent to t 3 : The same inequality is equivalent to t 1 : For the roots t and 3 1 t 2 ; which is equivalent to g( ) 0 t we obtain t 3 g( p ) 0: 3 2 2 Therefore A 9 : Conversely, if A = 9 then x = y = 33 satisfy the condition of the problem. Problem 9b.2 A line l is drown through the orthocenter of an acute-angled triangle ABC: Prove that the lines symmetric to l with respect to the sides of the triangle intersect in a point. Solution: Let the intersecting points of l with the sides AC and BC be Q and P respectively and let the intersecting point of l with the extention of AB be R: Without loss of generality A lies between R and B: Denote the symmetric points of H with respect to AC; BC and AB by B ; A and C respectively. It is well known that A ; B and C lie on the circumcircle k of 4ABC: It is clear also that the symmetric lines of l are B Q; A P and C R: Let B Q \ A P = S and B Q \ C R = T: We obtain < CB Q+ < CA P =< CHQ+ < CHP ) ) ) ) = 180 and therefore SA CB is inscribed. Thus, S = k \B Q: From
2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

15

the other hand < RC A =< RHA =< AB T and therefore B ATC ) ) ) is inscribed. Hence, T = k \ B Q: This implies that T S which shows that the three lines intersect in a point. Problem 9b.3 See Problem 8.3. 4 3 Problem 10.1 Solve the equation px + px + 7 = px + 80: Solution: It is clear that x 0: Note that x = 1 is a root of the equation. We shall prove that there are no other roots. Rasp p 3 ing the p to the p power px) ( equation + 4(pxforth + 7) +wepget x + 4( x) x + 7 + 3 3 3 ( x + 7) 6( x + 7) )( x = x + 80: p p Let f p ) = 4(px)p3 x + 7 + 6(px) ( 3 x + 7) (x p +4( x)( 3 x + 7) +( 3 x + 7) : Obviously f (x) is an increasing function. If x > 1 then it follows from the inequalities x > x; f (x) > f (1) = 80 that x + f (x) > x + 80; a contradiction. If x < 1 then it follows from the inequalities x < x; f (x) < f (1) = 80 that x + f (x) < x + 80; a contradiction. This completes the prove. Problem 10.2 The incircle of an isosceles 4ABC touches the legs AC and BC at points M and N respectively. A tangent t is drawn _ to the smaller of the arcs MN and let t intersects NC and MC at points P and Q respectively. Let T be the intersecting point of the lines AP and BQ: a) Prove that T lies on the segment MN ; b) Prove that the sum of the areas of triangles ATQ and BTP is the smallest possible when t is parallel to AB: Solution: a) Let the incircle touches AB and PQ at points R and S respectively. Let MN and SR intersect QB in points T and T respectively. Since < T MQ =< T NC = 180 < T NB and ) ) ) < MT D =< BT N it follows from the Law of Sines for 4MT D and ) )
1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 3 4 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

16

QT It follows now from MQ = SQ and BN = BR that BT = QT ; BT so T = T : In the same manner one can prove that AP passes through the intersecting point of MN and SR: This implies that AP; BQ; MN and SR intersect in T: b) We have SATQ + SBPT = SABQ + SABP 2SABT : Since 4ABC is isosceles we get MN k AB and therefore SABT is constant. Thus, SATQ + SBPT is minimal exactly when SABQ + SABP is minimal. The latter sum equals to AQ:AB sin + BP:AB sin = 2 AQ BP AB ; where is the angle to the base of the triangle. Therefore it su ces to nd the minimum of AQ + BP: It is easily seen that AQ + BP = AM + BN + PQ and therefore we have to nd when PQ is minimal. Let r be the inradius and O be the center of the incircle of 4ABC: Using that PQ = r(cotg + cotg ) where =< OQP; =< OPQ we obtain from ABPQ that 2 +2 +2 = ) ) 360 : Therefore + = 180 : Thus PQ = cos( 2r sin + cos : ) It is clear now that PQ is minimal exactly when cos( ) = 1; so = =) PQ k AB: Problem 10.3 There are n 4 points in the plane such that the distance between any two of them is an integer. Prove that at least 1 from the distances between them are divisible by 3. 6 Solution: We show rst that the assertion from the problem is true for n = 4 i.e. for 4 points with integer distances between them at least one distance is divisible by 3. Denote the points by A; B; C and D (it is easy to be seen that WLOG < BAD =< BAC + < CAD). ) ) ) By the Law of Cosines for 4ABC; 4ACD; 4ABD we obtain BC = AB + AC [Link] cos
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 ( + ) 2 sin 2 2 2

DT QT SQ 4BT N that MD = BT ; so BT = MQ : By analogy QT = BR : BN BN BT

1 1 1 1 2

17

CD = AD + AC [Link] cos BD = AB + AD [Link] cos where =< BAC; =< CAD; =< BAD = + : ) ) ) Suppose that all distances are integers not divisible by 3. Therefore AB AC AD BC CD BD 1(mod 3) and so [Link] cos [Link] cos [Link] cos 1(mod 3): Thus, [Link] cos :2:AD:AC cos 4:AC :AB:AD: cos cos AC :AB:AD: cos cos 1(mod 3): Note that cos ; cos and cos are rational numbers. Moreover, r if cos = p ; cos = s ; where p; q and r; s are relatively prime q then p; q; r and s are not divisible by 3. Hence p q r s 1(mod 3) and cos = cos cos sin sin = cos cos pq p ps r q s : Therefore 2:AC :AB:AD: sin sin is divisible by 3 and after multiplying [Link] cos 1(mod 3) by AC we obtain 2:AC :AB:AD: cos cos 1(mod 3); a contradiction to AC :AB:AD: cos cos 1(mod 3): Therefore at least one of the distances is divisible by 3. Let n 4: Since there exist n sets with four elements each 4 there exist at least n distances (counted more than once) divisible 4 by 3. Each such distance is counted exactly n 2 2 times and we n 1 get that the desired number is at least n = 6 n : 2 + +3 Problem 11.1 Let f (x) = xx + 74xx+ 14 :
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ! ! ! ! 4 2 2 2 2

18

x 5x + 10 f x : b) Find the greatest value of the function x + 5x + 20 Solution: a) We shall prove that the greatest value of f (x) equals 2. Since x + 7x + 14 > 0; 8x; we obtain f (x) 2 =) (x + 5) 0; and an equality occurs only when x = 5: x 5x + 10 b) Let g(x) = x + 5x + 20 : Since x +5x +20 > 0; 8x; we obtain g(x) 3 =) (x + 5) 0; and equality occurs only when x = 5: Since x 5x +10 > 0; 8x; we have that the function h(x) = g(x)f x is correctly de ned. Further, when f (x) > 0; i.e. x 2 3; 1]; then h(x) 3 = 9: From the other hand g(x) 1 =) x 1 and so h(x) 1 when f (x) 0: Therefore the greatest value of h(x) equals 9 and h(x) = 9 when x = 5: Problem 11.2 A point A is chosen on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that the inradii of 4ABA and 4ACA are equal. Denote the diameters of the incircles of 4ABA and 4ACA by da: In the same manner de ne db dc: If BC = a; CA = b; AB = c; p = a + b + c and h ; h ; h are the altitudes of the triangle ABC and d a b c 2 is the diameter of the incircle of 4ABC prove that: p(p a) a) da + a d = ha; b) da + db + dc + p ha + hb + hc : Solution: a) Let O and O be the incenters of 4ABA and 4ACA and p and p be semiperimeters of the same triangles. We have SABC = SABA1 + SACA1 = ra:p + ra:p = rc(p + p ) = rc :(p + CC ); where ra = da : Therefore ra(p + AA ) = SABC : If P and Q are 2 the touching points of the incircles of 4ABA and 4ACA with
2 ! ( ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( ) 2 1 1 1 1 1 q 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1

a) Find the greatest value of f (x);

19

BC then the quadrilateral O PQO is rectangle and so O O = PQ = PA + QA = p AB + p AC = p + p AC BC = p + AA AC BC: It follows from the similarity of 4IO O and 4IBC; where I is the incenter of 4ABC that O O = r r ra =) BC AA + p AC BC = r rc : We obtain the system BC r ra(p + AA ) = S AA + AB p = r ra Thus, AA = p(p a) and ra = c r pp(pp pp a) ha r p(p a) r rp = 2 ; which = a a p + p(p a) implies a). pp a pp b b) By a) the inequality is equivalent to a + b + pp c pp pp a pp b pp c c p d : Further p a + b + p c = p a b c + (p a)p+ (p c) + (p a)p+ (p b) (p p) + (p c) b p p pa + p p pb + p pp pc = p 2 p b p c 2 p ap p c 2 p a p b p p = d: (p a)(p b)(p c) Problem 11.3 See problem 10.3.
1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 q 1 1 q q q

20

XLIX

National Mathematical Olympiad Third Round, 15-16 April 2000

2

9t 4a3t + 4 a = 0 has an unique root in the interval (0; 1):

equation

Problem 1. Find all value of the real parameter a such that the

Solution: After the substitutions x = 3t and f (x) = x

2

4ax + 4 a the problem is equivalent to: nd all values of a such that the equation f (x) = 0 has an unique root in the interval (1; 3): It is easily seen that if f (1) = 0 or f (3) = 0; then a = 1; a = 5 or a = 13 are not solutions of the problem. Therefore the equation f (x) = 0 has an unique root in the interval (1; 3) when f (1):f (3) < 0 or Df = 0; 2a 2 (1; 3): It follows now that f (1):f (3) < 0 () (a 1) (a +5)(a +13) < 0 () a 2 ( 13; 5) or 5a 4 = 0; 2a 2 (1; 3); p 2 5: and so a = 5
2 2 2

Problem 2. In 4ABC; CH (H 2 AB ) is altitude and CM and CN (M; N 2 AB ) are bisectors respectively of < ACH and < BCH: ) ) The circumcenter of 4CMN coincides with the incenter of 4ABC:
Prove that S4ABC = AN:BM : 2 common points of the incircle of ABC respectively with AB; BC and CA: It follows from IP = IQ = IR and IC = IM = IN that 4IMP; 4INP; 4ICQ and 4ICR are congruent. Let < MIP = ) 1 ) < NIP =< QIC =< CIR = : We have that < MCN = 2 < MIN ) ) ) ) = : Since CM and CN are bisectors we get < ACB = 2 < MCN = ) ) 2 : It follows now from the quadrilateral IQCR that < QIR+ ) 21

Solution: Let I be the incenter of ABC: Denote by P; Q and R the

< QCR = 180 () 4 = 180 () = 45 : Therefore 4ABC is ) a right angle triangle which implies < BCM =< BMC =< BAC + ) ) ) < ABC and < ANC =< ACN =< ABC + < BAC : Therefore BC = ) ) ) ) ) 2 2 AC:BC = AN:BM : BM and AC = AN and so SABC = 2 2

Problem 3. Let fang1 be a sequence such that a = 43; a = n

142; an = 3an + an for n 2: Prove that: a) an and an are relatively prime for all n; b) for every natural number m there exist in nitely many natural numbers n; such that an 1 and an 1 both are divisible by m:
+1 1 +1 +1 +1 1 +1 =1 1 2

such that m divides both an and an : It follows from an = an 3an that m divides an : By induction m divides both a and a ; which is impossible since a and a are relatively prime. b) Consider the sequence fang de ned by an = an 3an for negative indices. Compute a = a 3a = 13; a = a 3a = 4; a = a 3a = 1; a = a 3a = 1 and so on. We nd a sequences fang11 of integers such that an = 3an + an for every n: Since the pairs (p(mod m); q(mod m)) are nitely many we get that there exist integers r and s > r such that ar as(mod m) and ar as (mod m): It is clear now that ar i as i (mod m) for every i: Therefore the sequence fang11 is periodic. Since a a 1(mod m); there exist in nitely many natural numbers n such that both an 1 and an 1 are divisible by m:
1 1 2 1 2 1 +1 0 2 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 3 1 2 +1 1 +1 +1 + + 3 2 +1

Solution: a) Suppose that there exist natural numbers n and m > 1;

=< CDA: The bisector of < ABC intersects the segment CD in ) ) point E: Prove that < AEB = 90 if and only if AB = AD + BC: ) 22

Problem 4. Given a convex quadrilateral ABCD; such that < BCD )

other hand AE AF AE AD ( ) sin < AFE = sin < AEF ; sin < ADE = sin < AED : ) ) ) ) Since < AED =< AEF and < AFE + < ADE = 180 ; we obtain ) ) ) ) AF = AD and so AB = AD + BC: Conversely, let AB = AD + BC: There exists a point F on the segment AB such that AF = AD and BF = BC: Therefore ) ) ) ) 4BFE = 4BCE; so < BFE =< BCE and < BEF =< BEC: It follows from ( ) and AF = AD that sin < AED = sin < AEF: Since ) ) < AED+ < AEF < 180 ; we have < AED =< AEF and therefore ) ) ) ) < AEB = 90 : )

Solution: Let < AEB = 90 : Since < CEB < 90 there exists a ) ) point F on the side AB such that < BEF =< BEC: Thus 4BCE = ) ) 4BFE; which implies BF = BC and < BFE =< BCE: From the ) )

Problem 5. Prove that for any two real numbers a and b there exists a real number c 2 (0; 1); such that 1 1 ac + b + c + 1 > 24 :
tively the minimum and the maximum value of the function f in the 1 interval 0; 1]: Since f (0) = 1; f (1) = a + and f 0(x) = a (x + 1) there are four cases for the di erence M m: 1 1. a 4 : Thus f 0(x) 0 for x 2 0; 1] and so M m = f (0) f (1) = 1 a 1: 2 4 23
1 2 2

1 Solution: Consider f (x) = ax + x + 1 and let m and M be respec-

1 a 2 1: 2 1 3. 1 a 1: Thus d = pa 1 2 0; 1]; f 0(x) 0 for x 2 0; d] and 4 0 (x) 0 for x 2 d; 1]: f 1 3.1 4 a 1 : Since f (0) f (1); we have M m = f (0) 2 pa) (1 p2 ) : f (d) = (1 2 3.2 1 a 1: Since f (1) f (0); we have M m = f (1) 2 1 (2pa 1) 1 (p2 1) : f (d) = 2 2 1 1 In all four cases M m > 12 ; which implies M + b > 24 or m + b < 1 : The assertion of the problem follows now by continuity. 24
2 2 2 2 1 2

2. a 1: Thus f 0(x) 0 for x 2 0; 1] and so M m = f (1) f (0) =

diameters respectively AB and CD: It follows that at least one of the angles ACB; ADB; CAD and CBD is right angle. Without loss of generality < ACB = 90 : Let k and k be circles with diameters ) respectively AC and BD: Since < ABC < 90 ; we obtain that the ) common point of k and k is one of the points A; C or D: 1. Let A 2 k \ k : Now < BAD = 90 and therefore D 2 l ; ) l ? AB; A 2 l : It is easily seen that < BDC < 90 and since ) < BAC < 90 ; < ABD < 90 ; it follows that the common point of ) )
3 4 3 4 3 4 1 1 1

Problem 6. Find all sets S of four points in the plane such that: for any two circles k and k ; having diameters with endpoints - points from S there exists a point A 2 S \ k \ k : Solution: Let S = fA; B; C; Dg: Consider the circles k and k with
1 2 1 2

24

the circles with diameters AD and BC is the point C and < ACD = ) 90 : Therefore D = l \ BC: 2. Let C 2 k \ k : Now < BCD = 90 and therefore D lies on ) the line AC: Since < BDC < 90 ; < BAC < 90 and < ACD < 90 ; ) ) ) we obtain that the common point of the circles with diameters AD and BC is B and < ABD = 90 : Therefore D = l \ AC; where ) l ? AB; B 2 l : 3. Let D 2 k \ k : Now < ADC = 90 and therefore D 2 k : ) Since < BAC < 90 and < ACD < 90 ; we obtain that the common ) ) point of the circles with diameters AD and BC is B or D: In the rst case < ABD = 90 and thus D 2 l ; from the other hand l \ k = ;; ) which is a contradiction. In the second case < BDC = 90 ; and we ) get that D is the orthogonal projection of C on AB: In conclusion, all sets S; satisfying the condition of the problem are those consisting of the vertices of a right triangle and the foot of the altitude to the hypothenusis.
1 3 4 2 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 3

25

XLIX

National Mathematical Olympiad Fourth Round, 16-17 May 2000

Problem 1. In an orthogonal coordinate system xOy a set consisit-

ing of 2000 points Mi (xi; yi); is called "good" if 0 xi 83; 0 yi 1 i = 1; 2; : : : ; 2000 and xi 6= xj for i 6= j: Find all natural numbers n with the following properties: : a) For any "good" set some n of its points lie in a square of side length 1: b) There exists a "good" set such that no n + 1 of its points lie in a square of side length 1: (A point on a side of a square lies in the square).

problem. We show rst that for a "good" set some 25 points lie in a square of side length 1. All points lie in the rectangle 1 x 83; 0 y 1: Divide this rectangle to 83 squares of side length 1: If some 25 points lie in one of these rectangles then we are done. Conversely, in every square there are at least 26 or at most 24 points. We prove now that there exists a square with at least 26 points and there exists a square with at most 24 points. Indeed, if a square with 26 points does not exist then the points are at most 83:24 = 1992 < 2000: If there is no square with less than 25 points then the points are 83:26 82 > 2000: Further, move the square with more than 25 points towards the square with less that 25 points. Since the number of points in this square changes at most by one we get the assertion of the problem. 83 To prove b) let x = 0; xi = xi + 1999 and yi = 0 for i = 0; 2; 4; : : : ; 2000 while yi = 1 for i = 1; 3; : : : ; 1999: Let XY ZT be an unit square. WLOG we assume that it intersects the lines
1 1

Solution: We shall prove that n = 25 is the only solution of the

26

y = 0 and y = 1 in the points P; Q and R; S respectively. Then PQ+QR+RS +SP < PY +Y Q+QZ +ZR+RT +TS +SX +XP = 4:
But SP; QR 1 and we get PQ + RS < 2: This implies that in the square XY ZT there are no more than 25 points. We found that n = 25 is a solution of the problem. It is unique since 24 < 2000 < 25: 83 points A ; B and C on BC; AC and AB respectively with the following property: Each of the points is the midpoint of the segment with ends the orthogonal projections of the other two points on the corresponding side. Prove that 4A B C is similar to the triangle formed by the medians of 4ABC:
1 1 1 1 1 1

Problem 2. Given an acute 4ABC: Prove that there exist unique

Solution: It is easy to be seen that the perpendicular through C to

AB intersects A B at its midpoint. The same is applied for A and B : Therefore the tree perpendiculars intersect at the medcenter of 4A B C the point P:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

27

Let T be the midpoint of A B ; < PB A = x =< PCA ; < PA B = ) ) ) y =< PCB : The Law of Sines for 4B TP and 4A TP gives: ) sin = B T = A T = sin ; sin x TP AP sin y where sin x = sin : Further, if CN is the median in 4ABC; similar sin y sin sin < ACG ) arguments imply that sin < BCG = sin : Since x + y = ) sin < ACG+ < BCG = and is acute it follows that x =< ACG; y = ) ) ) < BCG: It is clear now that CP is symmetric to the median in ) 4ABC through C with respect to the bisector of angle : The same is true for AP and BP: Therefore the point P is unique (and therefore A ; B and C are unique). Further, < B C A =< B C P + ) ) < A C P =< B AP + < A BP =< BAG+ < ABG =< BGK; where ) ) ) ) ) ) K is the symmetric point of G with respect to the midpoint of BC: By analogy < C A B =< GBK and < A B C =< GKB: There) ) ) ) fore 4A B C is similar to the triangle formed by the medians of 4A B C :
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

28

Problem 3. Let p 3 be a prime number and a ; a ; : : :; ap be

1 2 2

a sequence of natural numbers such that p does not divide both ak and ak 1 for all k = 1; 2; : : : ; p 2: Prove that the product of some k elements of the sequence is congruent to 2 modulo p:

Solution: Consider the sequence 1; a ; a ; : : :; ap : We shall prove by induction that for any i = 2; 3; : : : ; p 1 there exist integers b ; b ; : : : ; bi each of which is a product of some elements from the above sequence and bm 6 bn(mod p) for m 6= n: Indeed, for i = 2 we can choose b = 1; b = a (a 6 1(mod p)): Suppose we have chosen b ; b ; : : : ; bi such that bm 6 bn(mod p) for m 6= n: Consider b ai; b ai; : : :; biai: It is easily seen that any two of them are not congruent modulo p: Further, if bj ai for any j is congruent to bl for some l we get that b ai; b ai; : : : ; biai modulo p is a permutation of b ; b ; : : :; bi modulo p: Thus,
1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

(b ai):(b ai): : : : :(biai) b :b : : : ::bi(mod p)

1 2 1 2

and therefore aii 1(mod p) a contradiction. It follows now that for any s = 2; 3; : : : ; p 1 there exist few elements of the sequence from the condition of the problem such that their product is congruent to s modulo p:

that

Problem 4. Find all polynomials P (x) with real coe cients such
P (x):P (x + 1) = P (x )
2

for any real x:

Solution: We show rst that for any natural number n there exists
at most one polynomial P (x) of degree n such that P (x):P (x +1) = 29

P (x ): Indeed, if P (x) = anxn + an xn + : : : + a x + a ; comparing the coe cients in front of the same degrees of x in P (x):P (x + 1) and P (x ); we get an = 1 and an = n : It is 2 easily seen that each of the subsequent coe cients is a solution of an equation of rst degree of the form 2x + b = 0; where b is a function of already chosen coe cients. Therefore, if a polynomial of degree n with the desired property exists it is unique one. We prove now that a polynomial P (x) of odd degree such that P (x):P (x + 1) = P (x ) does not exist. Let P (x) = xm(x 1)n :Q(x) (m or n could be zero), where Q(x) is a polynomial such that Q(0) 6= 0 and Q(1) 6= 0: A substitution gives (x + 1)m:xn:Q(x):Q(x + 1) = xm:(x + 1)n :Q(x ): If m 6= n the substitution x = 0 leeds to a contradiction. Therefore m = n and so Q(x):Q(x + 1) = Q(x ); where Q(x) is of odd degree. Therefore there exists a real number x 6= 0; 1; such that Q(x ) = 0: It is clear that x = 1 since otherwise the substitution x = 1 shows that Q(1) = 0 which is impossible. A substitution x = x gives that Q(x ) = 0; thus Q(x ) = 0 and so on. Since x 6= 1; 0 it follows that there are in nitely many distinct terms in the sequence x ; x ; : : :; x k ; which is impossible. Direct veri cation shows that for any even natural number n = 2k; the polynomial P (x) = xk (x 1)k is of degree n and is a solution of the problem. Therefore all polynomials such that P (x):P (x + 1) = P (x ) are P (x) = xk (x 1)k :
2 1 1 1 0 2 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2

Problem 5. Let D be the midpoint of the base AB of an isosceles acute 4ABC: A point E is chosen on AB and O is the circumcenter
30

of 4ACE: Prove that the line through D perpendicular to DO; the line through E; perpendicular to BC and the line through B; parallel to AC intersect in a point.

respectively the projection points of F 0 and F 00 on the line AB: Since O is inner point for < ADC and < ACB < 90 ; we have that F 0 and ) ) F 00 lie in the interior of < BAC: It su ces to prove that F 0 F 00; ) i.e. F 0H 0 = F 00H 00: Let O0 and G0 be respectively the projection points of O on AB and of G on OO0 : Since 4DH 0F 0 040OO0D; it DH 0 = OO0 : Also, < GOG0 = and so B H = OG0 : follows that 0 0 F H 0 DO0 0 0 0) F 0H 0 GG0 It follows from GG = DO ; O G = DG and < DBG = 2 90 ) 0 0 that F 0H 0 = BD:O D = tg2 :O0D: Denote BC \ EF 00 = I: Since GD < CBF 00 = 180 2 and BE = 2O0D; it is clear that F 00H 00 = ) BI BF 00 sin = cos(180sin 2 ) = BE sin cos = O0Dtg2 = cos 2 F 0H 0: This completes the prove.

Solution: Let < ABC =< BAC = and let G be the circumcenter ) ) of 4ABC: Consider points F 0 and F 00 on the line through B parallel to AC such that OD ? DF 0 and BC ? EF 00: Denote by H 0 and H 00

c ; c ; : : : ; cn is called sum of a = a ; a ; : : :; an and b = b ; b ; : : :; bn if ci = 0 when ai = bi and ci = 1 when ai 6= bi: Let f : A ! A be a function such that f (0) = 0 and if the sequences a and b di er in exactly k terms then the sequences f (a) and f (b) di er also exactly in k terms. Prove that if a; b and c are sequences from A such that a + b + c = 0; then f (a) + f (b) + f (c) = 0:
1 2 1 2 1 2

Problem 6. Let A be the set of all binary sequences of length n and let 0 2 A be the sequence with zero elements. The sequence c =

Solution: Consider the sequence e = 1; 0; : : : ; 0; 0; e = 0; 1; : : : ; 0;

1 2 1

: : : ; en = 0; 0; : : : ; 1; 0; en = 0; 0; : : : ; 0; 1: It follows from the condi31

tion of the problem that (since f (0) = 0) for all p; 1 p n there exists q; 1 q n; such that f (ep) = eq: It is clear also that f (ep) 6= f (eq ) for 1 p; q n; p 6= q: Therefore (1)

ff (e ); f (e ); : : : ; f (en)g = fe ; e ; : : :; eng:
1 2 1 2 1 2

Consider an arbitrary sequence a = a ; a ; : : :; an with t ones. If f (ep) = eq ; and ap = 1; then the q th term of the sequence f (a) is also 1 (otherwise ep and a di er at t 1 terms whereas f (ep) = eq and f (a) di er at t + 1 terms). By analogy if ap = 0; then the q th term of f (a) is also 0. Finaly, consider the sequences a = a ; a ; : : : ; an; b = b ; b ; : : :; bn and c = c ; c ; : : :; cn such that a + b + c = 0: This means that for every i; 1 i n the sum ai + bi + ci is even number. Fix i; 1 i n and let f (ei) = ej : It follows now that the j th terms of the sequences f (a); f (b); f (c) coincide with ai; bi; ci respectively and using (1) we obtain that f (a) + f (b) + f (c) = 0:
1 2 1 2 1 2

32

Union of Bulgarian Mathematicians Sava Grozdev Emil Kolev

BULGARIAN MATHEMATICAL COMPETITIONS 2001

So a, 2001

Winter mathematics competition Bourgas, 2-4 February 2001

(x; y) such that

Problem 9.1. a) Draw all points in the plane with coordinates

(j3x yj 3)(j3x + yj 3) = 0; b) Find all x and y for which (j3x yj 3)(j3x + yj 3) = 0 y f4xg = 0 1 x 1 (For a real number x we denote the unique number in the interval 0; 1) for which x fxg is an integer by fxg). Solution: a) It is easy to see that these are the points on the four lines l : 3x y = 3; l : 3x y = 3; l : 3x + y = 3 and l : 3x + y = 3: b) There are two types of solutions: y = 3x + 3 = f4xg 1. Solutions of y 1 x 1 y = 3x + 3 = f4xg 2. Solutions of y 1 x 1 Denote the integer part of 4x by 4x]; i.e. 4x = 4x] + f4xg: In the rst case we have 3x + 3 = f4xg = 4x 4x]; i.e 7x = 3 + 4x]:
1 2 3 4

Since the right hand side is an integer all posiible values of x are 1 2 5 6 0; 7 ; 7 ; : : : ; 1: Direct veri cation shows that only x = 7 ; y = 7 ; 6 x = 7 ; y = 3 ; x = 1; y = 0 are solutions. 7 In the second case 3x + 3 = f4xg = 4x 4x]; i.e. x = 3 + 4x]: It follows that x is an integer, i.e. x = 1; 0 or 1: Direct veri cation shows that solution is only x = 1; y = 0. Thus, there are four solutions: 6 6 3 x = 5 ; y = 7 ; x = 7 ; y = 7 ; x = 1; y = 0; x = 1; y = 0: 7

Problem 9.2. Points A ; B and C are chosen on the sides BC; CA and AB of a triangle ABC: Point G is the centroid of 4ABC; and Ga; Gb and Gc are centroids of 4AB C ; 4BA C and 4CA B respectively. The centroids of 4A B C and 4GaGbGc are denoted
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

by G and G respectively. Prove that: a) the points G; G and G lie on a straight line; b) lines AGa; BGb and CGc intersect in a point if and only if AA ; BB and CC intersect in a point. Solution: a) Let O be an arbitrary point and ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ OA = OB + (1 )OC ; OB = OA + (1 )OC ; ~ ~ ~ OC = OA + (1 )OB; where ; ; 2 (0; 1): The existence of ; and follows from the fact that A ; B and C lie on the sides BC; CA and AB of 4ABC: Then we have ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ OG = 3 OA + OB + OC = 1 3OA + 3OB + 3OC ; 9 ~ ~ ~ ~ OG = OA + OB + OC =
1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1

1 ( + )OA + ( ~ ~ ~ + 1)OB + (2 )OC : 3 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ By analogy OGa = 3 (1 + + )OA + (1 )OB + (1 )OC ; 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ OGb = 3 OA + (2 + )OB + (1 )OC ; 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ )OC : OGc = 3 OA + OB + (3 ~ ~ ~ ~ Thus, OG = 1 OA + OB + OC = 3 1 (1 + 2 + 2 )OA + (3 + 2 2 )OB + (5 2 2 )OC : ~ ~ ~ 9 ~ ~ ~ Since GG = OG OG we have ~ ~ ~ ~ GG = 1 ( + 1)OA + ( )OB + (1 )OC : 3 ~ ~ ~ Using the same arguments we obtain GG = OG OG = 1 (2 + 2 2)OA + (2 2 )OB + (2 2 2 )OC : It follows ~ ~ ~ 9 ~ ~ from the last two equalities that GG = 3 GG and we are done. 2 b) Since the lines AA ; BB and CC intersect in a point Ceva's AC theorem gives C B BA CB = 1: AC BA Denote the intersecting points of AGa; BGb and CGc with the sides BC; CA and AB by A ; B and C respectively. A necessary and su cient condition for lines AGa; BGb and CGc to intersect in a CA AB point is A B BC B C = 1: CA Denote the midpoint of B C by A : Let h and h be the altih i h i h i h i 2 1 1 1 h i 1 1 h i 1 h 2 2 i 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 2

tudes of 4AA C and AA B from A and A : We have SAA2 C = h :AC = AA :AC : SAA3 B1 h :AB AA :AB By analogy SAA2 B = AA :AB : S AA :AC
2 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 2

Dividing the above equalities and using that SAA3 C1 = SAA3 B1 and SAA2 C = CA we obtain S BA
2

AA3 C1

AA2 B

CA = AC AC : A B AB AB
2 1 2 1

By analogy

BC = CB CB ; AB = BA BA : C A CA CA B C BC BC Multiplying the above equalities gives CA BC AB = AC AC BC CB BA BA = AC BA CB : A B C A B C AB AB AC CA BC BC C B A C B A

2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

Therefore the lines AGa; BGb and CGc intersect in a point i the lines AA ; BB and CC interect in a point.
1 1 1

Problem 9.3. Let An be the number of sequences from 0's and 1's
2001

of length n; such that no four consequtive elements equal 0101: Find the parity of A : Solution: Denote the number of sequences of length n, the last three terms of which are ijk; where i; j; k 2 f0; 1g and no four consequtive elements equal to 0101 by an : ijk 6

Obviously an = anij + anij when ijk 6= 101 and an = an : ijk Adding the above equalities for all values of ijk we obtain An = 2An an : Therefore An an an + an an + an + an n + an n + an + an + an a a an + an + an + an + an + an + an + an + An (mod 2): Thus, Ak m Ak (mod 2) for all k and m: Therefore A A = 8 0(mod 2):
+1 0 1 +1 101 110 +1 010 3 000 5 100 3 100 5 111 4 000 5 110 +1 4 100 5 101 010 1 001 4 010 5 011 1 101 4 110 2 000 5 000 2 100 5 001 2 110 5 010 5 +6 2001 3

Problem 10a.1. Find all pairs (a; b) of integers such that the system
x + 2ax 3a 1 = 0 y 2by + x = 0
2 2

has exactly three real solutions. Solution: Let (a; b) satisfy the condition of the problem. Since there are exactly three real solutions the rst equation has two distinct roots x < x ; which implies D = 4(a + 3a + 1) > 0: The discriminant of the second equation in respect to y equals D = 4(b x) and therefore there are exactly three real solutions i x < x = b : These conditions are satis ed p a and b are integers such that i a + 3a + 1 > 0 and b = a + a + 3a + 1: It follows from the latter equality that a + 3a + 1 = c ; where c is a positive integer. Therefore the discriminant of a +3a +1 c = 0 is a perfect square, i.e. 9 4(1 c ) = d ; where d is nonnegative integer. The last equality can be written in the form (d 2c)(d +2c) = 5 which implies that d 2c = 1; d + 2c = 5; i.e. d = 3; c = 1: Hence, a + 3a + 1 = 1 with roots a = 0 and a = 3: Respectively b = 1 or b = 2: Direct veri cation shows that all pairs (a; b) = (0; 1); (0; 1); ( 3; 2) and ( 3; 2) satisfy the condition of the problem.
1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Problem 10a.2. The tangential point of a circle k through the vertex C of a 4ABC and the line AB is the vertex B . The circle k intersects for a second time the side AC snd the median of 4ABC

through C at points D and E respectively. Prove that if the intersecting point of the tangents to k through C and E lies on the line BD then < ABC = 90 : ) Solution: Let F be the intersecting point of the tangents tC and tE to k at C and E; G = BD \ CE and ACBH is parallelogram. We have that < ABC = 90 () tC k AB () FD = CD : ) FB CA CD = CD = GD ; i.e. it su ces to show that From the other hand CA BH GB FD = GD ( ): Since 4FBE 4FED and 4FBC 4FCD; FB GB FB BE BC we obtain FE = ED and FB = CD : Further, FC = FE = FC FD = CD:ED : Now the equality from ( ) follows FB:FD and so FB CB:EB from CD:ED = SCED = GD ; which completes the proof. CB:EB SCEB GB Problem 10a.3. Ivan and Peter alternatively write down 0 or 1 until each of them has written 2001 digits. Peter is a winner if the number, which binary representation has been obtained, cannot be expressed as a sum of two perfect squares. Prove that Peter has a winning strategy. Solution: First we prove that if the binary representation of a positive integer ends with two ones and even number of zeroes then this integer cannot be represented as sum of two squares. Indeed, such a number is of the form 4k (4s + 3) and if we suppose that x + y = 4k (4s + 3); then using the fact that x + y equals 0 modulo 4 i x and y are even we get that there exist integers p; q for which p + q = 4s + 3; which is a contradiction.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

The winning strategy of Peter could be: If one of Ivan's digits is 1 then Peter simply repeats all digits written by Ivan. The nal number is of the form 4k (4s + 3) and cannot be written as x + y : If all Ivan's digits are zeroes then the rst three digits of Peter are 1; 1; 1 after which he writes only zeroes. The nal number is (0101010 : : : 0) = 21:4 ; and cannot be represented as p + q since 21 cannot be written in that form.
2 2 2 2 2 1998

the equation

Problem 10b.1. Find all values of the real parameter a such that
logx (x + x + a) = 4
2 2 2 4

has unique solution. Solution: The equation is equivalent to (x + x + a) = x ; x > 0; x 6= 1: Further, (x + x + a) = x () p + a)(2x + x + (x 1 1 8a ; provided a) = 0 with roots x = a and x = = 4 p 1 1 8a < 0; we obtain that only x = 1 8a 0: Since 4 p 1 + 1 8a can be roots of the equation from the proba; x = 4 lem. If a 0 then x 0 and x 0; which implies that the equation has no roots. If a < 0 then x > 0 and x > 0: Note that x = x implies a = 0 which is a contradiction. Therefore if the equation has unique solution then it is necessary to have a < 0 and one of the two roots equals 1. Thus, x = 1 ) a = 1 and x = 1 ) a = 3:
2 2 4 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

legs of length 1 is chosen a point such that the triangle formed from these three points is a right triangle. What is the least value of the hypotenuse of this triangle? 9

Problem 10b.2. On each side of a right isosceles triangle with

is right triangle. 1. Suppose < B A C = 90 : Assume that the circle k with di) ameter B C intersects BC at point X 6= A : It is easy to be seen that X is an interior point for the line segment BC: Draw a tangent l to k which is parallel to BC and the tangential point Y belongs _ to the smaller of the arcs A X : Denote the intersecting points of l with AB and AC by C and B respectively. Consider a homothety of center A such that the image of B (C ) is C (B ): It is clear that the image of 4B C Y is inscribed in 4ABC and its hypotenuse is less than B C : Therefore wlog we may assume that BC is tangent to k: Thus, if < C B A = ; then < C A B = : From the ) ) B C sin sin( + 45 ) = Sine Low for 4BC A we obtain BA = sin 45 B C sin (sin + cos ): Hence (1) 1 = BA + A C = B C cos sin + B C sin (sin + cos ) Therefore 1 = B C (sin + sin 2 ) () B C (1 + 2 sin 2 cos 2 ) = 2: From the other hand 2 sin 2 cos 2 = p 2 p p 1 5 p sin 2 p cos 2 = 5 sin(2 ) 5; where is 5 5 1 2 such that sin = p and cos = p : Note that the equality holds 5 5 when 2 = 90 and since < 90 we have that < 90 : p Further B C (1 + 5) B C (1 + 2 sin 2 cos 2p) = 2 and p 5 1 : It is easily seen that if B C = 5 1 and so B C 2 2 2 = 90 p (1) holds true and therefore there exists triangle then with B C = 52 1 : 2. Suppose < A C B = 90 : Denote the projection of A and )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Solution: Consider a right isosceles triangle ABC with right angle at C . Let A 2 BC; B 2 CA and C 2 AB be such that 4A B C
1 1 1 1 1 1

10

to B A where the sum of the elements of B equals 2n (2n + 1) are allowed? Prove that one can nd x with exactly n questions stated in advance.
2 1 2

Problem 10b.3. An element x is chosen from the set A = f1; 2; : : : ; 2n g; n 3: Questions of the type: Does x belong

B on AB by A and B respectively. Obviously AB = B B and BA = A A : Let P be the midpoint of A B and Q { the midpoint of A B : Thus, A B = 2PC 2PQ = A A + B B and A B A B = AB AB BA = AB B B A A : Adding p p 2: the above equalities gives 2A B AB = 2 and so A B 2 p p Since 22 > 52 1 we obtain that the least possible value equals p 5 1: 2
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1

Solution: Lemma There exist n sets each with 2n elements, the sum of the elements of each set equals 2n (2n + 1) with the following property: the elements from the set f1; 2; : : : ; 2n g get as answers
1 2

distinct n tuples from "yes" and "no". Proof: Induction by n 3. For n = 3 the sum of the elements of B is 18 and we use the sets B = f1; 2; 7; 8g; B = f1; 3; 6; 8g and B = f1; 4; 6; 7g: The table shows that the elements from A get as answers distinct triples. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B = f1; 2; 7; 8g + + - - - - + + B = f1; 3; 6; 8g + - + - - + - + B = f1; 4; 6; 7g + - - + - + + + means "yes", means "no".
3 1 2 3

11

The number of elements in each set is 2 = 2 : Suppose the assertion is true for some m: Therefore there exist sets B ; B ; : : :; Bm each with 2m elements, the sum of the elements of each set equals 2m (2m +1) and every element from f1; 2; : : : ; 2mg gets distinct m tuple. Consider the set f1; 2; : : : ; 2m g: For any i; 1 i m if Bi = fa i; a i; : : : ; a m 1i g; let Di = fa i; a i; : : : ; a m 1i; a i + 2m; a i + 2m ; : : : ; a m 1i + 2m g: It is clear that each set Di ; 1 i m has exactly 2m elements and the sum of the elements of Di is equal to: 2(a i + a i + : : : + a m 1i)+2m :2m = 2:2m (2m +1)+2 m = 2 m +2m +2 m = 2m (2m + 1): It is easily seen that only the elements t and t + 2m for 1 t 2m get equal m tuples. Let P and Q be nonintersecting sets such that jP j = jQj = 2m and P Q = f1; 2; : : : ; 2m g: Consider a set Q obtained from Q by adding 2m to each of its elements. The set Dm = P Q has 2m elements and the sum of its elements is equal to s2P s + s2Q s + 2m :2m = 2m (2m + 1) + 2 m = 2m (2m + 1): It is clear that exactly one element of each pair (t; t + 2m ) for 1 t 2m belongs to Dm : Hence, we have found the desired sets D ; D ; : : : ; Dm : It is obvious now that the sets, given by the Lemma solve the problem.
2 3 1 1 2 1 2 +1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 +1 1 +1 P P 1 1 2 1 1 +1 +1 1 2 +1

Problem 11.1. A sequence a ; a ; : : : ; an; : : : is de ned by

1 2

a = k; a = 5k 2 and an = 3an 2an; n 1; where k is a real number. a) Find all values of k; such that the sequence fang1 is convern gent.
1 2 +2 +1 =1

12

b) Prove that if k = 1 then 8n an = 7an+ a +aa an ; n 1; 1 n n where x] denotes the integer part of x: Solution: a) Write the given reccurent relation in the form an an = 2(an an) and consider the sequence cn = an an: It is obvious that if the sequence fang1 is convergent then the n sequence fcng1 is also convergent. From the other hand it follows n from c = a a = 4k 2 and cn = 2cn that the sequence fcn g1 n is an arithmetic progression and cn = (4k 2):2n for any positive integer n: Thus, if 4k 2 6= 0 then the sequence fcn g1 is unbounded n 1 and therefore is not convergent one. Therefore 4k 2 = 0; i.e. k = 2 : For this value of k all terms of the sequence fang1 are equal to 1 n 2 and therefore the sequence is convergent. b) It easily follows by induction that an = 2n 1: From the other hand the equality from the condition of the problem is satis ed for n = 1; 2: Suppose it is true for n = m and n = m + 1: Then 1) 8(2m 1)(2m 1) = 8amam = 7(2m 7am m 1 + 2m 1 + am + am 1+2 1
" 2 # +2 +1 +1 +1 +2 +1 +1 +1 =1 =1 1 1 2 +1 1 =1 =1 =1 " 2 # " +1 +1 +1 2 +1 # +1 +1

3:2 m 2m + 1 m m 1 m 1 =2 3:2 3:2 which completes the proof.

" 2 +2 +2 #

+2

1 = am ;
+1

90 and hypotenuse 1 is chosen a point such that the triangle formed from these three points is a right triangle. What is the least value of the hypotenuse of this triangle? 13

Problem 11.2. On each side of a triangle with angles 30 ; 60 and

with < A C B = 90 : Suppose that the circle k of diameter A B ) intersects AB at point X 6= C : It is easy to see that if 90 and 90 then X is an interior point for line segment AB: Draw a tangent l to k which is parallel to AB and the tangential point _ Y belongs to the smaller of the arcs C X : Denote the intersecting points of l and lines AC and BC by B and A respectively. Consider homothety of center C for which the image of B (A ) is the point A(B ): It is obvious that the image of 4B A Y is inscribed in 4ABC and its hypotenuse is less than B A : Therefore wlog we may suppose that AB is tangent to k: In this case if < B A C = ) then < B C A = : ) The Sine Low for 4AC B and 4BC A gives + ): AC = B A sinsinsin( + ) ; BC = B A cos sin(90 sin Since AB = AC + C B we obtain + ) (1) AB = B A sin sin( + ) + B A cos sin(90 sin sin This equality is equivalent to 2AB = A B (cotg + cotg + 2 sin 2 (cotg cotg ) cos 2 ): From the other hand 2 sin 2 (cotg cotg ) cos 2 = 4 + (cotg cotg ) sin(2 ) 4 + (cotg cotg ) ; where cotg cotg 2 ; sin = : cos = 4 + (cotg cotg ) 4 + (cotg cotg )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 q 2 q 2 q 2 q 2

Solution: Consider triangle ABC with angles ; and . Let A 2 BC; B 2 CA and C 2 AB be such that 4A B C is right
1 1 1 1 1 1

14

It is easily seen that such an angle always exists. Finally, the least value is 2AB BA = : cotg + cotg + 4 + (cotg cotg )
1 1 q 2

2AB cotg + cotg + 4 + (cotg cotg ) and 2 = 90 then (1) holds true and therefore there exists a 2AB : triangle with B A = cotg + cotg + 4 + (cotg cotg ) It remains to compute the above expression for the three possible ways to inscribe a right triangle p triangle of angles 30 ; 60 and 90 in p p p 39 3 ; 21 3 ; 3 : The least and hypotenuse 1. We obtain 12 4 4 p p 39 3 which is the answer of the problem. value is 12 Problem 11.3. The plane is divided into unit squares by lines parallel to coordinate axes of an orthogonal coordinate system. Find the number of paths of length n from the point with coordinates (0; 0) to the point with coordinates (a; b) moving along the sides of the unit squares. Solution: Divide the path into unit paths, i.e. paths between two neighbouring points of integer coordinates. Denote the number of moves up by x ; down by y ; right by x and left by y : The condition of the problem gives x + x + y + y = n; x y = b; x y = a: a a Thus, y = x b; x = n + 2 + b x ; y = n 2 + b x : Since jaj + jbj = jx y j + jx y j x + x + y + y = n we obtain that it is necessary to have a + b n and a + b n(mod 2): Let It is clear that if B A =
1 1 1 1 q 2 q 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2

15

us rst x the moves up and rigth. This can be done by n a b a ways. After that in these already xed n + 2 + b positions x the a moves up and nally, in the remaining n 2 b positions x the moves left. We obtain
+ + 2

n+a+b
2

n+a b 2 X

n+a+b !
2

i=b n a b 2 n a +b
2

n a b 2 n a +b
2

equals to the coe cient in front i i of x 2 in the expansion of (1 + x) n+2a+b (1 + x) n 2a b = (1 + x)n: Therefore the sum equals n n b : The number of paths is: a
2

The sum

n+a b 2 X

n+a+b !

i=b n a+b

n+a+b
2

n a +b
2

:
! !

Answer: If jaj + jbj > n or a + b 6 n(mod 2); the number of paths is 0, otherwise the number of paths is n n b n n b : a a
+ + 2 2 +

16

Spring mathematics tournament Kazanlak, 30 March - 1 April 2001

Problem 8.1. Let a be a real parameter such that 0 a 1: Prove
that the solutions of the inequality

form an interval of length greater or equal to 1. length 1 are solutions of the problem. If a = 1 then the inequality becomes jxj + jx + 1 j 1: The solutions of this inequality are all 2 3 numbers from the interval 4 ; 1 ; which is of length 1. 4 Further, assume that 0 < a < 1 and let x 0: In this case 1 ax + 2 > 0 and therefore the solutions are x 2(1 1 a) : Let x < 0: + 1 ; the solutions satisfy x 1 : If 1 0; i.e. x If ax + 2 2 2(1 a) 1 < 0; i.e. x < 1 ; the solutions satisfy x 1 : ax + 2 2a 3(1 + a) 1 1 and so all numbers x Let a 2 : Then 2(1 1 a) 2a 1 > 1 1 are solutions of the inequality. Since 2(1 a) 3(1 + a) 2a it has no other solutions. Therefore all solutions form an interval 1 ; 1 ; of length 2(1 1 a) + 2(1 1 a) = 1 1 a > 1: 2(1 a) 2(1 + a) + 1 Let a > 2 : Then 2(1 3 a) < 21a and the solutions are x +
" # 2

jxj + jax + 1 j 1 2

Solution: If a = 0 then all numbers from the interval 1 ; 1 of 2 2

17

3 1 or x 2 3 ; 1 : Therefore all sox 2(1 + a) 2a 2(1 + a) 2a 2 lutions form an interval 2(1 3 a) ; 2(1 1 a) ; of length 1 + a 1: + +
" #! " #

Problem 8.2. Given a square ABCD of side length 1. Point M 2 BC and point N 2 CD are such that the perimeter of 4MCN
is 2. a) Find < MAN ; ) b) If P is the foot of the perpendicular from A to MN; nd the locus of the point P:

BK = DN: Then MK = MB + BK = MB + DN = 1 CM + 1 CN = 2 (CM + CN ) = MN (using that CM + CN + MN = 2). Since 4ABK = 4ADN we have that AK = AN: Therefore ) ) 4AMN = 4AMK and it follows that < MAN =< MAK; i.e. 1 < KAN: Furthermore < KAB =< NAD; which im) ) < MAN = 2 ) ) plies that < KAN =< BAD = 90 : Therefore < MAN = 45 : ) ) ) ) ) b) It follows from 4AMN = 4AMK that < AMN =< AMK: Thus, 4APM = 4ABM and AP = AB = 1: Therefore P lies on a circle of center A and radius 1: Finally, the locus of P is an arc of a circle with center A and radius 1 excluding points B and D:

Solution: a) Let K be a point on the extension of CB such that

Problem 8.3. a) Prove that

1 +2 +
2 2

holds true for any positive integer n: 18

+ n = n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 6
2

b) Find the least integer n; n > 1 for which 1 +2 + +n n is a perfect square.

2 2 2

Solution:
a) Direct veri cation shows that n(n + 1)(2n + 1) + (n + 1) = (n + 1)(n + 2)(2n + 3) 6 6 for any integer n: Using this equality the proof is easily done by induction. b) It follows from a) that n(n + 1)(2n + 1) = 6m : Since 2n + 1 is odd then n + 1 is even, i.e. n is odd. Let n = 2k 1: Then k(4k 1) = 3m : Therefore 3=k or 3=4k 1 i.e. 3=k or 3=k 1: Let k = 3l: Then l(12l 1) = m : Since (l; 12l 1) = 1; we have l = n and 12l 1 = v : The latter equality is impossible (contradiction both modulo 4 and modulo 3). Let k = 3l +1: Then (3l +1)(4l +1) = m : Since (3l + 1; 4l + 1) = 1 we get that 3l + 1 = u ; 4l + 1 = v ; u > 1; v > 1: Verifying consequently for v = 3; 5; 7; 9; 11; 13; : : : we obtain l = 2; 6; 12; 20; 30; 42; 56; : : : : Thus, 3l + 1 = 7; 19; 37; 61; 91; 127; 169 ( rst perfect square). So, the least n is 2k 1; where k = 3l + 1 = 3:56 + 1 = 169 and therefore n = 337:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

a) Find all values of a for which the equation f (x) = 0 has at least one real root. b) If x and x are the real roots of f (x) = 0 (not necessarily distinct) nd the least value of the expression a 4 + A = (1 +9x )(1a x ) (1 6a 70a)(1 1 6a x ) : + x
1 2 2 3 1 2 1 2

Problem 9.1. Let f (x) = x + 6ax a where a is a real parameter.

2

19

the equation f (x) = 0 has at least one real root i 9a + a 0, so giving a 2 1; 1 0; +1). 9 b) Since f (x) = (x x )(x x ) we obtain f ( 1) = ( 1 x )( 1 x ) = (1 + x )(1 + x ) = ( 1) + 6a( 1) a = 1 7a and f (1 6a) = (1 6a x )(1 6a x ) = (1 6a) + 6a(1 6a) a = 1 7a: Therefore the denominators of the two fractions of A are equal to 1 7a and + + A = 70a 1 4a 7a 9a 1 = (1 7a)(10a7a 2a 1) = 10a +2a 1: 1 The quadratic function g(a) = 10a + 2a 1 attains its minimal 1 value for a = 10 62 1; 1 0; +1): Therefore the minimal 9 value of A equals to the smallest of the numbers g(0) and g 1 , 9 1 = 89 . i.e. this value is g 9 81
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2

Solution: a) The discriminant of f (x) is D = 4(9a + a). Therefore

2

Problem 9.2. Given a convex quadrilateral ABCD such that

OB:OD OA = OC + OD ; where O is the intersecting point of its diagonals. The circumcircle of 4ABC intersects the line BD at point Q: Prove that CQ is the bisector of < DCA: ) Solution: Let CQ ; Q 2 BD be the bisector of < DCO: Therefore ) DQ = DC Q O CO This equality, combined with the condition of the problem gives DQ OA(OC + OD) = OB:OD () OA Q O +O CD = OB:OD Q
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

20

Therefore the quadrilateral ABCQ is cyclic. Thus, Q

1

DO () OA:CO: Q O = OB:OD () OA:CO = Q O:OB:

1 1 1

Q:

Problem 9.3. Prove that there exist eight consecutive positive

f (0; 1) = 5, f (1; 0) = 7, f (1; 1) = 11 and f (0; 2) = 20, rst possible sequence of eight positive integers is 12; 13; : : : ; 19. We shall prove that non of these integers can be written in the form j7x +9xy 5y j, where x and y are integers. Let f (x; y) = k, where x and y are integers. It su ces to prove that f (x; y) = k has no solutions for k 2 f12; 13; : : : ; 19g. Suppose k is even. Then x and y are also even. If x = 2x and y = 2y we get the equality 4f (x ; y ) = k which implies that k is divisible by 4. Thus, k 6= 14 and k 6= 18. Let k = 16 and consider the equation 4f (x ; y ) = 16 which is equivalent to f (x ; y ) = 4. As above we conclude that x and y are both even and let x = 2x and y = 2y . Therefore f (x; y) = 1. By analogy if k = 12 we get the equation f (x; y) = 3. Multiply the equation f (x; y) = k by 28 and write it in the form (14x + 9y) 221y = 28k: Since 221 = 13:17 it is appropriate to consider modules 13 and 17. Denote t = 14x + 9y and consider all possibilities for k, i.e. k 2 f1; 3; 13; 15; 17; 19g. 1) If k = 13 then t 28:13 (mod 17) and so t 7 (mod 17). Raising this congruence to 8-th power gives t ( 7) 1
2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 16 8

j7x + 9xy 5y j, where x and y are integers. Solution: Denote f (x; y) = 7x + 9xy 5y . Since f (0; 0) = 0,
2 2 2 2

integers such that non of them can be written in the form

21

(mod 17) which is a contradiction to Fermat's theorem. Therefore k 6= 13. 2) If k = 15 then t 28:15 5 (mod 17). Raising in 8-th power gives t ( 5) 1 (mod 17), a contradiction. The cases k = 17; 19; 1; 3 are treated similarly.
2 16 8

Problem 10a.1. Let a and b be positive numbers such that both of the equations (a + b x) = a b and (ab + 1 x) = ab 1 have two distinct real roots. Prove that if the two bigger roots are equal then the two smaller roots are also equal.
2 2

equations have two distinct roots i a > b and ab > 1: Since a > 0 1 it follows that a > ab > 1; i.e. a > 1: Therefore a > b > a and a a p > 1: It follows from the condition of the problem thatp + b + p p a b = ab + 1 + ab 1; i.e. pa b = (a 1)(b 1) + ab 1: p If a > b 1 then a b ab 1 () (a + 1)(b 1) 1 0 () b 1: Therefore b = 1: Conversely if a < b 1 then p p a b ab 1 () (a + 1)(b 1) 0 () b 1; i.e. b = 1: Thus, the two bigger roots are equal i b = 1 and a > 1: In this case the two smaller roots are also equal.
2

Solution: Let a and b satisfy the condition of the problem. Both

Problem 10a.2. Let A and B be points respectively on the sides BC and AC of 4ABC; D = AA \ BB and E = A B \ CD: Prove
1 1

that if < A EC = 90 and the points A; B; A ; E lie on a circle, then ) AA = BA :

1 1 1 1 1

Solution: Let F = AE \ BC: We prove that EA is the bisec1 1 1 1 1 1

tor of < BEF; which solves the problem. Indeed, then we have ) < BAA =< BEA =< FEA =< ABA ; i.e. AA = BA : ) ) ) ) 22

Using Ceva's and Menelaus's theorems for 4AA C we obtain AD A F CB = 1; AD A B CB = 1 and so A D CF AB A D CB AB A F = CF (1) A B CB Let B 0 be a point on the ray A B ! such that < B 0EA =< A EF: ) ) Then EA is the bisector of < B 0EF; and since < A EC = 90 it ) ) follows that EC is the external bisector of the same angle. Therefore A F = CF and it follows from (1) that A B = A B 0 ; i.e. B = B 0 A B 0 CB 0 CB CB 0 which completes the proof.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Problem 10a.3. Find all positive integers x and y such that

x +y x y (x + y )
3 3 2 2 2

is a nonnegative integer.

Solution: Let x and y be positive integers such that

z = x +xy+ y)x y ( is a nonnegative integer. Substitute a = x + y and b = xy and write the expression in the form b +3ab a (a z) = 0: The discriminant of this quadratic equation a (4a + 9 4z) is a perfect square, so (4a + 9 4z) = (2t + 1) : Thus, a = t + t + z 2 and from the equation for b we obtain that b = a(t 1): Since t 2 we have (x y) = a 4a(t 1) < (a 2(t 1)) : From the other hand a t and therefore a 4a(t 1) (a 2(t 1) 2) : Since a 4a(t 1) 6= (a 2(t 1) 1) (the two numbers are of di erent parity) it follows that (x y) = a 4a(t 1) = (a 2(t 1) 2) :
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

23

Thus, a = t i.e. t + z = 2 and so t = 2; z = 0; which implies a = b = 4: Therefore x = y = 2 and these are the only positive integers satisfying the condition of the problem.
2

Problem 10b.1. Solve the equation:

3
log (cos +sin )+

1 x 2

log (cos

sin )

= 2:

cos x + sin x > 0; cos x sin x > 0: After simple calculations the equation becomes p p p ( 3 1) cos x + ( 3 + 1) sin x = 2: This equation is equivalent to p p p p 6 2 cos x + 6 + 2 sin x = 1 : 4 4 2 p p p p and sin 15 = we have Since cos 15 = 1 sin(x + 15 ) = 2 : From the roots of the later equation only x = 15 k360 are admissible. Therefore the roots are x = 15 k360 :
6+ 4 2 6 2 4

Solution: Note that the admissible values are those x for which

Problem 10b.2. Given a triangle ABC: Let M be such an interior point of < BAC that < MAB =< MCA and < MAC =< MBA: ) ) ) ) ) Analogously, let N be such an interior point of < ABC that ) < NBA =< NCB and < NBC =< NAB; and let P be such an inte) ) ) ) rior point of < ACB that < PCA =< PBC and < PCB =< PAC: ) ) ) ) ) Prove that lines AM; BN and CP intersect in a point on circumcircle of 4MNP:
24

larly. Denote the intersecting point of line CP and line segment AB by C . Since PC is the bisector of < APB (< APC =< BPC = ) ) ) AC = AP : Triangles APC and BPC are sim=< ACB ) we get BC BP ) AP AC b AP AC ilar which gives CP = BC and BP = BC =) BP = BC = a : CP AC By analogy, if A and B are the intersecting points of AM and BN with BC and AC respectively then BA = c and CB = a : AC b BA c AC :BA :CA = 1; i.e. according to Ceva's theorem lines Thus, C B:A C:B A AM; BN and CP intersect in a point. Dnote this point by K: Since < APB =< AOB = 2 ; where O is the circumcenter of 4ABC we ) ) _ get that A; P; O and B lie on a circle and PC intersects the arc AB at its midpoint C . Therefore OC is a diameter of this circle and < OPC =< OPC = 90 : It easily follows now that M; N and P lie ) ) on a circle of diameter OK:
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

Solution: Suppose < C < 90 : The case < C > 90 is treated simi) )

alphabet of two letters a and b: Denote by QP the set of all words over the same alphabet which do not contain as subwords the words from P . Prove that: a) if QP is nite then it does not contain words of length 11; b) there exists a set P such that QP is nite and it contains word of length 10. will show that QP contains words of any length. Let ! be a word of length 11. There are 9 subwords of ! of length 3. Since there are 8 distinct words of length 3 it follows that there exists a word that appears as subword of ! twise. Let = where i 2 fa; bg:
1 2 3

Problem 10b.3. Consider a set P of six four-letter words over an

Solution: a) Suppose that QP contains a word of length 11. We

25

Consider the subword of ! obtained after the second appearance of ; i.e. consider the word

:::
1 3

3 1

:::

Write after . Obviously the new word does not contain subwords from P: ::: ::: By analogy write and so on. Thus, we nd words of any length without subwords from P: This contradiction shows that there are no words of length 11 in QP . b) A direct veri cation shows that the set
2 3 1 2 2 3 1 2

P = f0000; 1000; 1001; 1010; 1101; 1111; g

is such that QP is nite and 0001011100 2 QP : such that cos = ; tg = 1 and 0 < < < 1:
2 2 2

Problem 11.1. Prove that there exist unique numbers and

terval (0; 1); f (0) = 1 > 0 and f (1) = cos 1 1 < 0: Therefore there exists such that cos = : In the interval (0; 1) the function cos x is decreasing one, whereas the function x is increasing. Therefore there exists unique 2 (0; 1) such that cos = : We show now that in the interval 0; 1] there exists a unique such that g( ) = 0 where g(x) = xtgx 1. The function g(x) is increasing one because xtgx is increasing as product of two increasing functions. Moreover tg 4 = 4 1 < 0; g(1) = tg1 1 = tg1 tg 4 > 0 and the uniquennes of follows. Since sin x < x for positive
2 2

Solution: The function f (x) = cos x x is continuous in the in-

26

x it follows that g( ) = tg 1 = sin 1 < 0: Further, g(x) is increasing in the interval 0; 1] and so < :

AB and A B at points D and D respectively and E is point on the line OO such that < ECD = 90 : Prove that EO = CD : ) EO CD
1 1 1 1 1 1

Problem 11.2. Let AA and BB be the altituds of obtuse nonisosceles 4ABC; and O and O are circumcenters of 4ABC and 4A B C respectively. A line through C intersects the line segments
1 1 1 1 1

(1) EO = CF = CO cos < O CF = ) CO sin < BDC ) EO CF CO cos < OCF CO sin(< DCB + < BAC ) : ) ) ) From the other hand the Low of Sine's for 4A B C; 4ABC; 4A D C and 4BDC gives C (2) CO = 2 sin A A B C = 2 sinA) C < ) < ABC
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Solution: Let F and F be the feet of the perpendiculars from O and O to CD: Since CO ? AB we have
1 1 1

(3)

CO = 2 sin BC < BAC )

1 1 1 1 1

(4) < BAC ) sin ) CD = CA sin(< B A<CB A) C CA ) = sin(CA sin + < DCB ) ) + <D < BAC ) )
1 1 1 1

(5)

) CD = BC sin < ABC sin < BDC ) 27

It follows now from (1),(2),(3),(4) and (5) that EO = A C sin < BAC sin < BDC ) ) = CD ; EO BC sin < ABC sin(< BAC + < DCB ) CD ) ) ) which completes the proof.
1 1 1

Problem 11.3. There are 2001 towns in a country every one of

which is connected with at least 1600 towns by direct bus line. Find the largest n for which there exist n towns any two of which are connected by direct bus line.
1 1 1 2

If k is the number of towns connected to both S and S by bus line then (1599 k)+(1599 k)+ k 1999 which implies that k 1198: Therefore there exists town S connected to both S and S : Further, let k be the number of towns connected to all S ; S and S : Therefore (1197 k) + (1598 k) + k 1998; so giving k 797: Therefore there exists town S connected to all S ; S and S : By analogy let k be the number of towns connected to all S ; S ; S and S : We have (796 k) + (1597 k ) + k 1997; which implies k 396: Therefore there exists S connected to all S ; S ; S and S : For the number n from the condition of the problem we obtain n 5: We show that n = 5: For, number the towns by S ; S ; : : :; S and connect Sk and Sm with direct line for all k and m for which k 6 m(mod5): Since 2001 = 400; we have that each town is connested to 1600 or 5 1601 other towns, i.e. the condition of the problem is satis ed. For arbitrary 6 towns the numbers of at least two are equal modulo 5 and therefore they are not connected to each other. Therefore n < 6 and so n = 5:
3 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 2001

Solution: Let S snd S be two towns connected by direct bus line.

28

L National Mathematics Olympiad 3rd round, 28-29 April 2001

Problem 1. For which values of the real parameter a the equation
lg(4x (8a 1)x +5a )+ x +(1 2a)x +2a = lg(x 2(a +1)x a ) has exactly one root?
2 2 2 2 2 2

Solution: Write the equation in the form:

(8a 1)x + 5a ) + 4x (8a 3 1)x + 5a = lg(x 2(a + 1)x a ) + x 2(a + 1)x a : 3 Since lg t + t is an increasing function this equality is equivalent 3 to lg(4x
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4x (8a 1)x + 5a = x 2(a + 1)x a x 2(a + 1)x a > 0 The equation in the above system is equivalent to f (x) = 0 where f (x) = x (2a 1)x + 2a : Substitution x = 2ax x 2a in the inequality gives x < a : Therefore we have to nd those a for which the equation f (x) = x (2a 1)x + 2a = 0 has exactly one root such that x < a : There are three cases to be considered: 1. f (x) = 0 has two roots and a is between the roots. In this case f ( a ) < 0 ) a (a + 1) < 0; which is impossible. 2. f (x) = 0 has two roots one of which equals a and the second one is less than a : in this case f ( a ) = 0 and so a = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

29

or a = 0: When a = 1 we obtain x = 2; x = 1; which implies that a = 1 is a solution. If a = 0 we get x = 1; x = 0; which implies that a = 0 is also a solution. 3. f (x) = 0 has one root which is less than a pSince D = 0 we : 1 2 : It is easy to get that 4a 4a + 1 = 0; and so a = = 2 check that for both values of a the corresponding root is less than a: p 1 2: Therefore the solutions are a = 1; a = 0; a = 2
1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2

Problem 2. Diagonals AC and BD of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD Solution: Set < ABD = x and < CBD = y. From the Low of ) )

intersect in a point E: Prove that if < BAD = 60 and AE = 3CE ) then the sum of two of the sides of the quadrilateral equals the sum of the other two. Sine's we obtain sin x CE AE = ; BC = sin(60sin yx y) AB sin(120 + y x) + and AB = sin(120 x) . Therefore 3 = AE = sin x: sin(120 x) . BC sin(60 y) CE sin y: sin(60 y) Hence 3(cos(2y 60 ) cos 60 ) = cos(2x 120 ) cos 120 ; i.e. 1 cos(2x 120 ) = 3(1 cos(2y 60 )) and so sin (x 60 ) = 3 sin (y 30 ). Therefore sin(x 60 ) cos 60 = cos 30 sin(y 30 ); i.e. sin x sin(120 x) = (sin y sin(60 y)): Again fom the Low of Sine's we get AD AB = (CD BC ); i.e.
2 2

AD + BC = AB + CD or AD + CD = AB + BC:
30

a group of n people such that: 1. There is no group of four every two of which are friends; 2. For any choice of k 1 people among which there are no friends there exists a group of three among the remaining n k every two of which are friends.
1 2 7 +1 1

Problem 3. Find the least positive integer n such that there exists

Solution: Consider a group of 7 people A ; A ; : : : ; A ; such that

8 1 0 7

Ai; i = 1; 2 : : : ; 7 is not friend only with Ai and Ai (we set that A = A and A = A ). It is easily seen that there are no four every two of which are friends. Also, for any choice of k 1 people (in this case k is 1 or 2) every two of which are not friends there exists a group of three among remaining 7 k people every two of which are friends. Therefore k 7: We prove that for any group of 6 which satisfy the condition 1) it is possible to choose a group of k 1 every two of which are not friends such that among remaining 6 k a group of three every two of which are friends does not exist. Denote the people by A ; A ; : : :A : If some of them is friend with the other 5 (wlog suppose this is A ) it is clear that there are no three among A ; A ; : : :A every two of which are friends. Therefore the choice of A solves the problem. Suppose one of then is friend with exactly four others (wlog assume A is friend with A ; A ; A and A ) Then the choice of A and A solves the problem. Therefore each person has 0; 1; 2 or 3 friends. It is obviuos that there exists a group of three any two of which are friends (otherwise the problem is trivial). Assume that the group A ; A and A has this property. Wlog A and A are not friends. Therefore among A ; A ; A and A there is a group of three any two of which are
1 2 6 1 2 3 5 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 6 1 2 3 1 4 2 3 5 6

31

friends. If this is A and A together with one of A or A then there exists a person who is friend with at least four others, a contradiction. Therefore wlog suppose that this group is A ; A and A . Since A and A are not friends and since among the others there is a group of three friends we obtain that either A or A has at least four friends which is a contradiction. Therefore k = 7: Problem 4. Given a right triangle ABC with hypotenuse AB: A point D distinct from A and C is chosen on the ray AC ! such that the line through incenter of 4ABC parallel to the bisector of < ADB is tangent to the incircle of 4BCD: Prove that AD = BD: )
5 6 2 3 2 3 5 1 5 2 3

suppose the contrary, i.e. < ADB > 90 : Denote the tangential ) point of incircle k(I; r) of 4BCD and the side BD by P and the tangential point of k and the line through the center J parallel to bisector l of < ADB by T . Since l ? DI we get T 2 DI: Thus, ) ) < IJT = < CBD =< IBP and since IT = r = IP we have that ) ) 2 4IJT and 4IBP are congruent. In particular IJ = IB which implies that < BJC < 90 ; a contradiction. Let A0 be such point on ) the ray DA! that DA0 = DB and E is the midpoint of A0B: Denote the tangential point of incircle of 4A0BC by F and its incenter by J 0. Then we have 1 EF = jA0E A0F j = 2 jA0B (A0B + A0C BC )j = 1 = 2 jBC A0C j = 1 jBC (A0D CD)j = 2 jBC + CD BDj = r: Therefore the line J 0F parallel to l is tangent to k: This implies that J 0 2 JF: From the other hand J 0 2 JC and since JC is not
1 2

Solution: First we show that C lies on the line segment AD: For,

32

1 ) ) parallel to JF (< ACJ = 45 > 2 < ADB =< ADI ); we get J = J 0: ) Thus, < ABJ =< CBJ =< A0BJ; i.e. A = A0 which completes the ) ) ) proof. Problem 5. Find all triples of positive integers (a; b; c) such that a + b + c is divisible by a b; b c and c a: a b c Solution: If d = gcd(a; b; c) it is easy to see that d ; d ; d is also a solution of the problem. Thus, it su ces to nd all triples (a; b; c) such that gcd(a; b; c) = 1: Let gcd(a; b) = s and suppose s > 1: If p is a prime divisor of s then p divides a; p divides b and p divides a + b + c : Hence p divides c and so p divides c: This is a contradiction to gcd(a; b; c) = 1: Therefore gcd(a; b) = 1 and by analogy gcd(a; c) = gcd(b; c) = 1: It follows from a =(a + b + c ); b =(a + b + c ); c =(a + b + c ) and gcd(a ; b ) = gcd(a ; c ) = gcd(b ; c ) = 1 that a + b + c is divisible by a b c : In particular a + b + c a b c : Wlog we may assume that a b c: Then 3c a + b + c a b c ) c a 3b : Suppose a > 1: Then a b > b b + a(a b) = a ab + b and the inequality (1); c > 3 a ab + b holds. From the other hand since b a 2 we have that b 2b a + b and since c > b we obtain (2); c > a + b: Now + (1) and (2) give (a ab + b )(a + b) < 1 () a c b < 1; which c is impossible since a3c2b3 is an integer. Thus, a = 1: In this case we have that 1+ b + c is divisible by b c : Consider the following cases: 1) if b = c it is easy to see that b = c = 1: Indeed, (1; 1; 1) is a solution of the problem. 2) if b = 1 we obtain the same solution. 3) if b = 2 we obtain c = 3: Triple (1; 2; 3) is a solution of the
3 3 3 2 2 2 ! 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 + 3 3 2 2

33

problem. Supose now that c > b 3: Since 1 + b + c b c ; it follows that 2c > 1+ b + c and so 2c > b or c > b2 : It follows from 2c > b that 2c > b b + 1; i.e. (3); b cb + 1 < 2: From the other hand 1 c when b 5 the inequalities 2 > b4 > b + 1 ) (4) b + 1 < 2 hold. c b + 1 < 1; which is impossible since Multiplying (3) and (4) gives c this number is an integer. Direct veri cstion shows that when b = 3 or b = 4 we get no new solutions. Therefore all solutions of the problem are triples (k; k; k) and (k; 2k; 3k) (and its permutations) for arbitrary positive integer k: Problem 6. Given a pack of 52 cards. The following opperations are allowed: 1. Swap the rst two cards; 2. Put the rst card on the last place. Prove that using these opperations one can order the cards in arbitrary manner. Solution: First we show that it is possible to change any two neighbouring cards. Indeed, using 2) we can move the two cards on the rst two positions. After that apply 1) and again 2) to put all remaining cards on their initial positions. Consider two arbitrary cards ai and ai j : We can change these two cards by changing ai and ai then ai and ai and so on, up to ai and ai j . After that we change ai j and ai j and so on, up to ai j and ai : Since we can change any two cards we can order the cards in arbitrary manner.
3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 + +1 +2 1 + + + + +1

34

L National Mathematics Olympiad 4th round, 19-20 May 2001

and an 6an + an = 0 for n 2. Prove that there exist sequences fxng and fyng of positive integers such that an = xyn +y7 for any n n n 0. Solution: Let xn = an +2an , x = 3 and yn = an 2an , y = 1. Then xn = 3xn +4yn and yn = 2xn +3yn . Since an = xn +yn, 7 it su ces to prove that xn + yn = xyn +y , i.e. xn = 2yn + 7. n n We prove this by induction. The assertion is obvious for n = 0. Suppose that xn = 2yn + 7. Writing this equality in the form (3xn + 4yn ) = 2(3yn + 2xn ) + 7 gives xn = 2yn + 7; which completes the proof. Problem 2. Given nonisosceles triangle ABC . Denote the tangential points of the inscribed circle k of center O with the sides AB; BC and CA by C ; A and B respectively. Let AA \ k = A ; BB \ k = B and let A A , B B be bisectors in triangle A B C (A 2 B C ; B 2 A C ). Prove that: a) A A is bisector of < B A C ; ) b) if P and Q are the intersecting points of circumcircles of triangle A A A and triangle B B B then the point O lies on the line PQ. Solution: a) From the Low of Sine's we obtain ) ) AB = sin < B A A ; AC = sin < C A A ; AA sin AA sin
1 2 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

Problem 1. Consider the sequence fang such that a = 4, a = 22

0 1

35

=< A B C ; = A C B : Since AB = AC we get ) A B = sin < B A A = sin = A B = A B ; ) A C sin < C A A sin ) AC AC which implies that A A is the bisector of < B A C : ) b) Let M = AA \BB : It follows from MA : MA = MB : MB that M lies on the line PQ. Therefore it su ces to prove that OM ? O O , where O and O are circumcenters of 4A A A and 4B B B . It follows from a) that the diametrically opposite point of A in k { the circumcircle of 4A A A , lies on the line B C . Therefore O 2 B C . Moreover < B B A =< CA A = + . ) ) 2 It easily follows now that O coinsides with the intersecting point of B C and BC . Let OO \ A A = N and OO \ B B = K . It follows from 4OA O that ON : OO = OA = r and by analogy OK : OO = r where r is the radius of k. Since O, N , M and K lie on the circle k of diameter OM we have that the line O O is the image of k by inversion of center O and degree r , i.e. OO ? OM . Problem 3. For a permutation a ; a ; : : : an of the numbers 1; 2 : : : n it is allowed to change the places of any two consecutive blocks, i.e. from a ; : : : ; ai; ai ; ai : : :; ai p; ai p ; ai p : : : ; ai q ; ai q ; : : :; an where
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 | +1 +2 {z +

by replacing A and B one can obtain a ; : : : ; ai; ai p ; ai p : : : ; ai q ; ai ; ai : : : ; ai p; ai

1 | + +1 + +2 {z +

} |

+ +1

+ +2 {z

+ +1

Find the least number of such changes after which from n; n 1; : : : 1 one can obtain 1; 2; : : : n.

} |

+1

+2 {z

+ +1

; : : :; an.

Solution: Call the change of two blocks a move. We shall prove that the least number of moves such that from n; n 1; : : : 1 one can
36

obtain 1; 2; : : : n is n + 1 . 2 Consider the number of pairs ai; ai such that ai < ai . This number is 0 in the initial permutation n; n 1; : : : 2; 1 and is n 1 in the nal permutation 1; 2; : : : ; n 1; n. First we show that a move changes the number of pairs ai; ai such that ai < ai at most by two. For, consider a move of the blocks a : : :; b and c; : : : d of the permutation : : : p; a : : : ; b; c; : : :d; q : : : As a result we obtain : : : p; c : : : ; d; a; : : :b; q : : : It is clear that at most three pairs can change the ordering. Suppose the elements in all three pairs change the ordering, i.e. from p > a, b > c and d > q we get p < c, d < a and b < q. Adding the rst three inequalities gives p + b + d > a + c + q and adding the last three implies p + b + d < a + c + q, a contradiction. Therefore a move changes the number of pairs ai; ai for which ai < ai at most by two. It is easily seen that the rst and the last moves change this number by one. Therefore if x is desired number we have 2 + 2(x 2) n 1 which implies x n + 1 . It remaines to nd 2 n + 1 moves such that from n; n 1; : : : 2; 1 we get a sequence of 2 1; 2; : : : ; n 1; n. Let n be even number, i.e. n = 2k. Number the positions from right to left by 1; 2 : : : n. First change the places of the blocks from positions 1; 2 : : : ; k 1 and k; k + 1. Next, change the places of the blocks from positions 2; 3 : : : ; k and k + 1; k + 2. Third, change the blocks 3; 4 : : : ; k +1 and k +2; k +3 and so on. On the k-th step change the blocks from positions k; k +1 : : : ; 2k 2 and 2k 1; 2k. As a result we obtain k + 1; k + 2; : : :; 2k; 1; 2; : : : ; k. The
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

37

last change is 1; 2; : : : ; k and k + 1; k + 2 : : : ; 2k. When n is odd, i.e. n = 2k + 1 the rst change is of the blocks from positions 1; 2; : : : ; k and k + 1; k + 2 after that 2; 3; : : : ; k + 1 and k + 2; k + 3 and so on. The last k + 1 change is 1; 2 : : : k and k + 1; : : : ; 2k and we obtain 1; 2; : : : ; 2k + 1. Problem 4. Let n 2 be xed integer. At any point with integer coordinates (i; j ) we write i + j modulo n. Find all pairs (a; b) of positive integers such that the rectangle with vertices (0; 0), (a; 0), (a; b), (0; b) has the following properties: 1) the remainders 0; 1; : : : ; n 1 written in its interior points appear equal number of times; 2) the remainders 0; 1; : : :; n 1 written on its boundary appear equal number of times. Solution: Let pi and si for i = 0; 1; : : :; n 1 be the number of residues i on the sides and in the interior of the rectangle respectively. If a0 = a + kn for an integer k then the corresponding numbers for (a0; b) are p0i = pi + 2k and s0i = si + k(b 1). Therefore if (a; b) is a solution then (a + kn; b) and by analogy (a; b + ln) are also solutions. Thus, wlog we may suppose that 1 a; b n. If n = 2 then all possible values of (a; b) are (a; b) = (1; 1); (1; 2); (2; 1); (2; 2): Pair (2; 2) is not a solution because there is unique interior point (s = 1, s = 0) for the rectangle. The remaining three cases give solutions. Therefore for n = 2 solutions are all pairs (a; b) where either a or b is an odd number. Let n > 2 and suppose (a; b) is a solution of the problem for
0 1

38

which 1 a; b < n. In the vertices (0; 0) and (a; b) are written 0 and a + b modulo n respectively, whereas all residues 1; 2; : : :; a + b 1 appear on the boundary even number of times. (once on the boundary (1; 0); : : : ; (a; 0); (a; 1); : : :; (a; b 1) and once on the boundary (0; 1); : : :; (0; b); (1; b); : : :; (a 1; b)). If n does not divide a + b then 0 and the residue of a + b appear odd number of times whereas at least one of the remaining residues (n > 2) appears even number of times. Therefore n divides a + b and so a + b = n or a + b = 2n. When a + b = 2n we have that a = b = n. This pair is not a solution since the number of interior points is (n 1) and is not divisible by n. It remains to consider the case a + b = n. If a > 1 and b > 1 then the rectangle has interior points. For any such point (i; j ) we have 0 < i < a, 0 < j < b, 0 < i + j < a + b = n and therefore the residue modulo n is not 0. Therefore a = 1, b = n 1 (or a = n 1, b = 1) which is a solution. Therefore for n > 2 all solutions are a = 1+ kn, b = n 1+ ln and a = n 1+ kn, b = 1+ ln, where k; l = 0; 1; 2; : : :. Problem 5. Find all real numbers t for which there exist real numbers x; y; z such that
2

3x + 3xz + z = 1; 3y + 3yz + z = 4; x
2 2 2 2

xy + y = t:
2

Solution. We shall prove that the answer is t 2 3 2 5 ; 1 : Let x; y; t; satisfy the conditions of the problem. Consider four points A; B; C; O in the plane such that AO = x; BO = y; CO = z p and < AOB = 60 ; < BOC =< COA = 150 : By the cosine ) ) ) 3 p 2 1 theorem it follows that t > 0; AB = t; BC = p ; CA = p : 3 3 Since < ACB << AOB = 60 and < BAC << BOC = 150 ; we ) ) ) )
!

39

have (1)
1 p 2 3

2 p 3 1 2 p p 2 3

( t)

1 = cos < ACB > 2 ; )

(2)

( t) +
2 !

2p

1 p

2 p

2 3

= cos < BAC > )

p p

3: 2

Conversely, let t 2 3 2 5 ; 1 : Then we can construct a trip 2 1 angle ABC such that AB = t; BC = p ; CA = p : By (1) and 3 3 (2) it follows that < ACB < 60 and < ABC << BAC < 150 : Let ) ) ) kA be the circle through B and C such that the arc BC , lying in the half-plane (with respect to BC ) containing the point A; is equal to 60 : Denote by kB the analogous circle trough A and C: Then it is easy to see that the second common point O of kA and kB lies in the interior of 4ABC: (Indeed, assume the contrary. If O lies in < ACB; then < AOB =< AOC + < BOC = 150 + 150 = 300 ) ) ) ) which is impossible. If O lies in the opposite angle of < ACB; ) then < AOB =< AOC + < BOC = 30 + 30 = 60 which con) ) ) tardicts to the inequalities < AOB << ACB < 60 : The other cases ) ) for the position of O can be rejected in the same manner.) Hence < AOB = 360 < AOC <p ) ) ) BOC = 360 150 150 = 60 : Set x = AO; y = BO; z = CO 3: Applying the cosine theorem for triangles AOB; BOC and COA it follows that x; y; z; t satisfy the conditions of the problem.
!

These inequalities are equivalent to t < 1 and t + t 1 > 0; i.e. p 3 5; 1 : t2 2

40

(p + 2)x (p + 1)y + px + (p + 2)y = 1; where p is xed prime number of the form 4k + 3: Prove that: a) If (x ; y ) is a solution of the equation where x and y are positive integers, then p divides x ; b) The given equation has in nitely many solutions (x ; y ) where x and y are positive integers.
2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Problem 6. Given the equation

(3) x = (z x)((p + 1)(z + x) + p): If z x and (p + 1)(z + x) + p are relatively prime then they are perfect squares which is impossible since the second one is of the form 4k + 3: Let q be a common divisor of these numbers. It follows from (3) that q=x and so q=z: Since q=(p + 1)(z + x) + p we have q=p giving q = p which completes the proof. b) It su ces to prove that (3) has in nitely many solutions in positive integers. Let x = px and z = pz : Then x = (z x )((p + 1)(z + x ) + 1) and therefore there exist positive integers a and b such that z x = a ; x = ab and (p + 1)(z + x ) + 1 = b : It follows now that (4) (p + 2)b (p + 1)(a + b) = 1:
2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2

Solution: a) Set y 1 = z and write the equation in the form

Let p + 2 + p + 1 = mk p + 2 + nk p + 1 for any k = 0; 1; : : : ; where mk and nk are positive integers. It is obvious that ( p + 2 p + 1) k = mk p + 2 nk p + 1 and after multiplying we obtain that (p+2)mk (p+1)nk = 1; i.e. b = mk and a + b = nk are solutions of (4): Hence, x = pmk (nk mk) and
q q 2 +1 q q 2 2

2 +1

41

z = pnk (nk mk ) are solutions of (3): The assertion of b) follows from the fact that both sequences m ; m ; : : : and n ; n ; : : : are strictly increasing.
1 2 1 2

42