CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Total number of Questions in this chapter are :

(i) In chapter Examples ....................... 50

(ii) Solved Examples ....................... 38

Total no. of questions ....................... 88

1. ELECTRIC CURRENT (k) Electric field outside a current carrying
conductor is zero, but it is non zero inside
(a) When a charge flows in a conductor from v
one place to the other, then the rate of flow the conductor and is given by e = –
l
of charge is called electric current(i) Note : The electric field inside charged conductor
(b) The electric current in measured by 'rate of is zero, but it is non zero inside a current
flow of charge'. carrying conductor
or (l) Electric current is a scalar quality Although
(c) Charge flowing per second from any cross in diagrams, we represent current in a wire
section of the conductor is called electric by an arrow but the arrow simply indicate the
current, direction of flow of positive charges in the
wire.
Ch arg e dq
Current i = = , if flow is uniform Note : Though electric current needs direction
Time dt
q for its representation, yet it is scalar
i = quantity. It is because, the current can
t
(d) Unit : Ampere (A) be added algebraically. Only scalar
1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second. quantities can be added algabraically not
the vector quantities.
i.e. if 1 coulomb of charge flows per second
then 1 ampere of current is said to be
Electric current
flowing.
(e) Dimension : (M0L0T 0A1) Ex.1 If a charge of 1.6 × 10–19 coulomb flows per
(f) If n electrons pass through any cross section second through any cross section of any
conductor, the current constitute will be–
ne
in every t seconds then i =
t (A) 2.56 × 10–19 A (B) 6.25 × 10–19 A
(C) 1.6 × 10 –19 A (D) 3.2 × 10–19 A
where e = 1.6 × 10–19 coulomb.
Sol (C)
(g) 1 ampere of current means the flow of
6.25 × 1018 electrons per second through q
From definition of current i =
any cross section of conductor t
(h) Direction of flow of current is taken to be Here q = 1.6 x 10–19 C and t = 1 sec
opposite to the direction of flow of electrons. 1 10 –19
i= = 1.6 × 10–19 ampere
(i) Value of the current is same throughout the 1
conductor, irrespective of the cross section Thus if dq charge flows in dt seconds, then
of conductor at different points. dq
(j) Net charge in a current carrying conductor is electric current, i is given by i =
dt
zero at any instant of time. Ex.2 If charge flowing through a conductor is given
Note : A current carrying conductor cannot said by q = 1.5 t2 + t. The current caused in
to be charged, because in conductor the t = 2 second will be–
current is caused by electron (free (A) 4 ampere (B) 5 ampere
electron). The no. of electron (negative (C) 6 ampere (D) 7 ampere
charge) and proton (positive charge) in a Sol (D)
conductor is same. Hence the net charge
dq
in a current carrying conductor is zero. We know i =
dt
E Here q = 1.5 t2 + t
dq
 = 3t + 1
dt
+ –
 dq 
F Now   at t = 2s = 3 x 2 + 1 = 7
 dt 
l  Current caused in 2 seconds = 7 ampere
71
Ex.3 The no. of electrons flowing per second Ex.6 A conductor of non–uniform cross–sectional
through any cross section of wire, if it carries area, has cross–sectional area at three points
a current of one ampere, will be – as A1 = 2cm 2, A2 = 4cm2, A3 = 6cm2. If a
(A) 2.5 × 1018 (B) 6.25 × 1018 current of 5 ampere is passed through A1,
(C) 12.5 × 10 18 (D) 5 × 1018 the current will give values, when passed
Sol (B) through A2 and A3 respectively as–
q ne (A) 10 ampere, 15 ampere
i= = [  q = ne, from quantization (B) 20 ampere, 30 ampere
t t
rule of charge] (C) 2.5 ampere, 1.66 ampere
(D) 5 ampere, 5 ampere
I t 1 1
 n = = = 6.25 × 1018 Sol Current will remain same.
e 1.6  10 19
Ex.7 A steady current is flowing in a cylindrical
Ex.4 The no. of electron passing through a heater conductor. Is there any electric field within
wire in one minute, if it carries a current of the conductor ? [IIT–82]
8 ampere, will be–
Sol Yes, The reason is that the current in a
(A) 2 × 1020 (B) 2 × 1021 conductor flows only when the electric field
(C) 3 × 10 20 (D) 3 × 1021
established in the conductor applies a force
Sol (D) on each free electron.
It 8  60 Ex.8 An electron moves in a circle of radius
n = = = 3 × 1021 10 cm with a constant speed of 4 × 106 m/s
e 1.6  10 19
find the electric current at a point on the
Ex.5 In hydrogen atom, the electron moves in an
circle.
orbit of radius 5 × 10–11 m with a speed of
2.2 × 106 m/sec. the equivalent current will Sol Consider a point A on the circle. The electron
be – crosses this point once in every revolution.
The number of revolutions made by electron
(A) 1.12 mA (B) 4.32 mA
(C) 3.32 mA (D) 7.12 mA in one second is – A

Sol (A) 6
4  10 2
Time taken by the electron in 1 revolution is 2
= × 107
2  10  10 
2r
T =
v
where r is the radius of orbit and v is the Hence, the charge crossing 'A' every second
speed. 2 3.2
is × 107 × 1.6 × 10–19 C = × 10–12 C
Therefore, the no. of revolutions in 1 second  
is By the definition of current, this is the current
at this point
1 v 2.2  10 6
n =
T
=
2 r
=
F
22
G IJ
 (5  10 11)
 1 × 10–12 A
2
7HK 2. CURRENT DENSITY
= 7 × 1015 /sec
(a) The current density at a point in a conductor
In one revolution, 1.6 × 10–19 coulomb of is the ratio of the current at that point in the
charge flows through any point of the orbit. conductor to the area of cross–section of the
Hence the total charge flown in 1 sec. is conductor of that point.
q = charge in 1 revolution × no. of revolution
in 1 sec. = (1.6 × 10–19) × (7.0 × 1015) i
(b) It is denoted by j i.e. j =
= 1.12 × 10–3 coulomb A
i = Electric current A = Area of cross section.
q 11.2  10 3 Note : Area 'A' is normal to current 'I'. If A is not
 Current I = =
t 1 normal to I, but makes an angle  with
= 1.12 × 10–3 amp = 1.12 mA the normal to current, then
  Current density
I P
 Ex.9 One end of an aluminium wire, whose
diameter is 2.5 mm is welded to one end of
A a copper wire whose diameter is 2.0 mm.
I I The composite wire carries a steady current
j = A = A 6.25 A. The current densities in Al and Cu
normal cos 
 will be respectively –

 I = j A cos  = j . A (A) 127 A/cm 2, 200 A/cm 2
(B) 126 A/cm 2, 180 A/cm 2
6.25 (C) 125 A/cm 2, 160 A/cm 2
J =
 (D) 125 A/cm 2, 180 A/cm 2
 2 2  10 6
4 Sol (A)
2× 106 A/m 2  200 A/cm 2 I
 J = I/A =
(c) It is a VECTOR quantity It's direction is the r 2
direction of motion of the positive charges at
6.25
that point.  For A, J = 
(d) Units : ampere / meter2 (A/m2)  2.5 2  10 6
4
(e) Dimension : [M0L–2T 0A]
(f) If, = 127 × 106 A/m 2 = 127 A/cm2 and for
Ex.10 (i) A current of 5 amp. is passing through
n = number of free electrons per unit volume of
metallic wire of cross–sectional area
conductor.
4 × 10–6 / m2, the drift speed of electrons
A = cross sectional area of conductor will be (in m/sec) (density of electron per unit
v d = Drift. velocity. then volume is 5 × 1026) [Roorkee–91]
I = neA v d and J = ne v d (A) 1.56 × 10 –2 (B) 1.6 × 10–19
(g) Drift velocity : An applied potential difference (C) 1.56 × 10 m/sec (D) 1.6 × 1019
2

does not give an accelerated motion to Sol (A)

electrons but simply gives them a small We know I = neAv d
constant velocity (  10 –4 m/s) along the
5
length of wire towards the end at higher  vd =
potential. This is called Drift velocity of the 5  10  1.6  10 19  4  10 6
26

electrons. = 1.56 × 10–2 m/sec

Note : The speed of random motion of electrons Ex.11 The diameter of a copper wire is 2mm. If a steady
current of 6.25 A is caused by 8.5 × 1028 /m–3
is determined by temperature and is
electrons flowing through it. The drift velocity
given by
of conduction electrons will be –
1 3 3kT (A) 0.25 mm/s (B) 0.35 mm/s
mv2 = kT  v =
2 2 m (C) 0.15 mm/s (D) 0.45 mm/s
where m is mass of electron, T is
absolute temp. and k is Boltz man's i 6.25
Sol (C) J = = 
constant. A  2.5  10 6
(h) Electrons collide with the ions of metal while 4
moving. The average time–interval between = 200×104 A/m 2
two successive collisions is called relaxation–
time, denoted by . J 200  10 4
vd = =
The relations between relaxation time () and ne 8.5  10 25  1.6  10 19

 = 14.7 × 10–5 m/s  0.15 mm/s
drift velocity (v d) is given v d = – e E
m
73
Ex.12 A silver wire 1mm diameter carries a charge where, R is a constant. This is called
of 90 coulombs in 1 hour and 15 minutes. 'Electrical resistance' of the conductor.
Silver contains 5.8 × 1028 free electrons per
(b) This is true for metallic conductors only which
cm3. The current (in amp.) in wire and drift
have free electrons.
velocity of the electron will be respectively–
(c) The law is not applicable for ionized gases,
(A) 0.02, 2.69 × 10–7 (B) 0.03, 3.69 × 10–7
transistors, semi–conductors etc.
(C) 3.2, 2.69 × 10–7 (D) 2.3, 3.69 × 10–7
Sol (A) I
q 90 coulombs
 i = = 4500 sec s = 0.02 ampere
t (a)

i i 0.02 amp V
J = = 2 =
A r (0.05)2 metre 2
= 2.55 × 104 amp/m 2 I
4
J 2.55  10
vd = = Diode
ne (5.8  10 28 )(1.6  10 19 ) (b)
= 2.69 × 10–7 m/sec.
Ex.13 The total momentum of electrons in a straight V
wire of length l = 1000m carrying a current
I = 70A, will be – (in N.s) I Semi
(A) 0.40 × 10–6 (B) 0.20 × 10–6 conductor
(C) 0.80 × 10 –6 (D) 0.16 × 10–6
(c)
Sol (A)
We know I = neAv d where v d  drift velocity V
n  no. of density of electron.
Total no. of electron N = nAl I
Total momentum (P) of electron = Nmv d or
Torch
I Il m (d) Bulb
P = (nAl m) =
neA e
V
31
70  1000  9.3  10
 P =
1.6  10 19 (d) Units of resistance : ohm( )
= 0.40 N.s 1 ohm = 1 volt / 1 ampere.
(e) Dimensions of resistance : [M1L2T –3A –2]
3. OHM'S LAW (f) If, L = length of conductor
(a) If there is no change in the physical state of R = resistance of conductor
a conductor (Such as temperature) then the A = cross sectional area of conductor
ratio of the potential difference applied perpendicular to current
at it's ends and the current flowing through it 1
Then, R L , R 
is constant i.e. A
I L
 R= 
A
This constant of proportionality,  is called
'Resistivity' or 'Specific resistance'.
V
V  I or V = I R ;
Note : Effect of stretching a wire on its resistance Effect of temperature on resistance :
(i) If the length of wire is changed, then (a)
R1 l 12 Rt
R2
= 2
l2
(ii) If the radius of wire is changed, then 
 R0
R1 l 24 
=
R2 f14 O t0C
(g) Units of  = Ohm–meter Rt = R0 (1 +  t)
Dimensions of  = [M1 L3 T –3 A 2] where, Rt = Resistance at t0 C.
(h) If T = Temperature in kelvin R = R0 (1 +  R0 = Resistance at 00 C
(T – T0) where R0 = Resistance at temp. T 0 t = change in temperature.
and  = thermal coefficient of resistance so, = Temperature coefficient of resistance at
as T increases  R increases. 0º C
(i) Resistivity is also defined as the ratio of the = +ve for metals.
intensity of the electric field E at any point = –ve for semi conductors and insulators.
within the conductor and the current density = 0 for alloys.
j at that point (b) R2 = R1 [1 +  (t 2 – t 1)]. This formula gives
E an approximate value.
 = j or j  E (c) Resistance of the conductor decreases
(j) Resistivity is' characteristic property of the linearly with temperature and becomes zero
material of the conductor. It does not depend at a specific temperature. This temperature
upon length area etc. of the conductor. is called critical or transition temperature,
Although it depends on temperature. It conductor becomes a super conductor at this
increases with increase in temperature temperature.
(d) There is no loss of energy in a circuit formed
(k) Value of resistivity is least for conductors
by super conductors. Current passed in loop
and most for insulators.
formed by superconductor will continue
(l) Inverse of resistivity is called conductance flowing f or infinite time if there is no
of wire denoted by  resistance in the loop.
1
 =  Ohm's law
(m) Units of conductance : Mho Ex.14 In a wire of length 4m and diameter 6mm, a
current of 120 ampere is passed. The
Important points :
potential difference across the wire is found
(a) If a conductor is stretched to n times of it's to be 80 volt. The resistance of wire will be–
original length, it's new resistance will be n2
(A) 0.15 ohm (B) 0.25 ohm
times older one (C) 6.660 ohm (D) none
(b) if x% of change is brought in length of a wire, Sol (A)
it's resistance will change by 2x%. This is
From he definition of resistance
true for x < 5 only.
V 180
(c) If a conductor is stretched such that it's radius R= = = 0.15 ohm
I 120
is reduced to 1/nth of it's original values, then
Ex.15 Is the formula V = iR true for non–ohmic
resistance will increases n4 times similarly
resistance also ?
resistance will decrease n4 times if radius is
Sol Yes, this formula defines resistance and not
increased n times by contraction –
ohm's law.

75
Ex.16 The resistance between two rectangular faces
R'
of a block of dimensions 4cm × 4cm × 10cm  = 4 or R' = 4R
R
of maganin (= 48 × 10–8 ohm, m), will be
(A) 4.8  (B) 3.8  Ex.19 A given piece of wire of length l, radius r and
(C) 30  (D) 3  resistance R is streched uniformly to a wire
Sol (A) of radius (r/2). The new resistances will be –
l (A) 2R (B) 4R
From R =  , we have (C) 8R (D) 16R
A
Sol (D)
4.8  10 8  4  10 2
R= = 4.8 × 10–6  The volume of given wire remains unchanged,
4  10  10  4 hence
Ex.17 If resistance of a wire formed by 1.cc of
Al = A'l ' or (A'/A) = (l /l ')
copper be 2.46 . The diameter of wire is
0.32mm, then the specific resistance of wire l l '
will be– R =  and R' =
A A'
(A) 1.59 × 10–6 ohm.cm (B) 2.32 × 10–6 2
ohm.cm (C) 3.59 × 10–6 ohm.cm (4)1.59 × 10–8 R' A  A
 = =  
ohm. cm R A ' '  A' 
Sol (A) 2 2
R'  r 2   r '2  r
=  2

= 16  2
length of wire 
 [ r = 2 ]
 '
R 
 r '   r 
 volume  1
=   =  R' = 16R
 Area  31.4  ( 0.006 ) 2
Ex.20 The potential difference across a wire of
10–3 cm 2 cross–sectional area and 50cm
RA (2.46) 31.4  (0.016 )2 length is 2 volt, when a current of 0.25amp
= =
 
l 1 exists in wire. Calculate–
 
 31.4  (0.016 )2  (i) field strength in the wire (ii) the current
 
density, and (iii) the conductivity of the metal
= 1.59 × 10–6 ohm. cm
2 volt
Note :  will be same for any shape of wire formed Sol (i) E= V/d =2volt/50cm = 0.5 metre = 4 V/m
by metal. (ii) J = i/A = 0.25 amp/103×10–4 m 2
Ex.18 A given piece of wire length l, cross sectional = 2.5 × 106 A/m 2
area A and resistance R is stretched
(iii)  = J/E = (2.5 × 106 amp/m 2)/4volts
uniformly to a wire of length 2l . The new
/metre) = 6.25 × 105 mho/m.
resistance will be–
(A) 2R Ex.21 A copper wire is stretched to make, 0.1%
(B) 4R longer, the percentage change in its
(C) R/2 resistance will be –
(D) Remains unchanged (A) 0.2 (B) 0.4
(C) 0.8 (D) 1.6
Sol (B)
Sol (A)
l (2 l )
R= and R' = , The resistance of a wire of length l, cross–
A A'
 = specific resistance. sectional area A and resistivity  is given by
l
R'  2 l   A  R = ...................... (A)
 =     A
R  l   A' 
If d is density and m the mass of wire, then
Further A l = A' (2 l ) [Volume remains m
conserved]  A/A' = 2 Ald = m or Area, A =
ld
 Substituting this value in (A), we get
T1
l d 2
R =
(m / l d)
= l T2
m I
d
But = constant for a given wire,
m
V
 d 
Taking log, log R = log   + log l2 (A) T1 = T 2 (B) T1 > T 2
m
(C) T1 < T 2 (D) None
d
= log + 2 log l Sol (C)
m
Differentiating The slope of I – V curve
I I
dR 2dl =
= or R R
R l
I
i.e. slop e 
 dl  R
dR
× 100 = 2  100  % The slope of graph at temperature T1 is
R  l 
greater than that at temperature T2.
dl  Resistance at T 2 > Resistance at T1
Given × 100 = 0.1%
l
For metallic wire the resistance R increases
Percentage (%) change in resistance
with increase of temperature.
= 2 × 0.1 = 0.2% i.e. the resistance increases
by 0.2%. Hence T2 > T1.
Ex.22 There are two wires of the same length and Ex.25 The resistance of a tungsten filament at 150º
of the same material and radii r and 2r. The C is 133 ohm. Its resistance at 500º C will be–
ratio of their specific resistance is– (The temperature coefficient of resistance of
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 1 : 1 tungsten is 0.0045 per ºC)
(C) 1 : 4 (D) 4 : 1 (A) 257  (B) 79 
Sol (B) (C) 50  (D) none of these
Specif ic resistance is a characteristic
Sol (A)
property of metal and doesn't depend upon
dimensions of the wire used. If the resistance of a wire at 0º C be R0 and
at t0 C be Rt, then Rt = (1 + t) or R0
Ex.23 The resistance of wire is 50 then the graph
Rt
between log v and log I is– = where  is the temperature coefficient
1  t
(A) straight line passing through origin
of resistance. The resistance of the filament at
(B) parabola
150º C is 133 ohm. Therefore, its resistance at
(C) hyperbola 0º C will be given by R0
(D) none of the above.
Sol (D) 133
= = 79.0 ohm
V = IR log V = log I + log R 1  (0.0045 )  150
This is a straight line but not passing through Now, the resistance of the filament at 500º C
origin. will be
Ex.24 The current voltage graph for a given metallic
R500 = R0 (1 +  t500)
wire at two different temperatures T1 and T2
are shown in fig. Which is true– = 79.0 [1+ (0.0045) x 500]
= 257 ohm

77
Ex.26 The resistance of a conductor at 20º C is Note : If n resistance (each R) are connected in
3.15 ohm and at 100º C is 3.75 ohm. series there resultant will be nR
Determine the temperature coefficient of
(iv ) For a series combination of two
resistance of the conductor. The resistance
of the conductor at 0º C will be– resistances

(A) 2 (B) 3 R1 R2
(C) 6 (D) 5
Sol (C)
If the resistance of the conductor at t1 ºC be
R1 and at t2 ºC be R2, then
R1 = R0 (1 + t 1), and R2 = R0 (1 + t2)
V
R1 1  t1
On dividing : R = 1  t or R1 (1 +  t2 ) (A) equivalent resistance R = R1 + R2
2 2
(B) I = V / (R1 + R2)
R 2  R1
= R2 (1 + t1) or  = R1V
R1t 2  R 2 t1 (C) V1 (voltage across R1) = IR1 =
R1  R 2
Here t1 = 20º C, R1 = 3.15 ohm, t2 = 1000º C
R2 V
and R2 = 3.75 ohm (D) V2 (voltage across R2) = IR2 = R  R
1 2
3.75  315
  = (3.15  100 )  (3.75  20 ) (b) PARALLEL COMBINATION :
0.60 0.60 i1 R1
= = = 0.0025 per ºC]
315  75 240
i2 R2
Now from the formula Rt = R0 (1 + t), we
A B
have i3
3.15 R3
R0 = Rt/(1 + t) =
1  (0.0025 )  (20)
V
= 3.0 ohm
(i) There is same drop of potential across
4. COMBINATION OF RESISTANCES each resistance.
(a) Series Combination (ii) Current in each resistance is inversely
proportional to the value of resistance i.e.
R1 R2 R3
V V V
V1 V2 V3 i1 = R , i2 = R , i3 = R etc.
1 2 3
I
(iii) Current flowing in the circuit is sum of
the currents in individual resistances i.e.
V
i = i1 + i2 + i 3 ,
(i) Same current passes through each
resistance. V V V
(ii) Voltage across each resistance is directly i = + + + ........
R1 R2 R3
proportional to it's value.
V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2 i 1 1 1 1
(iii) Sum of the voltages across resistances
 = = R + R + R + ....
V R 1 2 3
is equal to the voltage applied across where R = equivalent resistance.
the circuit i.e.
1
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + .............. Note : (a) You are asked to find R and not in
R
V = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + .............. the question, so be careful.
V (b) The equivalent resistance of parallel
= R1 + R2 + R3 + .................. combination is lower than the value of
I
lowest resistance in the combination.
= RWhere, R = equivalent resistance.
 (c) For a parallel combination of two Sol (A)
resistances ....... Suppose the resultant resistance of the given
R1 resistance be R', then
i1 R' = R + (R + 1) + (R + 2) + ........ (R + n)
i n  1
i R2 = [2R + (n + 1) – 1]
2 2
n  1  n
= [2R + n] = (n + 1) R  
2  2

V [ Sum of n terms in arithmetic series is

n
V(R1  R2 ) Sn = [2a + (n – 1) d]
2
(i) i = i1 + i2 = R1R2 Where a  is first term
Note : (i) If n resistances (each R) are connected d  is common difference
in parallel, their resultant will be R/n In the given question total terms are (n + 1)]
(ii) If n resistance are connected in series Ex.29 The Resistance 4R, 16R, 64R, ............ are
and parallel respectively the ratio of their
connected in series, their resultant will be–
resultant will be nR : R/n = n2 .
(A) 0 (B) 
(C) 4/3 R (D) 3/4 R
Combination of resistances Sol (B)
Let the resultant resistance of the given
Ex.27 Two wires of the same material having lengths combination be R', then
in the ratio of 1 : 2 and diameters in the ratio
2 : 1 are connected with a cell of 6 volt and R' = 4R + 16R + 64R + .................. 
internal resistance 1 . The ratio of the = 
potential difference across the two wires will
be– Ex.30 Resistance R, 2R, 4R, 8R ..................... 
are connected in parallel. Their resultant
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1
resistance will be –
(C) 1 : 8 (D) 8 : 1
Sol (C) (A) R (B) R/2 (C) 0 (D) 
Since in series, current flowing will be same, Sol (B)
Let R' be the resultant resistance then
V1 IR1 R1  r22 l
thus V = IR = R = × 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 r12 = + + + ...................... 
R' R 2R 4R
1 r22 1 1 1
= × 2 = [1 + + + ............................. 
2 r1 R 2 4
2  
 1  1 1  1 
=   ×   = 1   2 R
2 2 8 = 1 =  R' =

R 1 R 2
or V1:V2 = 1 : 8  2 
Ex.31 The resistance of two conductors in series is
Ex.28 Resistance R (R + 1), (R + 2) ......... (R + n)
40 and their resistance becomes 7.5
 are connected in series, their resultant when connected in parallel. The resistance
resistance will be – are–
 n  n (A) R1 = 30 , R2 = 40 .
(A) (n + 1) R   (B) (n – 1) R   (B) R1 = 20 , R2 = 30 .
 2  2
(C) n (R + n) (D) n (R – n) (C) R1 = 30 , R2 = 10 .
(D) R1 = 20 , R2 = 20 .

79
Sol (C) Sol (A)
In Series R1 + R2 = 40 ................ (A) Let x the resultant resistance. If in the
following small combination
R1R2
In Parallel R  R = 7.5  1
1 2 1
Since (R1 – R2)2 = (R1 + R2)2 – 4R1R2 1
1 1
= 402 – 1200 = 400 1 1
R1 – R2 = 20 ..................... (B) 1
(a) (b)
Solving (A) and (B), we get R1 = 30 and
(B), we get R1 = 30 and R2 = 10
(a) is added, the value of x will remain
Ex.32 In the f ollowing f igure the resultant. unaffected. hence the resultant circuit will
Resistance between A and C will be– be as shown in fig b From fig (b) the
R resultant resistance
R R R B R C
A 1.x x
up x = 1 + + 1 = 2 +
to 1 x 1 x
R
n up to
R n x=1+ 3
Hence current
 n2  1   n  1 V
 
(A) R  n 
 
(B) R 
 n 
 I =
R
= 12/(1 + 3) = 6  3 1 A
 n2  1  Ex.34 A wire of resistance 10 is bent to form a
   n  1
(C) R  n  (D) R   complete circle. It's resistance between two
   n 
diametrically opposite points will be (in  )–
Sol (A)
(A) 3.5 (B) 5
The resistance are connected in series (C) 2.5 (D) 1.5
between the points A and B and those
Sol (C)
between B and C are in parallel. Let R1 and
5
R 2 be the resultant of these two
combinations, then
A C
R1 = nR and R2 = R/n
5
 n2  1 
R  
R' = R1 + R2 = nR + = R  n  Let's find the resistance between A and C.
n  
Then the configuration is similar to
Ex.33 In the following fig, the current drawn by the
battery of 12V supply (in amp) will be – D
   .
+A  A C

12V  
B
–B 
  
Hence, equivalent resistance
(A) 6 ( 3  1) (B) 6 ( 3  1)
55
(C) 12 ( 3  1) (D) 12 ( 3  1)
  = 2.5
55
Ex. 35 Ex36 Find effective resistance between points A
Find the equivalent resistance and hence and B in figure.
current supplied by the battery in the diagram E 3 D
shown – 3
4 4 4 g 3
a c e

6 6
6V 3 3 2 6 3
3 3
b d f h A B
Sol
Sol Reducing the figure as follows in order from
Solv ing the circuit one by one as 1 to 8
f ollows. Hence current supplied by 3
(1) E D
6V 3
battery = = 1A.
6
(1) 4 4 g C
a c e 6 6
6
6 3
3 3 6
6V
A 3 B

b d f h 3
E D 3
(2)
a 4 c 4 e
(2) 6 C
3
6V 2 6
3
3
A 3 B
b d f
D 3
(3)
a 4 e C
c
6 6 6
3
(3) 6V 3 6

A 3 B
b d f
D
a 4 c 3

(4) 3 6
6V 2 (4)
3

d A 3 B
b
a c
(5) C

6V 6 6
(5) 6 3
b d
6V
Hence current supplied by the battery =
6 A 3 B
= 1 A
81
 6
(6) C (7)

3
3
A 3 B

(8)
A 3 B
A  B

5. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMBINATION OF RESISTANCES AND CAPACITORS

S. Resistance Capacitors
No.

In series In parallel In series In parallel

(i) C1
R1 R2 R3 +q +q +q +q1
C1 C2 C3
-q1
V3 V2 V1 +q2 C2
V1 V2 V3 Earth B
I V A -q2
+ – + – C3
Earth
E E +q3 -q3
V
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(ii) R = R1 + R2 + R3       C = C1 + C2 + C3
R R1 R 2 R 3 C C1 C 2 C3

(iii) V = V1 + V 2 + V 3 V1 = V2 = V3 = V V = V1 + V2 + V 3 V1 = V2 = V

(iv) Current is same in Currents through Charge is equal in all Different capacitor
all the resistances different but p.d. across capacitors diff. charge.
all of them is the same
(v) If n resistances, If n resistances each If n cap. are in series If n capacitor are
each of value R are of value R are then C' = C/n connected in parallel
connected in series connected in parallel, C' = nC
then R' = nR then R' = R/n
(vi) Effective resistance Effective resistance is Effective capacitance is Effective capacitance
is greater than the less than the smallest less than smallest is greater than the
highest resistance resistance in the capacitor in the largest capacitor in the
in the combination combination combination combination
 6. KIRCHOFF'S LAWS Sol (i) Let i be current following through 2
resistance.
Kirchoff in 1842 gave two laws for solving This current is divided into two parts i 1 and
complicated electrical circuits. These laws i2 at C as shown in fig.
are as follows– The effective resistance of 6 and 9
(a) First law : resistance in series = 6 + 9 = 15.
In an electrical circuit, the algebraic sum of The p.d. between CD,
the current meeting at any junction in the V = i 1 × 15 = i2 × 5
circuit is zero.
i1 6 9
OR
Sum of the currents entering the junction is 2
equal to sum of the currents leaving the i C B
A D
junction 5
 i = 0 i2
i1 – i 2 – i3 – i4 + i5 = 0 i1 5 1
or i1 + i 5 = i2 + i 3 + i 4  = = or i2 = 3i1
i2 15 3
Note :
As i = i1 + i 2  i1 = i 2 – i – 3i1
This law is based on law of conservation of 1
charge. In other words, when a steady current or i1 =
4
flows in a circuit then their is neither
accumulation of charge at point in the circuit 3i
 i2 = 3i1 =
nor any charge is removed from there. 4
(b) Second law : In a 'closed' mesh of a circuit Heat developed in 5 resistance per
the algebric sum of the products of the current 2
 3i 
and the resistance in each part of the mesh 2   5
i R 4
is equal to the algebric sum of the e.m.f.'s in second H = 1 cal =  
4 .2 4. 2
that mesh. i.e.
iR = E (3 i / 4)2  5
But given H= = 10.24 cal s–1
Important notes 4.2
(a) In applying this law, when we traverse in the Solving, we get i = 3.92 A.
direction of current then the product of the  Heat developed in 2 resistor per sec
currrent and the corresponding resistance is
taken as positive, and the emf is taken as i2 R (3 .92 )2  ( 2)
= cal = =7.31 cal.
positive when we traverse from the negative 4.2 4 .2
to the positive electrode of the cell through (ii) Potential difference across 9 resistor
the electrolyte. sec = current × resistance
(b) This law is based on 'law of conservation of 1
energy'. = i1 × 6 = × 6 = 5.86 volt.
4
Ex.37 The value of current i in the following circuit
Kirchoff's laws is–
4A
Ex.36 In the following figure the 5 ohm–resistance 2A
develops heat 10.24 cal's due to a current A B i
flowing through it. Calculate – 3A C
(i) heat developed per second in the 2 1.3A
resistance and
(ii) the potential difference across 6 (A) 2.7 A (B) 3.7 A
resistance. (C) 3 A (D) 4A
83
Sol (B) Ex.41 The steady state current in a 2 resistor
i = ((4 + 3) – 2 – 1.3) = 3.7 A shown in fig will be– (The internal resistance
of the battery is negligible and the
Using kirchoff's first law at A, B and C.
capacitance of the condenser C is 0.2F)
Ex.38 Write KCL (first law) and KVL (second law)
2
for the circuit shown below :
i1
R1 i1
p 3 q
1 E1
R2 i2 i i2
A B 4
E2 a
2 C
R3 i3

2.8
Sol KCL at point A : i1 + i 2 + i 3 = 0
6V
KVL for loop 1 : i1 R1 – i 2 R2 = E1 – E2
KVL for loop 2 : i2 R2 – i 3 R3 = E2 (A) 1.5 A (B) 0.9 A
(C) 1.2 A (D) 1.3 A
Ex.39 Kirchoff's first and second laws respectively Sol (B)
show the conservation of In steady state the branch containing
(A) Charge and energy capacitance acts as the open circuit since
(B) Energy and charge capacitance offers infinite resistance to d.c.
The capacitance simply collects charge. The
(C) Mass and charge.
effective resistance of 2 and 3 resistors
(D) Charge and mass connected in parallel is
Sol (A)
R1R 2 2 3 6
R' = R  R = = = 1.2
Ex.40 The potential difference between points a and 1 2 23 5
b in the circuit of figure is –
E 6
(i1 = 1.0 A, i3 = 0.6 A) Current drawn from cell, i = = = 1.5A
R 4
R1 a R1 i3 Potential difference across pq = iR' = 1.5 × 1.2
= 1.8V
i1 i2
R2= 3.5 E2 V 18
E1 R1 Current in 2 resistor, i 1 = = = 0.9A
E2= 6V 2 2
R1 1
i1 b i3 4 Ex.42 From the fig. determine
(i) potential at A,
(ii) potential at C, and
(A) 1.4V (B) 4.6V
(iii) reading of the voltmeter connected across
(C) 3.6V (D) 5.6V
the 10V bettery –
Sol (B)
In going from a (potential Va) to b (potential B C
A 
Vb) we have i  10V

16V
Va – I 2R2 – E2 = Vb 1 0.5
Va – V b = E 2 + I 2 R 2 4 0.5

= 6 + (– 0.4) × (3.5) = 6 – 1.4 volt = 4.6 volt

(from above example I2 = – 0.4 Amp.) F G D
Sol The current in circuit is (consider loop Combinations of cells :
(CBAFGDC) r3
E1 r1 E2 r2 E3
E 2  E1 16  10
I = r r R R =
1 2 1 2 1  0 .5  4  0.5 i
6
= = 1A
6 R
(i) VA – VF = IR = 4 volt
(a) Series Combination :
Because VF= 0(grounded), therefore VA=4 volt
(i) Equivalent emf E = E1 + E2 + E3 .........
(ii) VD – VC = 1 × 0.5 = 0.5 volt
Note : Direction of emf is taken into consideration.
 VD = 0 (grounded), So VC = – 0.5 volt
(ii) Equivalent internal resistance r is given by
(iii) The 10V battery is being charged r = r1 + r2 + r3 .............
therefore V = E + Ir = 10 + 1 × 1 = 11 volt
E  Ei
7. CELLS (iii) Current, i = =
r R ri  R
(a) Electro Motive Force (EMF) : The potential Imp :
difference across the terminals of a cell when (iv) For maximum current, R =  r
it is not giving any current is called EMF of i.e. The load resistance must be equal to the
the cell. equivalent internal resistance.
or (v) If all emf are equal (E), then for series
The energy given by the cell in the flow of nE
unit charge in the whole circuit (including the combinations of n such cells, I =
R  nr
cell) is called the EMF of the cell.
E
W Cases : (a) if nr >> R, I =
E = r
Q
nE
(b) Terminal voltage : (b) If nr << R, I =
R
(i) The resistance offered by the electrolyte of the (c) Cells are employed in series only when
cell to the flow of current through it is called internal resistance is less than the load
internal resistance of the cell. resistance.
(ii) When current is drawn through the cell or (b) Parallel Combination :
current is supplied to cell then, the potential
(i) Equivalent internal resistance,
difference across its terminals is called
terminal voltage. I I I
r is + r + r + .........
(iii) When i current is drawn from cell, then r 1 2
terminal voltage is less than it's emf E.
(ii) Equivalent emf
V = E – i r
E1 r1
E r i E2 r2
E3 r3
E4 r4
Where V = terminal voltage, r = internal
resistance of battery R
(iv) When current is supplied to the cell, the
terminal voltage is greater than the emf E i.e.
V = E + i r
E1 E 2 E3 E
(v) Units of both emf and terminal voltage are   ...........  i
r1 r2 r3 ri
volt. E = 1 1 1 = 1
  ............... 
r1 r2 r3 ri

85
 E Sol (B) 0.1
(iii) Current, i = 5A 2V
R r
E r Potential drop across internal resistance =
0.1 × 5 = 0.5V
Hence, potential difference across terminals
will
be 2 + 0.5 = 2.5V
R
8. WHEAT STONE BRIDGE
(iv) When all 'n' cells with emf E and internal
resistance r each, are connected in parallel, B
then equivalent emf = E, equivalent internal i1– ig
i1 p Q
r ig
resistance =
n A i2 G C
E R S
nE i2+ ig
(v) In this (5) case I = R  r = i = i1+ i2
n nR  r D i
Cases : E
E + –
(a) If r << nR, I =
R (a) The configuration in the adjacent figure is
nE called wheat stone bridge.
(b) If r >> nR, I =
r (b) If ig = 0 i.e. current in galvanometer is zero,
(c) This combination is used only when load then bridge is said to be balanced.
resistance is lower than internal
resistance. P R
(c) For ig = 0 (i) VD = VB (ii) =
Q S
(c) Mixed combination : (d) Equivalent resistance in balanced condition
mnE (P  Q) (R  S )
i= , For maximum current =
mR  nr P  Q R  S
Internal resistance = External resistance P R
nr (d) If < then VB > VD and current will flow
Q S
i.e. R = from B to D.
m
E P R
(e) If > , the VB < VD and current will flow
r Q S
from D to B.
i (f) Meter bridge and post office box work on this
principle.

Wheat stone bridge

Ex.44 In the following figures, the resistance A and
B will respectively be–
R
C

Ex.43 A battery of emf 2 volts and internal R R

resistance 0.1 is being charged with a
A B
current of 5A. The potential difference between  
terminal of the battery is?
(A) 1.5V (B) 2.5V R R
(C) 3.5V (D) 4.5V D
 R R/2 (4,5)
 1
a
R b R R c R R/2 2R
 B
A a d b
2 R/2 (3, 6)
of symmetry alone, we notice that points 4
(A) R/2, R (B) 2R, R and 5 must be at the same potential, so
(C) R, R (D) 3R, R must be points 3 and 6. This implies that the
Sol (C) circuit can be redrawn with point 4 and 5
connected, and 6 and 3 connnected, as
R R shown in. This figure further reduces to the
A B combination shown in fig. The equivalent
 
resistance between a and b is = (7/12) R
R R Ex.46 The equivalent resistance between points A
This is a balanced bridge (P/Q = R/S) and B in the following circuit will be–
For this bridge, we can ignore the resistor R
B
between
b and d. hence both the above fig can be put R R
as fig (iii).
Obviously, the resistance between A and B C D
R
will be R R R
(D) Equivalent resistance in balanced
(P  Q )(R  S ) 
condition = A R
PQRS
Ex.45 Figure shows a cube made of 12 resistances, 7R 5R 6R 4R
(A) (B) (C) (D)
each of resistance R. The equiv alent 5 7 4 6
resistance across a and b will be – Sol (A)
This is Wheatstone bridge but is unbalanced.
5 8
To find equivalent resistance, we imagine, that
a 1 4 a cell of emf E is connected between points

A and B.
6 7
Then the combination look as following figure.
b
2 3 For the loop ACDA 2i = 3i1 + i 2 ......(A)
(A) (7/12) R (B) (12/7) R For the loop BDCB i = 3i1 – 4i2 ......(B)
(C) (9/5) R (D) (5/9) R
Sol (A)
The given combination of resistance can be B (i-i1+i2 )
reduced as follows From the consideration 2R R
R R
a 1 (4, 5) (i1- i 2) i2 R ¯E
 8  D
R R +
i1
2R
R
R R R R
 (i - i1)
A
R R i
b 7
 
2 (3, 6)
R R
87
 units of power = joule/sec, watt, horse power
Solving considering loop ADBEA the above 1 watt = 1 joule/sec, 1 HP = 746 watt
two equations, we get i1 = (3/5) i, i2 = (1/5) i
unit of electrical energy = watt second,
E = (i – i2) 2R + (i – i1 + i2) R = (4R/5) i +
kilowatt hour
(3R/5) i
1 kilowatt hour (kwh) = 36 × 105 Joule
E = (7R/5) i
Theref ore the ef f ectiv e resistance is Combination of electrical instruments–
Req = E/i = 7R/5 (a) If 220V and 40W is written on an electrical
instrument then this is called it's standard
9. ELECTRIC ENERGY AND POWER Ratings. It means that if 220V is applied
across this instrument then 40W of power
Electric energy :
will be generated. Thus the resistance will be
When a potential difference is applied across
a wire, current starts flowing in it. The free V2 (220)2
given by R= = ohm
electrons collide with the positive ions of the P 40
metal and lose energy. Thus energy taken (b) Series combination
from the battery is dissipated. The battery
V1,P1 V2,P2 V3,P3
constantly provide energy to continue the
motion of electron and hence electric current
in the circuit. This energy is given to ions of
the metal during collision and thus
temperature of wire rises. Thus, energy taken
E
from the battery gets transferred in to heat.
This energy is called electrical energy. This (i) If total power dissipatted if P,
effect is also called 'Heating Effect of
1 1 1 1
Current'. then = P + P + P ,
P 1 2 3
If
R = Resistance of wire W here P' 1 s are standard powers of
instrument
I = Current in wire
(ii) In this combination, the bulb with least power
V = Potential difference across wire. will glow most and bulb with highest power
Flow of charge in 'dt' time = Idt. will glow least or we can say that bulb with
Energy dissipated dW = Vdq = VIdt, highest R will glow brightest and bulb with
least R will glow least.
 V = IR, (c) Parallel combination
V2 V1,P1
 dW = VIdt = I2Rdt = dt = Vdq
R
This energy is equal to work done by battery
V2,P2
or heat produced in the wire.
If energy is to be written in calorie– V3,P3
dW
Then dW = cal = 24 dW cal
4.2
When dW is energy in Joules.
Electrical power : E

The rate of loss of energy in an electrical (i) Net power dissipation P = P1 + P2 + P3

circuit is called electrical power. It
(ii) Bulb with least power will glow least or the
is denoted by'P' bulb in which maximum current is flowing will
dW V2 glow brightest and vice–versa.
P = = I 2 R = IV =
dt R
Note : high temperature. On connecting with a
(a) These formulae are applicable only if the 2–volt battery, the filament will be at
voltage ratings of all the instruments are equal ordinary temperature and now its
along with the power source. If voltage ratings resistance will be less than the resistance
are different then circuit is solved by determined.
considering equivalent resistances of the
instruments as follows. Ex.48 The resistance of each of the three wires
(b) Replace the instrument by its's equivalent joined as in the fig 2 ohm, and each one can
resistance. If standard rating is (V/P) then it have maximum power of 18 watt (otherwise it
resistance is will melt). The maximum power the whole
R = V2/P circuit can take is –
(c) Find the currents and voltages in different 2
branches using kirchoff's first and second
2
laws.
(d) If rating of a bulb is changed form V1/P1 to 2
V2/P2 then

V12 V22 V22 (A) 27 W (B) 9 W

= = R or P2 = P1 (C) 81 W (D) 18 W
P1 P2 V12
Sol (A)
Electric power expended in a wire of
Electric Energy and Power resistance R is P = i2R
 maximum current in any wire of the circuit
Ex.47 A 60–watt lamp is operated at 220–volt power
line. What will be resistance when the lamp P   18 watt 
i =   =   = 3 ampere.
is lighting ? How much current will flow in it? R   2ohm 
Estimate, how much current will flow in the This circuit has two 2– wires in parallel
lamp when it is connected to a 2–volt
and a third 2– wire in series with this
battery?
parallel combination.
Sol If the resistance of the lamp is R ohm and it.
Hence the equivalent resistance of the whole
Lights at V volt, then the electric power
2  2
V2 circuit is R' = + 2 = 3 .
consumed (in watt) is given by P = 2  2
R  maximum power expended in the whole
Here P = 60 watt and V = 220 volt
circuit is Pmax = i2 R' = (3)2 × 3 = 27 watt
V2 ( 220 )2
R= = = 806.7 ohm Ex.49 A heater is designed to operate with a power
R 60 of 1000 watt in a 100–volt line. It is connected
According to Ohm's law, the current flowing to two resistance of 10ohm and R ohm as shown
in the lamp is in the fig. If the heater is now giving a power
V 220 of 62.5 watt. The value of the resistance R,
i = = = 0.27 ampere will be –
R 806.7
On connecting the lamp with a 2–volt battery, 10 1000 watt
HEATER
the estimated current is
V 2 R
i = =
R 806.7
= 0.0025 ampere.
100 volt
Note : This is only an estimation, not the actual
current. The acual current will be slightly (A) 5  (B) 10 
larger. T he reason is that we have (C) 2.5  (D) 1.25 
determined the resistance of lamp at very

89
Sol (A) 1796 .6  5  30
Suppose the resistance of the heater is r. = Rs. = Rs. 269.19
1000
V2 (100)2  cost of electricity = 269.19 × 0.40
Then P = or 1000= or r = 10 ohm
r r = Rs. 107.68
Suppose, on connecting as shown in the fig, Your stage :
the potential difference between the ends of
Now you may solve the questions from Q.
V2 No. 43 to 54 of Ex.# 1
the heater is V'. Then 62.5 = or
r
V' = 25 volts POI NT S T O REMEMBER
 potential difference across 10 = 100 – 25 1. In liquids, the charge carriers are positive and
negative ions.
75 volt
= 75 volt and current in 10 , i = 10 ohm
2. In gases, the charge carriers are positive ions
= 7.5 ampere. A part of this current goes into and free electrons.
the heater and the rest goes into R. 3. In semiconductors, the charge carriers are holes
P and free electrons. The conventional direction of
Now, current in the heater, i =
V' flow of current is opposite to the direction of flow
62.5 of electrons.
= = 2.5 ampere
25 4. Current is a scalar quantity. Current density is a
 current in R = 7.5 – 2.5 = 5.0 ampere 
vector quantity. Direction of j is the same as
25 volt 
 R = 5 .0 ampere = 5 ohm the of E .
Ex.50 In a house there are 12 bulbs each of
5. Reciprocal fo slope of V – I graph is equal to
resistance 440 ohm, one motor of 1/10 horse–
resistance.
power, and 4 fans each of 100 watt. These
are operated 5 hours per day. The expenditure 6. The resistance of conductor depends on the
of electricity in a month of 30 days will be– material of the conductor, shape and size of the
(1 H.P. = 746 watt, cost of electricity is 40 conductor as well as on the physical state
paisa per unit and voltage of power is 220 volt. (Temperature) of the conductor.
(A) Rs. 269.19 (B) Rs. 107.68
7. Reciprocal of resistance is called conductance,
(C) Rs. 1794.6 (D) Rs. 179.46
 = I/R.
Sol (B)
Electric power expended in each bulb 8. Fuse Wire : Fuse wire is used in a circuit to
V 2 ( 200 )2 control the maximum current flowing in a circuit.
= = It is a thin wire having high resistance and is
R 440
made up of a material with low melting point.
 electric power expended in 12 bulbs
= 12 x 110 = 1320 watt 9. While calculating the resistance of a wire by the
Electric power expended in 4 fans = 4 × 100 formula R = (l/A) it should be remembered that
= 400 watt 'A' is the area, normal to the direction of current
1 flow and 'l' is the length in the direction of current
Electric power expended in a motor = flow.
10
1 10. Free electron density in a metal is given by n =
H.P. = × 746 = 74.6 watt
10 (Nx.d/A) where N  Avogadro number, x 
number of free electron per atom, d = density of
 total power expended = 1320 + 400 +
metal, A  Atomic weight of the metal, n is of
74.6 = 1794.6 watt
the order of 1023 per cm3.
watt  hour
Units consumed in 30 days =
1000
11. For carbon, India rubber, mica, electrolytes and 22. In series resistance circuit, it should be
insulators the value of  negative. It means that remembered that :
their resistance decreases with increase in (i) The current is same in every part of the series
temperature. circuit.
12. Resistance of a conductor increases with (ii) The total resistance in the circuit is the sum
decreases in density or when it is subjected to of the individual resistances including internal
mechanical stress. resistance of the cell (if any)
(iii) Voltage across any part of a circuit is
13. The direction of current density is the direction of proportional to the resistance of that part.
motion of positive charge at that point. (iv) Current in the circuit is independent of the
relative positions of the various resistance in
14. House wiring circuits are in parallel therefore the the series.
voltage across each bulb is constant. The power (v) The effective resistance of n equal resistances
of the bulb is given by the formula : P = V2/R. each of resistance r in series is R = nr.
For constant voltage P  (1/R) therefore, the
(vi) If  is the effective conductance then
greater the resistance, the smaller is the power.
Hence, if we take two bulbs of 60W and 100W, 1 1 1 1
=  +  +  ...................
then the resistance of 60W bulb will be more  1 2 3
than the resistance of 100 watt bulb. 23. In parallel combination of resistance it should be
remembered that :
15. The filament of 60W bulb is thinner than the
(i) Total current through the combination is the
filament of 100 watt bulb.
sum of individual currents through the various
16. If the two bulbs, one of 60W and the other of 100 branches.
W are connected in parallel, then 100 W bulb (ii) The potential difference across all the
will glow more. resistance is the same.
(iii) The current through each branch is inversely
17. If two bulbs, one of 60W and the other of 100W proportional to the resistance of that branch.
are connected in series, then the 60 watt bulb (iv) The reciprocal of the total resistance of the
will glow more, because in series combination combination is equal to the sum of the
current through both the bulbs is the same and reciprocals of the individual resistance.
the power consumed P = I2R or P  R. Now,
(v) If two resistances R1 and R2 are in parallel,
since the resistance of 60W bulb is more than
then the currents I1 and I2 in them will be
the resistance of 100 watt bulb, 60W bulb will
glow more. R2I R1I
distributed as I1 = R  R , I2 = R  R
1 2 1 2
18. Specific Resistance is minimum for conductors
and maximum for insulators. where, I is the net current that flows through
the circuit.
19. The specific resistance  = E/J, if j = 1amp/m 2,
(vi) The total resistance of n equal resistances
then  = E. Hence, sp. resistance is the electric
each of resistance r, in parallel is :
field per unit current density. Greater the current
density, greater is the field. R series
(vii) For n equal resistances R = n2.
20. If two bulbs of power P1 and P2 are connected parallel

in parallel and the rated voltage is applied, then

(viii) If  is the effective conductance then
the total power consumed is P = P1 + P2.
21. If two bulbs of power P1 and P2 are connected  =  + 2 + 3
in series and the rated voltage is developed
across each bulb, then the total power consumed 24. Using 'n' conductors of equal resistances the
is 1/P = (1/P1) + (1/P2) number of combinations one can have, using all
at a time is 2n–1.
91
25. If the resistance of 'n' conductors are entirely 38. For some materials is nearly zero. There is no
dif f erent, then the number of possible change in resistance with temperature.
combinations are 2n. 39. The temperature coefficient of thermistors is
26. Resistivity of a conductor changes with impurity. negative and it is high.
The impurity increases the resistivity, resistivity 40. The direction of flow of current in the cell is from
of an alloly is greater than the resistivity of its negative electrode to the positive electrode, while
constituents. outside the cell it is from positive electrode to
the negative electrode.
27. Resistivity increases with temperature.
41. Open circuit means, that no current is being drawn
28. Mechanical stress increases the resistivity. from the cell.

29. Resistivity of most of the metals increases on 42. Closed circuit means that current is being drawn
heating. from the cell.

30. Resistivity of Antimony and Bismuth and semi– 43. Energy is consumed inside the cell due to its
conductors decreases with increase of internal resistance.
temperature.
44. Due to the presence of internal resistance in the
cell, there is a potential drop inside the cell.
31. When the charge is stationary, the energy stored

VQ 45. E.m.f. (E) is the characteristic of each cell and

is calculated by the formula while if the its value remains constant for the cell, while the
2
potential difference (V) goes on decreasing on
charge is flowing then the energy dissipated is
taking more and more current from the cell.
calculated by VQ.
46. While charging a cell the positive terminal of the
32. When a wire is drawn to n times the new length,
charger should be connected to the positive
then its Resistance becomes n2R where n is the
terminal of the cell and the negative terminal of
original resistances. the charger should be connected to the negative
terminal of the cell.
33. When wires are drawn from same volume but
with difference area of cross–section, then 47. While charging a cell, we send a current in the
cell by some other electric source (as a battery),
1 called charger then the direction of current inside
Resistance  or
( Area of cross  sec tion ) 2 the cell will be from the positive plate to the
1 negative plate. In this case the potential difference
Resistance  V between the plates of the cell will be greater
(radius ) 4
than the emf of the cell. V = E + ir.
34. When a wire is folded n times on its own length
to 1/nth length then the new resistance becomes 48. Greater the length of the potentiometer wire,
R/n2 (R is the initial resistance of the wire) smaller is the potential gradient (k = V/I) and
more is the balancing length hence, more is the
35. Temperature coefficient of materials is given by accuracy of observations.
R t  R0
 = 49. Potential difference across the terminals of the
R0 t . Its units are per ºC.
cell when current is drawn from it is V = E – Ir.
36. If  is positive the resistance increase with
50. Potential difference across the terminals of the
increase in temperature.
cell when the cell is charged V = E + Ir.
37. If  is negative the resistance decrease with
increase in temperature.
 E V  E1r2  E 2r1
51. Internal resistance of the cell r =   R, (e) The common terminal voltage V = r1  r2
 V 
where E = emf of the cell, V = Potential difference
across the terminals of the cell, R = external 62. When an external resistance R is connected to
resistance. a battery of emf E and internal resistance r, the
power transferred from the cell to the resistance
52. Energy supplied by the cell in t seconds = Eit is maximum when r = R.
(if r = 0), = Vit (if r is finite).
63. Nichrome is used as electrical heater element
53. Energy dissipated in the internal circuit of because of its high specific resistance, high
resistance R' = i2 rt. melting point and low temperature coefficient of
resistance.
54. Energy dissipated in the external circuit of (i) Nichrome is an alloy of Nickel, chromium
resistance R' = i2Rt. and copper.
(ii) Manganin is an alloy of copper, manganese
55. If the diameter of the potentiometer wire is not
and Nickel.
uniform, then the value of potential gradient will
not be uniform throughout the wire. (iii) Constantan is an alloy of copper and nickel.
(iv) Fuse wire is an alloy of lead and tin.
56. The current flowing in the circuit if a cell of emf
E and internal resistance r is connected to an 64. Heater wire has high resistance and high melting
E point.
external resistance R is I =
r R
65. Heater wire is always connected parallel to the
57. If two cells of emf E 1 and E2 and internal mains.
resistance r1 and r2 are connected so as to
support each other, then the current in a resistor 66. Fuse wire is always connected in series in the
circuit.
E1  E 2
R is I = r  r  R 67. In resistance boxes Manganin wires are used as
1 2
their temperature coefficient is negligibly small.
58. If the two cells oppose each other, then I =
E1 ~ E 2 68. W heatstone bridge is the arrangement of
resistances used to measure the resistance of a
r1  r2  R
conductor.
59. In a battery of N cells each of emf E, if n cells
are wrongly connected, then the net emf of 69. Bridge is balanced if P/Q = R/S.
the battery is E' = NE – 2nE as one wrongly
connected cell destroys one more cell. 70. At balance, the potential difference across the
galvanometer arm is zero and the current through
emf of ch arg er  emf of cell the galvanometer is also zero (ig = 0).
60. Charging current = total resis tan ce of the circuit
71. The bridge is most sensitive when the current in
all the four branches of the bridge is of same
61. When cells of emf E1 and E2 are connected in
order.
parallel
(a) net emf = E1 – E2 if E1 > E2. 72. The balance is not effected on interchanging the
(b) Total internal resistance is (r1 + r2). position of battery and galvanometer,
E1  E 2
(c) Current i = 73. Post office box works on the principle of
r1  r2
Wheatstone bridge and it is used to measure the
(d) As E1 > E2, E1 is discharging while E2 is resistance of a wire, but its sensitivity is small.
charging.

93
74. Metre bridge is an instrument to measure the 80. The resistance of potentiometer can be
resistance of a wire accurately. It works on the considered as infinity while measuring the emf.
principle or Wheatstone's bridge.
81. The potentiometer and vaccum tube voltmeter
75. Meter bridge is more sensitive than a post office (VTVM) are ideal voltmeters.
box.
82. The potentiometer of VTVM do not draw any
76. The drawback of a meter bridge is the appearance current from the points across which the potential
of end resistances. diff. is measured.

77. The effect of end resistances is reduced by 83. If 1 and 2 are the balancing lengths for two
interchanging the gaps.
1
cells of emf E1 and E2, then E1 / E2 =  .
78. Complete elimination of end resistances is 2
possible in Carey Foster Bridge which has four 84. If 1 and 2 are the lengths in open and closed
gaps instead of two. circuit across a cell and R is the external
resistance then the internal resistance of the cell
79. Potentiometer is an instrument used to measure
accurate potential differences.  1 
is. r = R    1 .
 2 
 S O LV E D E X A M PL E S
b
Ex. 1 A cylindrical wire is stretched to increase its
length by 10%. The percentage increase in R
the resistance of the wire will be– a c
 
(A) 20% (B) 21%
(C) 22% (D) 24% R
Sol (A)
Let l1 be the initial length of the wire. Then the d

new length will be

R R
110 11
l2 = l = l
100 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 3
Since, the volume remains constant i.e. R = + + =
eq 2R 2R 2R 2R
11
A1l1 = A2l2 or A1 /A2 = l2/l1 = 2
10  Req = R
3
(where A1 and A2 are initial and final area of
cross–section of the wire). Ex. 3 In the adjoining network of resistors, each is
If R1 and R2 are the initial and final resistances, of resistance r ohm, the equivalent resistance
then between pointsbA and B is–

2 r
R1 1 A 2 10 10  10  r
=  A = × =   or r
R2 2 1 11 11  11 
a A B
2 r
R2  11 
=   d r c
R1  10 
Now, percentage change in resistance is

 112  (A) 5r (B) 2r/3

R  R 2  R1 
     1 × (C) r (D) r/2.
R1 × 100 =  R1  ×100 =  10  
 Sol (C)
100 = 21% b

Ex. 2 The equivalent resistance between A and B r r

is– a r
c
A   B
R R
R r r
A R R
 B
d
R
R R
Imagine, A being pulled on the left side, then
abcd becomes a balanced wheatstone bridge
(A) 2R/3 (B) R/3 Fig. The arm bd can be ignored. Then
(C) R (D) 3R resistance between A, B becomes = r.
Sol. (A)
The circuit is equivalent to Fig. It is a balanced 1 1 1 1
wheatstone bridge between abcd, and then in i.e. R = + =
eq 2r 2r r
parallel (2R) resistances. Thus ignoring
 Req = r
resistance between bd arm. The circuit is
equivalent to three (2R) resistances in parallel
(abc, adc, aRRc).

95
Ex. 4 In the following fig. the ratio of current in 3 Sol (A)
and 1 resistances is– If P, Q, R, S are resistance of Wheatstone's
3 Bridge,
then in balanced position.
3A 1
 P R
x Y Z
= Here P = 100, R = 200, S
Q S
1 6 2 = 40, Q = ?
(A) (B) S 40
3 3
(C) 1 (D) 2  Q = .P = × 100 = 20.
R' 200
Sol (B) That is in arm BC, the net resistance should
The current in 1resistance is 3A. The current be 20, but the arm contains a combination
R2 of resistances 100  and R  in parallel,
in 3 resistance is I1 = R  R I therefore, we have
1 2
6 1 1 1 1 1 1
= × 3 = 2A. = + or = –
36 20 100 R R 20 100
2 5 1 4
Therefore the ratio is . = =
3 20 100
Ex. 5 The resultant resistance between the points A
100
and B in the following diagram Fig. will be –  R = = 25.
1 1 1 4
1
A Ex. 7 An electric current of 5 amp. is divided in
three branches forming a parallel combination.
The length of the wire in the three branches
2 2 2 1 are in the ratio, 2, 3 and 4 ; their diameters
are in the ratio 3, 4 and 5. Find the currents
B in each branch if the wire are of the same
(A) 4  (B) 8  material.
(C) 6  (D) 2  Sol Let the length of three wires be 2l, 3l and 4l
respectively and their radii be 3r, 4r and 5r
Sol (D) respectively. If S be the specific resistance,
(R1  R 2 ) 1 then
R= + [(R1 + R2)2 + 4 R3
2 2 2l 3l
(R1 + R2)]1/2 .....(A) R1 = S 2 , R2 = S
R1 = 1, R2 = 0. R3 = 2. ( 3r ) ( 4r ) 2
......(B) 4l 2l
From eqs. (A) and (B) and R3 = S or R1 = S 2 ,
( 5r ) 2 9
1 1 3l 4l
R = + [1 + 4 x 2 x 1]1/2
2 2 R2 = S and R3 = S
16 2 25  2
1
= [1 + 3] = 2. 2 3 4
2  R1 : R2 : R3 = : :
Ex. 6 Fig. represents a balanced Wheatstone's 9 16 25
Bridge. The value of resistance R will be– The ratio of their currents must be inverse of
the above, i.e.
B
R 9 16 25
100 i1 : i2 : i3 = : :
2 3 4
A 100 C or
 
i1 : i2 : i3 = 54 : 64 : 75
40 or
200
5  54
D i1 = = 1.40 amp.,
193
5  64
i2 = = 1.66 amp.,
193
+ – 3  75
(A) 25  (B) 30 
i3 = = 1.94 amp.
(C) 100  (D) 200  193
Ex. 8 How will reading in the ammeter A of the fig. Sol. (C)
be affected if an other identical bulb Q is Let the current, in upper branch is I1 and in
connected in parallel to P as shown. The voltage lower branch I2. The current in central resis
in the mains is maintained at constant value tance will be I1 + I2. Using Kirchhoff's laws.
Switch  2 = I1 (2) + (I1 + I2) (2) upper branch

2 = I2 (2) + (I1 + I2) (2) lower branch
adding 4 = 2(I1 + I2) + 4(I1 + I2)
or I1 + I2 = 4/6 = 2/3 ampere. 0.67 ampere
Mains P Q
Ex. 11 The value of steady current in 2 resistance
in the following circuit diagram will be –
i1 2
A
i
(A) the reading will be reduced to one half. 3
(B) the reading will be double of previous one.
i2
(C) the reading will not be affected. 4
(D) the reading will increase four fold. 0.2F
Sol (B)
+ – 2.8
Since Q is connected in parallel the net
resistance becomes R/2, so the current I = 6V
2V/R, double the value. (A) 0.9 A (B) 1.8 A
(C) 2.7 A (D) 0.36 A
Ex. 9 In a circuit shown, the galvanometer G reads
Sol (A)
zero. If batteries have negligible internal
resistances, the value of resistance X wil be – After full charging, the steady current in the
500 condenser is zero, hence no current will flow
b
a  G c in 4 resistance.
+ 12 V 2V + 6
X
E 6
I= = = =1.5 A
R  R'  2 3  28  12
28   
f  d 23
e
(A) 10  (B) 100  Let current flowing in 2 resistance is I1
(C) 200  (D) 500   2 and 3 resistance are connected in
Sol (B) parallel
Since there is no current in edcb part, the p.d.  2I1 = (1.5 – I1) x 3
across b, e should be 2V. Let current in 500 5I1 = 4.5
 is I, then same current flows through X I1 = 0.9 amp.
(think). Therefore, for loop abefa,
12 = I(500) + IX Ex. 12 The potential different between the points X
or and Y in the adjoining diagram Fig. will be–
12 = I(500) + 2 (IX = 2 volt)
Thus I = (1/50) A or from IX = 2, 100
X = 2 × 50 = 100 .
Ex. 10 The reading in the ammeter is – 100
+ –
V
2V 200V
I1 x y

2 2 2
A 100 
I2
+ – 100 
2V
(A) 1 A (B) 2 A (A) zero (B) 50 V
(C) 0.67 A (D) 1.5 A (C) 10 V (D) 100 V
97
Sol (A) b Ex.14 The value of i in the following circuit diagram
will be –
100 100 8V
a c ()
 G 

100 100
2
d
2
4 i
200V 4
Equivalent circuit can be reduced 2 2
as follows 3 3
P R (A) A (B) A
2 4
Because =
Q S 1
 VX = V Y (C) A (D) 1 A
2
 VX – VY = 0
 the reading of voltmeter will be zero. Sol. (D) Resultant resistance
Ex.13 In the adjoining diagram R1 = 10, R2 = 20, 1 1 1 1 5 8
= + + =  R =
R3 = 40, R4 = 80 and VA = 5V, VB = 10V, R 4 8 4 8 5
VC = 20V, VD = 15 V. The current in the E 85
resistance R1 will be– net current I = = = 5 amp.
R 8
B 1
 i = × 5 = 1amp.
R2 i2 5
Ex.15 A galvanometer together with an unknown
resistance in series is connected across two
R1 R3
O identical batteries of each 1.5 V. When the
A C batteries are connected in series, the
i1 i3
galvanometer records a current of 1 A and
R4 when the batteries are connected in parallel,
the current is 0.6 A. The internal resistance of
(A) 0.4 A towards O i4 the battery will be–
(B) 0.4 A away from O D
1 1
(C) 0.6 A towards O (A)  (B) 
2 3
(D) 0.6 A away from O.
1 1
Sol (A) (C)  (D) 
4 5
i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 = 0 Sol (B)
VO  VA VO  VB VO  VC Let R be the combined resistance of
 + + galvanometer and an unknown resistance and
R1 R2 R3
r the internal resistance of each battery. When
VO  VD the batteries, each of e.m.f. E are connected
+ = 0 in series, the net e.m.f. = 2E and net internal
R4
resistance = 2r
VO  5 VO  10 VO  20 VO  15 2E 2  15
 + + + = 0  Current i1 = or 1.0 =
10 20 40 80 R  2r R  2r
R + 2r = 3.0.
or VO = 9 volt When the batteries are connected in parallel,
95 the e.m.f. remains E and net internal resistance
i1 = = 0.4 A away from O ......(B)
10 becomes r/2. therefore
 Ex.17
E 2
2E
Current i2 = R  r =
2 2R r

2E 2  15 3
 2R + r = i = = 5.0
2 0. 6
C = 0.2F 4
Solving (A) and (B), we get r = 1/3 .
+ –
Ex.16 A potential difference of 220 V is maintained
across a 12000 rheostat as shown in fig. V=6V 2 . 8
The voltmeter V has resistance of 6000 and (a) Calculate the steady–state current in the 2
the point C is at one fourth of the distance resistor shown in the circuit in fig. The internal
from a to b. The reading of voltmeter will be resistance of the battery is negligible and the
capacitance of the condenser is 0.2 F
(b) The resistors, 400 and 800 are connected
b
in series with a 6 volt battery. It is desired to
220V measure the current in the circuit. An ammeter
c of 10 ohms resistance is used for this purpose.
What will be the reading in the ammeter ?
V Similarly, if a voltmeter of 10,000 ohms
a resistance is used to measure the potential
difference across the 400 resistor, what will
be the reading in the voltmeter ?
(A) 30V (B) 40V
Sol.
(C) 50V (D) 60V (a) Let R be the equivalent resistance of two
Sol (B) resistances 2 and 3 connected in parallel.
1
Given ac = ab and resistance of rheostat 1 1 1 32 5
4  = + = =
R 2 3 6 6
= 12000.
 Resistance of part ac, Rac 6
or R = = 1.2 .
5
1 400 800
= × 12000 = 3000.
4
Resistance of part bc, A
Rbc = 12000 – 3000 = 9000. 10
Resistance of voltmeter, RV = 6000.
The equivalent resistance of voltmeter and part + –
ac connected in parallel is 6V
R ac  R V 3000  6000 The branch having a capacitor C and 4 
R' = = = 2000. resistance acts as open circuited because D.C.
R ac  R V 3000  6000
will neither pass through condenser nor 4 
Resistances R' and Rbc are in series, therefore resistance.
net resistance in circuit, The total effective resistance of the circuit
R = 9000 + 2000 = 11000. = 1.2 + 2.8 = 4.
6V
V 220  current in the circuit = = 1.5 amp.
Current in circuit, i = = = 0.02 4
R 11000 Now current through 2 resistance
amp.Reading of voltmeter = p.d. across 3
ac = iR' = 1.2 × = 0.9 amp.
5
= 0.02 × 2000 = 40 Volt. ( current in parallel resistances are in ratio
of the reciprocals of their resistances)

99
 (b) The circuit arrangement is shown in fig.
3
10000
V
2
A 4 B
4 8
C

400 800 6

+ –
+
2V
– 6V

From fig.(a) total resistance of the circuit

Sol The diagram can be redrawn as shown in fig.
= 400  + 800  + 10  = 1210 .
3
6 volt
Current i in the circuit = =0.00496 amp 2 4
1210 
X A C B Y
So ammeter will read 0.00496 amp.
From fig,(b) resistance 400 and 10,000  4 8
are in parallel. Let the effective resistance be 6
R. Hence + –
2V 2/3
1 1 1 25  1 26
= + = =
R 400 10,000 10,000 10,000 The effective resistance RAC between A and C

10,000 1
 R= 1 1 3 3
26 RAC = 2 + 4 = 4 RAC = 4 ohm
Total resistance of the circuit
10,000 30,800 The effective resistance RCB between C and B
= + 800 =
26 26
3
6  26 156 1 1 8
Now current in the circuit = = RCB = + = 8 RCB = ohm.
30,800 30,800 4 8 3

Potential dif f erence across v oltmeter 4 8

Now, RACB = RAC + RCB = + = 4ohm.
3 3
156 10,000
V = current × resistance = × Corresponding to points X and Y, the
30,800 26
resistances 3 ohm, 4 ohm and 6 ohm are in
= 1.96 volt. parallel, hence effective resistance RXY is

1 1 1 1 432 9
Ex.18 For the fig. Calculate the current through 3 RXY = 3 + 4 + 6 = 12
=
12
ohm resistor and power dissipated in the entire
circuit. The emf of battery is 2 volt and its
12 4
internal resistance is 2/3 ohm.  RXY = = ohm.
9 3
 Total resistance R of the circuit 500i – 200 i1 = 110 .....(2)
Solving eqs. (1) and (2), we get
4 2 3
= + = 2. i = amp
3 3 10
1
and i1 = amp.
5
Current in the circuit = 1 amp. 1
Current in 100 ohm resistance i1 = amp.
5
Power dissipated in the circuit = i2 R 1
= 1 × 2 = 2 watts Current in 200 ohm resistance i – i1 =
10
Potential dif f erence between X and 3
Current in 300 ohm resistance i = amp.
4 4 10
Y = i × RXY = 1 × = V. Potential difference between A and C
3 3
 Potential difference across 3 ohm resistor = Potential difference across 100 ohm
resistance
4 or potential difference across 200 ohm
= V.
3 resistance
 VA – VC = current × resistance
4/3 4
Current in 3 ohm resistor = = 1
3 9 = i1 × 100 = × 100 = 20 volt.
5
= 0.44 amp. Potential difference between C and B is given by

Ex.19 Two points A and B are maintained at a 3

VC – VB = i x 300 = × 300 = 90 volt.
constant potential difference of 110 volt. A third 10
point is connected to A by two resistances of
100 and 200 ohm in parallel, and to B by a Ex.20 In the circuit
single resistance of 300 ohm. Find the current shown in fig. E
A + – B
E, F, G and
in each resistance and the potential difference
H are cells
between A and C and between C and B. of emf 2, 1,
–
Sol The circuit with current distribution is shown 3 and 1 F+ 2 H
in fig. v olts and – +
C their internal
resistances D – + C
i are 2, 1, 3 G
F and 1 ohm respectively. Calculate –
G (i) the potential difference between B and D
100
H and
E i1 300
(ii) the potential difference across the
200 terminals of each of the cells G and H.
D
i - i1 Sol Fig. shows the current distribution.
i
D
A 2 2V
i B A B
110V
Applying Kirchoff's second law to the loop
i
DEFGHID, 1V
we have i1 × 100 – (i – i1) × 200 = 0 1 2
300 i1 – 200 i = 0 ......(1) i1 1
Now applying Kirchoff's second law to loop 1V 3
ADIHGCBA, D C
i2 3V
we have. (i – i1) 200 + i × 300 = 110
101
 Applying Kirchoff's first law at point D, or –3i1 + i2 = – i ......(A)
we have i = i1 + i2 ......(A) and in mesh BEFCD
Applying Kirchoff's second law to mesh ADBA, E
we have
2i + i + 2i1 = 2 – 1 = 1 (i - i1- i2)
or 3i + 2i1 = 1 ......(B)
Applying Kirchoff's second law to mesh DCBD, (i - i1- i2) F i
we get B
3i2 + i2 – 2i1 = 3 – 1 i2
or 4i2 – 2i1 = 2 ......(C)
Solving eqs. (A), (B) and (C), we get
(i - i1) (i1+ i2)
1 i C
i1 = amp.,
13 A
i1
6 5
i2 = amp. and i = amp.
13 13 i1
(i) Potential difference between B and D D

 1  2 2(i – i1 – i2) – i1 – i2 – i2 = 0 or –3i1 – 4i2 = – 2i .......(B)

= 2i1 = 2   = volt. From eqs. (A) and (B).
13
  13
(ii) Potential difference across G = E – i2 2i i
i1 = , i2 =
5 5
63
R = 3 – = 1.61 V. 2i
13  iAD =
5
Potential difference across H
6 Ex.22 What is the equivalent resistance between the
= 1–   (A) = 1.46 V. terminal points A and B in the network shown
 13 
in fig. Assume that the resistance of each
Ex.21 In the adjoining circuit diagram each resistance resistor is 10.
is of 10. The current in the arm AD will be–
E A
I C I1 R D I2 R F
I- I1 I -I 1 2

R R
R
F i
B
G H I- I K
B
R 2 R I

Sol E
i C
Let a battery of e.m.f. E and no internal
A
resistance be connected across A and B. Let
I current enter the corner C and leaves the
corner B. The distribution of currents, according
to Kirchoff's Ist law is shown in fig. applying
2i D 3i
(A) (B) Kirchoff's IInd law to closed loops CDHGC and
5 5
DFKHD successively, we get.
4i i –RI1 – R (I1 – I2) + 2R (I – I1) = 0
(C) (D)
5 5 or 4I1 – I2 = 2I ......(A)
Sol (A) and –2RI2 + R(I – I2) + R (I1 – I2) = 0
Applying Kirchoff's law in mesh ABCDA or –I1 + 4I2 = I. ......(B)
10 (i – i1) + 10i2 – 20i1 = 0 or Solving (A) and (B), we get
 3 2 1 1 1
I1 = I and I2 = i .......(C) – R – R – R + E = 0
5 5 3 6 3
Now applying krichoff’s II law to mesh 5
ACGHKBEA, we get or E = IR ......(A)
6
–2 (I –I1,) R – (I – I2) R + E = 0 If RAB is equivalent resistance between comers
or E = 2(I – I1) R + (I – I2)R A and B, then from Ohm’s law comparing (A)
 3   2  and (B), we get
= 2  1  I  R + 1  I  R
 5   5  5
IRAB = IR
7 6
or E =
IR. Ex. 24
5
If RAB is the equivalent resistance between Twelve equal wires each of resistance R are
A and B, then according to Ohm’s law joined to form a skeleton cube. Find the
E = IRAB resistance between two corners on the same
Comparing (D) and (5), we get edge of the cube.
7 Sol. H (y – z)
IRAB = IR G
5
y
7 I = x + 2y z (y – z)
A 2 (y–z)
or RAB = R.
5 y D
Here R = 10 z
x
7 E
 RAB = × 10 = 14  (y – z)
5 y E F
Ex. 23 (y – z)
Twelve equal wires, each of resistance R ohm x + 2y B y C
are connected so as to form a skeleton cube.
An electric current enters this cube from one Let I = x + 2y current enter at point A, when
corner and leaves out the diagonally opposite
a battery of e.m.f. E and no internal resistance
corner. Calculate the total resistance of this
is connected across edge AB. The edges AD
assembly.
Sol and AH are symmetrically connected to A,
I/6 therefore they will carry equal currents. The
I/3 distribution of currents according to Kirchoff's
I I/6
Ist law is shown in fig.
I/3
I/6 I/3 If RAB is equivalent resistance, then from
I/3 I/3 Ohm's law,
I/3
E = RAB I = RAB (x + 2y) ....(A)
and from Kirchoff's law applied to mesh
I/6 I/3
I containing AB and cell E is
I/6 R x = E .....(B)
(since R is resistance of each wire)
E Applying Kirchoff's II law to mesh AHEB
Let ABCDEFGH be skeleton cube formed of yR + zR + yR – xR = 0 or x – 2y – z =
twelve equal wires each of resistance R. Let 0.....(C)
a battery of e.m.f. E be connected across A
Applying Kirchoff's II law to mesh DGFC
and G. Let the total current entering at the
corner A and leaving the diagonally opposite (y – z) R + 2 (y – z) R – zR = 0
corner G be I. By symmetry the distribution of or 4(y – z) –z = 0 or 4y = 5 z .....(D)
currents in wires of cube, according to Kirchoff's i.e. z = (4/5) y .....(5)
Ist law is shown in fig. Applying Kirchoff's Substituting this value in (C), we get
IInd law to mesh ADCGEA, we get

103
 4 1 
x – 2y – y = 0 or 2   I1  + (I – 2I1) – I1 = 0
5 2 
14 5 2
or y = x i.e. y = x or 2I – 5I1 = 0 or I1 = I ...... (B)
5 14 5
Substituting value of y in (A), we get Applying Kirchoff's IInd law to external circuit
 10  AHEBE', we get
E = RAB  x  x
1 1
 14 
R + I1 R + R = E1
2 2
24
E = RAB x = R . x 2
14 IR + IR = E' [Using (B)]
5
24
RAB = R 7
14 or IR = E’ ......(C)
5
7 7
 RAB = R. Comparing (A) and (C), wet get RAB I = IR
12 5

Ex. 25 7 7
i.e. RAB = R = × 2 = 2.4
Eleven equal wires each of resistance 2 form 5 5
the edges of an incomplete skeleton cube. Ex. 26
Find the total resistance between points A Three 4V batteries, internal resistances 0.1,
and B of the vacant edge. 0.2 and 0.3 are connected in parallel and in
Sol series with a 2.045 ohm resistor. Find (a)
H (I/2-I1) equivalent resistance of the circuit (b) equivalent
G
I/2 voltage (c) current in the circuit (d) the terminal
I A I1 I/2-I1 I-2I1 voltage for equivalent cells (e) the terminal
D voltage of each cell.
y
I1 Sol 4V 0.1
E
I/2-I1
E F
4V 0.2
I/2 I/2-I1

I B I/2 C 4V 0.3
A B
Let a battery of e.m.f. E' is applied between
points A and B.
Let a current I, enter through point A.
2.045
If RAB is equivalent resistance between points
A and B, then from Ohm's law
The curcuit arrangement is shown in fig. As
RAB I = E'
the batteries are connected in parallel, hence
The distribution of currents, keeping in mind
total emf of the circuit = 4V.
symmetry condition, is shown in fig.
The effective resistance RAB between A and B
Let R (= 2) be the resistance of each wire.
is given by
Applying Kirchoff's II law to mesh DGFC, we
get 1 1 1 1 110
= + + =
1  R AB 0. 1 0.2 0. 3 6
  I1  R + (I – 2I )
 2  1
6
RAB = = 0.055 ohm.
1  110
R +   I1  R – I1 R = 0 (a) Equivalent resistance of the circuit R = RAB
2 
+ 2.045 = 0.055 + 2.045 = 2.1 ohm.
(b) Equivalent voltage = 4 volt.
 4 (i) When the two heating coils are in series,
(c) Current in the circuit = = 1.9 amp. the effective resistance is
2.1
(d) Terminal voltage of equivalent cell = 4 – i
4 7
RAB=4–1.9 × 0.55 = 4– 0.1045 =3.8955 R' = R1 + R2 = R1 + . R1 = R1.
3 3
V.
(e) Batteries are in parallel hence terminal with two coils in series, let the kettle take
voltage for each cell is 3.8955 V. t' time to boil. The.

Ex. 27 V 2 t' V 2 t'

In the fig below the bulbs are identical, which Q = = .....(D)
JR ' 7 
bulb(s), light(s) most brightly ? 4.2   R1 
3 
(A) 1 only (B) 4 only
(C) 2 and 3 (D) 1 and 5.
t'
Sol (D) Comparing (A) and (D), we get
7
Since all bulbs are identical they have the  
3
same resistances. The current I flowing through
1 branches at A. So current in 2 and 3, as = 6 × 60
well as in 4 will be less than I. The current 7
or t' = × 6 × 60 sec = 14 min.
through 5 is also I. Thus and 5 glow equally 3
brightly and more than 2, 3 or 4. (ii) when the two heating coils are in parallel,
the effective resistance is,
Ex. 28
An electric tea kettle has two heating coils. 4 
When one the coils is switched on, the kettle R1  R1 
R1 R 2 3  4
begins to boil in 6 minutes. When the other is R" = R  R = 4  = R
switched on, the boiling begins in 8 minutes. 1 2 R1   R1  7 1
 3 
In what time will the boiling begin if both coils
are switched on simultaneously (i) in series In parallel arrangement of heating coils,
(ii) in parallel ? let t" be the time taken by kettle to boil,
(A) 14 min, 3.43 min so
(B) 12 min, 3.43min
(C) 3.43 min, 12 min V 2t' '
(D) 3.43 min, 14 min. V 2 t"
Q = = 4.2   4 R  .....(5)
Sol. (A) JR" 1
7 
Let R1 and R2 be the resistances of the coils,
V the supply voltage, Q the heat required to Comparing (A) and (5), we get
boil the water. t"
Heat produced by first coil of resistance R1 in  4  = 6 × 60 or t"
 
time t1 (= 6 min) 7
V 2 t1 V 2  6  60 4
= Q = = cal ......(A) = × 6 × 60 sec = 3.43 min.
JR1 4.2R1 7
Heat produced in second coil of resistance R2 Ex. 29
in time t2 (= 8 min) A 10 m long nichrome wire having 80
resistance, has current carrying capacity of 5
V 2 t1 V 2  6  60
= Q = = .....(B) A. What is the power which can be obtained
JR 2 4.2R 2 as heat by the wire from a 200 V mains supply
Equating (A) and (B), we get ? If the wires are cut in two equal parts and
6 8 R2 8 4 connected in such a way that it gives
R2
= R i.e. R = = maximum power. What is the arrangement to
2 1 6 3
obtain maximum power ? (Rohilkhand Univ.)
4 (A) 50 W, 200 W (B) 500 W, 2000 W
or R2 = R .....(C) (C) 50 W, 100 W (D) 500 W, 1000 W
3 1

105
Sol (B) i1 6 9
If the wire is connected as such across the
battery, then current in wire, 2
V 200 A B
I= = = 2.5 A and power obtained, i D
R 80
V2 200  200 5
P = = = 500 watts. i2
R 80
The wire can carry maximum current of 5 A,
therefore to double the current, the resistance (A) 32 J/s, 6V (B) 16 J/s, 3V
should be halved. Thus if we divide the wire in (C) 8 J/s, 1V (D) 64 J/s, 12V
two parts and the two parts are connected in (Heat generated in 5 ohm resistor due to current
parallel across 200 V mains supply, the flowing in it is 45 J/s)
resistance of each part = 40, therefore current Sol (A)
200 Let current in 5  is i2 then
in each wire = = 5A. P = i22 R2
40
R1R 2  45 = i22 × 5
40  40
Net resistance, R' = R  R = = 20
1 2 40  40
or i2 = 3 amp
i1 R2 5 1
V2 Since = R = =
i2 1 15 3
and new power obtained, Pmax =
R'  i1 = 1 amp
200  200 The total current through 2resistor is
= = 2000 Watts. i = i1 + i2 = 3 + 1 = 4 amp.
20
Thus maximum power is 2000 watts and this The rate of heat generation in 2resistor is
is obtained when wire is cut in two halves and = i2R
they are connected in parallel across the given = 42 × 2 = 32 joule/sec.
supply. Potential difference across 6 resistor is
V = i1 × 6 = 1 × 6 = 6 volt.
Ex. 30
A heating–coil of 2000 watt is immersed in an Ex. 32
electric kettle. The time taken in raising the A 220 volt 100 watt bulb is connected to a
temperature of 1 litre of water from 4ºC to 110 volt source. The power consume by the
100ºC will be– (Only 80% part of the thermal bulb will be –
energy produced is used in raising the (A) 25 W (B) 20 W
temperature of water.) (C) 484 W (D) 120 W
(A) 252 s (B) 250 s Sol (A)
(C) 245 s (D) 247 s
Sol (A) V2 220  220
Resistance of the bulb R = =
We know that the relation between work and P 100
heat produced is The new power for the voltage of 110 volt is
W = JH
 P.t = J. ms V' 2 110  110
P' = = = 25 watt.
R 484
80
 × 2000. t = 4.2 ×1000 × 1 x× (100– Ex.33 An electric motor whose resistance is 2 ohm
100
is started with a supply of 110 volt. It takes 10
4)
ampere current at its full speed. The electric
42  1000  96  1000 power consumed and part of the power used
t = = 252 sec.
2000  80 in mechanical work will be respectively–
Ex. 31 (A) 900 W, 82%
In the following figure the rate of heat generated (B) 800 W, 80%
in 2 ohm resistor and potential differents across (C) 200 W, 62%
6 ohm resister will be respectively– (D) None of the above.
Sol (A) (ii) From equation (C), it is obvious that the
Power of the motor = VI= 110 ×10= 1100 watt time required is independent of length;
Heat loss in the motor therefore by doubling the length of
= i2R = (10)2 × 2 = 200 watt wire, the time remains the same =
 Power converted to mechanical work 588.14 sec.
= (1100 – 200) watt = 900 watt Ex.35 A person decide to use his bath–tub water to
 Percentage of total power consumed in generate electric power to run a 40 W bulb.
mechanical work = (900/1100) × 100 = 82% The bath tub is located at a height of 10 m
(approx). from the ground and it holds 20 litres of water.
Ex. 34 A copper wire having cross–sectional area 0.5 He installs a water driven wheel generator on
mm2 and a length of 0.1 m is initially at 25º the ground. The rate at which he should drain
C and is thermally insulated from the the water from the bath tub to light the bulb
surroundings. If a current of 10 A is set up in and the time he keeps the bulb on will be
this wire, respectively– (The efficiency of the generator
(i) Find the time in which the wire will start is 90%) (g = 9.8 m/s2)
melting. The change of resistance with (A) 0.345 kg/s, 441s
temperature of the wire may be neglected. (B) 40 kg/s, 100 s
(ii) What will be the time taken if the length (C) 0.454 kg/s, 441s
of the wire is doubled ? Giving for copper, (D) None of these
density = 9 × 103 kg/m3 , specific heat
Sol (C) Rate of change of Potential Energy =
= 9 × 10–2 Kilocal kg–1 (ºC)–1, melting
point = 1075 ºC, specific resistance Electric power generated.
1.6×10–8 ohm–metere.  dm  90
Sol. (i) The resistance of copper wire of length   g  h × = 40 watt
 dt  100
l = 0.1 m and cross–sectional area
A = 0.5 mm2 = 0.5 × 10–6 m2 is given by = 40 joule/sec.
 dm 40 watt  100
R=  =
A dt 90  g  h
If Q is the heat required to melt the copper
wire, then 40Js 1  100
=
i2RT 90  9.8N / kg  10m
Q = i2 R t joule = kilocal ......(A) 2
J = = 0.454 kg/sec.
Also Q = ms  = (mass) × specific heat × 4.41
rise of temperature, mass = volume × density mass of 200 litre water
Time =
= (area × length) d = (A l) d dm / dt
and rise of temperature 200kg
=  –  = 1075 – 25 = 1050ºC = (2 / 4.41)kg / sec = 441 second
 Q = Ald. s  Kilocal .....(B)
Ex.36 A wire of resistance 0.1 ohm cm–1 bent to
2
i RT form a square ABCD of side 10 cm. A similar
Equating (A) and (B) = Ald.s.  wire is connected between the corners B and
J
D to form the diagonal BD. Find the effective
JA ds  JA ds  resistance of this combination between corners
Time t= = A and C. If a 2 V battery of negligible internal
i2R   
i2   resistance is connected across A and C
JA ds  A calculate the total power dissipated.
= ...... (C)
i2  Sol In fig (a). A square of 10 cm side is shown.
Substituting given values The resistance of each side is 10 × 0.1 = 1
t = ohm. The corners B and D also connected by
the same wire. The square forms a Wheastone's
4 . 2  10 3 (0 . 5  10 6 ) 2 (9  10 3 ) (9  10 2 ) x 1050 bridge because the condition P/Q = R/S is
(10 ) 2  1. 6 10 8 satisfied. Now no current will flow through BD.
= 588.14 sec

107
 The fig has the form as shown in fig (b). Ex.38 Two bulbs rated at 25 watts, 110 volts of 100
watts, 110 volts are connected in series to
1 B 1 220 volts electric supply. Perform the necessary
B C C calculations to find out which of the two bulbs,
if any, will fuse. What would happen if the two
bulbs were connected in parallel to the same
1 1 1 1 supply.
Sol Let i1 and i2 be the currents which can flow
through the two lamps safely, then
A D A D
1 1 25 100
i1 = = 0.227 amp. and i2 = = 0.909
Resistance of ABC part = 1 + 1 = 2 ohm 110 110
(They are in series amp.
Resistance of ADC part = 1 + 1 = 2 ohm. The resistance of two bulbs are given by
Now the two parts are in parallel corresponding E 110 110
to points A and C, hence effective resistance R1 = i = ohm and R2 = ohm
1 0.227 0.909
R is given by –
When the two bulbs are connected in series,
1 1 1 their total resistance
= +  R = 1 ohm.
R 2 2 110 110
When 2V battery is connected between A and R = R1 + R2 = + = 605 ohm.
0.227 0.909
C, the current. When these two lamps are connected in series
E 2 to 220 volts, the current passing through them
i = = = 2 amp. is given by
R 1
Power dissipated P = E i = 2 x 2 = 4 watt 220
i = = 0.363 amp.
Ex.37 Three equal resistors connected in series 605
across a source of emf together dissipate 10 Thus the first bulb will fuse because the current
watt of power. What would be the power passing through it i.e., 0.363 is more than
dissipated if the same resistors are connected i1 (0.227).
in parallel across the same source of emf Note : When the two bulbs are connected
Sol Let R be the resistance of each resistor. in parallel, the effective resistance R' is
given by
When they are connected in series, the total
resistance = R + R + R = 3R ohm. 1 1 1 0.227 0.909 1.136
 Power dissipated W 1 = E2/3R, where E = = R + R = + =
R' 1 2 110 110 110
emf of the source. 110
When the resistors are connected in parallel, , R' = ohm.
1.136
their effective resistance is given by Current flowing through circuit i'
1 1 1 1 3 220 220  1.136
= + + = = = amp.
R' R R R R R' 110
Let i3 and i4 be the currents passing through
R the two bulbs as shown in fig.
or R' = Now the potential difference across the two
3
bulbs is the same.
E2 3E 2 Hence i3 R1 = i4 R2
 Power dissipated W 2 = =
R /3 R 110 110
i3. = i4. or 4i3 = i4. .....(A)
0.227 0.909

W1 220  1.136
3E 2 3R Again i3 + i4 = i' = .....(B)
Now W2
= × 2 = 9 110
R E
or W 2 = 9W 1 = 9 × 10 = 90 watt Solving eqs. (A) and (B), get
(W 1 = 10 watt). i3 = 0.454 amp. and i4 = 1.816 amp.
Thus, both the bulbs will fuse.