Global Demography

Lesson 8: Global Demography educated, majority of them are

professional
Demography  Its so ironic to think that they have more
income since they are high
 Demo - meaning “the people” compensated but some of them don’t
 Graphy – “measurement” want to have a child because this kinds
 The measurement of people of people are having time difficultly to
 Demography is the statistical study of human their child or children when it comes to
populations. Demography examines the size, parenting because they are committed in
structure and movements of populations over their profession
space and time  These families also have their sights on long-
 When couples are asked why they have children, term savings plan. They set aside significant
their answer is almost always about their parts of their incomes for their retirement, health
feelings. care and the future education of their
 For most, having a child is the symbol of a child/children
successful union. It also ensures that the family  It’s all about how they manage their
will have a successful generation that will money or income. It’s about budgeting
continue its name. that is common in urban families
 There are some couples, especially when  Rural families view multiple children and large
they are just starting to build their own kinship networks as critical investments
family, their mindset is to continue the  The mindset of resident on rural
succession of their family , their end community their child is their
goal is to preserve the family kinship investment
and the family story continues  Urban families, however may not have the same
 However, there are few who worry how much kinship networks anymore because couples
strain a child can bring to the household as move live on their own, or because they move
he/she “competes” for the parents’ attention and out of the farmland. It is usually the basic family
how much energy the family needs to shower its units that is left to deal with life’s challenges on
love to an additional member its own
 This scenario is very rare.  These differing versions of family life
 Most of us when we hear news that one determines the economic and social policies that
of our clan is pregnant we get excited countries craft regarding their respective
because we have another member of populations
family  The government always depend in
Will the child be an economic asset or burden to the implement of economic and social
family? policies on population of each family
 Countries in the “less developed regions of the
Having or not having a child is mainly rated by world” that rely on agriculture tend to
economics. maintain high levels of population growth
 Rural communities often welcome an extra hand  Urban populations have grown, nut not
to help in crop cultivation, particularly during necessarily because families are having more
the planting and harvesting seasons children. It is rather the combination of the
 Rural referring to country site natural outcome of significant migration to the
 People living in rural communities cities by people seeking work in the true “more
prefer to have more children modern” sectors of society
 This scenario is not only happens to  It has increase population in cities not
rural communities because of increasing child of each
 The poorer districts of urban centers also tends family but it’s because of migration or
to have families with more children because the movement of people from rural to urban.
success of their “small family business” depends The common reason is to find work
on how many of their member can be hawking  This scenario is manifest in developing
their wares on the streets countries and it is very common
 The more children , the better it will be  The industries and businesses attract the
for the farm or small businesses people who lives in rural areas
 Urbanized, educated, and professional families  International migration also plays a part. Today,
with two incomes, however, desire just one or 191 million people live in countries other than
two progenies their own, and the United Nations projects that
 Unlike people living from rural areas, over 2.2 million will move from the developing
it’s a different perspective to people world to the First World countries
living in urban areas  This countries also welcome the
 We cannot deny the fact that most immigrant people because they offset or
people living in the city are well-
 balance the weakening effects of an will bring about global environmental
aging population disasters that would lead to food shortage and
 Emigrate means you are exiting your mass starvation
current homeland  Their recommendations ranged from the bizarre
 Immigrate coming into a new country to (chemical castration) to the policy-oriented
live (taxing an additional child and luxury taxes in
 Aging population means there is child-related products) to monetary incentives
increase in the proportion of older (paying off men who would agree to be
person sterilized after two children) to institution-
 How does an aging population affects building (a powerful Department of Population
the employment? Older people are more and Environment).
likely to be retired  Chemical castration – they use certain
 There are countries that they welcome chemicals to lessen the libido of men
applicant even they are not originally and to reduce their sexual activity. They
resident of that country lessen the testosterone.
 It is not advantage for these country that  Testosterone the predominant sex
they welcome the outsider, these hormone for males
applicant who came from less developed  Sterilization – is permanent method of
countries they are seen as big threat to birth control. The sterilization procedure
the job market because they compete for women called tubal ligation in men
against the original residents of that vasectomy
country. Therefore, it become  By limiting the population, vital resources
competition, there have high advantages could be used for economic progress and not
in the outsider people apply in work be “diverted” and “wasted” to feeding more
because they are open to receive lower mouths.
compensation or salary  When we limit the number of population
vital or necessary resources could be
used for other purposes instead of
focusing to food production
The “Perils” of Overpopulation
 This argument became the basis for government
 Perils – it is synonymous to word danger, hazard "population control programs” worldwide.
or risk  That is why there are certain countries
 Development planners see urbanization and who are strict in implementing policies
industrialization as indicators of a developing and programs for population control
society, but disagree on the role of population  In the mid-20th century, the Philippines, China,
growth or decline in modernization and India sought to lower birth rate on the belief
 Urbanization is the process through that the expansion of family members would
which cities grow and higher percentage lead to a crisis in resources, which in return
of population come to live in the may result in widespread poverty, mass
city. The people move from barrio to hunger, and political instability.
cities  China is the most populated country in
 Industrialization it’s a process by which the world next India
economy is transform from agricultural  These countries want to reduce the birth
to the manufacturing of goods. Less rate. By doing this, they need resources
manual labor.  If they cannot meet or maintain their
 Those development planner their needs particularly basic need such as
indicators signed to indicate that one food it’s consequence is poverty, mass
society or one country is when there’s hunger and political instability
the process of urbanization and at the  As early as 1958, the American policy journal,
same time industrialization Foreign Affairs, had already advocated
 However, they are disagree on the role "contraception and sterilization” as the
of population of growth or declined in practical solutions to global economic, social,
modernization and political problems.
 This lengthy discussion brings back ideas of  In America this is their way of this issue
British scholar Thomas Malthus, who warned and problems by using contraception
in his 1978 “An Essay on the Principle of and sterilization to control population
Population” that population growth will  Advocates of population control contend for
inevitably exhaust world food supply by the universal access to reproductive technologies
middle of the 19th century (such as condoms, pills, abortion, and
 Thomas Malthus is an economist vasectomy) and more importantly, giving
 It was revived in the late 1960’s when American women the right to choose whether to have
biologist Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife, Anne, children or not.
wrote “The Population Bomb”, which argued  Politics determine these "birth control"
that overpopulation in the 1970’s and 1980’s programs. Developed countries justify their
 support for population control in developing financial and greater
countries by depicting the latter as conservative employment opportunities
societies. o If they violate the one-child
 The government has the task to policy they were fine they are
implement such programs in order to force to have abortions or
control population growth sterilization or lost their job
 Even the developed countries are in o It’s better to understand this
favor in having population control to one-child policy as one birth per
this developing country family rule. In other word, if
 Examples: women gives birth to twins or
 Population experts blamed the triplets in one birthing she won’t
"irresponsible fecundity of Egyptians be penalized
for that nations run-on population o According to recent news,
growth China introduced a 3 child
o Fecundity – means the ability of policy in May 2021. So it will
a woman to produce an now allow each couple in the
abundance of offspring or country to have up to 3 children
basically ability of woman to from its previous child limits
produce a child o Why 3 child policy, because
o They blame Egyptian because of according to the recent census
having plenty of child to the data, it say that they are decline
number of people in country has or decreasing number of birth
rapidly increasing rate
 The Iranian peasant's "natural" libidinal o Chinese mother gave birth for
tendencies for the same rise in just 12 million babies in 2020
population o It is not also advantage that one
o Libidinal – means related to country has lower population
libido. It’s a sexual desire to because it decrease manpower
engage in sexual activity. It’s  Vietnam and Mexico also conducted
your last. coercive mass sterilization TABLE 1
o The people in Iran particularly
Iranian farmers they are It's the Economy, not the Babies!
somehow malibog. They cannot
The use of population control to prevent economic crisis
control their sexual desire or
has its critics.
their libido as a result there are
rise or increase in population  Betsy Hartmann disagrees with the advocates
 Muslims as hypersexual hyper-fecund of Neo - Malthusian theory and accused
hence a drain on resources governments of using population control as a
o Muslim people are addicted to "substitute for social justice and much
sex and also they are hyper – needed reforms - such as land distribution,
fecund employment creation, provision of mass
o Since they are addicted to sex education and health care.
the consequence, there’s a  Neo-Malthusianism refers to the belief that
probability that a lot of Muslim population control through the use of
women will get pregnant contraception is essential for the survival of the
 Forced sterilization of 20 million earth's human population
"violators" of the Chinese government's  Others pointed out that the population did grow
One-Child Policy fast in many countries in the 1960's, and this
o The One-child policy is a growth "aided economic development by
program implemented by spurring technological and institutional
China’s government in 1980 in innovation and increasing the supply of
order to limit most China human ingenuity."
families to one child each  It tells us the positive impact of
population growth or the advantage of
increasing population growth
o In china, they prefer to have  There’s transformation and change when
it comes to technologies and there was
men child. There are more men
also reorganization of different
than women because of their
institution and most importantly a
preferences of son they was a
greater number of people means more
rise in a number of abortions in
manpower
female fetuses
 Advances in agricultural production have shown
o If they don’t violate the policy
that the Malthusian nightmare can be prevented.
they will have incentives and
  Malthusian theory – is a theory which in part because women were given the power of
states that food production will not be choice and easy access to reproductive
able to keep up with growth of human technologies.
population, resulting in disease, famine,  Women in First World countries has the
war and calamity. Population will grow freedom to choose whether they will
faster than the supply of food have children or not and if they want to
 Since there is higher population than the utilize reproductive technologies
availability of food many people will die  In North America and Europe, 73% of
for shortage of food governments allow abortion upon a mother’s
 Thomas Malthus – propose Malthusian request. Moreover, the more educated woman is,
theory the better are her prospects of improving her
 The "Green Revolution" created high-yielding economic position.
varieties of rice and other cereals, and along  It shows that women from this country
with the development of new methods of are empowered allowing them to make
cultivation increased yields globally, but more their own decisions about their life. they
particularly in the developing world. can spend most of their time pursuing
 Green Revolution – means there is their education or career instead of using
increased of production of food green the time to take care their children
especially wheat and rice as a result of  Most countries implement reproductive health
new advances in farming and cultivation laws because they worry about the health of the
 Therefore global famine that Neo- mother. In 1960, Bolivia’s average total fertility
Malthusian predicted didn’t happen (TFR) was 6.7 children. In 1978, the Bolivian
 Between 1950 and 1984, global grain production government put into effect a family planning
increased by over 250 percent, allowing program that included the legalization of
agriculture to keep pace with population growth, abortion. In 1985, the TFR went down to 5.13
thereby keeping global famine under control. and further declined to 3.46 in 2008.
 Scholars and policymakers agree with the neo  Total Fertility Rate – it’s the total
Malthusians but suggest that if governments number of children that would be born
pursue population control programs, they must alive to each women. Bolivia is located
include "more inclusive growth and "greener in South America
economic growth”  A similar pattern occurred in Ghana after the
government expanded reproductive health laws
Women and Reproductive Rights out of the same concern as that of the Bolivian
government. As a result, "fertility declined
Women across the world continue to suffer from
steeply..... and continued to decline after 1994."
gender inequality including and child and force
 Ghana is located in Africa
marriage, gender based violence, sexes policies, as
 In 2014, the United Nations noted that the
well as barriers to participation in education and
proportion of countries allowing abortion to
employment
preserve the physical health of a woman
 Women are often subject of these population
increased from 63% to 67%, and those to
measures. Reproductive rights supporters argue
preserve the mental health of a woman increased
that if population control and economic
from 52% to 64%.
development were to reach their goals, women
 How many countries allow abortion? As
must have control over whether they will have
of November 2021 64 countries have
children or not and when they will have their
legalized or decriminalized abortion
progenies- they will be able to pursue their
request
vocations.
 Abortion remains illegal in the
 By giving this power to women they
Philippines under or circumstances and
will be able to pursue their vocations
it is highly stigmatize because the
contributing to population growth and
Philippines is a catholic country
development
 Opponents regarded reproductive rights as
 This correlation between family, fertility, and
nothing but a false front for abortion. They
fortune has motivated countries with growing
contend that this method of preventing
economies to introduce or strengthen their
conception endangers the life of the mother and
reproductive health laws, including abortion.
must be banned.
 In Philippines, we already have the RA
 The religious wing of the anti-reproductive right
No. 354 or The Responsible Parenthood
flank goes further and describes abortion as a
and The Reproductive Health Act of
debauchery that sullies the name of God; it will
2012 known as RH Law
send the mother to hell and prevents the baby to
 It’s a law that guarantees universal and
become human.
free access to all modern contraceptives
 For religious people, regardless of
for all Filipino citizen including poor
religion or what you believe in they
communities
oppose all forms of abortion procedures
 High-income First World nations and fast-
developing countries were able to sustain growth
  There are countries who are not 100% in warn that feeding this population will be an
favor of reproductive health policies immense challenge.
 Unfailing pressure by Christian groups
compelled the governments of Poland, Croatia, TABLE 2
Hungary, Yugoslavia, and even Russia to  The decline in fertility and the existence of a
impose restrictive reproductive health programs, young productive population, however, may not
including making access to condoms and other be enough to offset this concern over food
technologies. security.
 Muslim countries do not condone abortion and  The Food and Agriculture Organization
limit wives to domestic chores. (FAO) warns that in order for countries to
 Senegal only allows abortion when the mother's mitigate the impact of population growth, food
life is threatened. production must increase by 70%; annual
 The Philippine, with a catholic majority, no has cereal production must rise to 3 billion tons
a reproductive health law but conservative from the current 2.1 billion; and yearly meat
politicians have enfeebled it through budget cuts production must go up to 200 million tons to
Population Growth and Food Security reach 470 million.
 The problem is that global rate of
 Today's global population has reached 7.9 growth of cereal have declined
billion, and it is estimated to increase to 9.5 conceivably from 3.2% in 1960 to 1.5 %
billion in 2050, then 11.2 billion by 2100. in 2000
 The first billion population has reached  The FAO recommends that countries should
about1800 and in just 2000 years we increase their investments in agriculture, craft
reached 7 billion long-term policies aimed at fighting poverty,
 The global sex ratio is 1.018 is means and invest in research and development.
that we have slightly more men than  The UN body also suggests that countries
women develop a comprehensive social service
 Obviously more than 70% of the world program that includes food assistance,
population live in 20 most populies consistent delivery of health services, and
country education especially for the poor.
 There are only 2 country in the world  If the domestic production is not enough
with the population more than 1billion it became essential for countries to
people import
 About 36% of the world population live  The FAO enjoins governments to keep their
in this two countries despite the fact that markets open, and to eventually "move towards
China is the most populous country a global trading system that is fair and
around the world , India’ world competitive, and that contributes to a
population grow much faster is dependable market for food."
population growth  The aforementioned are worthy
 In 2023, India is expected to became the recommendations but nation-states shall need
most populous country in the world the political to push through these sweeping
 95% of this population growth will happen in changes in population growth and food security.
the developing countries, with demographers
predicting that by the middle of this century,
several countries will have tripled their
population.
 The opposite is happening in the developed
world where populations remain steady in
general, but declining in some of the most
advanced countries (Japan and Singapore).
 Demographers predict that the world population
will stabilize by 2050 to 9 billion, although they

Table 1.

Land
Country (for Population Year Net dens Migrants Fert. Med. Urban
# dependency) 2020 change change ity
Area
(net) Rate Age Pop %
(Km2)
1, 439, 323, 5, 540, 9, 388,
1 China 0.39% 153 -348, 399 1.7 38 61% 18.47%
776 090 211
1, 380, 004, 13, 586, 2, 973,
2 India 0.99% 464 -532, 687 2.2 28 35% 17.70%
385 631 190
331, 002, 1, 937, 9, 147,
3 United State 0.59% 36 954, 806 1.8 38 83% 4.25%
651 734 420
273, 523, 2, 898, 1, 811,
4 Indonesia 1.07% 151 -98, 55 2.3 30 56% 3.51%
615 047 570
220, 892, 4, 327,
5 Pakistan 2.00% 287 770, 880 -233, 379 3.6 23 35% 2.83%
340 002
 212, 559, 1, 509, 8, 358,
6 Brazil 0.72% 25 21, 200 1.7 33 88% 2.73%
417 980 140
206, 139, 5, 175,
7 Nigeria 2.58% 226 910, 770 -60, 000 5.4 18 52% 2.64%
589 990
164, 689, 1, 643,
8 Bangladesh 1.01% 1265 130, 170 -369, 501 2.1 28 39% 2.11%
383 222
145, 934, 16, 376,
9 Russia 0.04% 62, 206 9 182, 456 1.8 40 74% 1.87%
462 870
128, 932, 1, 357, 1, 943,
10 Mexico 1.06% 66 -60, 000 2.1 29 84% 1.65%
753 224 950
109, 581, 1, 464,
13 Philippines 1.35% 368 298, 170 -67, 152 2.6 26 47% 1.41%
078 463

Top 20 most populous countries (09-12-2021)

1 China 1, 450, 962, 998 18.27%
2 India 1, 406, 941, 080 17. 72%
3 USA 334, 870, 397 4.22%
4 Indonesia 278, 859, 368 3.51%
5 Pakistan 227, 742, 652 2.87%
6 Brazil 215, 558, 484 2.71%
7 Nigeria 214, 217, 496 2.70%
8 Bangladesh 167, 703, 398 2.11%
9 Russian Federation 146, 019, 424 1.84%
10 Mexico 131, 678, 912 1.66%
11 Japan 126, 377, 979 1.59%
12 Ethiopia 119, 160, 703 1.50%
13 Philippines 112, 211, 832 1.41%
14 Egypt 105, 696, 039 1.33%
15 Vietnam 99, 016,362 1.25%
16 Democratic Republic of Congo 93, 670, 713 1.18%
17 Turkey 86, 645, 404 1.09%
18 Iran 85, 515, 442 1.08%
19 Germany 83, 753, 336 1.05%
20 Thailand 70, 223, 261 0.88%