Dedicated to,

My Parents,
 A
DISSERTATION REPORT
ON

“ ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF RC

BUBBLED BEAM ”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL-STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
PUNYASHLOK AHILYADEVI HOLKAR
SOLAPUR UNIVERSITY, SOLAPUR

SUBMITTED BY
MR. ZANWAR SHUBHAM SHAMSUNDAR

GUIDE
Dr. M. G. KALYANSHETTI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

WALCHAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SOLAPUR- 413006
(Accredited by NAAC A+ Grade and NBA, New Delhi, Winner of 'National Award for Best
Industry -Linked Institute' from AICTE & CIl-2013, 2014 and 2018)
2022-2023
 CERTIFICATE
This Certificate is awarded to,

MR. ZANWAR SHUBHAM SHAMSUNDAR

For successful completion of Dissertation entitled

“ ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF RC BUBBLED BEAM ”

and found to be complete in partial fulfillment of the award of Degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

CIVIL - STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Dr. M. G. Kalyanshetti Dr. M. G. Kalyanshetti Dr. V. A. Athavale

(PROJECT GUIDE ) (HEAD) (PRINCIPAL)
. CIVIL ENGG. DEPT. W.I.T. SOLAPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

WALCHAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SOLAPUR- 413006
(Accredited by NAAC A+ Grade and NBA, New Delhi, Winner of 'National Award for Best
Industry -Linked Institute' from AICTE & CIl-2013, 2014 and 2018)
2022-2023

I
 DISSERTATION APPROVAL SHEET

The dissertation entitled “ ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF RC BUBBLED

BEAM ” by MR. ZANWAR SHUBHAM SHAMSUNDAR is
approved in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
with specialization in CIVIL - STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING.

EXAMINERS:-

1)

2)

PLACE : SOLAPUR

DATE : / / 2022

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have great pleasure in presenting this dissertation report on

“ ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL STRENTH OF RC BUBBLED BEAM ”

First of all, I take this opportunity to express sincere appreciation and deep sense of gratitude to
my project guide, Dr. M. G. Kalyanshetti for his whole hearted cooperation, valuable guidance
and perpetual encouragement, which had a great influence in bringing this dissertation to a
success. I remain ever indebted to him for the keen interest shown and moral support offered all
through pursuance of this work.

I express my sincere thanks to Dr. S.S. Patil former H.O.D. Civil Engineering. Department
W.I.T. Solapur for his moral support and cooperation throughout the dissertation work.

I express my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. M.G. Kalyanshetti H.O.D. Civil Engineering.
Department W.I.T. Solapur for giving me valuable guidance, time and also for their moral
support and cooperation throughout the dissertation work.

I am very much grateful Prof. C.G. Konapure and Prof. S.B. Javheri of W.I.T. Solapur for
their timely cooperation and constant help and guidance in completing the work.

Also thanks to all staff of civil Dept. W.I.T. Solapur and specially menial staff Mr. N.R.
Shivashetti & Mr. P.B. Honkase for helping me in every step of the dissertation work.

I express heart full thanks to my M-tech friends Mr. Pradugn Varhade, Mr. Prasad Waghmare,
Mr. Amit Nagtilak, Mr. Rohit Raut for their constant encouragement and full co-operation
whenever required. Specially my friend Mr. Pradugn Varhade for helping me at ground level
throughout dissertation work.

Finally sincere thanks to my family members, specially my father Mr.Shamsundar Zanwar and
mother Mrs.Varsha Zanwar, Brother Mr.Rohan Zanwar who were behind me all the time. Also
my sincere gratitude to all those who directly or indirectly helped me at various stages of this
research work.

MR. SHUBHAM ZANWAR

M. Tech (Civil-Structures)

III
Flexural members are designed as deep beams if the ratio of the clear span to the overall depth is
less than 2 for simply supported beam and for less than 2.5 for continuous beam as per IS 456-
2000 (Reaffirmed 2021). The members should be loaded on one face and supported on the
opposite face so that compression struts can develop between the loads and supports. Reinforced
concrete deep beams have many useful applications in building structures such as transfer
girders, wall footings, foundation pile caps, floor diaphragms, and shear walls. The use of deep
beams particularly at the lower levels in tall buildings for both residential and commercial
purposes has increased rapidly because of their convenience and load carrying capacity.
Concrete structures suffer from serious deterioration during there life. Cracks in concrete are
very common due to various chemical and physical phenomenon’s that occur during everyday
use. Deep beams are structural elements loaded as simple beams in which a significant amount
of the load is carried to the supports by a compression force combining the load and the reaction.
As a result, the strain distribution is no longer considered linear, and the shear deformations
become significant when compared to pure flexure. Therefore R.C. deep beam shows low first
crack load and low shear strength with brittle failure. Conventional shear reinforcement is
deficient in controlling this. To overcome this weakness, different types of fibers are tried by
researchers.
Combining two or more types of fibers for getting high quality hybrid fiber reinforced concrete
(HFRC) has been a recent trend. The present experimental work is devoted to strength properties
of M25 grade of concrete with hybrid fiber inclusion. Also present analysis & design of deep
beams using Steel, Polypropylene and Glass fiber to study the shear strength, First crack load,
Ultimate load, Ultimate deflection and behaviour of fibre reinforced concrete deep beams. The
beam cast and cured are tested in heavy structural laboratory using 1000 kN capacity loading
frame under two-point loading.
Various mix proportions with Steel, Polypropylene and glass fibers are studied experimentally to
arrive at a workable mix. It is therefore the mix with 1% steel, 0.3% PP fiber and 0.16% GF is
the workable mix with maximum fiber content. It is observed that, for HFRC deep beam when
compared with conventional deep beam, there is improvement of 49.67% in first crack load and
88.13% in ultimate strength. Hence, the present study recommend are at 1% steel, 0.3% PP fiber
and 0.16% GF as a replacement to conventional shear reinforcement in deep beam which will
result into high first crack load, shear strength, ductility and less reinforcement congestion.

IV
 CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page No.

Certificate I
Dissertation approval sheet II
Acknowledgement III
Abstract IV
Contents V
List of Figures IX
List of Tables XI
1 Introduction 1
1.1 General 1
1.2. Reinforced concrete (RC) deep beam 1
1.2.1 Comparison between deep beam and simple beam 2
1.2.2 Uses of Deep beam 2
1.2.3. Behaviour of deep beam under load 5
1.2.4. Need of substitution Conventional shear reinforcement 5
1.2.5. Hybrid fibers as substitution to Conventional shear reinforcement 5
1.3 Fibers & Types 6
1.3.1 Natural Fibers 6
1.3.2 Artificial Fiber 7
1.3.2.1 Micro fiber 7
1.3.2.2 Macro fiber 7
1.3.3 Benefits of using fibers in concrete 8
1.3.3.1 Benefits of Steel fibers in concrete 8
1.3.3.2 Benefits of Polypropylene fibers in concrete 9
1.3.3.3 Benefits of Glass fibers in concrete 9
1.4. Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HFRC) 9
1.4.1 Advantages of HFRC 9
1.5 Need for present work 12
1.6 Organization of the Dissertation 13
1.7 Summary 13
2 Literature Review 14
2.1. History of use of fiber in Concrete 14

V
 Chapter Title Page No.

2.2. Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam 15

2.3. Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams 16
2.4. Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams 17
2.5. Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams 18
2.6. Research gaps 21
2.7. Objective of study 21
2.8. Summary 21
3 Design of Deep Beam 22
3.1. General 22
Design of simply supported deep beam according to is 456-2000
3.2. 22
code provisions
3.3. Reinforcement details of deep beam 27
3.4 Summary 28
4 Strain variation of deep beams using software 29
4.1. General 29
4.2. Use of Ansys 2022 R1 29
4.3. Element type 30
Modeling and analysis of conventional RC deep beam under shear
4.4. 32
using Ansys 2022R1
4.4.1. Input of Engineering material properties 32
4.4.2. Geometrical properties 34
4.4.3. Meshing 35
4.4.4. Assigning Load and Boundary conditions 36
4.4.5. Ansys Results 36
4.5. R.C. Deep Beam strain variation across depth 39
4.6. R.C. Deep Beam Load vs Deflection 40
4.7. Summary 40
5 Testing of ingredients of Concrete & Mix Design 41
5.1. Testing of ingredients of Concrete 41
5.1.1. Cement Test 42
5.1.2. Aggregate Test 45
5.1.2.1. Fine Aggregate Test 45
5.1.2.2. Coarse Aggregate (C.A.) : (20 mm) 47

VI
 Chapter Title Page No.

5.1.3. Tensile Test of Steel Reinforcement 48

5.2. Concrete Mix Design 49
5.2.1. Factors affecting concrete mix design 49
5.2.2. Mix design for M25 grade concrete 50
5.3 Excel Program for Concrete Mix Design 55
5.4. Conventional concrete Final mix 57
5.5.. Properties of Fibers 59
5.5.1. Hooked end Steel fiber 59
5.5.2. Fibrillated Polypropylene fiber 61
5.5.3. Alkali resistant glass fiber 63
5.6. HFRC Concrete Mix 64
5.6.1. Casting of HFRC / Hybridization ratio 65
5.6.2. Computation of quantities of fibers to be added in concrete 66
5.6.3. Workability of HFRC 69
5.6.4. Workable mix with maximum fiber content 69
5.6.5. Compressive Strength of Concrete 70
5.6.6. Split Tensile Strength of Concrete 71
5.7. Casting of Deep Beams 73
5.7.1. Conventional Deep Beams 73
5.7.2. Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams 75
5.8. Deep Beams Testing 77
5.8.1. Facilities available in the Institute for Testing of Deep Beams 77
5.8.2. Experimental Setup 81
5.9. Summary 82
6 Results and Discussions 83
6.1. General 83
6.2. Factors affecting the Shear Strength of HFRC Deep Beams 83
6.3. Deep Beam Failure modes 84
6.4. Cracking Pattern of Deep Beams 86
6.4.1. Conventional Deep Beams 86
6.4.2. Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams 86
6.5. Shear Strength Test Results 87

VII
 Chapter Title Page No.

6.6. First Crack Stress and Ultimate Strength 89

6.7. Reserve Strength 89
6.8. Ductility 90
6.9. Load Vs Deflection 91
6.10. Shear Strain Variation 94
6.11. Cost Comparison 95
6.12. Summary 95
7 Conclusions 96
7.1. General 96
7.2. Improvement in concrete properties 96
7.2.1. Compressive Strength 96
7.2.2. Split Tensile Strength 96
7.3. Improvement in strength parameters of Deep Beam 96
7.3.1 Shear Strength 97
7.3.2. Reserve Strength 97
7.3.3. Ductility 97
Replacement of Conventional Shear Reinforcement in Deep
7.4. Beams
97

7.5. Scope for Further Studies 97

8 References 98
List of Publications 103
Author & Guide Profile 104

VII
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No

1.1 Applications of Deep Beam 2

1.2 Types of Natural Fibers 6
1.3 Types of Artificial Fibers 8
1.4 Advantages of HFRC 9
3.1 SFD & BMD for Deep beam with ɑ/d 0.5 22
Reinforcement Details of M25 Conventional RC Deep beam
3.2 27
with ɑ/d 0.5
Reinforcement Details of M25 HFRC Deep beam with ɑ/d
3.3 27
0.5
4.1 Solid 65 30
4.2 Solid 65 Crack Plane 30
4.3 Link180 31
4.4 View of Ansys Properties of Concrete (25 Mpa) 33
4.5 View of Ansys Properties of Steel (FE500) 34
4.6 Concrete model of Deep beam and Bearing plat in Ansys 34
4.7 Skeleton of Reinforcement of Deep beam in Ansys 35
4.8 Meshing of Model 35
4.9 Position of Two point load in Ansys 36
4.10 Deformation of FEM model under 150 kN load 37
4.11 Shear stress of FEM model under 150 kN load 37
Stress in Reinforcement (Red in Tension & Blue in
4.12 37
Compression) at 150 kN
4.13 Deformation of FEM model under 500 kN load 38
4.14 Cracking of Concrete model under 500 kN load 38
4.15 Damage of Steel model under 500 kN load 39
Shear Strain variation across the depth of M 25 Convectional
4.16 39
R.C. Deep Beam at the maximum load
4.17 Load vs Deflection (Ansys output) 40
5.1 Fineness Test Apparatus 42
5.2 Consistency 42
5.3 Vicat’s Apparatus for Setting Time Test 43
5.4 Le-Chatelier Apparatus for Soundness Test 43
5.5 Cement cube vibrating machine 44
5.6 Cement cube 44

IX
Figure No. Title Page No

5.7 Pycnometer Bottle 45

5.8 Density Basket 47
5.9 Universal Testing Machine 48
5.10 Input to Mix Design Excel program 55
5.11 Output of Mix Design Excel program 56
5.12 Laboratory Testing of M25 Conventional Concrete 58
5.13 Randomly oriented Fibers 59
5.14 Exaggerated View of crack control by Hooked end Steel fiber 59
5.15 Homogeneous Fiber distribution 60
5.16 Fibrillated Polypropylene fibers network structure 61
5.17 Alkali resistant glass fiber after hardening 63
5.18 Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Cubes & Cylinder 68
5.19 Variation in Compressive strength of HFRC 70
5.20 Variation in Split Tensile Strength of HFRC 71
5.21 Testing of Concrete Specimen in laboratory 72
5.22 Casting of Conventional Deep Beam 74
5.23 Casting of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam 76
5.24 Loading Frame 77
5.25 Video Gauge Measurement System 78
5.26 Material Testing Lens 79
5.27 General Purpose Lens 79
5.28 Deep Beam Testing Setup 81
6.1 Failure Modes of Deep Beam 84
6.2 Flexural Failure 85
6.3. Diagonal Tension 85
6.4. Shear Compression 85
6.5. Compressive Failure of Struts 85
6.6 Continuous Cracks in Conventional Deep beam 86
6.7 Discontinuous crack in HFRC Deep beam 87
6.8 Load Vs Central Deflection of C1, H1 deep beam 93
6.9 Load Vs Central Deflection of C2, H2 deep beam 93
6.10 Load Vs Central Deflection of C3, H3 deep beam 94
Shear strain variation across the cross-section of Conventional,
6.11 95
HFRC deep beams and using Ansys

X
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No

1.1 Range of Micro & Macro Synthetic Fiber 7

1.2 Organization of the Dissertation 13
3.1 Reinforcement Schedule of Conventional deep beam 27
4.1 Input of Concrete Properties to Ansys 32
4.2 Input of Steel reinforcement properties to Ansys 33
5.1 Observation on Consistency of Cement 42
5.2 Observation of Crushing Strength of Cement Cubes 44
5.3 Particle size of F.A. 46
5.4 Observation Particle size of C.A. 47
5.5 Observation (FE 500) Steel Reinforcement Test 48

5.6 Compressive Strength of M25 Conventional Concrete 57

5.7 Split Tensile Strength of M25 Conventional Concrete 57

5.8 Properties of Hooked end Steel fiber 60
5.9 Properties of Fibrillated Polypropylene fiber 62
5.10 Properties of Alkali resistant glass fiber 64
5.11 Hybridization Ratio 65
5.12 Workability of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete 69

5.13 Compressive Strength of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete 70

5.14 Split Tensile Strength of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete 71

Ingredients required for casting of each Conventional deep

5.15 73
beam
Steel reinforcement required for casting of each
5.16 73
Conventional deep beam
5.17 Ingredients required for casting of each HFRC deep beam 75
Steel reinforcement required for casting of each HFRC deep
5.18 75
beam

5.19 Specifications of Video Gauge Measurement System 80

XI
Table No. Title Page No

Shear Strength Test Results of M25 grade concrete deep

6.1 88
beams for a/d ratios 0.5
Improvement in the First crack and Ultimate Shear Strength
6.2 of HFRC deep beams in comparison to conventional deep 89
beams
Improvement in the Reserve Strength of HFRC deep beams
6.3 90
in comparison to conventional deep beams
Improvement in the Ductility of HFRC deep beams in
6.4 90
comparison to conventional deep beams
6.5 Load vs Deflection Deep Beam C1 91
6.6 Load vs Deflection Deep Beam H1 91
6.7 Load vs Deflection Deep Beam C2 91
6.8 Load vs Deflection Deep Beam H2 91
6.9 Load vs Deflection Deep Beam C3 92
6.10 Load vs Deflection Deep Beam H3 92

XII
 Chapter - 1
INTRODUCTION
 Chapter - 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1. General
In the twenty-first century, the government of India spent the majority of its funds on the
construction industry in order to improve our country's financial situation. As a result, it is the
responsibility of civil engineers to improve new techniques and research in the construction field.
The use of deep beams in the construction industry saves money while increasing structural
strength.

1.2. Reinforced concrete (R.C.) deep beam

R.C. Deep beam is having a greater depth in comparison with span. According to I.S. 456-2000,
deep beam is defined as a beam with an effective span to depth ratio less than 2.0 for simply
supported end condition and 2.5 for continuous supports. The effective span is defined as the
center-to-center distance between the supports or 1.15 times the clear span whichever is less.
Because of the geometrical proportions of the deep beams, their behavior is different than
slender beams.

According to ACI 318 deep beams are defined as members loaded on one face and supported
on the opposite face, so that compression struts can develop between the loads and the supports.
Moreover, deep beams have either: a) Ln/h ≤ 4.0; or b) a/h ≤ 2.0, where Ln is the clear span of
the deep beam, h’ is the overall depth, and a is the shear span length.

Reinforced concrete deep beams are structural elements that support heavy loads and are
generally used in the civil engineering construction works. R.C. deep beams are used as load
distributing structural elements such as transfer girders, pile caps, foundation walls, and
offshore structures. Floor slabs under horizontal load, short span beams carrying heavy loads,
and transfer girders are examples of deep beams. Due to the small value of effective span-depth
ratio, the strength of R.C. deep beams is usually controlled by shear rather than flexural
strength, if normal amounts of longitudinal reinforcement are used. The shear failure is a brittle
failure. Hence the shear strength of RC deep beams has been the topic of concern amongst the
researchers during past few decades. Deep beams are structural elements loaded as simple
beams in which a significant amount of the load is carried to the supports by a compression
force combining the load and the reaction. As a result, the strain distribution is no longer
considered linear, and the shear deformations become significant when compared to pure
flexure.

1
1.2.1. Comparison between deep beam and simple beam

 The assumption of plane sections before bending remain plane after bending dose not hold
good in case of deep beams due to there high depth.

 The shear deformation cannot be neglected as in the ordinary beam. The stress distribution
is not linear even in the elastic stage.

1.2.2. Uses of Deep beam

RC deep beams have many useful applications in building structures such as transfer girders,
wall footings, foundation pile caps, floor diaphragms, and shear walls. Particularly, the use of
deep beams at the lower levels in tall buildings for both residential and commercial purposes
has increased rapidly because of their convenience and economy.

Locations
of Deep
Beam

a) Deep beams in Residential Buildings

2
b) Transfer Girders

c) Bridge Girders

d) Pile Caps

3
 e) Side wall of water tank

f) Offshore structure

g) Foundation Wall

Fig 1.1 [a-g] Applications of Deep Beam[46]

4
1.2.3. Behaviour of deep beam under load
Deep beams are the beams having high depths in comparison with their span. The assumption
that plane sections before bending remain plane after bending does not hold true for deep beams.
Because of their span to depth proportion, they develop mechanism of force transfer quite
different from that in slender beams. As a result, flexural and shear loads are not linearly
distributed, and hence conventional design approaches cannot be used. Due to their high depth, a
major portion of the load on the deep beam is transferred along the diagonal from loading points
to supports. The neutral axis shifts downwards and it does not remain at the level of the
centroidal axis due to the concentration of stresses in the lower part of these beams. When they
are reinforced with sufficient main steel as per design requirements, their strength is often
controlled by shear rather than flexure.

1.2.4. Need of substitution Conventional shear reinforcement

Deep beams exhibit a brittle type of shear failure when they collapse. Conventional shear
reinforcement is unable to control crack initiation and its propagation in concrete. This results in
low first crack load and also low shear strength of deep beams. Hence there is a need of
alternative to the conventional shear reinforcement.
Conventional Concrete reinforcement is merely a method of mixing the two elements to get the
desired performance; it does not change the fundamental properties of concrete. The success of
such a combination depends on how well each material performs. It has little impact on the poor
tensile strength and brittleness that are inherent characteristics of structural concrete. Due to the
fact that concrete's inadequate tensile strength cannot be fixed, researchers are working to create
new materials that would use discrete fibres to strengthen weak matrix and create strong
composite materials.
In order to increase the shear strength of deep beams, the present study focuses on replacement
of traditional shear reinforcement with steel, polypropylene, and glass fibres in predefined
proportions.

1.2.5. Hybrid fibers as substitution to Conventional shear reinforcement

Use of two or more than two fibers in concrete is useful and the resulting concrete is known as
hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC). Researchers are keen to find new ways to increase
tensile strength of concrete and hence are utilizing fibers. The fibres are employed largely to
minimize the brittleness concrete. Concrete's crack resistance and elastic properties are improved
by fibre reinforcing. By acting as crack arresters, fibres significantly delay the initiation and
spread of cracks.

5
1.3. Fibers & Types

Fibers are small, discrete pieces of metallic wire used in concrete. Fibers are usually used in
concrete to control cracking due to plastic shrinkage and drying shrinkage. They also reduce
the permeability of concrete and bleeding of water. Fiber are typically classified in two types;
Natural Fibers and Artificial Fibers.

1.3.1. Natural Fibers :-

Fibers delivered by plants (vegetable, leaves and wood), creatures and geological procedures
are a normal fibers [Fig. 1.2]. Now, the variant of the sustainable fiber that is used for natural
fiber. Coir, Sisal, Sugarcane, Banana, Bamboo, Jute, Wood, Vegetables, Bagasse, Rice husk,
Flax, Kenaf, Asbestos fiber are mainly use in concrete. It can use sustainable development.
There is no new way to use such fibers to enhance the power and toughness of delicate
materials.

Coir Bamboo Rice husk

Jute Asbestos Sisal

Fig 1.2 Types of Natural Fibers[46]

6
1.3.2. Artificial Fibers :-

Natural fibers tend to be much more sensitive than synthetic blends. This is mainly because
natural products are biodegradable. Various types of artificial fibers that have been tried in
concrete include acrylic, aramid, carbon, nylon, polyester, polyethylene and polypropylene,
Glass fiber, Steel fiber. Typically they are categorized as Micro and Macro Synthetic Fibers
[Fig.1.3].

1.3.2.1. Micro fiber :-

Micro fiber are mainly used to reduce plastic shrinkage in fresh concrete. During the hardening
process of concrete, dissipation of heat of hydration of concrete coupled with evaporation of
water induces tensile stresses. Beyond a threshold limit of these stresses, micro cracks start
developing in the concrete. Micro fiber with polypropylene fibers, concrete reduces effective
the early shrinkage behavior in the first 10 hours of pouring. The reason is that these types of
fibers are able to hold back some water and slow down the evaporation process. They also are
able to pick up some limited tensile stresses especially in the early age. These types of fibers
work better to reduce plastic shrinkage cracks [Table 1.1].

1.3.2.2. Macro fiber :-

Macro fiber are mainly used in lightly loaded applications where the concrete behavior is
calculated as un-cracked concrete just to improve the concrete in terms of their crack behavior
and to improve the resistance against the thermal shrinkage process. The reason that these
fibers are mainly used in lightly loaded structures is that in the case of heavily loaded structures,
these fibers tend to creep and hence a design in the cracked state under long term loading does
not save the structure in the event of a failure [Table 1.1].

Table 1.1 : Range of Micro & Macro Synthetic Fiber

Parameters Micro Fiber Macro Fiber

Diameter 5-100 µm 0.6-1 mm

Length 5-30 mm 30-60 mm

7
 a) Hooked end steel fiber b) Polypropylene fiber

c) Glass fiber d) Carbon fiber

Fig 1.3 Types of Artificial Fibers[46]

1.3.3. Benefits of using fibers in concrete

There are many advantages of using fibers in concrete. Below are given the benefits of using
steel, PP and Glass fibers in concrete :-

1.3.3.1. Benefits of Steel fibers in concrete:-

• Improve structural strength of concrete

• Reduce steel reinforcement requirements of concrete

• Improve ductility of concrete

• Increase the crack resistance of concrete of concrete

8
1.3.3.2. Benefits of Polypropylene fibers in concrete:-

• Improve resistance to explosive spalling in case of a severe fire of concrete

• Improve impact resistance of concrete

• Increase resistance to plastic shrinkage during curing of concrete

• Improves water migration of concrete

• Reduces segregation of concrete

• Excellent chemical resistance to common solvents of concrete

1.3.3.3. Benefits of Glass fibers in concrete:-

• Improve structural strength of concrete

• Improve Impact strength of concrete

• Improve toughness of concrete

• Increase durability of the concrete of concrete

1.4. Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HFRC) :-

Use of two or more than two fibers in concrete is useful and the resulting concrete is known as
hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC). Use of Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) is
one of the most promising construction techniques and repairing material in recent times for
the construction industry. Generally, plain concrete has a very low tensile strength and limited
resistance to cracking prior to the ultimate load. HFRC is used as an overlays of air-field, road
pavement, industrial flooring, bridge decks, canal lining, explosive resistant structures. fiber
hybridization with different types of fibers helps in resisting these cracks in the concrete
structures. In the present research work shear strength of HFRC deep beam will be studied
experimentally.

1.4.1. Advantages of HFRC :-

Fig. 1.4 shows advantages of using HFRC for different purposes

Reinforced Concrete Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete

a) Reduced Spalling of Concrete

9
 Reinforced Concrete Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete

b) Reduced Cracking of Concrete

Reinforced Concrete Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete

( More gap in reinforcing bar ) (small gap due to Randomly Oriented fibers)

c) Homogeneous Reinforcement

Reinforced Concrete Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete

d) Reduction in Size of member

Reinforced Concrete Hybrid Fiber Reinforced

Concrete ( Permeable ) ( Non permeable )

e) Permeability Resistance

10
Reinforced Concrete Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete

f) Ease & Flexibility of Bolting

Reinforced Concrete Hybrid Fiber Reinforced

Concrete ( Cover needed ) ( No need of Cover )

g) Increased effective height of structural member

f) Increased Fire Resistance in HFRC

Fig 1.4 Advantages of HFRC[46]

11
1.5. Need of present work

Conventional R.C. deep beams have a low strain carrying capacity, are brittle, and have low
resistance to tensile and shear stresses. Conventional shear reinforcement in R.C. deep beams
holds the concrete mass together in case of distress but cannot provide isotropic elastic
properties to concrete, which causes early first crack load, poor post cracking behaviour, and
low shear strength. Furthermore, the casting of deep beams, especially those with small widths,
is impeded by congestion caused by conventional shear reinforcing, which lowers the quality
of the concrete. The congestion issue can be greatly reduced by substituting short, discrete steel
and other fibres with random orientation for conventional shear reinforcement.
Hybrid fiber reinforcement which is randomly distributed in concrete can be useful in
improvement of shear strength of concrete. The hybrid fiber combination of metallic and
synthetic fibers provides effective confinement and better bonding with concrete, as well as
allowing for easier stress transfer from matrix to fibers. The inclusion of fibers in concrete
transforms the brittle behaviour of deep beams into a more ductile behaviour and prolongs
sudden shear failure.
Most of the researchers have studied the benefits of steel fibers on the shear strength of deep
beams. But, very few have investigated the use of HFRC on deep beams. This study provides
support for proposing a new shear strengthening technique during the design of the member.

12
1.6. Organization of the Dissertation
The present research work is focused on shear strength improvement of fiber reinforced deep
beams and is presented into different chapters as follows.

Table 1.2 : Organization of the Dissertation

Chapter
Chapter Chapter outline
No.
1 Introduction This chapter describes problems in conventional
R.C. deep beams, need of HFRC deep beams to
improve ductility and shear strength of R.C.
deep beams
2 Literature Review This chapter includes the history of fiber
reinforced concrete deep beams, the research
gap in the literature and the objectives of the
work.
3 Design of deep beams Design of deep beams: This section presents a
design carried out using I.S.456-2000 code
provisions.
4 Strain variation of deep
beams using software This section includes analysis of deep beams
carried out with the use of the software.

5 Testing of Ingredients of Testing of Materials: This section deals with

Concrete & Mix Design laboratory work performed in the form of testing
of ingredients of concrete and design of M 25
concrete mix as per IS 10262-2019 & HFRC &
presents experimental work carried out in the
laboratory for casting and testing of R.C. deep
beams as well as HFRC deep beams.
6 Results and discussion This chapter includes a presentation of
experimental results and subsequent discussion.
7 Conclusion This chapter deals with the conclusion of the
research work. It also contains the future scope
of study.
8 References This chapter contains a list of research papers,
codes and books referred to for the present work.

1.7. Summary
This chapter presents the introduction to the topic of research, the behaviour of deep beams,
fibers, HFRC and the need for the investigations. The dissertation organization is also presented.
The next chapter will present a review of the literature.

13
 Chapter - 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
 Chapter -
2 LITERATURE
REVIEW

2.1. History of use of fiber in Concrete

The concept of using fibers as reinforcement is not new. Fibers have been used as reinforcement
since ancient times. Roman Coliseum was built in 80 AD, used horsehair as secondary
reinforcement. Historically, horsehair was used in mortar. From 1898 asbestos fibers were used
until 1960’s then moved to steel, glass and synthetic fibers.
During the early 1960s in the United States, the first major investigation was made to evaluate
the potential of steel fibers as a replacement for steel reinforcing rods in concrete (Romualdi et al,
1963). Since then, a substantial amount of research development, experimentation, and industrial
application of steel fiber reinforced concrete has occurred. In the early 1960s, experiments using
plastic fibers in concrete with and without steel reinforcement were conducted (Goldfein, 1963).
Since 1997 Japanese construction companies have been using structural synthetic fibers
to replace steel fiber reinforcement and the technology has since spread into Australia, Europe
and North America (Elasto Plastic Concrete).
Over the past 40 years, a number of applications have been recommended for the use of fiber
reinforced concrete including road and floor slabs, refractory materials and concrete products.
The amount of fibers added to a concrete mix is expressed as a percentage of the total volume of
the composite (concrete and fibers), termed "volume fraction" (Vf). Vf typically ranges from 0.1
to 3%. The aspect ratio (l/d) is calculated by dividing fiber length (l) by its diameter (d). Fibers
with a non-circular cross section use an equivalent diameter for the calculation of aspect ratio. If
the fiber's modulus of elasticity is higher than the matrix (concrete or mortar binder), they help to
carry the load by increasing the tensile strength of the material. Increasing the aspect ratio of the
fiber usually segments the flexural strength and toughness of the matrix. Longer length results in
better matrix inside the concrete and finer diameter increases the count of fibers. To ensure that
each fiber strand is effective, it is recommended to use fibers longer than maximum size of
aggregate. Normal concrete contains 20 mm equivalent diameter aggregate which is 35-45% of
concrete. Fibers longer than 20mm are more effective. However, fibers that are too long and not
properly treated at time of processing, tend to "ball" in the mix and create work-ability problems.
Fibers are added for long term durability of concrete.
Fibers are frequently utilised in concrete to prevent cracks due to plastic/ drying shrinkage. If the
elastic modulus of the fibre is higher than that of the matrix, they aid in stress transfer and raise
the tensile strength of concrete. Many researchers have carried out the study related to the fiber
reinforcement deep beams. Few of them are as follows.

2.2. Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam

Benefits of using steel fibers as reinforcement in deep beams are investigated by many
researchers. Few of them are presented below.

[2]
2.2.1. Do-Daia T. et al (2021) studied the steel fiber and stirrup ratio effect on the shear
strength of R.C. deep beams. Twelve deep beams with different fiber quantity and stirrup ratios
were tested. The shear strength of beams increased by 55% due to steel fibers. Crack widths due
to shear were reduced up to 1/10th and deflection up to 57% in deep beams tested. An increase in
stirrup ratio with a large number of steel fibers reduces the efficiency of the fibers. The optimum
steel fiber quantity is observed to be 0.38 to 0.57%.

[18]
2.2.2. Giuseppe Tiberti (2015) has investigated the ability of fibers in controlling cracks by
performing more than ninety seven tension tests on Reinforced Concrete (RC) prisms. The
beams having different sizes, reinforcement ratios, amount of fibers and concrete strengths. In
particular the influence of FRC in reducing the crack spacing and the crack width is evaluated as
a function of the FRC toughness. A crack spacing reduction of around 30% was seen in SFRC
elements with concrete volume fraction of 0.5 % steel fibers and 37 % reduction in crack spacing
with concrete volume fraction of 1% steel fibers.

[19]
2.2.3. Tuchscherer Robin G., Quesada A. (2015) presented a study on the amount of steel
fibre required along with the deep beam's minimum distributed side face reinforcement
requirement. The crack widths on specimens with 0.5 to 1.0 % fibres matched those of beams
with 0.2 to 0.3 % side-face reinforcement. Crack widths were larger in specimens having both
steel fibres and stirrups than in specimens containing only one or the other. The specimens with
0.5% fibres outperformed the others in terms of strength and serviceability.
2.2.4. Md. Shahnewaz and M. Shahria Alam (2014)[22] proposed shear strength equations for
SFRC deep and slender beams. Steel fibres were found to effectively minimize stirrup
requirements in R.C. beams. It was discovered that employing 0.5% steel fibres in RC beam can
decrease stirrup area by 50%. With 0.75 % steel fibres, the minimum shear reinforcement can be
used in the beam. Furthermore, 1.5 % steel fibre could replace stirrups in concrete.

2.2.5 Slater E et al (2012)[25] presented equation for shear strength estimation of SFRC deep
beams. A database of 222 shear tests of SFRC beams was presented. To arrive at the proposed
equations, each database was subjected to linear as well as non-linear regression analysis. The
shear strength ratio of Vexpet./Vpredicted is 1.08.

2.2.6. R H Shah, S V Mishra (2004)[36] tested 12 SFRC deep beams with changing span-todepth
ratios. Cracks were observed in conventional deep beams at 50% of the ultimate load. In case of
fibre reinforced deep beams cracks were seen at 60 to 80 % of ultimate load. Deflection of SFRC
beams is reduced by up to 70% compared to conventional beams, and ductility is improved by
15% for 1% steel fibre content.

2.2.7. Kwak Y. K et al (2002)[37] conducted tests on 139 R.C. beams with varying fiber-volume
fractions and shear span-depth ratios for two concrete grades (M 30 and M 65). Equation is
projected for shear strength prediction of SFRC beams. For the projected equation, the
experimental strength to the estimated strength ratio is 1.10. Maximum improvement in shear
strength was 80% at 1% steel fiber content.

2.3. Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams

Some studies in past focus on use of Polypropylene fibers as reinforcement in deep beams. Few
of them are presented below.

2.3.1. R. R. Kshatriya et al (2016)[16] studied PP fibre reinforced concrete deep beams

subjected to predominant shear with or without stirrups and web reinforcement. 0.5 % PFRC and
1 % PFRC cubes, cylinders, and deep beams of grade M40 and M60 were cast. The experimental
results reveal that incorporating PP fibres into reinforced deep beams improves their deformation
properties as well as their shear resistance.
2.3.2 Shinde, P. B. et al (2015)[20] used hybrid fibres with crimped steel and polypropylene in
concrete to study HFRC deep beams. Steel and polypropylene fibres were mixed in amounts of
00-00 %, 0-100 %, 25-75 %, 50-50 %, 75-25 %, and 100-00 % by volume, with a total of 1.0 %
fiber content. Flexural strength of HyFRC for 50- 50 % and SFRC for 100-0 % are virtually
identical. Flexural strength of HyFRC with 75-25 % ratio and SFRC with 100-0 % ratio
increases 36.68 % and 23.58 %, respectively, over conventional concrete.

2.3.3. Vinu R. Patel, I. I. Pandya (2012)[26] investigated the shear strength of Polypropylene
Fiber Reinforced Concrete moderate deep beams without stirrups. The tested beams had l/d
ratios of 2.0, 2.4, 3.0, and 4.0. The shear strength of moderate deep beams without shear
reinforcement is calculated using the authors' suggested equation. The shear strength of SFRC
moderate deep beams estimated by proposed equation is 25% of experimental results for L/D
ratios from 2.00 to 4.00.

2.3.4. M. V. Krishna Rao et al (2011)[29] moderate deep beams of polypropylene fibre fly ash
concrete was investigated in flexure/shear. Varying concrete grades with polypropylene fiber
content, up to 1 %, was studied. Fly ash was used to replace 20% of the cement. Increase in the
flexural strength of M20 and M25 concrete deep beams was observed to be 16% & 20%
respectively at the PP fibre content of 1%.

2.4. Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams

Few studies on use of Glass fibers as reinforcement as deep beams, presented below.

2.4.1. S. K. Kulkarni et al (2017)[12] studied data obtained from experiments carried by using
combination of Steel and Glass fibers in predefined proportions in the concrete and its effect on
strength characteristics of HFRC deep beams. The deep beams cast & cured was tested using
1000 kN capacity loading frame. The two-point loading is applied. During experiment, first
crack load, deflection at first crack load and load at permissible deflection of deep beams was
recorded. It was observed that, in comparison with conventional deep beams with shear span to
depth ratio 0.5, there is improvement of 14% in first crack load and 11% in load at permissible
deflection of HFRC deep beams cast with optimum mix containing 0.7% steel fiber and 0.3%
glass fiber by volume of concrete. However workability of concrete with steel & glass fiber was
observed to be lower than concrete with steel & Polypropylene fiber, whereas the strength
acquired was higher by 13% in comparison with steel & PP fiber.
2.4.2. Vengatachalapathy V. & Dr. Vineet Bajaj (2016) [17] studied the behavior and ultimate
strength of Reinforced concrete deep beams with glass fiber with and without openings in the
web area. Eleven concrete deep beams were tested to fail by applying two-point loading under
simply supported condition. The percentage of glass fiber was varied from zero to one
percentage. The effects of glass fiber percentage in concrete deep beams have calculated by
measure the deflection and examine the crack profile of deep beams. In addition to that the
investigation accounts the influence of glass fiber in reinforced concrete deep beams with and
without openings. The theoretical ultimate load calculated by using Ultimate shear strength
equation for reinforced concrete deep beams are compared with experimental values. This
experimental program includes that the position of openings, web reinforcement and glass fiber
content are the important variables that influence the character and strength of deep beams. Fiber
content of 0.75%by volume of the beam improves the ultimate load and the first crack load of
the beam. Additional of glass fibers increase the tensile strength of concrete matrix and also
increase in the flexural rigidity of the beam.

2.5. Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams

Few researchers have studied the benefits of using HFRC for improvement in shear strength of
deep beams. They are presented below.

2.5.1. S. K. Kulkarni, S. A. Halkude (2022) [1] studied inclusion of hooked end steel fibres and
fibrillated polypropylene fibres in predefined proportions in the concrete mix to cast HFRC deep
beams and study the effects. This experimental investigation demonstrates that the inclusion of
hybrid fibres improves the strength properties of concrete significantly. Moreover, it leads to a
rise in first crack load, a significant increase in ultimate shear strength, and a substantial increase
in reserve strength of HFRC deep beams when compared to conventional R.C. deep beams. Also,
study reveals that it is possible to replace conventional shear reinforcement in deep beams with
1% hooked end steel fibres and 0.3 % fibrillated polypropylene fibres by volume of concrete, to
obtain high shear strength deep beams with increased ductility, reserve strength and lower
reinforcement congestion.

2.5.2. Sagi, M. S. V. et al (2021) [3] investigated the feasibility of using fibres to replace shear
reinforcement in RC deep beams. Deep beams with a volume percentage of 0.5 % steel, macro-
synthetic, and hybrid fibres are evaluated at an a/d ratio of 1. As 0.5% steel, macro-synthetic,
and hybrid fibres were added, the maximum load increased by 49%, 42%, and 63%, respectively,
when compared to conventional concrete. Individual fibres of the same volume performed better
than hybrid fibres with steel and macro synthetic fibres. Hybrid fibres with a volume fraction of
0.5 % can totally replace the minimum web reinforcement.

2.5.3. Suhail Shaikh et al (2017)[6] experiments carried out using combination of steel and
polypropylene fibers in predefined proportions in the concrete and its effect on strength
characteristics of HFRC deep beams. The effect on strength of beams due to variation in shear
span was also studied. The beams cast & cured are tested in heavy structure laboratory using
1000 kN capacity loading frame. The two-point loading was applied. The shear span to depth
ratios considered was 0.43 and 0.56. During experiment, first crack load, ultimate load and
central deflections of deep beams was recorded. It was observed that, in comparison with
conventional deep beams with shear span to depth ratio 0.43, there is improvement of 9% in first
crack load and 25% in load at permissible deflection of HFRC deep beams cast with optimum
mix containing 0.9% steel fiber and 0.3% PP fiber by volume of concrete.

2.5.4. Smarzewski P. (2019)[8] reported the findings of experimental and analytical analyses of
deep beams made of hybrid steel-polypropylene fiber concrete. Six deep beams were subjected
to gradual loading tests. Shear reinforcement was replaced with fibre reinforcement in deep
beams. The maximum shear strength of FRC deep beam specimens with openings with a % steel
fibre of 1 to 1.5 and a % polypropylene fibre of 0.05 to 0.1 is 28 % higher. The shear strength of
deep beams increases significantly when hybrid fibres are present around the openings. Due to
reinforcing congestion, a percentage of PP fibres as high as 0.5 % reduces strength

2.5.5. Nabeel A. Bayati & Noor A. Hadi (2018)[9] tested twelve simple span reinforced
concrete deep beams under symmetrically two points top loading to examine the effect of steel
fiber and polypropylene fiber. The variables investigated involve beams with and without
openings, the volume fraction of fibers, shear span to effective ratio ad, and inclined
reinforcement around the openings. All the beams had the same overall dimensions, flexural
reinforcement and opening size. The test results showed that fibers greatly increase the diagonal
cracking strength and shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams.

2.5.6. Ma, K. et al (2018)[10] carried out experiments on the mechanical performance of HFRC
with long and short steel fibers. Very good toughening effect was observed by combination of
1.5 % long steel fibres and 0.5 % short steel fibres. The HFRC deep beam was observed to have
delayed cracking and carried higher maximum load than the conventional R.C. deep beam. The
ultimate deflection of HFRC deep beams improves as the percentage of steel fibres increases.
The crack bridging action of fibres modified the cracking behaviour. The ultimate load of HFRC
deep beams increased by 66.8 % than conventional ones.

2.5.7. S. K. Kulkarni et.al (2017)[13] carried out experimental tests on M20 Grade concrete
mix by inclusion of polypropylene and hooked end steel fibers in it. Fibers were added in
predefined proportions in concrete. Hooked end steel fibers from 0.5% to 2% by volume of
concrete were used in the investigation. Also for each percentage of steel fiber, polypropylene
fiber (PP) from 0.1% to 0.3% was added in concrete. Test results show that combination of these
fibers boosts the impact strength, split tensile strength and pull out strength of fibers. For mixes
without any super plasticizers, concrete mix with 0.8% steel fiber and 0.3% polypropylene fiber
was observed to be optimum mix from workability and strength point of view. For mixes with
super plasticizers, concrete mix with 1.4% steel fiber and 0.3% PP fiber was observed to be
optimum mix.

2.5.8. Sangita Pawar, et al (2015)[21] studied HFRC deep beams for improvement in strength
properties of concrete. It was observed that the crushing strength of HFRC for 75-25% (steel-
polypropylene) content is maximum, which improved by 19.95%. Split tensile strength of SFRC
increases by 41.61% & Split tensile strength of PPFRC increases by 6.35% with respect to
conventional concrete. The ultimate shear strength of HFRC deep beam having 75% steel and
25% polypropylene fibre increased by 17.09 % than conventional deep beams.

2.5.9. Shengbing LIU, Lihua XU (2012)[4] investigated the effect of steel fiber and
polypropylene fiber on shear behavior of High Performance Concrete deep beams. The shear
tests were conducted on 18 different groups of deep beams with steel fiber and polypropylene
fiber and 2 groups of High Performance Concrete deep beams without fiber. It was observed
that, hybrid fibers greatly increase the diagonal cracking strength and shear strength of High
Performance Concrete deep beams. The aspect ratio of steel fiber plays the most important role
in diagonal cracking strength whereas the ratio of web vertical reinforcement has minimum
effect. It was also observed that, diagonal cracking strength was increased by 83.8% and the
shear strength was increased by 35.2%.
2.6. Research gaps :-
● From literature study it is observed that study on hybrid fiber reinforced concrete deep beams
is limited.
● Research on full replacement of conventional shear reinforcement of RC deep beam using
hybrid fibers limited.

2.7. Objectives of study

Based on the research gaps identified, following objectives are set for the present study:
1) Experimental study for obtaining workable concrete mix with maximum fiber content for
casting of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete deep beams with improved shear strength
performance.
2) Experimental evaluation of shear strength and deformation characteristics of conventional
deep beam and Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete deep beams.
3) Comparative study on shear strength performance of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete
deep beams with conventional deep beams.

2.8. Summary
This chapter presented the history of development of HFRC and review of the literature available
on HFRC deep beams. It is observed that only a few studies on steel, polypropylene and glass
fiber concrete deep beams are available. Taking into consideration these research gaps, the
research objectives of the present work are defined.
The next chapter deals with the design of deep beams.
 Chapter - 3
DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM
 Chapter - 3
DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM

3.1 General
Due to the particular relationship between span and depth of the deep beams, their shear strength
is crucial, when design flexural steel is provided. Deep beams are designed as per I.S.456-2000.
The reinforcement in deep beams is different from slender beams. The main steel is placed at the
bottom in tension zone, as is customary, but because of the larger depth of the tension zone, such
steel can be distributed over the bottom third of the member. Flexural reinforcement, as well as
shear reinforcement, is provided in conventional R.C. deep beams as per the design requirements.
In HFRC deep beams conventional shear reinforcement is replaced completely by fibers. The
main steel reinforcement is kept constant in both conventional and HFRC deep beams, provided
as per design requirements, but conventional shear reinforcement in HFRC deep beams is
replaced by steel and polypropylene fibres in predefined proportions.

3.2. Design of simply supported deep beam according to is 456-2000 code provisions
Design of a simply supported deep beam of center to center span 600 mm and depth 400 mm
carrying two points loading of 50 kN at a shear span of 200 mm. The shear span to depth ratio
0.5 and effective span to depth ratio is 1.5 using Concrete of Gr. M25 and steel of Gr. Fe500.

50 kN 50 kN

200mm
600mm

L o a d in g D ia g ra m

15 kNm
B e n d in g M o m e n t D ia g ra m
50 kN

S h e a r F o rce D ia g ra m 50 kN

Fig 3.1 : SFD & BMD for Deep beam with ɑ/d 0.5
Step I) : Thickness of deep beam:

It is controlled by two conditions in order to avoid buckling failure.

i) Depth to thickness ratio should be less than
25 D/T < 25 to avoid buckling.
ii) Length to thickness ratio should be less than
50 L/T < 50 to avoid buckling.
Considering a thickness of 150 mm, D/T = 400/150 = 2.66 < 25 hence O.k.
L/T = 600/150 = 4 < 50 hence O.k.
Let us adopt thickness of deep beam as 150 mm.

Step II) : Check for bearing stresses:

i) Permissible bearing stress = 0.45 fck.........................................Cl. 34.4, I.S. 456-2000, page No.66
= 0.45 x 25
= 11.25 N/mm2
ii) Bearing stress at supports and at loading points (бb) = Vu
S×t
Where, Vu = factored S.F.
S = width of supports, assuming 70
mm. t = thickness of beam.
Putting values,
(50 x 1.5x 1000)
бb =
(70 x 150 )
= 7.142 N/mm2 < 0.45 fck
Ok
● Hence dimensions of the deep beam are as follows.
Length = 700 mm, Depth = 400 mm, Thickness = 150
mm.
● Provide M.S. bearing plates of size 70 mm x 150 mm at support as well as at loading points.

Step III) : Effective span (Le):

This shall be taken as lesser of......................................................Cl. 29.2, I.S. 456-2000, page No. 51
i) Center to center distance between supports = 600 mm
ii) 1.15 times the clear distance between supports = 1.15 x (600-70)
= 609.5 mm
Hence effective span = 600 mm.
Step IV) : Check for deep beam action:
Le 600
----- = ---------- = 1.5 < 2.0 ………….Cl. 29.1, I.S. 456-2000, page No.51
D 400
Hence beam behaves as a deep beam.

Step V) : Lever arm

When L/D is between 1 to 2.
Z = 0.2 (Le + 2D) …………Cl. 29.2a, I.S. 456-2000, page No. 51
= 0.2 (600 + 2 × 400) = 280 mm.

Step VI) : Factored load:

a) Total Load due to two pt. loads = 1.5 × ( 50 +50 ) = 150 kN.
b) Load due to self weight = 1.5 × (25 × 0.4 × 0.15) = 2.25 kN/m
Maximum Factored B.M. :
i) Maximum B.M. due to pt load = 50 × 0.2 × 1.5 = 15 kN.m
ii) Maximum B.M. due to self weight = (wl2/8) = ( 2.25 x 0.62 ) / 8 = 0.1012 kN-m.

Total Factored B.M (Mu) = 15 + 0.1012 = 15.1012 kN.m

Step VII) : Flexural reinforcement

Mu 15.1012 x 106
As (reqd.) = = = 123.983 mm2
0.87 × ƒy × z 0.87 x 500 x 280
Minimum reinforcement ………..(Cl. 26.5.1.1, I.S. 456-2000, page No.47)
As
0.85 d = 400-40 = 360 mm
bd 
ƒy
0.85 × 150 × 360
As (min) = ---------------------- = 91.80 mm2
500

● As (min.) < As (reqd.) hence OK.

● Provide 2-10 mm (157.08 mm2) at bottom after a clear cover of 40 mm.

Step VIII) : Detailing Tension Steel

Zone (depth) of placement = 0.25 D – 0.05 Le......................(Cl. 29.3.1 c I.S. 456-2000, page No. 52)
= 0.25 x 400 – 0.05 x 600
= 70 mm.
Tension steel can be placed in the zone of 70 mm above cover.
Step VIII) : Development length

For flexural steel, 10 mm dia. is given by,

s
L  ……..(Cl. 26.2.1 I.S. 456-2000, page No. 42)
d 4bd

10  0.87 
 500 4 1.6
1.4
= 485.49 mm
Development length for deep beam = 0.8 Ld............................................. (Cl. 29.3.1 I.S. 456-2000, page No. 51)
= 0.8 x 485.49
= 388.39 mm
Provide development length of 390 mm for each 10 mm Ф bar.

Step IX) : Check for shear:

◎ No separate checking for shear is specified in I.S.456.

◎ It is assumed that the arching action of the main tension steel & the web steel together
with concrete will carry the shear.
◎ A deep beam complying with the requirements of Cl.29.2 and Cl.29.3 shall be deemed
to satisfy the provisions for shear.
Let us take a check for shear for slender beams.
V
i) Nominal shear  u ……….(Cl. 40.1 I.S. 456-2000, page No. 72)
stress
v
bd

50 1.51000
 150  360
= 1.388 N/mm2 < c max = 3.1 N/mm2
(Table 20, IS 456-2000, page No. 73)
Hence O.K.

ii) Referring I.S.456-2000, Table 19, page 73

100 As 100 157.08
 0.29
bd  150  360 
By interpolation (c ) for M25
(0.29  0.25)  (0.49  0.36) 
c  0.36  
 
(0.5  0.25)
c = 0.388 MPa

Here c < v
Hence design of shear reinforcement required…..
Now,
Shear force carried by concrete = c bd = (0.388 × 150 × 360) / 1000 = 20.952 kN
 Shear force to be carried by steel (Vus) = (50 x 1.5) – 20.952 = 54.048 kN

Spacing of 2 legged, 8 mm dia. stirrups,

0.87  ƒy Asvd 0.87  500  2  50.265
Sv  360
 …(Cl 26.5.1.6 Pg No. 48)
Vus 54.0481000

= 291.27 mm

Provide 8 mm bars @ 250 mm c/c

Step X) : Side Face reinforcement:

As per Cl. 32.5, IS.456: 2000, Page 62 and 63, all specifications require minimum amount of
vertical steel & horizontal steel in the form of U bars to be placed on both faces of deep beams.
They not only overcome the effects of shrinkage & temperature but also act as shear
reinforcement. These specifications are-
1. Vertical steel shall be 0.15 % for Fe250 & 0.12 % for Fe415 and greater. The bars shall not be
more than 16 mm diameter & spaced not more than 3 times the thickness of the beams or 450
mm, whichever is less.
2. Horizontal steel shall be 0.25 % for Fe250 & 0.20 % for Fe415 and greater. The bars shall not
be more than 16 mm diameter & spaced not more than 3 times the thickness of the beams or
450 mm, whichever is less.

0.12
a) Vertical Steel = 150  700 = 126 mm2
100
i.e. 63 mm2 on each face.
Using 8 mm tor steel @ 250 mm c/c
Hence provide 8 mm bar dia two legged vertical stirrups at 250 mm c/c. in shear span
region. (Ast Provided = 150.796 mm2). This also satisfies minimum reinforcement specified
by the code in the central part of the beam where there is zero shear.

0.20
b) Horizontal Steel 150  = 120 mm2
= 400
100
i.e. 60 mm2 on each face.
Provide 2- 8 mm bar dia. horizontal stirrups at 200 mm c/c. in central portion of the beam.
(Ast provided = 100.53 mm2)
 Table 3.1 : Reinforcement Schedule of conventional deep beams

Sr.No Type of reinforcement Spacing and No. of bars

1 Horizontal Main steel 2-10 mm Ф

2 Side face reinforcement
a) Vertical Steel Two legged 8 mm dia. stirrups @ 250 mm c/c
in shear span region

Two legged 8 mm dia. stirrups @ 200 mm

b) Horizontal Steel c/c in central zone.(2 stirrups)

3.3. Reinforcement details of deep beam

A
Vertical side Vertical side
face reinf. face reinf.
3-8 mm dia. @ 3-8 mm dia. @
250mm c/c 250mm c/c

Horizontal side Horizontal side

face reinf. face reinf.
400mm

2-8 mm dia. @ 2-8 mm dia. @

200mm c/c 200mm c/c

2-10 mm dia. 2-10 mm dia.

After a cover After a cover
40mm (main steel) 40mm
A 150mm (main steel)

600mm
Section A-A
Fig 3.2 : Reinforcement Details of M25 Conventional RC Deep beam with ɑ/d 0.5

2-10mm dia. 2-10mm dia.

Anchor bars Anchor bars

Randomly
400mm

oriented
Steel, PP,
Glass fibers
2-10mm dia.
After a cover
2-10 mm dia. 40mm (main
After a cover steel)
B
40mm
(main steel) 150mm
600mm
Section B-B

Fig 3.3 : Reinforcement Details of M25 HFRC Deep beam with ɑ/d 0.5
3.4 Summary
In this chapter, the design of deep beams is presented. Deep beams are designed in accordance
with I.S.456-2000, for concrete grades of M25 and for a/d ratios of 0.50. In the next chapter,
strain variation of deep beam using software is presented.
 Chapter - 4
STRAIN VARIATION OF DEEP
BEAMS USING SOFTWARE
 Chapter - 4
STRAIN VARIATION OF DEEP BEAMS USING SOFTWARE

4.1. General
Analytical study on R.C. deep beams is usually done using finite element methods. In the present
study, a software tool Ansys is used which is based on finite element method. A product's
durability, temperature distribution, all can be tested using the Ansys programme. Engineers may
do finite element analyses (FEA), tailor and automate solutions for structural mechanics
problems, and examine various design scenarios using Ansys tools. The finite element method is
a numerical analytical technique that breaks the element up into smaller pieces and analyses it
under specific loading circumstances to determine how the material will react. The value of an
unknown function in a set of nodal points serves as the representation of the element's reaction in
terms of a finite number of degrees of freedom. The majority of the problems are non-linear in
nature. Ansys provides structural analysis software tools that help engineers of various
experience levels and educational backgrounds tackle challenging structural engineering issues
more quickly and effectively. Engineers can simulate shock, drop, vibration, impact, penetration,
smashes, crashes, occupant safety, heat transfer, solder fatigue, repetitive loads, and much more
using a comprehensive set of structural analysis tools.

4.2. Use of Ansys 2022 R1

Ansys 2021 R1 offers customers in every sector of the global economy limitless engineering
possibilities. This release offers a wide range of new technologies and features to give engineers
faster development, more reliable workflows, and improved productivity. Updates in Ansys
Cloud offerings, user-friendly workflows for process integration and design optimization and
materials management. Ansys 2021 R1 delivers new tools, user enhancements and data updates
for Ansys Granta — all to empower users to leverage their materials intelligence. Ansys 2021 R1
platform solutions enhance simulation process and data management (SPDM), process
integration and design optimization (PIDO) and cloud offerings. Some other benefits are :-
► Fluent multi-GPU solver.
► Fluent user Experience.
► Fluent Meshing.
► Heat Transfer.
► View Synchronization.
4.3. Element type

A) Solid65

With eight nodes and three degrees of freedom for translation at each, the Solid65 element type
is one of the solid element types offered by the Ansys element library. It is possible to simulate
cracking in tension, crushing in compression, plastic deformation, and creep behaviour in
concrete, whether it contains or does not contain rebars. The element contains rebars that can be
configured along three separate axes. One must presume that the rebar and concrete are
completely adhered. At every Gauss integration point, Solid65 is susceptible to three orthogonal
axes of cracking. Thus, an element can have a maximum of 24 cracks. The order in which these
cracks appeared is indicated by the labels "first," "second," and "third."

Fig 4.1 : Solid 65[46]

Fig 4.2 : Solid 65 Crack Plane[46]

B) Link180

A 3-D spar called LINK180 is helpful in many engineering applications. The element can
simulate trusses, cables that are drooping, links, springs, and more. The element is a uni-axial
tension-compression element having translations in the nodal x, y, and z axes as its three degrees
of freedom at each node. Options that only apply tension (cable) or compression (gap) are
provided. No consideration is given to the element bending, much like in a pin-jointed structure.
Included are capabilities for plasticity, creep, rotation, significant deflection, and large strain.

Any analysis that takes large-deflection effects into account by default includes stress-stiffness
terms. Supported concepts include creep, isotropic hardening plasticity, kinematic hardening
plasticity, Hill an-isotropic plasticity, and nonlinear hardening plasticity. It is important to use a
nonlinear iterative solution approach in order to model the tension-/compression-only choices.

Fig 4.3 : Link180[46]

4.4. Modeling and analysis of conventional RC deep beam under shear using Ansys 2022R1

Experimental method provides the actual behaviour of the structure and experimental result are
cross check with software result. The evolution of structural element, modelling and analysis has
become simple using Ansys as compare to experimental analysis. Ansys analyzed the reinforced
concrete deep beams using finite element method. The purpose of the software study is to
examine the impact of shear strengthening on the behaviour of reinforced concrete deep beams
and to create a model for the computer-aided analysis of such deep beams.

4.4.1. Input of Engineering material properties :-

A) Concrete:-

The concrete grade M25 is used for model deep beam, Compressive strength 25 MPa, Tensile
strength 3.5 MPa, Poisson’s ratio 0.18, Young’s modulus 25000 MPa, Bulk modulus 13021 MPa,
Shear modulus 10593 MPa, Density of concrete 2500 kg/m³ and Failure & cracking properties
of concrete which are inbuilt in Ansys 2022 R1 [Table 4.1 & Fig. 4.4].

Table 4.1 : Input of Concrete Properties to Ansys

Sr. No Properties Value Unit

1 Compressive strength 25 MPa

2 Tensile strength 3.5 MPa

3 Poisson’s ratio 0.18 -

4 Young’s modulus 25000 MPa

5 Bulk modulus 13021 MPa

6 Shear modulus 10593 MPa

7 Density of concrete 2500 kg/m³

8 Specific Heat constant Pressure 654 J/kg ℃

 Fig. 4.4 : View of Ansys Properties of Concrete (25 Mpa)

B) Steel reinforcement :-
The grade of reinforcement bar used for deep beam model is Fe500, Young’s modulus
2x105MPa, Tensile strength 500 MPa, Density of steel 7850 kg/m 3, Poisson’s ratio 0.3, Bulk
modulus 1.66x105 MPa, Shear modulus 76923 MPa and strain-life behaviour of steel [Table 4.2
& Fig. 4.5].
Table 4.2 : Input of Steel reinforcement properties to Ansys

Sr. No Properties Value Unit

1 Tensile strength 500 MPa

2 Density of steel 7850 kg/m3

3 Poisson’s ratio 0.3 -

4 Young’s modulus 2x105 MPa

5 Bulk modulus 1.66x105 MPa

6 Shear modulus 76923 MPa

7 Tensile Ultimate strength 640 kg/m³

8 Specific Heat constant Pressure 434 J/kg ℃

 Fig. 4.5 : View of Ansys Properties of Steel (FE500)

4.4.2. Geometrical properties :-

A concrete model having size 700 mm long with a cross section (400 mm depth & 150 mm
width) is prepare and skeleton of steel reinforcement as per design of deep beam is also prepared
in Ansys. A bearing plate having size (150 mm X 70 mm) is modeled. The geometry of the
beams along with the reinforcement details and the concrete model is prepared in Ansys 2022 R1
is shown in Fig. 4.6 & Fig. 4.7.

Fig. 4.6 : Concrete model of Deep beam and Bearing plat in Ansys
 Fig. 4.7 : Skeleton of Reinforcement of Deep beam in Ansys

4.4.3. Meshing :-
A mesh was suggested in order to get the accurate results from the Solid65 element. In contrast
to volumes, the reinforcement meshing was a unique situation. The beam was mesh such that a
square element with a 10mm dimension may be considered [Fig. 4.8]. Prior to meshing, the
required mesh properties were established. Since the concrete mesh's nodes were used to model
individual elements, reinforcement mesh was not necessary in 2022 R1. After that material is
assign to model, skeleton of reinforcement and Bearing model which are define in material
property.

Fig. 4.8 : Meshing of Model

4.4.4. Assigning Load and Boundary conditions :-
Two point loads, each weighing 75 kN, are applied to a simply supported deep beam with
dimensions of 600 mm from centre to center, 400 mm in depth, and 150 mm in breadth. In order
to limit the model and get a singular solution, displacement conditions were required. The
support was modelled as a basic supported at the top phase and a fixed support at the bottom
phase of the bearing plate. The external loads were delivered as concentrated forces at shear span
to depth ratio of 0.5. The position of load is shown in Fig. 4.9.

Fig. 4.9 : Position of Two point load in Ansys

4.4.5. Ansys Results :-

The model is analyzed by Ansys software at load of 150 kN for verifying to manual design and
at load 500 kN for checking failure pattern of deep beam in shear. Result are obtained from
Ansys software are nearly match with manual design of deep beam at 150 kN. At 150 kN load,
Ansys shows 1.51 mm deflection, whereas the permissible deflection according to I.S. code is
1.71mm. Failure pattern observed between loading point to support point at 500 kN load.
 Fig. 4.10 : Deformation of FEM model under 150 kN load

Fig. 4.11 : Shear stress of FEM model under 150 kN load

Fig. 4.12 : Stress in Reinforcement (Red in Tension & Blue in Compression) at 150 kN
Fig. 4.13 : Deformation of FEM model under 500 kN load

Fig. 4.14 : Cracking of Concrete model under 500 kN load

 Fig. 4.15 : Damage of Steel model under 500 kN load

4.5. R.C. Deep Beam strain variation across depth :-

It can be seen from the graphical variant that deep beams do not have a parabolic shear strain
distribution [Fig. 4.16]. Due to deep beams' great depths and nonlinear behavior, this occurs.

Fig. 4.16 : Shear Strain variation across the depth of M 25 Convectional R.C. Deep Beam at the
maximum load
4.6. R.C. Deep Beam Load vs Deflection :-
From the output of Ansys load vs Deflection shown that at ultimate load (500 kN) the deflection
of deep beam is 4.399 mm [Fig. 4.17].

Linear

Fig. 4.17 : Load vs Deflection (Ansys output)

4.7. Summary :-
This chapter presents the Strain variation of deep beams using Ansys software. Nonlinear strain
distribution is observed in deep beam.
In the next chapter a Testing of ingredients of Concrete & Mix Design work is presented.
 Chapter - 5
TESTING OF INGREDIENTS OF
CONCRETE & MIX DESIGN
 Chapter - 5
TESTING OF INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE & MIX DESIGN

5.1. Testing of Ingredients of Concrete

The laboratory tests on ingredients of concrete along with mix design performed in the present
investigation are presented in this chapter. Making a great concrete mix is difficult since each
ingredient has a different set of qualities. All ingredients must be examined to determine their
physical characteristics and the project site's bearing capabilities. Water, fine aggregate (crushed
sand), coarse aggregate, cement and reinforcement are the ingredients tested. All the above
materials should satisfy physical properties as per the specifications given by relevant standard
codes.

● Cement Test :
i) Fineness test
ii) Consistency test
iii) Setting time test
iv) Soundness test
v) Crushing Strength test

● Aggregate Tests

Fine Aggregate (F.A.) :

i) Specific gravity & Water absorption
ii) Particle size distribution (sieve analysis)
iii) Bulk density
iv) Silt content
Coarse Aggregate (C.A.) :
i) Specific gravity & Water absorption
ii) Particle size distribution (sieve analysis)
iii) Bulk density

● Tensile Test of Steel Reinforcement :

 5.1.1. Cement Test :
The testing of cement was performed as per IS: 4031 and result of which have been compared
with specification as per IS: 12269-1987. OPC-53 cement is used in this investigation. The
following physical properties were tested in testing of materials laboratory.

i) Fineness Test :
Determination of Fineness of Cement by dry sieving. Using IS: 4031 (Part 1) - 1988. The
fineness of cement has an important bearing on the rate of hydration and hence on the rate of
gain of strength and also on the rate of evolution of heat. Testing apparatus used are Sieve 90
microns, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Brush [Fig. 5.1]. The fineness of a tested sample of cement
is 2%. For OPC it should never be greater than 10%.

a) 90microns IS sieve b) Sieve Lid c) Weighing Balance

Fig. 5.1 : Fineness Test Apparatus[46]

ii) Consistency Test :

Determination of Consistency of Standard Cement Paste using IS: 4031 (Part 4) 1988, IS: 5513-
1976. For finding out initial setting time, final setting time and soundness of cement, and
strength a parameter standard consistency has to be used. The standard consistency of a cement
paste is defined as that consistency which will permit a Vicat plunger having 10 mm diameter
and 50 mm length to penetrate to a depth of 33-35 mm from the top of the mould [Fig. 5.2].

Table 5.1 : Observation on Consistency of Cement

Sr Weight of Percentage by Amount of Penetration

cement water of dry water added (mm)
No (gms) cement (%) (ml)
1 400 28 112 20
2 400 29 116 14
3 400 30 120 9
4 400 30.25 121 7
Fig. 5.2 : Consistency[46]

The normal consistency of a given sample of cement is 30.25% [Table 5.1].

iii) Setting Time Test :
Determination of Setting Time of Standard Cement Paste using IS: 4031 (Part4) -1988, IS: 4031
(Part5) - 1988, IS: 5513-1976. Initial setting time an idea about how fast cement can start losing
its plasticity and the final setting time of cement gives an idea about how much time cement
takes to loose its full plasticity and gain some strength to resist pressure. For OPC cement, the
initial setting time using vicat apparatus should be not less than 30 minutes in accordance with
specifications. whereas it shouldn't be more than 600 minutes [Fig. 5.3]. It was observed that
initial setting time was 80 min and final setting time was 450 min.

Fig. 5.3 : Vicat’s Apparatus for Setting Time Test[46]

iv) Soundness Test :

Determination of Soundness of Cement by Le-Chatelier method using IS: 4031 (Part 3) - 1988. It
is very important that the cement after setting shall not undergo any appreciable change of
volume. Certain cements have been found to undergo a large expansion after setting causing
disruption of the set and hardened mass. This will cause serious difficulties for the durability of
structures when such cement is used. The soundness of cement should never be more than 10mm
[Fig. 5.4].

Fig. 5.4 : Le-Chatelier Apparatus for Soundness Test[46]

v) Crushing Strength Test :
Determination of Compressive Strength of Cement using IS: 4031 (Part 6)- 1988, IS: 10080-
1982, IS: 650-1966, IS: 269-1976. The compressive strength of hardened cement is the most
important of all the properties. Therefore, it is not surprising that the cement is always tested for
its strength at the laboratory before the cement is used in important works. Strength tests are not
made on neat cement paste because of difficulties of excessive shrinkage and subsequent
cracking of neat cement. A set of three cubes selected from testing of six cubes for compressive
strength at the periods 3, 7 and 28 days of curing. The compressive strength will be the average
of the strengths of the three cubes for each period respectively [Fig. 5.5, 5.6]. Results are
presented in Table 5.2.

Fig. 5.5 : Cement cube vibrating machine[46] Fig. 5.6 : Cement cube[46]

Table 5.2 : Observation of Crushing Strength of Cement Cubes

Sr Age Weight of Size Cross Load Compressive Avg
No of cement (L x Bx H) Sectional (kN) Strength (N/mm²)
cube cube (kg) mm Area(mm²) (N/mm²)
1 0.844 71x71.26x73.16 5059.46 148.6 29.370
2 3days 0.828 70.88x71.72x71 5083.51 181.9 35.780 33.370
3 0.834 70.94x72.6x71.38 5150.24 180.1 34.969
4 0.850 71.98x72.96x70.9 5251.66 196.7 37.455
5 7days 0.852 71.30x72.20x72.2 5142.16 199.3 38.715 37.689
6 0.842 71.48x72.12x71.5 5155.14 190.2 36.897
7 0.831 71.09x70.04x71.04 4978.44 271.5 54.560
8 28days 0.843 71x71.88x71.68 5103.48 275.6 54.000 54.600
9 0.811 71.2x70.22x71.06 4999.66 276.4 55.280

1. The average 3 Days Compressive Strength of given cement sample is found to be33.37 N/mm2
2. The average 7 Days Compressive Strength of given cement sample is found to be 37.6 N/mm2
3. The average 7 Days Compressive Strength of given cement sample is found to be 54.6 N/mm2
5.1.2. Aggregate Test :
The aggregate samples were tested as per IS: 2386- 1963 - Methods of test for aggregates for
concrete, IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963 Particle size & shape, IS: 2386 (Part III) – 1963 Specific
gravity, density, absorption and the results were compared with standard specifications as per IS:
383 – 1970 - Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural.

5.1.2.1. Fine Aggregate Test :

i) Specific gravity & water absorption of F.A :

Determination of Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Fine Aggregate using IS: 2386
(Part-III) - 1963. Specific gravity of aggregates is an important aspect used in the design
calculations of concrete mixes. With the specific gravity of each constituent known, its weight
can be converted into solid volume and hence a theoretical yield of concrete per unit volume can
be calculated. Specific gravity of aggregate is also required in calculating the compacting factor
in connection with the workability measurements [Fig. 5.7].

Fig. 5.7 : Pycnometer Bottle[46]

The Specific gravity of given sample of fine aggregate is found to be = 2.922

The water absorption of given sample of fine aggregate is found to be = 1.83 %
ii) Particle size distribution (sieve analysis) of F.A. :
F.A. Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. One of the most important factors
for producing workable concrete is good gradation of aggregates. Usually natural sand is used as
a fine aggregate, at places where natural sand is not available crushed stone is used as a fine
aggregate. The sand used for the experimental work was locally procured and conformed to
grading zone II [Table 5.3]. Sieve analysis of the fine aggregate was carried out in the laboratory
as per IS 383:1970 and results are provided in table. Weight of sample for sieve analysis = 1 kg.

Table 5.3 : Particle size of F.A.

Seive size Weight % Weight Cumulative % Percent
retained(gm) retained retained Passing
4.75 mm 2 0.2 0.2 99.8
2.36 mm 298 29.8 30 70
1.18 mm 380 38 68 32
600 μ 100 10 78 22
300 μ 38 3.8 81.8 18.2
150 μ 87 8.7 90.5 9.5
Pan 95 9.5 100 0
Total 1000 348.5

Fineness modulus of given sample of fine aggregate is = 3.485

The given sample of fine aggregate belongs to grading of = Zone-
I

iii) Bulk density of F.A.

To determine the bulk density of given fine aggregate (Crush Sand) IS: 2386 (Part III)-1963
used. Apparatus used are Weighing balance to 0.1 % accuracy of the weight of sample taken,
Cylindrical metal measure of 3 ltr., capacity, Tamping rod of 16 mm dia. & 60 cm length.
Bulk density of loose weight = 1.853 kg/lit
Bulk density of compacted weight = 2.113 kg/lit

iv) Silt Content of F.A.

Determination of Silt Content in Fine Aggregate (Crush Sand) using IS: 2386 (Part II)-1963.
This is a gravimetric method for determining the clay, fine silt and fine dust, which includes
particles up to 20 micron. Differences in the nature and density of materials or in the temperature
at the time of testing may vary the separation point. The clay, fine silt and fine dust content of
given sample of fine aggregate is found to be 4 %.
5.1.2.2. Coarse Aggregate (C.A.) : (20 mm)

i) Specific Gravity & Water Absorption of

C.A. : Determination of Specific Gravity and
Water Absorption of Coarse Aggregate using
IS: 2386 (Part-III) - 1963. Specific gravity is
the ratio of the weight of a volume of the
substance to the weight of an equal volume of
the reference substance. Apparatus used are
Balance,Oven, (Density Basket) [Fig. 5.8],
Watertight Container, Shallow Tray. Fig. 5.8 : Density Basket[46]

The Specific gravity of given sample of Coarse aggregate is found to be = 2.9

The water absorption of given sample of Coarse aggregate is found to be = 1.6 %

ii) Particle size distribution (sieve analysis) C.A. :

The fractions from 80 mm to 4.75 mm are termed as coarse aggregate. Locally available coarse
aggregate having maximum size of 20 mm was used in the present work. Sieve analysis of
coarse aggregate used was carried out and results are provided in Table 5.4. Weight for sieve
analysis = 7 kg.
Table 5.4 : Observation Particle size of C.A.
Sieve size Weight Cumulative Cumulative % Cumulative %
retained(gm) weight weight passing
retained (gm) retained (gm)
31.5 mm 0 0 0 100
25 mm 0 0 0 100
20 mm 196 2.8 2.8 97.2
16 mm 1392 19,885 22.685 77.315
12.5 mm 3460 49.428 72.113 27.887
10 mm 1720 24.571 96.684 3.316
8 mm 182 2.6 99.284 0.716
6.3 mm 24 0.342 99.626 0.374
4.75 mm 20 0.286 99.912 0.088
Pan 22 0.314 100 0
Total 7016 493.1

Fineness modulus of given sample of fine aggregate is = 4.931

iii) Bulk density of C.A.:
To determine the bulk density of given coarse aggregate (20 mm) IS: 2386 (Part III)-1963used.
Apparatus are used Weighing balance to 0.1 % accuracy of the weight of sample taken,
Cylindrical metal measure of 3 ltr., capacity, Tamping rod of 16 mm dia. & 60 cm length
Bulk density of (20 mm) loose weight = 1.56 kg/lit
Bulk density of (20 mm) compacted weight = 1.795 kg/lit

5.1.3. Tensile Test of Steel Reinforcement :

Tension Test on Steel Rod using (IS 1786 -1985).Tension test is performed on mild steel, tor
steel and high tensile steel to determine the properties like Young’s modulus, ultimate strength,
and the percentage elongation [Table 5.5]. In the tension test, a steel rod is subjected to tension
load by the means of a Universal testing machine (UTM) [Fig. 5.9]. Apparatus used are
Universal Testing Machine, Extensometer Scale, Vernier Calipers, Punching tools.

Fig. 5.9 : Universal Testing Machine[46]

Table 5.5 : Observation (FE 500) Steel Reinforcement Test

Bar Actual Yield Tensile
Sr. Area Elongation
diameter diameter strength strength
No. (mm2) (%)
(mm) (mm) (MPa) (MPa)
1 8 7.91 49.158 614.343 728.261 22.70
2 10 9.74 74.530 630.617 697.704 19.84
3 12 11.70 107.573 585.651 678.612 20.38
5.2. Concrete Mix Design
Concrete mix design is a method of preparation used to generate the strength and durability
required for the concrete structure. Normal performance concrete and High performance
concrete are the two varieties of concrete mix, and they are distinguished by their compressive
strength.
The performance strength of a Normal performance concrete mix ranges from 20 to 40 MPa. If
all of the mix components are used in the proper quantities, normal performance concrete offers
acceptable workability. Concrete must be plastic or semi-fluid when it is first mixed in order for
it to be molded.
A High-performance concrete mix has a performance strength greater than 40 MPa. The primary
goals of using high-performance concrete are to reduce structure weight, creep or permeability
issues, and to increase structure longevity.

5.2.1. Factors affecting concrete mix design

The following variables influence the concrete mix design's strength and durability.
A) Grade : When concrete is put to the test after curing in any curing media, its strength is
evaluated in N/mm2. The use of the concrete determines the grade.
B) Quality of Water : Before using any water, it should be analysed to make sure it falls within
the range of water needed for concrete. The majority of consumable water is OK for concrete
work, though tests should still be done.
C) Cement : Depending on the application, different types of cement are available. Before being
evaluated in the design mix, the cement needs to pass the performance tests necessary for their
intended use.
E) Water cement ratio : The ratio of water to cement should be tested for consistency, initial
and final setting, soundness of the cement, workability, slump of the concrete and compacting
factor.
F) Aggregate size : The physical qualities required for the design will determine the type of
aggregates required for each mix. Prior to use, all aggregates must be properly scaled.
G) Workability : This gauges how simple it is to mix concrete without bleeding or segregation.
The specified slump of the concrete is primarily responsible.
H) Durability : This gauges the necessary strength (N/mm²) of any grade of concrete after 28
days of curing. Testing for durability should be done on-site.
5.2.2. MIX DESIGN FOR M25 GRADE CONCRETE

Stipulation for Proportioning

1) Grade designation : M25
2) Type of cement : OPC53
3) Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20 mm
4) Minimum cement content : 300 kg/m³
Maximum water-cement ratio : 0.5
(Table 5 of IS:456 for 50mm slump)
Exposure condition as per : Moderate
(Table 3 & Table 5 of IS:456)
5) Workability : 100 mm
6) Method of concrete placing : Non pumpable
7) Degree of site control : Good
8) Type of Aggregate : Crushed angular
9) Maximum cement content : 450 kg/m³
not including fly ash (Clause 8.2.4.2 of IS:456)
10) Chemical admixture type : -

Test Data for Materials

1) Cement used : OPC53
2) Specific gravity of cement : 3.15
3) Chemical admixture : -
4) Specific gravity of
a) Coarse aggregate :
2.9 (at saturated surface dry condition)
b) Fine aggregate : 2.922
(at saturated surface dry condition)
5) Water absorption
a) Coarse aggregate : 1.64%
b) Fine aggregate : 1.83%
6) Moisture content of
aggregate [As per IS 2386-Part-
3]
a) Coarse aggregate : --
b) Fine aggregate : --
7) Sieve analysis
 a) Coarse aggregate : conforming to table 7 of IS 383-2016
b) Fine aggregate : conforming to grading zone 1
of table 9 of IS 383-2016

Step 1) Target Strength for Mix Proportioning

ƒ’ck = ƒck + 1.65 S

or
ƒ’ck =ƒck +
X
Whichever is
higher Where
ƒ’ck = target average compressive strength at 28 days
ƒck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
S = standard deviation
X = factor based on grade of
concrete From IS 10262-2019 Table 1, X
= 5.5
From IS 10262-2019 Table 2, S = 4 N/mm²
Therefore, target strength using both equation, that
is
a)
ƒ’ck = ƒck+ 1.65 S
= 25 + 1.65 × 4
= 31.6 N/mm²
b)
ƒ’ck =ƒck + X
= 25 + 5.5
= 30.5 N/mm²
Target strength for mix = 31.6 N/mm²

Step 2) Approximate Air Content

From table 3 (IS 10262-2019)
The approximate amount of entrapped air to be expected in normal concrete is 1%
For 20 mm nominal maximum size of aggregate.
Step 3) Selection of Water/Cement Ratio
From IS 10262-2019 figure 1,
The free water/cement ratio required for the target strength of 31.6 N/mm² is 0.575
for OPC 53 grade curve. This is larger than the maximum value of 0.5 as prescribed
for moderate a per table 5 of IS 456 for M25.
So taking w/c = 0.485 (based on trail)
 Step 4) Selection of Water Content
From Table 4 (I.S. 10262-2019)
Water content = 186 kg (for 50 mm slump)
Estimated water content for 100 mm slump
= 186 + 6 ×186
100
= 197.16 kg

So from trial bases we have taken the water content = 190 kg

Step 5) Calculation of Cement content

Water/cement ratio = 0.485
190
Cement content = --------- = 391.75 kg/m³
0.485
From Table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement content for
‘Moderate’ exposure condition = 300 kg/m³
391.75 kg/m³ > 300 kg/m³ (Table 5 : IS 456)
Hence okay

Step 6) Proportion of Volume of Coarse and Fine aggregate

From table 5 (IS 10262-2019) the proportionate volume of coarse aggregate corresponding
to 20 mm size aggregate & fine aggregate (zone 1) for w/c ratio of 0.5 = 0.6
Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate is required to be increased to decrease the fine
aggregate content. As the water cement ratio is lower by 0.015, the proportion of volume
of coarse, aggregate is increased by 0.003
Therefore, corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the
w/c 0.485 = 0.6 + 0.003 = 0.603
That is volume of coarse aggregate = 0.603
Hence volume of fine aggregate = 1 - 0.603 = 0.397

Step 7) Mix Calculation

The mix calculation per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:-
a) Total volume = 1 m³
b) Volume of entrapped air in wet concrete = 0.01 m³
c) Volume of cement = Mass of cement × 1
Sp.gravity of cement 1000
 = 391.75 × 1
3.15 1000
= 0.124 m³

d) Volume of water = mass of water × 1

Sp.gravity of water 1000
= 190 × 1
1 1000
= 0.19 m³
e) Volume of chemical admixture = 0
f) Volume of all in aggregate = [(a-b)-(c+d+e)]
= [(1-0.01)-(0.124+0.19+0)]
= 0.676 m³
g) Mass of coarse aggregate
= f × Volume of coarse aggregate × Sp. Gravity of coarse aggregate × 1000
= 0.676 × 0.603 × 2.9 × 1000
= 1182.12 kg/m³
h) Mass of fine aggregate
= f × Volume of fine aggregate × Sp. Gravity of fine aggregate × 1000
= 0.676 × 0.397 × 2.922 × 1000
= 784.18 kg/m³

Step 8) Mix Proportion for Trial for SSD Condition:-

Cement : 391.75 kg/m³
Water : 190 lit
Fine aggregate : 784.18 kg/m³
Coarse aggregate : 1182.12 kg/m³
Chemical admixture : -
Free w/c ratio : 0.485
Mix ratio SSD = 1 : 2.001 : 3.017

Step 9) Adjustment on water:-

Fine aggregate & coarse aggregate
(if the coarse and fine aggregate is in dry condition)
a) Fine aggregate (dry)
= mass of fine aggregate in SSD condition
1 + water
absorption
100
 = 784.18
1 + 1.83
100
= 770.08 kg/m³

b) Coarse aggregate (dry)

= mass of coarse aggregate in SSD condition
1 + water
absorption
100
= 1182.12
1 + 1.64
100
= 1163.046 kg/m³

The extra water to be added for absorption by coarse and fine aggregate

1) For coarse aggregate

= Mass of coarse aggregate in SSD condition - Mass of coarse aggregate in dry condition
= 1182.12.94 - 1163.04
= 19.08

2) For fine aggregate

= Mass of fine aggregate in SSD condition - Mass of fine aggregate in dry condition
= 784.18 - 770.08
= 14.1

The estimated requirement for added water therefore becomes

= 190 + 19.08 + 14.1
= 223.18 kg/m³

Step 10) Mix Proportions after adjustment for Dry Aggregates

Cement : 391.75 kg/m³

Water : 223.18 lit
Fine aggregate : 770.08 kg/m³
Coarse aggregate : 1163.04 kg/m³
Chemical admixture : -
Free w/c ratio : 0.485

Mix ratio SSD = 1 : 1.965 : 2.968

5.3. Excel Program for Concrete Mix Design
Excel program is formed for obtaining concrete mix design as per IS 10262-2019 as shown in
Fig. 5.10. & 5.11. Results are finalized only after conformation from trial mixes.

Fig. 5.10 : Input to Mix Design Excel program

Fig. 5.11 : Output of Mix Design Excel program
5.4. Conventional concrete Final mix
Trial mixes are carried out and final mix proportions are obtained as 1 : 1.965 : 2.968.
Workabilty obtained : Slump 95 mm, Compaction Factor 0.93, Degree of Workability Medium

Table 5.6 : Compressive Strength of M25 Conventional Concrete

Sr. Age Dimensions Area Weight Load Maximum Avg.

no. of (mm) (mm2) of cube (kN) Strength Strength
cube (kg) (MPa) (MPa)

1 152x151.2x150.38 22982.4 9.34 475.00 20.670

7 21.366
2 152.7x151.52x151.38 23137.1 9.46 499.90 21.600
day
3 150.62x150.25x 152.60 22630.6 8.99 489.00 21.634

4 150.92x 151.02 x 150.80 22791.9 9.11 718.93 31.543

5 28 151.48x 151.06 x 152.70 22882.5 9.23 752.43 32.882 31.787

day
6 150.06x 150.90 x 152.42 22644.0 9.30 700.52 30.936

Table 5.7 : Split Tensile Strength of M25 Conventional Concrete

Sr. Age of Diameter Length Load Split Avg. Split IS 456 Split
no. Cube (D)mm (L)mm (kN) Tensile Tensile Tensile
Strength Strength Strength
(MPa) (0.7√fck)

1 150.02 300.26 246.9 3.489

2 28 day 150.04 300.22 265.6 3.744 3.635 3.5

3 150.02 300.06 259.8 3.674

 a) Slump b) Compaction factor

c) Casting Cube Specimens d) Casting Cylinder Specimens

e) 28 day’s test Cube f) 28 day’s test Cylinder

Fig. 5.12 : Laboratory Testing of M25 Conventional Concrete

58
5.5. Properties of Fibers :
Mixing of fiber reinforced concrete needs careful condition to avoid balling of fibers,
segregation and in general the difficulty of mixing the material uniformity. So it is very
important to study properties of fiber when used in concrete for uniform mixing of concrete.
Important factor which influences the properties and behavior of the composite is the aspect ratio
of the fiber. The aspect ratio of the fiber is the ratio of its length to its diameter. It has been
reported that increases in the aspect ratio, increases the ultimate strength of the concrete linearly.
Increases in the aspect ratio, volume percentage and size and quantity of coarse aggregate
intensity the difficulties and balling tendencies.

Fig. 5.13 : Randomly oriented Fibers[46]

5.5.1. Hooked end Steel fiber :

Hooked end steel fiber are engineered to replaced primary and secondary rebar and mesh in
concrete. Its been a proven technology for more then 60 years. The role of the Hooked end steel
fiber is to increase load bearing capacity and limit crack opening widths. When concrete
subjected to loading, compressive stresses and tensile stresses begin to build overtime, cracks
appear in places where the stress reaches its critical point. Hooked end steel fiber interact within
the concrete matrix, absorbing tensile stresses at any point and in any direction. When the crack
occurs, the fibers remain solidly anchored at each side of the crack, acting as a stress transfer
medium [Fig. 5.14]. Properties of Hooked end steel fiber shown in Table 5.8.

Fig. 5.14 : Exaggerated View of crack control by Hooked end Steel fiber

59
As discus above if we want a Homogeneous mix of HFRC concrete needs to careful handling
of hooked end steel fibers. The inclusion of fibers before the water is added can help ensure
that the fibers are distributed uniformly throughout the mixture. Glued hooked end steel fiber is
best for homogeneous mix compered to loose fiber [Fig. 5.15].

Homogeneously mixed Loose fibers the risk

of glued fibers balling during mixing
Fig. 5.15 : Homogeneous Fiber distribution

Table 5.8 : Properties of Hooked end Steel fiber

Sr. No. Properties Results

1 Length L (mm) 60

2 Diameter D (mm) 0.75

3 Aspect ratio (L/D) 80

4 Wire tensile strength (MPa) ≈ 1100

5 Wire bending strength (MPa) ≈ 800

6 Elongation at break <2%

7 Density (kg/m3) 7850

8 Water Absorption (%) 0

9 Specific gravity 8

Most of the researchers in past have found that use of up to 2% steel fibers in concrete produces
good quality concrete. So in the present study the percentage of steel fiber varies from 0.35% to
1%. As in the present study a three types of fiber are added in concrete, so small range of fiber
percentages are considered to avoid balling, segregation of HFRC.

60
Advantages of Hooked end Steel fiber in concrete :
֍ It gained Toughness
֍ Post Crack Flexural Strength
֍ It increase Shear Resistance
֍ Impact Resistance
֍ Fatigue Resistance
֍ It result resistance to chipping and Spalling
֍ It increases Durability
֍ It minimize deflection of structure

5.5.2. Fibrillated Polypropylene fiber :

Fibrillated polypropylene fibers are a special kind of technology that adds extra micro-fibrils to
the main fibrillated network [Fig. 5.16]. For many years, polypropylene fibers have been used to
reinforce concrete and cement mortar. The fibers limit spread of cracks and have a good impact
on a number of concrete properties. The fibers are secure, simple to utilise, and suitable for all
chemical admixtures used in concrete. The fibers have a high level of chemical and biological
resistance and are inert to chemicals. The prevention of cracking is crucial, particularly in the
first few hours after pouring when the concrete has low Young's modulus and tenacity and the
forces brought on by shrinkage exceed its strength. By distributing the interior loads, fibers
efficiently stop contraction cracks from spreading. Some fibers snap as the crack forms, others
are partially dragged out as the ties holding them to the concrete dissolve, and still others span
the split as it widens.

Fig. 5.16 : Fibrillated Polypropylene fibers network structure

61
Fibrillated fibers are network of number of fibers which open up and offer better anchoring and
bonding up characteristics in concrete as deformed rebar anchor better with concrete compare to
smooth rebar [Fig. 5.16]. Fibrillated polypropylene fibers are added in concrete before addition
of water in concrete mix. Properties of Fibrillated polypropylene fiber are shown in Table 5.9.

Table 5.9 : Properties of Fibrillated Polypropylene fiber

Sr. No. Properties Results

1 Length L (mm) 20

2 Diameter D (micron) 48

3 Aspect ratio (L/D) 416.66

4 Wire tensile strength (MPa) ≈ 453

5 Elongation at break 25%

6 Density (kg/m3) 910

7 Water Absorption (%) 0

8 Specific gravity 0.94

9 Cross Sectional area Circular

Most of the researchers in past have found that use of up to 1% Fibrillated polypropylene fiber
in concrete produces good quality concrete. Therefore, the percentage of Fibrillated
polypropylene fiber in the current study ranges from 0.15% to 0.45%.

Advantages of Fibrillated Polypropylene fiber in concrete :

֍ It decrease of crack in the first hours after pouring

֍ It improves the freeze thawing resistance of concrete
֍ It increase in flexural strength of concrete
֍ It result better anchoring and bonding in concrete
֍ It reduce porosity of structure

62
5.5.3. Alkali resistant glass fiber :
A substance comprised of numerous, incredibly thin glass fibers is called glass fiber reinforced
concrete. Mechanical properties of glass fiber are typically comparable to those of polymers and
carbon fiber. When used in composite materials, it is considerably less brittle even if it is not as
rigid as carbon fiber. As a result, glass fibers are used as a reinforcing agent in many polymer
products, creating the Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP), sometimes known as "fiberglass," which
is a very strong and relatively lightweight fiber reinforced polymer composite material. This
material is denser, has little to no air or gas, and offers much less thermal insulation than glass
wool. Types of glass fiber :
A-glass: Also known as alkali glass.
C-glass: Also known as chemical
glass. E-glass: Also called electrical
glass.
AE-glass: Alkali resistant glass.
S-glass: Also known as structural glass.
AR glass fiber is commonly used in concrete. Resistant to Alkalis (AR) Zirconium oxide is
added to glass fiber to assist it resist alkalinity's attack [Fig. 5.17]. Due to the very alkaline
environment of concrete, this is a crucial component of these fibers.

Fig. 5.17 : Alkali resistant glass fiber after hardening

When concrete is stressed, the glass absorbs the energy and prevents cracking since its tensile
strength is greater than steel's and its modulus of elasticity is three times that of concrete.
Properties of Alkali resistant glass fiber are shown in Table 5.10.
63
 Table 5.10 : Properties of Alkali resistant glass fiber

Sr. No. Properties Results

1 Length L (mm) 12
2 Diameter D (micron) 14
3 Aspect ratio (L/D) 857.14
4 Wire tensile strength (MPa) ≈ 1100 - 1700
5 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 72
6 Density (kg/m3) 2700
7 Water Absorption (%) 0
8 Chemical Resistance Very High
9 Cross Sectional area Circular

Most of the researchers in past have found that use of up to 1% AR Glass fibers in concrete
produces good quality concrete. As in the present study along with glass fibers, steel and PP
fibers are also added hence quantity of glass fiber is restricted to 0.24% only. Therefore, the
percentage of AR Glass fiber in the current study is studied from 0.08% to 0.24%.

Advantages of Alkali resistant glass fibers in concrete :

֍ It doesn't burn, rust, shrink, or expand.

֍ Ability to Construct Lightweight Panels
֍ Improvement in structural strength is offered by AR Glass fiber.
֍ Improve Impact strength of concrete
֍ Improve toughness of concrete
֍ Increase durability of the concrete of concrete

5.6. HFRC Concrete Mix

Concrete is naturally brittle and has low tensile strength and ductility. When subjected to tensile
stresses, un-reinforced concrete will crack and fail. One, two or more than two fiber when added
in normal concrete is called as Hybrid Fiber Reinforced concrete (HFRC). Fibers are usually
used in concrete to control plastic shrinkage cracking, drying shrinkage cracking and to increase
the strength of concrete. In the present investigation three different types of fiber ie. Hooked end
steel fiber, Fibrillated polypropylene Fiber and Alkali resistant Glass Fiber added in normal
concrete to improve the shear strength, Flexural strength, Crack resistance, Impact resistance,
Toughness & Ductility of Deep beam.

64
5.6.1. Casting of HFRC / Hybridization ratio :

Based on the fiber percentage mention above “Hooked end steel-0.35% to 1%” , PP fiber-0.15%
to 0.45%” and “AR Glass fiber-0.08% to 0.24%” a nine combination mixes are chosen. These
are displayed in the Table 5.11.

Table 5.11 : Hybridization Ratio

Fiber
Hooked end Fibrillated
Notation AR Glass
Mix steel` Polypropylene

Conventional Mix C 0 0 0

1st Hybrid Mix H-1 0.35 0.15 0.08

2nd Hybrid Mix H-2 0.35 0.3 0.16

3rd Hybrid Mix H-3 0.35 0.45 0.24

4th Hybrid Mix H-4 0.7 0.15 0.08

5th Hybrid Mix H-5 0.7 0.3 0.16

6th Hybrid Mix H-6 0.7 0.45 0.24

7th Hybrid Mix H-7 1 0.15 0.08

8th Hybrid Mix H-8 1 0.3 0.16

9th Hybrid Mix H-9 1 0.45 0.24

Once the mix design data of concrete having grade M25 is available, in order to determine the
optimum results from above mixes a six I.S. cube and three cylinder specimens are cast at each
of the nine mixes with the above mentioned hybridization ratio [Fig. 5.18]. Specimens are cast,
cured for 28 days, and the results are presented. The cubes are tested for 7 and 28days for
compressive strength and cylinders for 28 days for split tensile strength. Based on the slump
cone test and compaction factor test, the workability of HFRC is also observed during mixing.
Strength of HFRC results of cube & cylinder are compared with conventional M25 concrete.

65
5.6.2. Computation of quantities of fibers to be added in concrete :
Percentage of fiber are taken by volume of concrete hence for calculation of weight of fibers to
be added in concrete following data is used.
Density of 1) Hooked end steel fiber 7850kg/m3
2) Fibrillated polypropylene fiber 910kg/m3
3) AR Glass fiber 2700kg/m3

Wt. of fiber = Volume of specimens × Percentage of fiber × Density of fiber

Volume of six cubes = 0.02025 m3 Volume of three Cylinder = 0.0159 m3

1) Mix H-1 1) Mix H-1

Steel = 0.02025×(0.35/100)×7850 = 0.556 kg Steel = 0.0159×(0.35/100)×7850 = 0.436 kg
PP = 0.02025×(0.15/100)×910 = 0.027 kg PP = 0.0159×(0.15/100)×910 = 0.022 kg
Glass = 0.02025×(0.08/100)×2700 = 0.043 kg Glass = 0.0159×(0.08/100)×2700 = 0.034 kg

2) Mix H-2 2) Mix H-2

Steel = 0.02025×(0.7/100)×7850 = 1.112 kg Steel = 0.0159×(0.7/100)×7850 = 0.873 kg
PP = 0.02025×(0.3/100)×910 = 0.055 kg PP = 0.0159×(0.3/100)×910 = 0.045 kg
Glass = 0.02025×(0.16/100)×2700 = 0.087 kg Glass = 0.0159×(0.16/100)×2700 = 0.069 kg

3) Mix H-3 3) Mix H-3

Steel = 0.02025×(1/100)×7850 = 1.589 kg Steel = 0.0159×(1/100)×7850 = 1.248 kg
PP = 0.02025×(0.45/100)×910 = 0.083 kg PP = 0.0159×(0.45/100)×910 = 0.065 kg
Glass = 0.02025×(0.24/100)×2700 = 0.131 kg Glass = 0.0159×(0.24/100)×2700 = 0.103 kg

4) Mix H-4 4) Mix H-4

Steel = 0.02025×(0.35/100)×7850 = 0.556 kg Steel = 0.0159×(0.35/100)×7850 = 0.436 kg
PP = 0.02025×(0.3/100)×910 = 0.055 kg PP = 0.0159×(0.3/100)×910 = 0.045 kg
Glass = 0.02025×(0.16/100)×2700 = 0.087 kg Glass = 0.0159×(0.24/100)×2700 = 0.103 kg

5) Mix H-5 5) Mix H-5

Steel = 0.02025×(0.35/100)×7850 = 0.556 kg Steel = 0.0159×(0.35/100)×7850 = 0.436 kg
PP = 0.02025×(0.45/100)×910 = 0.083 kg PP = 0.0159×(0.45/100)×910 = 0.065 kg
Glass = 0.02025×(0.24/100)×2700 = 0.131 kg Glass = 0.0159×(0.24/100)×2700 = 0.103 kg
66
Volume of six cubes = 0.02025 m3 Volume of three Cylinder = 0.0159 m3

6) Mix H-6 6) Mix H-6

Steel = 0.02025×(0.7/100)×7850 = 1.112 kg Steel = 0.0159×(0.7/100)×7850 = 0.873 kg
PP = 0.02025×(0.15/100)×910 = 0.027 kg PP = 0.0159×(0.15/100)×910 = 0.022 kg
Glass = 0.02025×(0.08/100)×2700 = 0.043 kg Glass = 0.0159×(0.08/100)×2700 = 0.034 kg

7) Mix H-7 7) Mix H-7

Steel = 0.02025×(0.7/100)×7850 = 1.112 kg Steel = 0.0159×(0.7/100)×7850 = 0.873 kg
PP = 0.02025×(0.45/100)×910 = 0.083 kg PP = 0.0159×(0.45/100)×910 = 0.065 kg
Glass = 0.02025×(0.24/100)×2700 = 0.131 kg Glass = 0.0159×(0.24/100)×2700 = 0.103 kg

8) Mix H-8 8) Mix H-8

Steel = 0.02025×(1/100)×7850 = 1.589 kg Steel = 0.0159×(1/100)×7850 = 1.248 kg
PP = 0.02025×(0.3/100)×910 = 0.055 kg PP = 0.0159×(0.3/100)×910 = 0.045 kg
Glass = 0.02025×(0.16/100)×2700 = 0.087 kg Glass = 0.0159×(0.16/100)×2700 = 0.069 kg

9) Mix H-9 9) Mix H-9

Steel = 0.02025×(1/100)×7850 = 1.589 kg Steel = 0.0159×(1/100)×7850 = 1.248 kg
PP = 0.02025×(0.15/100)×910 = 0.027 kg PP = 0.0159×(0.15/100)×910 = 0.022 kg
Glass = 0.02025×(0.08/100)×2700 = 0.043 kg Glass = 0.0159×(0.08/100)×2700 = 0.034 kg

All concrete mixes are cast adding the fiber quantities as per above calculations.

67
i) Addition of Hooked end ii) Addition of Polypropylene iii) Addition of Glass
steel Fiber Fiber Fiber

iv) Dry mixing of HFRC v) Addition of calculated water vi) Mixing of HFRC concrete

vii) Slump cone test viii) Compaction factor ix) Casting of Cube x) Casting of Cylinder
of HFRC concrete test of HFRC

Fig. 5.18 : Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Cubes & Cylinder

68
5.6.3. Workability of HFRC :
All the fresh mixes are tested for their workability. Concrete should have adequate workability
so that it can be easily mixed, compacted, transported and placed in position. Hybrid Fiber-
reinforced concrete (HFRC) does not respond well to slump tests due to stiffness rendered by
metallic fibers used in it. Therefore for HFRC, a compaction factor test is preferred and
accordingly workability was measured in terms of compaction factor (CF). For concrete with
medium workability, the minimum compaction factor is recommended as 0.85. It is observed
that the workability decreases with an increasing percentage of fiber. Steel and other fibers
reduce the workability of concrete. Hence, there is a limitation on percentages of fibers that can
be added in concrete.The various proportions of fibers included, workability, of all the mixes of
M 25 concrete are presented in Table 5.12 respectively.

5.6.4. Workable mix with maximum fiber content :

Table 5.12 shows list of workable mixes with fiber contents. It is observed that mixes up to 1%
steel fiber + 0.3% PP fiber + 0.16% Glass fiber satisfy the medium workability limit (C.F.>0.85),
whereas steel fiber mixes beyond 1%, are found non-workable.

Table 5.12 : Workability of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Percentage Percentage Percentage

Concrete Mix Compaction
of of of
Type Designation Factor
Steel fiber PP fiber Glass fiber

H-1 0.15 0.08 0.901

H-2 0.35 0.3 0.16 0.886
H-3 0.45 0.24 0.879
H-4 0.15 0.08 0.868
HFRC
H-5 0.7 0.3 0.16 0.862
H-6 0.45 0.24 0.859
H-7 0.15 0.08 0.857
1
H-8 0.3 0.16 0.853

The mix with 1% steel, 0.3% PP and 0.16% Glass fiber is found to be a workable mix with
maximum fiber content [Table 5.12].

69
5.6.5. Compressive Strength of Concrete
In a laboratory, the compressive strength on conventional as well as hybrid fiber reinforced
concrete was conducted in accordance with I.S. 516-1959 (Reaffirmed 2018) [Fig. 5.21 (a)],
results are presented in Table 5.13.

Table 5.13 : Compressive Strength of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete

% increase in compressive
Types of Mix Compressive
Strength as compared
concrete Designation Strength (MPa) to conventional concrete
Conv. C 31.787 --
H-1 31.987 0.623
H-2 32.052 0.834
H-3 32.712 2.909
H-4 33.125 4.209
HFRC H-5 33.240 4.537
H-6 33.627 5.788
H-7 34.724 9.239
H-8 35.494 11.662

Results show that there is only marginal improvement in compressive strength of concrete due to
hybrid fiber inclusion. At workable mix with maximum fiber content of 1% steel + 0.3% PP +
0.16% glass fiber there is improvement of 11.66% in compressive strength in comparison to
conventional concrete [Table 5.13]. This improvement is low because conventional concrete is
very strong in compression by origin.

Fig.5.19 displays the variation in compressive strength of concrete with fiber inclusion
graphically.

Fig. 5.19 : Variation in Compressive strength of HFRC

Graph shows that the compressive strength of M25 HFRC increases mildly with the increasing
percentage of fiber content. As discussed earlier, due to high initial strength of conventional
concrete, improvement in it due to fiber inclusion is only marginal.

70
5.6.6. Split Tensile Strength of Concrete
Split tensile strength test conducted in accordance with I.S. 5816-1999. Conventional concrete is
very weak in tension [Fig 5.21. (b)]. Hence, the focus is on improvement of its tensile strength.
Steel fibers and glass fibers, due to there high modulus of elasticity then matrix, improve tensile
strength of concrete. PP fibers, due to there high percent elongation, impart ductility and impact
strength to concrete. Experimental results show that there is substantial improvement in split
tensile strength of concrete due to inclusion of hybrid fiber reinforcement [Fig 5.21. (c)].
Table 5.14 : Split Tensile Strength of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete
% increase in Split Tensile
Types of Mix Split Tensile
Strength as compared
concrete Designation Strength (MPa) to conventional concrete
Conv. C 3.635 --
H-1 4.410 21.320
H-2 4.530 24.622
H-3 4.924 35.461
H-4 5.683 56.341
HFRC H-5 5.720 57.359
H-6 5.791 59.312
H-7 5.986 64.676
H-8 6.20 72.902
At workable mix with maximum fiber content of 1% steel + 0.3% PP + 0.16% glass fiber, an
improvement of 72.9% is observed in split tensile strength of HFRC in comparison to
conventional concrete [Table 5.14].

Fig. 5.20 displays split tensile strength for various % of steel + PP fiber + Glass fiber content.

Fig. 5.20 : Variation in Split Tensile Strength of HFRC

It is observed that the Split tensile strength of the M25 HFRC increases rapidly with the
increasing percentage of fiber content. An increase in Split tensile strength with fiber percentage
is observed to be nearly linear [Fig. 5.20].

71
Conventional Concrete HFRC
a) Compressive Strength Test on Cube

i) At Failure ii) After Failure

b) Split Tensile Test on Convectional Concrete Cylinder

i) At Failure ii) After Failure

c) Split Tensile Test on HFRC Cylinder

Fig. 5.21 : Testing of Concrete Specimen in laboratory

72
5.7. Casting of Deep Beams
In a laboratory, Conventional and HFRC deep beams were cast using M25 concrete grades. The
quantities of various ingredients were taken in accordance with the mix design report. Fiber
balling-up was avoided during HFRC mixing by feeding the fibers in small amounts at a time.

5.7.1. Conventional Deep Beams

The dimensions of conventional deep beam of M25 grade were kept constant and equal to 700
mm × 400 mm × 150 mm. Proportions of ingredients of concrete was taken as per mix design
report. A typical reinforcement mesh used for casting of conventional deep beams as shown in
Fig. 5.22.(ii). Quantities of different ingredients were taken in accordance with mix design
report.

M25 grade (1 : 1.965 : 2.968) , Water cement ratio = 0.485

Concrete wet volume of one deep beam = 0.7 × 0.4 × 0.15 = 0.042 m3
Dry volume of one deep beam = 0.042 × 2 = 0.084 m3

0.084 × 1
Quantity of 1) Cement required for one beam = × 1440 = 20 kg
(1 + 1.965 + 2.968)

2) Crushed sand required for one beam = 1.965 × 20 = 39.3 kg

3) 20 mm aggregate required for one beam = 2.968 × 20 = 59.36 kg

Table 5.15 : Ingredients required for casting of each Conventional deep beam
Sr. No Mix Ingredients Volume (m3) Weight (kg)
1 Cement 0.0142 20
2 Water 0.0097 9.7
3 20mm Aggregate 0.042 59.36
4 Fine Aggregate 0.0279 39.3

Table 5.16: Steel reinforcement required for casting of each Conventional deep beam
Wt. of
Sr. No Reinforcement Size (mm) Length (m)
Reinforcement (kg)
1 Main 10 2.680 1.654
2 Horizontal 8 3.112 1.229
3 Vertical 8 2.712 1.071
4 Top 8 0.640 0.253
Total 4.207
73
 i) Mould ii) Steel reinforcement iii) Dry mixing

iv) Addition of Water v) Wet mixing vi) Vibration

vii) Inspection by Guide viii) Deep Beam specimens ix) 28 days Curing

Fig. 5.22 : Casting of Conventional Deep Beam

74
5.7.2. Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams
The dimensions of HFRC deep beams of M25 grade were also equal to 700 mm × 400 mm ×
150 mm. Proportions of ingredients of concrete are taken as per mix design report. Main
reinforcement was kept constant and shear reinforcement replaced by completely with fiber.
Quantities of fibers were calculated as follows.
Weight of Fibers per deep beam specimen:
● Concrete wet volume of one deep beam = 0.7 × 0.4 × 0.15 = 0.042 m3
1
● Steel Fiber = × 0.042 × 7860 = 3.301 kg
100
0.3
● PP Fiber = × 0.042 × 910 = 0.114 kg
100

0.16
● AR Glass = × 0.042 × 2700 = 0.181 kg
100

Hence fibers were taken as per above calculations along with quantities of other ingredients
same as per conventional deep beams (Table 5.17) excluding steel bar reinforcement (Table
5.18).
Table 5.17 : Ingredients required for casting of each HFRC deep beam
Sr. No Mix Ingredients Weight (kg)
1 Cement 20
2 Water 9.7
3 20mm Aggregate 57.06
4 Fine Aggregate 38
5 Hooked end steel Fiber 3.301
6 Fibrillated polypropylene fiber 0.114
7 AR Glass fiber 0.181

Table 5.18 : Steel reinforcement required for casting of each HFRC deep beam
Sr. Wt. of Reinforcement
Reinforcement Size (mm) Length (m)
No (kg)
1 Main 10 2.680 1.654

The exact amounts of Steel, Polypropylene and Glass fibers were added by dispersing them
uniformly throughout the dry mix, as shown in Fig. 5.23 (iii, iv, v). Finally, accurate amount of
water was added in accordance with mix design report. Proper mixing was done, taking care not
to allow fiber balling. The workability of wet concrete was tested using compaction factor
apparatus.Deep beams were cast and cured for 28 days.

75
 i) Mould ii) HFRC steel reinforcement iii) Addition of steel fiber

iv) Addition of PP fiber v) Addition of AR glass fiber vi) Addition of water

vi) Wet mixing viii) Inspection by Guide ix) 28 day’s curing

Fig. 5.23 : Casting of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam

76
5.8. Deep beams Testing:
Flexural tests on deep beams were performed in accordance with I.S. 516 (1959). Beams were
tested for two-point loading for a/d ratio of 0.50 after curing of 28 days. The beams were tested
using a self-restraining loading frame with a capacity of 1000 kN. (Fig.5.24). The Imetrum
Video Gauge measurement system (VGMS) with a least count of 1.0 micron was used to record
central deflections as well as shear strains at various points on the deep beam specimens (Fig.
5.25). Video Gauge Measurement System (VGMS) provides precise readings of loads, strains,
and deflections at various points on a deep structure.

5.8.1. Facilities available in the Institute for Testing of Deep Beams

A. Loading Frame : Self-restraining Loading Frame of capacity 1000 kN is available at the

Institute (Fig.5.24). Deep beams specimens are tested on the loading frame.

Fig. 5.24. Loading Frame

B. Video Gauge Measurement System

Video Gauge Measurement System is an advanced software tool that manages the control,
capture, processing, and analysis functions for the Imetrum portfolio of non-contact precision
measurement systems. The software exploits proprietary sub-pixel pattern recognition algorithms
that enable ultra-high resolution measurements of strain, rotation, and displacement to be made.
Video Gauge supports the use of multiple cameras for 3D measurements, and also offers an
intuitive control interface which includes a feature allowing post-processing and analysis to be
undertaken.

77
 Fig. 5.25. Video Gauge Measurement System

a) Target Points
Video Gauge operates by allowing the user to define a number of regions of interest called
targets. These targets define a position and an area around that position that you would like to
track during a test. Video Gauge learns what this region of interest looks like at the start of the
test and then tracks how it moves over time in the form of a displacement. Using a number of
these target points we can derive quantities such as point to point strains, extensions or rotations
etc.

b) Real Time Measurements of Multiple Points

Video Gauge is able to perform measurements in real time using a video camera, but it is also
able to save the footage from the camera to an AVI file for later re-processing. This AVI file can
be viewed on any PC in Windows Media Player or any other video player of choice that supports
the AVI format. The choice of lens affects the size of the area viewed in the image. The size of
this area is known as the field of view of the camera. Fitting different lenses to the camera
enables the Video Gauge to operate on objects from just a few millimeters in size up to several
hundred meters in size. These lenses are specified by their focal length. Lenses with a small focal
length have a large field of view, lenses with a large focal length have a small field of view. If
you are using a material testing lens then the camera and lens should be attached to a translation
stage. This is then attached to the tripod as shown in Fig. 5.26. With a general purpose lens it is
usually possible to mount the camera directly to the tripod as shown in Fig. 5.27.

78
 Fig. 5.26. Material Testing Lens Fig. 5.27. General Purpose Lens

c) Positioning the Camera

The camera contains a CCD sensor that captures images of the object being measured. To ensure
that the displacements measured in the image are a true reflection of the actual displacements
undergone by the target on the object, it is important that the distance between the target and the
camera remains constant. In other words, any displacements of the target must occur within a
plane that is parallel to the image plane (the image plane is the planar surface of the CCD
sensor). In practice, this means identifying target points on the object that move in a maximum of
two dimensions (i.e. linear or planar movement). The camera position can then be chosen such
that the image plane is parallel to the plane of movement. This is sometimes tricky to achieve.
However, providing any change in distance between the camera and target is small compared to
the displacement in the other two dimensions then the measurements will generally be accurate.
For material testing applications this means ensuring that the image plane is parallel to the planar
surface of the specimen.

d) Positioning the Light

The goal is to evenly illuminate the object such that there are no shadow edges or highlights on
the target markings. Shadows and highlights tend to move across the surface of an object as the
object moves relative to the light source. As the Video Gauge tracks what it sees in the image,
these moving shadows/highlights will interfere with tracking the target. To avoid shadow edges
and highlights it is best to use a fairly bright, diffuse light source. This should be located such
that no people/objects will pass between the light source and the target marks (which would
create shadows). Highlights, if present, can often be eliminated by positioning the light source
such that it shines on the target marks at a more acute angle.

79
 Table 5.19. : Specifications of Video Gauge Measurement System

Sr. No. Description Specifications

1 Application Simultaneous measurement of deformations such as strain,
displacement, rotation, shear strain on different materials like
concrete, metals and alloys.
2 General Pattern Recognition Technology tracks point to point movement
features on the test piece.
Non-contact continuous measurement.
Real-time measurement more than 100 target points.
Time-stamped measurement for easy synchronization with any
other data streams.
Performs measurements in tension /compression /shear /3pt /4pt
bend modes.
Gauge length range of 5 mm to 200 mm or higher.
Strain measurement range of 0.1 to 1000% or more.
Direct strain output without any need for calibration.
Meets and exceed requirements of ASTM E83 and ISO9513.
Flexibility-stand alone deformation measurement system or
integration with computerized load frames of any Make having
analogue/digital interface and Calibration facility.
Accepts ±1V, ±5V, ±10 V signals from connected sensors to
record data.
Temperature testing capability between 20°C to 60°C.
3 Hardware Camera
GigE PoE camera,50fps, 2048 x 1088.
Lens
lenses for various applications offer fixed focal length lenses of
50 mm and 8mm, resolution range of 0.5 µm to 5 µm (depending
upon working distance).
I/O module AI 8, AO2,1 6 bit or better.
Light source Low energy LED light.
Tripod Suitable sturdy tripods.
Controller
High end dedicated controller to support 4 or more cameras,
high-end graphic card, video recording over 2000MB/s, multiple
USB ports, LED display, keyboard and mouse, 110/240V AC
and 12 V or 24 V DC power, compatible with external Li-ion
battery power pack (optional).
Other accessories like cat 6 cable, necessary adapters to be
provided for smooth functioning of the system.

80
 4 Software Complete software package with test setup and control tools.
Offers unlimited virtual targets on any given specimen.
Facility to resize the virtual target.
Real-time measurements of 100 or more virtual targets.
Post-process mode to analyse various parameters using recorded
video.
Full control of camera settings including capture rate, exposure
etc.
Video zoom in/zoom out facility in Measurement setup and
calibration mode.
Analog/digital signal I/O calibration Module for integration with
various load frames.
Video input selection module to support and synchronize up to 8
cameras.

5.8.2. Experimental Setup

Deep beam was tested after 28 days curing under two point loading. Markings were made on
deep beam to indicate where strain, deflection, and other measurements were to be taken. M.S.
bearing plates 150 mm long, 70 mm wide, and 5 mm thick were used at loading points and
supports to keep the bearing stress within allowable limits (Fig. 5.28). In accordance with I.S.
516 (1959) recommendations, the loading rate was kept constant at 4 kN/min. The applied load
and resulting deformations, as well as the initial crack load and Ultimate load, were recorded for
each specimen. From the initial crack inspection, the first crack load was carefully recorded for
each beam. Then loading was continued and the ultimate load was recorded. Strains were
discovered in the shear and flexural regions. The central deflection and crack widths of the beam
specimen were recorded up to the point of failure.

Fig. 5.28. Deep Beam Testing Setup

81
5.9. Summary
The experimental work undertaken in the laboratory is described in the present chapter. All of
the concrete ingredients were tested and found to meet the specifications of the relevant
I.S.codes. The inclusion of fibers was found to reduce workability. The effect of fiber inclusion
on concrete strength properties was studied. Due to fiber inclusion, there is a marginal increase
in Compressive Strength but a significant increase in Split Tensile Strength of concrete.
Experimental setup of deep beam is also presented. In the next chapter, the experimental results
and discussions are presented.

82
 CHAPTER - 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
 Chapter - 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

6.1. General
This chapter presents the experimental results of shear strength tests performed on
Conventional and HFRC deep beams in the current work. Discussions on test results and study
of the crack patterns are presented. The possibility of complete replacement of conventional
shear reinforcement with hybrid fiber inclusion is checked. Deep beams characterize elastic
action before cracking, since there is a large vertical normal stress and shear deformation caused
by major redistribution of stresses and strains after cracking. Deep beams' high shear strength is
a key characteristic, and it results from the internal arch action mechanism. As per past
researches, it can be increased with fiber inclusion in place of side face reinforcement. In the
present study it is checked with hybrid fiber inclusion.

6.2. Factors affecting the Shear Strength of HFRC Deep Beams

A number of factors, such as concrete grade, fiber factor, split tensile strength of concrete, shear
span to depth ratio of beam, etc., affect the shear strength of HFRC deep beams. These are
summarized below.

6.2.1. Concrete Grade :

Higher the concrete’s grade, higher is its split tensile strength. As per I.S.456-2000, the relation
between concrete’s split tensile strength for a given concrete grade is given by equation
ƒ𝑘
ƒsp = 0.7

where ƒck is the characteristic compressive strength of concrete in N/mm2.

6.2.2. Fiber Factor :

Enhancement in shear strength because of the inclusion of fibers in concrete depends upon the
fiber volume fraction, fiber aspect ratio and the bond between the fiber and the matrix [1].

6.2.3. Split Tensile Strength :

Deep beams' shear strength is improved when the split tensile strength of concrete is increased.
The split tensile strength of concrete increases with concrete grade. Hybrid fibres are added to
concrete to increase its split tensile strength, which instantly boosts the shear strength of deep
beams. Due to the addition of fibres, the increase in split tensile strength is proportional to the
fibre factor. fibers facilitate stress transfer from concrete to fiber due to their higher modulus of
elasticity than concrete and improve split concrete’s split tensile strength.

6.2.4. Shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d) :

The load carrying capacity of deep beams is inversely proportional to the a/d ratio of the beam
[1-10,12,20,21]. In a deep beam, cracking takes place along the diagonal joining loading point
and support point. Because of the greater depth of the beams, the majority of the external load is
transferred through this diagonal. Hence, the inclination of this diagonal with horizontal plays
important role in the shear strength of deep beams.

6.3. Deep Beam Failure modes

Failure modes

Flexural Shear

Diagonal tension Shear Compressive

compression failure of
struts
Fig. 6.1 : Failure Modes of Deep Beam
 Fig 6.2. : Flexural Failure[46]

Fig 6.3. : Diagonal Tension[46] Fig 6.4. : Shear Compression[46]

Fig 6.5. : Compressive Failure of Struts[46]

6.4. Cracking Patterns of Deep Beams
Shear failure is more common in deep beams due to their high depth and particular relationship
between span and depth. Most of the external load is transferred via the diagonal strut joining
loading point and support point, resulting in non-linear behaviour and hence a brittle shear
failure of deep beams.

6.4.1. Conventional Deep Beams

Fig. 6.6 shows the cracking patterns of conventional deep beams observed during the present
experimentation. In Conventional R.C. deep beams, cracks start close to the support near the
beam's bottom and move diagonally upwards toward the loading point with increasing load. As
the loading increases, the crack moves toward centre of the shear span. A further rise in
loading causes 2-3 cracks to combine, and at the moment of ultimate loading, these cracks
become continuous and deepen even further. This results in breaking of the beam along this
diagonal and brittle kind of shear failure of deep beams occurs. Spalling of concrete was
witnessed at some places. All the beams failed in the brittle mode of shear failure.

Bearing Crack
Vertical side
face reinf.

Shear Crack
Horizontal side
face reinf.

Flexural
Crack Main steel

600mm

Fig. 6.6 : Continuous Cracks in Conventional Deep beam

6.4.2. Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams

Fig. 6.7 shows the cracking pattern of HFRC deep beams observed during the experimentation.
In HFRC deep beams, the first hair crack that appeared was inclined and situated close to the
midpoint of shear span's along the diagonal joining loading point to support. The second crack
began with the rising loading in the same direction as the first crack, but after a brief
intermittent gap from the earlier crack. There was a slow rate of cracking observed in the
HFRC deep beam. The addition of fibers to the concrete, which helps to control the crack
width. Additionally, no concrete spalling was noted, as PP and glass fibers play a key role in
preventing spalling. All the specimens failed in shear. The ductile nature of concrete was
revealed as a result of improved post-cracking behaviour.
 Bearing Crack

Shear Crack
(discontinuous) Main steel

Flexural
Crack

600mm

Fig. 6.7 : Discontinuous crack in HFRC Deep beam

Terminology used :

A) First crack stress : Every beam when loaded externally transfers load to supports below.
During this load transfer, if stresses exceed then design stresses, cracks
appear on test specimens. The load value is recorded as soon as the first
crack appears at a particular load. Stress at first crack load is the first crack
stress of the specimen.

B) Ultimate strength : The ultimate load at failure of a deep beam is recorded for each test
specimen, and the resulting stress represents the specimen's ultimate
strength.

C) Reserve strength : The reserve strength of deep beams is defined as the load sustained by
deep beams from the first crack stress to ultimate strength. The reserve
strength of deep beams reveals their post-cracking behaviour.

D) Ductility of beams : The ratio of the central deflection at ultimate load to the same at the first
crack load is taken as the measure of the ductility of deep beams.

6.5. Shear Strength Test Results

The shear strength test results of conventional and HFRC deep beams for a/d ratio 0.5 and M 25
grades of concrete for mix with maximum fiber content of 1 % Steel + 0.3 % PP + 0.16 % Glass
are presented below. Details such as type of reinforcement, fiber percentage, first crack stress,
ultimate strength, reserve strength, deflections at design load & at first crack load, ultimate
deflection are shown (Table 6.1).
 Table 6.1 : Shear Strength Test Results of M25 grade concrete deep beams for a/d ratios 0.5

Fiber Percentage First Reserve Deflection Deflection Deflection Ductility at

Types Sample Crack Ultimate Strength at at first at ultimate ultimate
of No Stress Strength design crack strength Deflection
Deep (MPa) (MPa) (b - a)100 Stress stress (mm)
beam a (mm) (mm) Du M =Du/Df
SF PP GF (a) (b) Df

C-1 2.71 4.20 54.982 0.96 1.99 3.51 1.76

Conv. 0 0 0
C-2 2.33 4.15 78.112 0.82 1.81 3.38 1.86

C-3 2.45 4.12 68.163 0.89 1.94 3.41 1.75

H-1 3.75 7.71 105.60 0.69 1.87 5.35 2.86

HFRC 1 0.3 0.16

H-2 3.83 7.83 104.43 0.45 1.98 5.25 2.65

H-3 3.87 7.87 103.36 0.57 1.88 5.20 2.76

88
6.6. First Crack Stress and Ultimate Strength

The test results (Table 6.1) show that the First crack stress and Ultimate shear strength of HFRC
improves continuously with inclusion of fiber and is higher than conventional deep beams. Table
6.2 shows the increase in the average first crack and ultimate shear strength of HFRC deep
beams with a/d ratio of 0.5 at workable mix with maximum fiber content. The first crack stress
for M 25 conventional concrete deep beams is 2.49 MPa, which failed in shear at maximum
stress of 4.16 MPa. The first cracking stress for M 25 HFRC deep beams at workable mix with
maximum fiber content is 3.82 MPa, which failed in shear at a stress of 7.80 MPa.

Table 6.2 : Improvement in the First crack and Ultimate Shear Strength of HFRC deep beams in
comparison to conventional deep beams

% increase in
Strength Conventional deep HFRC deep
HFRC deep beams as
Parameter beams beams
compared to
(MPa) (MPa)
Conventional deep beams

First crack stress 2.49 3.82 53.41

Ultimate shear 4.16 7.80 87.50

strength

M 25 HFRC deep beams show 53.41 % increase in first crack stress and a 87.50 % increase in
ultimate strength in comparison with conventional deep beams, at a workable mix with
maximum fiber content [Table 6.2]. This is substantial improvement due to hybrid fiber
inclusion in concrete.

6.7. Reserve Strength

Reserve strength of Deep beams is the percentage increase in stress from the first crack to the
ultimate strength level, and is a measure of the post-cracking behaviour of deep beams.
Fibrillated polypropylene fiber, absorbs large amounts of energy, as well as AR glass fiber,
which can resist an alkaline attacks and bridge micro cracks in concrete are instrumental in
increasing reserve strength of deep beams. Hooked end steel fibers improve flexural stiffness
leading to improved reserve strength. Reserve strength results of M25 concrete deep beams are
shown in Tables 6.3.
 Table 6.3 : Improvement in the Reserve Strength of HFRC deep beams in comparison to
conventional deep beams

Reserve Strength of deep

beams (%) % Increase in Reserve Strength as
Strength compared to Conventional deep
Parameter beams
Conv. HFRC

Reserve Strength 67.08 104.46 55.75

At the workable mix with maximum fiber content, an increase of 55.75 % in reserve strength of
HFRC deep beams in comparison with conventional deep beams is observed. This is significant
improvement due to hybrid fiber inclusion in concrete.

6.8. Ductility
The ratio of deflections at ultimate strength (Du) to deflection at first crack stress (Dc) is taken
as a measure of ductility of deep beams. Table 6.4 shows increase in ductility of HFRC deep
beams with a/d ratio 0.5 at workable mix with maximum fiber content. In M25 HFRC deep
beams ductility is observed to get improved by 53.63 % in comparison with conventional
concrete deep beams [Table 6.4]. PP fibers due to there high percentage elongation contribute in
improvement of ductility of deep beam.

Table 6.4 : Improvement in the Ductility of HFRC deep beams in comparison to conventional deep
beams

Ductility of
Strength Deep beams % Increase in Ductility as
Parameter compared to Conventional deep
Conv. HFRC beams

Ductility 1.79 2.75 53.63

6.9. Load Vs Deflection
Table 6.5, 6.7 & 6.9 shows the load vs deflection results of conventional deep beam and Table
6.6, 6.8 & 6.10 shows the load vs deflection results of HFRC deep beam.

Table 6.5 : Load vs Deflection Deep Beam C1 Table 6.6 : Load vs Deflection Deep Beam H1

Load Deflection Sr. No. Load (kN) Deflection (mm)

Sr. No.
(kN) (mm) 1 50 0.18
1 50 0.24 2 100 0.39
3 150 0.69
2 100 0.64 4 200 0.84
3 150 0.96 5 250 1.21
4 200 1.18 6 300 1.39
5 250 1.38 7 350 1.58
8 400 1.67
6 300 1.52 9 450 1.87
7 325 1.99 10 500 2.33
8 350 2.19 11 550 2.57
12 600 2.82
9 375 2.48
13 650 3.41
10 400 2.63 14 700 3.78
11 425 2.85 15 750 4.03
12 450 3.10 16 800 4.47
17 850 4.69
13 475 3.32 18 900 4.89
14 500 3.51 19 925 5.35

First Crack = 325kN, Ultimate Load = 500kN First Crack = 450kN, Ultimate Load = 925kN

Table 6.7 : Load vs Deflection Deep Beam C2 Table 6.8 : Load vs Deflection Deep Beam H2
Load Deflection Sr. No. Load (kN) Deflection (mm)
Sr. No.
(kN) (mm) 1 50 0.16
1 50 0.28 2 100 0.21
2 100 0.56 3 150 0.45
4 200 0.70
3 150 0.82 5 250 1.13
4 200 1.21 6 300 1.31
5 250 1.42 7 350 1.53
8 400 1.71
6 280 1.81
9 460 1.98
7 325 2.03 10 500 2.39
8 350 2.23 11 550 2.72
9 375 2.40 12 600 3.09
13 650 3.31
10 400 2.69 14 700 3.67
11 425 2.79 15 750 3.83
12 450 2.91 16 800 4.38
17 850 4.78
13 475 3.11
18 900 4.93
14 498 3.38 19 940 5.25

First Crack = 280kN, Ultimate Load = 498kN First Crack = 460kN Ultimate Load = 940kN
 Table 6.9 : Load vs Deflection Deep Beam C3 Table 6.10 : Load vs Deflection Deep Beam H3

Load
Load Deflection Sr. No. Deflection (mm)
Sr. No. (kN)
(kN) (mm) 1 50 0.09
1 50 0.32 2 100 0.28
3 150 0.57
2 100 0.51 4 200 0.79
3 150 0.89 5 250 1.05
4 200 1.35 6 300 1.23
7 350 1.41
5 250 1.68
8 400 1.79
6 295 1.94 9 465 1.88
7 325 2.13 10 500 2.29
8 350 2.31 11 550 2.58
12 600 2.81
9 375 2.59 13 650 3.16
10 400 2.71 14 700 3.40
11 425 2.92 15 750 3.88
16 800 4.29
12 450 3.08
17 850 4.68
13 475 3.28 18 900 4.91
14 495 3.41 19 945 5.23

First Crack = 295kN Ultimate Load = 495kN First Crack = 465kN Ultimate Load = 945kN

As per I.S.456-2000. permissible deflection in beams from serviceability point of view is equal
to L/325, which works out to be 1.84 mm in the present case. Test results show that at the design
load, deflections at center of M25 Conventional and HFRC deep beams are within permissible
limits (Table 6.5 to 6.10).

Fig. 6.8, 6.9 & 6.10 shows the variations in central deflection of deep beams for conventional &
HFRC deep beams for increasing load values. It is clear that the area under curves of HFRC deep
beams is larger than conventional deep beams. This is because of the higher energy absorption
of HFRC deep beams than conventional deep beams due to hybrid fiber inclusion. HFRC curves
cover a larger area of the graph beneath them.
Fig. 6.8 : Load Vs Central Deflection of C1, H1 deep beam

Fig. 6.9 : Load Vs Central Deflection of C2, H2 deep beam

 Fig. 6.10 : Load Vs Central Deflection of C3, H3 deep beam

It is observed that HFRC deep beams show reduced deflection of to the extent of 35.95 % in
comparison with conventional deep beams, at the same stress. This is because the inclusion of
steel, PP & Glass fibers results in the increase in the stiffness of deep beams at the same load
level. HFRC deep beams exhibit improved post cracking behaviour, resulting in higher ultimate
strength and lower deflection in comparison with conventional deep beams.

6.10. Shear Strain Variation

Shear strain recorded at the workable mix with maximum fiber content is shown in Fig. 6.11. As
a result of the stress concentration in the lower portion of the beam, the Neutral axis (N.A.)
shifted downward by 12.5% of the total depth of the beam (50 mm in present case), to a new
position O’, below the centroidal axis. The highest shear strain at failure recorded for
conventional M25 and HFRC M25 deep beams were 0.00044 and 0.00068 respectively,
exhibiting a 54.55% increase in shear strain carrying capacity due to the workable mix with a
maximum percentage of fibers at ultimate strength level. Randomly oriented Hybrid fibers,
impart isotropic elastic properties to concrete and result in increase of the highest strain of deep
beams.
Fig. 6.11 : Shear strain variation across the cross-section of Conventional, HFRC deep beams and
using Ansys

6.11. Cost Comparison

HFRC deep beams with 1% steel + 0.3% PP + 0.16% GF are observed to be 25% costlier than
conventional deep beams. This extra cost is justifiable looking at the substantial improvement in
shear strength as well reserve strength of HFRC deep beams.

6.12. Summary
In this chapter, the test results of deep beams carried out in the laboratory are presented. It is
observed that there is a very good increase in the first crack and ultimate shear strength of HFRC
deep beams when compared with conventional deep beams. There is substantial improvement in
reserve strength and ductility of HFRC deep beams. It is also found that complete replacement of
conventional shear reinforcement using the workable mix with maximum fiber content is
possible. In the next chapter, the conclusions are presented.
 Chapter - 7
CONCLUSIONS
 Chapter -
7
CONCLUSION
S

7.1. General
The primary goal of this study is to improve the shear strength of HFRC deep beams with
hybrid fibre inclusion in concrete. Various combinations of hooked end steel fibres, fibrillated
polypropylene fibres, and glass fibres were tried in this context to determine the maximum
fibre content at which the concrete mix is still workable. Based on the results of the
experiments, one workable mix with the highest fibre contents was identified: 1% steel fibres +
0.3% PP fibres + 0.16% glass fibres (without superplasticizer). In addition, an experimental
study on the possibility of completely replacing conventional shear reinforcement with hybrid
fibre inclusion is conducted.

7.2. Improvement in concrete properties :

Based on the present experimental study, the following conclusions are drawn.

7.2.1. Compressive Strength

The compressive strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete improves only marginally with the
inclusion of hybrid fibres in it. At workable mix with maximum fiber content, the increase in
compressive strength of M 25 HFRC is observed to be 12%. Since concrete is already strong in
compression, the overall improvement in compressive strength caused by the addition of hybrid
fibres is only marginal.

7.2.2. Split Tensile Strength

The split tensile strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete improves substantially with the
inclusion of hybrid fibres in it. At workable mix with maximum fiber content, the maximum
increase in split tensile strength of M 25 HFRC is observed to be 78 %. The addition of fibres
boosts the overall split tensile strength of concrete by almost twofold.

7.3. Improvement in strength parameters of Deep Beam :

Due to inclusion of hybrid fiber there is significant improvement in different strength parameters
of deep beam as compared to conventional deep beam. It is important that the fibres are
dispersed uniformly through out the mix for workable concrete, this can be done by adding of
fibres uniformly before the water is added.

96
7.3.1. Shear Strength
The shear strength of HFRC deep beams improves substantially with the inclusion of hybrid
fibres in concrete. At workable mix with maximum fiber content, improvement in first crack
strength and ultimate shear strength of M 25 HFRC deep beams is observed to be 54 % and 88 %
respectively at shear span to depth (a/d) ratio 0.5. This significant improvement is due to
inclusion of hybrid fibers in concrete. Steel fibers are instrumental in improvement of shear
strength of deep beam.

7.3.2. Reserve Strength

The Reserve strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete deep beams improves considerably with
the inclusion of hybrid fibres in it. At workable mix with maximum fiber content, 56 %
improvement in reserve strength of M 25 HFRC deep beams with a/d ratio 0.5 is observed.
Fibrillated polypropylene fiber, absorbs large amounts of energy, as well as AR glass fiber,
bridge micro cracks in concrete and are instrumental in increasing reserve strength of deep
beams.

7.3.3. Ductility
Ductility of deep beams is found to be improved significantly due to inclusion of fibres. At
workable mix with maximum fiber content, in M25 HFRC deep beams with a/d ratio 0.5,
ductility is found to be improved by 54 %. PP fibers due to there high percentage elongation
contribute in improvement of ductility of deep beam.

7.4. Replacement of Conventional Shear Reinforcement in Deep Beams

The experimental results shows that there is substantial improvement in shear strength as well as
reserve strength along with ductility of HFRC deep beam in comparison with conventional deep
beam. Hence conventional shear reinforcement in deep beam can be replaced with inclusion of
workable mix with maximum fiber content. Also due to replacement of conventional shear
reinforcement in deep beam congestion of reinforcement is also reduced.

7.5. Scope for Further Studies

There is a scope for further studies on the following topics.
 Study on shear strength of HFRC deep beams with changed fibre types, volume
fractions and changing a/d ratios and a study of size effect.
 Study on shear strength of Continuous HFRC deep beams.

97
 Chapter - 8
REFERENCES
 Chapter -
8
REFERENCES

8.1. Research papers :

1) S. K. Kulkarni, S. A. Halkude (2022). Experimental Investigation on Hybrid Fiber-

Reinforced Concrete Deep beam. Journal of Algebraic Statistics. Vol. 13. No 3. P2889-
2897.

2) Do-Dai, T., Tran, D. T., & Nguyen-Minh, L. (2021). Effect of fiber amount and stirrup ratio
on shear resistance of steel fiber reinforced concrete deep beams. Journal of Science and
Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE)-HUCE, 15(2), 1-13.

3) Sagi, M. S. V., Lakavath, C., Prakash, S. S., & Sharma, A. (2021). Experimental Study on
Evaluation of Replacing Minimum Web Reinforcement with Discrete Fibers in RC Deep
Beams. Fibers, 9(11), 73.

4) Liu, S. B., & Xu, L. (2012). Experimental study on shear behavior of hybrid fiber reinforced
high performance concrete deep beams. Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 166, pp.
664-669). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.

5) Ibrahim M., Wakjira T., & Ebead U. (2020). Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete
deep beams using near-surface mounted hybrid carbon/glass fibre reinforced polymer
strips. Engineering Structures, 210, 110412.

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8.2. Books :

1) “Concrete technology” , Shetty, M. S. (2005). 420-453. S. chand & company LTD.

2) “Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design”, P. C. Varghese (2005). 50-72. PHI Learning
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revision), Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi. (Reaffirmed 2021).

42) I.S. 1199-1959 Method of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete, Bureau of Indian standards,
New Delhi. (Reapproved 2004).

43) I.S. 516-1959 Method of Test for Strength of Concrete, Bureau of Indian standards, New
Delhi. (Reaffirmed 2018).

44) I.S. 10262-2019 Concrete Mix proportioning-Guideline (First Revision), Bureau of Indian
standards, New Delhi.

45) I.S. 5816-1999 Method of Test for Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete, Bureau of Indian
standards, New Delhi. (Reaffirmed 2004).

8.4. Websites :

46) www.google.com
47) www.sciencedirect.com
48) www.googlescholar.com
49) www.researchgate.com
 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OUT OF PRESENT RESEARCH WORK

Sr. Publication Year of

Authors Title Name of Journal
No. details Publication
Shear Performance
Pradugn Varhade, Volume 20,
of R.C. Deep Beam NeuroQuantology
1 S. B. Javheri, Issue 12, 2022
using Hybrid Fiber (Scopus Indexed)
S. K. Kulkarni P 3065-3071
as Reinforcement.
Strength
Industrial
S. B. Javheri, improvement of Volume 15,
Engineering
2 Pradugn Varhade, Concrete by Issue 12, 2022
Journal
S. K. Kulkarni inclusion of P 1375-1382
(UGC Care)
Hybrid fibres
 AUTHORS PROFILE

Mr. Pradugn Varhade PG Student in Department of Civil

Engineering at Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur,
Maharashtra. He complected his bachelor of Technology in A.G. Patil
Institute of Technology, Solapur, Maharashtra, India in 2020.

Prof S. K. Kulkarni (Guide) working as an Assistant Professor in

Department of Civil Engineering at Walchand Institute of Technology,
Solapur, Maharashtra, since July 2010. He completed his B.E. in Civil
Engineering From Walchand Institute of Technology, Shivaji
University. M.E. in Structural Engineering from Solapur University and
has submitted his Ph.D, thesis to PAH Solapur university. He
presented 2 research articles in International conferences. He has
published 18 papers in International Journals. His research interests
include structural engineering and concrete technology domains.