GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

PALA

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

MINI PROJECT
ON
ELECTRONIC LAB KIT FOR RC PHASE SHIFT
OSCILLATOR AND DC POWER SUPPLY
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE,
PALA

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project titled “ELECTRONIC LAB KIT FOR
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR AND DC POWER SUPPLY” was presented by
ASWATHY SANTHOSH (REG NO: 18031081) a student of 4th semester Electrical &
Electronics Engineering in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of Diploma in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering under the department of Technical Education, GOVT OF
KERALA during the academic year of 2019-2020 under my guidance.

Certified that, this is the bonafide record of Mini Project conducted by the above student.

Mini project co-ordinator Head of Section

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Place: Govt. Polytechnic College, Pala

Date: 27-03-2020
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

"Achievement is finding out what you would be doing, what you have
to do. The higher the summit, higher will be the climb."

It has been rightly said that we are build on the shoulders of others
but the satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would
be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible.

Our heart is filled with gratitude to the almighty god for empowering as with
courage, wisdom and strength to complete this project successfully. We give him
all the glory, honour and praise.

We express our heartfelt thanks and sincere gratitude to our principal, Govt.
Polytechnic College, Pala equipping as with all the facilities during the
development of the project. We record our indebt to Head of Department,
Electrical & Electronics Engineering, GPC.

I am extremely thankful to our Principal, Smt. Ani Abraham, owed me to

conduct this mini project at the college campus which had taught many lesson in
the field of public speaking.

We express our special thanks and hearty gratitude to Smt. Binu.B.R, Head
of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, GPC for her valuable
help, relevant ideas and advices for making this project and grand success.

My hearty thanks go to Sri. Sabareeshan.D, Our project advisor, for his

valuable help and relevant ideas. We extend our gratitude to our department staffs
Sri. Augustine Kuriakose, Sri. Sreekumar. T, Sri. Reneesh Deverajan,
Sri. Nevin Jose, Smt. Remya, Sri. Shajimon.C.C, Sri. Maju Mathew,
Sri. James Joseph, Sri.Prasad Kumar, Sri. Anoop.E.K, Sri. Rejeesh
Thankappan, Sri. Akhil.V

Finally, we thank our parents, friends, classmates and all others who have
helped as directly or indirectly for constant encouragement, constructive criticisms
and valuable suggestions to bring out this project a successful work.
MODEL OF RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
MODEL OF DC POWER SUPPLY
 INDEX

Sl.No Contents Page No.

1. Introduction 1
2. RC Phase Shift Oscillator 1
3. Design of RC Phase Shift Oscillator 2
4. Operation 5
5. Components Used 6
6. DC Power Supply 8
7. Components Used 13
8. 5S Implementation 15
9. Estimation 22
10. Conclusion 23
11. References 24
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INTRODUCTON
OSCILLATOR
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that
produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square
wave. Oscillators convert direct current (DC) from a power supply to
an alternating current (AC) signal. They are widely used in many electronic
devices ranging from simplest clock generators to digital instruments (like
calculators) and complex computers and peripherals etc. Common examples of
signals generated by oscillators include signals broadcast by radio and television
transmitters, clock signals that regulate computers and quartz clocks, and the
sounds produced by electronic beepers and video games.

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

RC phase-shift oscillators use resistor-capacitor (RC) network

to provide the phase-shift required by the feedback signal. They have excellent
frequency stability and can yield a pure sine wave for a wide range of loads.

Ideally a simple RC network is expected to have an output which leads the input
by 90o.

However, in reality, the phase-difference will be less than this as the capacitor
used in the circuit cannot be ideal. Mathematically the phase angle of the RC
network is expressed as

Where, XC = 1/(2πfC) is the reactance of the capacitor C and R is the resistor. In

oscillators, these kind of RC phase-shift networks, each offering a definite phase-
shift can be cascaded so as to satisfy the phase-shift condition led by the expected
Barkhausen Criterion.

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DESIGN OF RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

 Output requirements:

Sine wave with amplitude 10VPP and frequency 1kHz.

 Design of amplifier :

Select transistor BC 107. It can provide a gain more than 29 because its
minimum hFE is 100

DC biasing condition

VCC = 12V, IC = 2mA, VCE = 50% of VCC = 6V, VRC = 40% of VCC = 4.8V
and VRE = 10% of VCC = 1.2V. VCC is taken as 20% additional to the
required output peak amplitude.

 Design of RC

VRC = ICRC = 4.8V. Then RC = 2.4k

Use: 2.2k std.

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 Design of RE

VRE = IERE = 1.2V. Then RE = 600Ω

Use: 600Ω

Design of voltage divider R1 and R2

From the datasheet of BC107 its hFE(min) is 100.

IB = IC/hFE = 2mA/100 = 2𝜇A

Assume the current through R1 = 10IB and that through R2 = 9IB to avoid s

IB = IC/hFE = 1mA/50 = 20 𝜇A

Since hFE min of BF195 = 50

VR2 = 9IBR2 = VBE+VRE = 0.7+1.2 = 1.9 V.

1.9 𝑉
Then R2 = =10.55 k
9 𝑋 20 𝑋 10−6

Use: 10k

VR1 = 10IBR2 = VCC - VR2 = 12V-1.9V = 10.1 V.

10.1 𝑉
Then R1 = = 50.5 k
10 𝑋 20 𝑋 10−6

Use: 47k

 Selection of capacitors:

All capacitor values may be taken as 1 𝜇F

 Design of feedback network:

Required frequency of oscillation f =455 kHz

We have,
1
𝑓=
2𝜋 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2)𝐶

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Take C = 0.01 F, then we get L1+L2 = 12.2 𝜇𝐻

Take L1=L2=6.1 𝜇𝐻

Use: 5.6 𝜇𝐻 fixed inductor

An IFT can be used in place of coils and capacitor

 Here we are using a BC107 transistor for implementing RC phase shift

oscillator. BC107 is an audio frequency transistor which is made up of
silicon.
 If we use a common emitter amplifier with a resistive collector load, there
will be a 180˚ phase shift between the voltages at base and collector. It will
also amplify the signal.
 Feedback circuit section must produce another 180˚ shift to meet the
Barkhausen criterion.
 Three sections of phase shift networks are used which is constituted by
resistive-capacitor combination. In that each section introduces 60˚ phase
shift at resonant frequency.
 The positive feedback from output to input will lead the circuit to operate as
an oscillator.
 Phase shift oscillator is a particular type of audio frequency oscillator.
Output signal is obtained across 1µF capacitor and ground terminal as
shown in circuit schematic.

The frequency of oscillations is given by

fo=12πRC6–√fo=12πRC6
Where
R1=R2=R3=RR1=R2=R3=R
C1=C2=C3=CC1=C2=C3=C

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OPERATION

The circuit when switched ON oscillates at the resonant frequency fo.

The output Eo of the amplifier is fed back to RC feedback network. This network
produces a phase shift of 180o and a voltage Ei appears at its output. This voltage
is applied to the transistor amplifier.
The feedback applied will be

m=Ei/Eom=Ei/Eo

The feedback is in correct phase, whereas the transistor

amplifier, which is in CE configuration, produces a 180o phase shift. The phase
shift produced by network and the transistor add to form a phase shift around the
entire loop which is 360o.

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COMPONENTS USING

 Resistor
 Capacitor
 Transistor

1. RESISTOR

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical

component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic
circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.
High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat,
may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test
loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly
with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to
adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing
devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity

2. CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in

an electric field. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals.
The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists
between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a

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component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally

known as a condenser or condensator.[1] This name and its cognates are
still widely used in many languages, but rarely in English, one notable exception
being condenser microphones, also called capacitor microphones.

3. TRANSISTOR

A transistor is a semiconductor device used

to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed
of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to
an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a
transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually,
but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

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DC POWER SUPPLY

INTRODUCTION

In general, electronic circuits using tubes or transistors require

a source of D.C. power. For example, in tube amplifiers, D.C. voltage is needed
for plate, screen grid and control grid. Similarly, the emitter and collector bias in a
transistor must also be direct current. Batteries are rarely used
for this purpose as they are costly and require frequent replacement. In practice,
D.C. power for electronic circuits is most conveniently obtained from commercial
A.C. lines by using rectifier-filter system, called a D.C. power supply.

The rectifier-filter combination constitutes an ordinary D.C. power

supply. The output from the rectifier is pulsating D.C. These pulsations are due to
the presence of A.C. component in the rectifier output. The filter circuit removes
the A.C. component so that steady D.C. voltage is obtained across the load.

RECTIFICATION

The diode is an ideal and simple device to convert AC into

DC. The process is called rectification. We shall focus our attention on some
performance measure of a rectifier.

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TRANSFORMER

A Transformer is a static piece of equipments used either for raising

or lowering the voltage of an ac supply with a corresponding decrease and
increase in current. It essentially consists of two windings primary and secondary,
wound on a common laminated magnetic core as shown in figure.

N1: no. of turns in primary coil

N2: no. of turns in secondary coil
If N1< N2 :- Step-up transformer
N1> N2 :- Step-down transformer

The following points may be noted carefully:-

i. The transformer action is based on the law of electromagnetic induction.

ii. There is no electrical/physical connection between the primary & secondary
windings. The ac power transferred from primary to secondary through
magnetic flux.
iii. There is no change in frequency i.e. output power has the same frequency
as the input power.
iv. The losses that occur in transformer are:
(a) Core losses- eddy current & hysteresis losses.
(b) Copper losses-in the resistance of a winding.

Relation b/w voltages and no. of turns is:

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(V1/V2) = (N1/N2)

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

A Full Wave Rectifier Circuit produces an output voltage or

current which is purely DC or has some specified DC component. Full wave
rectifiers have some fundamental advantages over their half wave rectifier
counterparts. The average (DC) output voltage is higher than for half wave, the
output of the full wave rectifier has much less ripple than that of the half wave
rectifier producing a smoother output waveform.

FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Another type of circuit that produces the same output waveform as

the full wave rectifier circuit above is that of the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier.
This type of single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes connected
in a closed loop “bridge” configuration to produce the desired output. The main
advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does not require a special centre tapped
transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The single secondary winding is
connected to one side of the diode bridge network and the load to the other side as
shown below.

THE DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER:-

The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs” with only
two diodes conducting current during each half cycle

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WORKING OF FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

POSITIVE HALF-CYCLE

During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2

conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows
through the load as shown below.

THE NEGATIVE HALF-CYCLE

During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4

conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch “OFF” as they are now
reverse biased. The current flowing through the load is the same
direction as before.

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CAPACITOR FILTER

We saw in the previous section that the single phase half-wave rectifier
produces an output wave every half cycle and that it was not practical to use this
type of circuit to produce a steady DC supply. The full-wave bridge rectifier
however, gives us a greater mean DC value (0.637 Vmax) with less superimposed
ripple while the output waveform is twice that of the frequency of the input supply
frequency. We can therefore increase its average DC output level even higher by
connecting a suitable smoothing capacitor across the output of the bridge circuit as
shown below.

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COMPONENTS USED
 Diode
 Capacitor
 Buck Converter
 Digital Voltmeter and Ammeter

1) DIODE

Four P-N Junction diodes are used in the form of a bridge for
the purpose of rectification. Four diodes of 6A are used.

2) CAPACITOR

It is used for the purpose of filtering circuit. The capacitor

allows low resistance path to the AC component of current. To DC (with zero
frequency), this is an open circuit. Hence the AC component of the rectified
output passes through the capacitor. A capacitor of 4700mf, 50V is used.

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3) BUCK CONVERTER

It is used for the voltage regulation. 5v to 36v input dc and variable output
with a constant current of 5A is used.

4) DIGITAL VOLTMETER & AMMETER

It is used to measure the voltage and current. 0-12v and

0-10A is used.

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5 S STANDARDISATION

Today, it is increasingly recognized that 5S management techniques enhance

productivity and competitiveness. In order to become a World class Gemba, an
organization has to go through a continuous and systematic process to:

 Identify , reduce and eliminate waste

 Enhance teamwork
 Enhance operation effectiveness in a better working environment
 Form the basic advanced model for Productivity and Quality
improvement.

As each 5S management techniques begin with an s, this approach has been

named 5S.

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IMPORTANCE OF 5S

 A clean workplace has high quality

 A clean workplace keeps cost down
 A clean workplace ensure delivery on time
 A clean workplace is high in productivity
 A clean workplace is safe for people to work
 A clean workplace is high in morale

UNDERSTANDING 5S

5S is a management tool from Japan, which focuses on establishing a

quality environment in the organization, ensuring adherence to standards and in
the process, fosters the spirit of continual improvement.

It focuses on five management techniques that are the foundation for any
organization’s competitive initiative.

5S stands for two sets of words: one in Japanese and one in English.
They are:

 Seiri – Sort
 Seiton – Set in Order
 Seiso – Shine
 Seiketsu – Standardize
 Shitsuke – Sustain

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SORT

This step focuses on the elimination of any unnecessary

workplace clutter. In a process called “red tagging,” all workplace items are
sorted through, with a red tag placed on any that are not absolutely necessary for
completing a task. Once tools, supplies, materials and equipment have been
tagged, they are then relocated to a holding area for a follow up evaluation. Items
that are only seldom used can be stored closer in proximity to the workspace, while
obsolete clutter should be discarded.
Sorting’s benefits include: a more effective use of space, simplified tasks, a
reduction in hazards, and a significant decrease in distracting clutter.

SET IN ORDER

The goal of this step is to examine methods of storage that are

effective and efficient, sometimes referred to as “visual management,” and then
create a work environment that is organized, ergonomic, uncluttered and easily
navigable. Some questions to ask during this step might be: Which specific items
are needed to perform a task? How many items need to be readily accessible and
where should they be located?
The methodical storage of materials means that every item has a predetermined
location where it will remain until it used, and then it will be returned immediately
following its use. Labels and color coding are also helpful techniques to use in this
step. With an organized and efficient use of storage, everyone is easily able to locate
important items and enjoy a less stressful work environment.

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SHINE

With the clutter gone and the storage organized, the next step
is to properly and thoroughly clean the work area every day. This step is critical as
a way of sustaining the improvements begun in the Sort and Set phases. All
storage areas, machines, equipment, tools and work surfaces must be cleaned and
checked regularly. Employees will feel more comfortable in this clean and
uncluttered environment, which could also lead to increased ownership of the
organization’s goals and vision.

STANDARDIZE

Now that the first three steps are in play, it’s time to
standardize these new practices. All employees need to be included in the creation
of a set of standards that will become the new norm for the workspace. When
these new standards and best practices are implemented, the old habits will soon
die out and be replaced by the more efficient patterns of behavior. New standards,
however, will probably require some oversight and enforcement until they are
habitual; reminders such as visuals and emails are effective tools to help these
new standards become set in stone.

SUSTAIN

The final step of 5S is certainly the most challenging:

remaining disciplined enough to sustain the positive changes made in the first
three steps. It is critical that the new system be maintained or the efforts and costs
put into developing the new system will be pointless. By putting a formal system
in place that includes regular training and communication, employees will be able
to comfortably conform to the company’s 5S procedures.
The 5S system is not complicated to understand; the challenges
lie in successfully implementing the steps and sustaining the practices. Among
other things, a successful 5S implementation will improve workplace safety,
develop self-esteem among employees and reduce training time for new
employees.

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WHY 5S ?

The 5S concept is easy for everyone to understand of difficult

terminologies. It is simple, driven by logic and natural to human behavior. It is
within the reach of all type and size of industry of organization.

WHY IS NOT 5S ?
 A way to blame people for defects
 A housekeeping exercise
 A way to force people to do their work
 A way to make people work harder and faster
 A monthly or yearly flavor e.g. Quality Month.

BENEFITS OF 5S IMPLEMENTATION
The benefits are:

 Workplace becomes cleaner and better organized.

 Shop floor and office operation becomes safer.
 Visible results enhance the generation of more and better ideas.
 Lead-time reduced.
 Changeover time reduced by streamlining operations.
 Breakdowns and minor stops eliminated on production lines.
 Defects reduced by mistake proofing.
 Clear methods and standards are established.
 In-process inventory is reduced.
 Space usage is improved.
 Customer complaints are reduced.

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HOW TO INITIATE 5S IMPLEMENTATION

The 5S approach outlined in this guidebook is a simple and systematic
methodology which can be introduced and implemented in any size and type of
organization.

To start the 5S: Step-by-step implementation, each phase must be thoroughly

analyzed and addressed using the P-D-C-A Cycle and 5W2H approach as follows:

PLAN

 Preparation
 Provide training and education for everyone.
 Form 5S Council
 Set-up 5S Zones.
 Determine 5s objectives, goals and implementation phases.
 Plan 5S action and 5S Launch.

DO

 Sort :
Identify what is necessary.

 Set in Order :
Define what and how to arrange.

 Shine :
Identify dirty sources.
Identify root causes.
Take action to eliminate dirty sources and root causes.

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 Standardize :
Who is responsible?
What actions to take to maintain the desired condition?
When must those actions be taken?
Where must they apply?
What procedures need to be followed?

 Sustain :
Everyone understands, obeys and practices the rules and procedures
continual efforts at sustaining the desired condition.

CHECK

 Assessment
Conduct internal 5S audit
Benchmark within the department and with other organizations. Ensure the
established 5S procedures are followed through

ACT
 Reward and recognize efforts of staff
 Register 5S certification
 Participate in National 5S Continual Improvement
 Develop 5S practices into a HABIT
 Compare actual goals with set goals.
 Reward and recognize efforts competitions.
 Review Plan-Do-Check-Act-Cycle

To ensure successful 5S implementation, each phase must proceed

accordingly as illustrated in the ROADMAP TO 5S IMPLEMENTATION.

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ESTIMATION
Sl.No Item Specification Quantity Unit Rate Amount
FOR DC POWER SUPPLY
1. Diode 6A 4 No 1.00 4.00
2. Transformer 12-0-12V 5A 1 No 580.00 580.00
3. Capacitor 4700mfd 1 No 50.00 50.00
4. Buck Converter 5-36Vi/p 1 No 250.00 250.00
5Aconst.
current
5. Fuse 1 No 15.00 15.00
6. Digital voltmeter 0-12V,0-10A 1 No 350.00 350.00
and ammeter
7. Cabin 1 No 350.00 350.00
8. Switch 6A/240V 2 No 10.00 10.00
9. Output Sockets 2A/240V 1 No 10.00 20.00
FOR RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
1. Resistor 4.7kΩ 3 No 5.00 15.00
2. Resistor 2.2kΩ 1 No 5.00 5.00
3. Resistor 10kΩ 1 No 5.00 5.00
4. Variable Resistor 4.7kΩ 1 No 10.00 10.00
5. Capacitor 680µF 1 No 1.00 1.00
6. Capacitor 22 µF 1 No 3.00 3.00
7. Capacitor 0.01µF 2 No 2.00 4.00
8. Capacitor 1 µF 1 No 1.00 1.00
9. Transistor BC107 1 No 10.00 10.00
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Plywood Board 6x4 24sq ft 1 No 120.00 120.00
2. Hylam Sheet 6x4 24 sq ft 1 No 90.00 90.00
6. Wire cord 1/18 Cu 1 m 100.00 100.00
1 sq mm
Total Cost =Rs. 1993/-

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CONCLUSION

The power supply as well as the electronic lab kit for RC phase
shift oscillator that has been designed provides a good quality of output. Both of it
has few components, covers a small area, and is very simple in design. Their
working strategies and implementation methodologies are worked upon and also
completed 5S implementation.

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REFERENCE

1. A Text book of Principles of Electronics by VK Mehta and Rohit Mehta

2. https://electronicsclub.info/powersupplies.htm

3. https://www.slideshare.net/RejviAhmed/dc-power-supply-46670271

4. https://www.electrical4u.com/rc-phase-shift-oscillator/

5. http://www.circuitstoday.com/transistor-phase-shift-oscillator

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THANK YOU!

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