EC3271 CIRCUITS ANALYSIS LABORATORY
ANNA UNIVERSITY, Chennai
2021 REGULATION
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
EC3271 CIRCUITS ANALYSIS LABORATORY
List of Experiments
1. Verification of KVL & KCL.
2. Verification of Thevenin & Norton’s Theorems.
3. Verification of Superposition Theorem.
4. Verification of Maximum Power Transfer & reciprocity Theorems.
5. Frequency response of series & parallel resonance circuits.
6. Transient analysis of RL and RC circuits
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
EX. NO: 1(a)
AIM:
To verify the Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) for the given circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1 RPS DC (0-30)V 1
2 Resistor - 1KΩ 3
3 Voltmeter DC (0-10)V 3
4 Bread board - - 1
5 Connecting wires - - Few
FORMULA USED:
1. CURRENT DIVISION RULE:
I = TOTAL CURRENT X OPPOSITE RESISTANCE
TOTAL RESISTANCE
2. OHM’S LAW:
V=IR
Where, V = Voltage in Volts
I = Current in Amperes
R = Resister in Ohms
THEORY:
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:
It states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages in a closed loop is equal
to zero.
∑V = 0
CALCULATION:
= 1K = 1K ; = 1K
Let V = 5V,
I1= I*R2
R1+R2
V1=I1*R1
In the loop ABEFA,
Circuit Diagram for Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
PROCEDURE:
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Initially set 5V as input voltage from RPS.
4. The voltmeter readings are noted and the values are tabulated.
5. The same procedure is repeated for various values.
Table:
Let V = 5V
Resistance in Ohms Voltage in Volts V = V1 + V3
R1 R2 R3 RT V1 V2 V3 = V2 + V3 (V)
Theoretical
Practical
RESULT:
Thus the Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) for the given circuit is verified.
KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
EX. NO: 1(b)
AIM:
To verify the Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) for the given circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1 RPS DC (0-30)V 1
2 Resistor - 1KΩ 3
3 Ammeter DC (0-30)mA 3
4 Bread board - - 1
5 Connecting wires - - Few
FORMULA USED:
1. CURRENT DIVISION RULE:
I = TOTAL CURRENT X OPPOSITE RESISTANCE
TOTAL RESISTANCE
2. OHM’S LAW:
Where, V = Voltage in Volts
I = Current in Amperes
R = Resister in Ohms
THEORY:
KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:
It states that the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a node is equal
to zero.
CALCULATION:
= 1K = 1K ; = 1K
Let V = 5V,
I1= I*R2
R1+R2
At node B the current = I=I1+I2
Circuit Diagram for Kirchoff’s Current Law
PROCEDURE:
KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Initially set 5V as input voltage from RPS.
4. The ammeter readings are noted and the values are tabulated.
5. The same procedure is repeated for various values.
Table:
Let V = 5V , So I = 3.3 mA
Resistance in Ohms Current in mA
R1 R2 R3 RT I1 I2 I = I1+I2
Theoritical
Practical
RESULT:
Thus the Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) for the given circuit is verified.
THEVENIN’S THEOREM
EX. NO: 2(a)
AIM:
To verify the Thevenin’s theorem for the given circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1 RPS DC (0-30)V 1
2 Resistor - 1KΩ 3
3 Ammeter DC (0-10)mA 1
4 Bread board - - 1
5 Connecting wires - - Few
THEORY:
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
Any linear active network with output terminals C and D can be replaced
by a single voltage source (V Th = VOc) in series with a single impedance (ZTh =
Zi).
VTh is the Thevenin’s voltage. It is the voltage between the terminals C
and D on open circuit condition. Hence it is called open circuit voltage denoted by
VOc.
ZTh is called Thevenin’s impedance. It is the driving point impedance at the
terminals C and D when all the internal sources are set to zero. In case of DC Z Th
is replaced by RTh.
Circuit Diagram for Thevenin’s Theorem
CALCULATION:
The Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is,
To Find RTH:
= 1K = 1K ;
RTH= R1*R2
R1+R2
To Find VTH:
Let V = 5V,
VTH=VBE
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Initially set 5V as input voltage from RPS.
4. The ammeter reading is noted and the value is tabulated.
Table:
Let V = 5V
Load Current in Amps
[Link] Voltage in Volts
Theoretical Value Practical Value
1 5
RESULT:
Thus the Thevenin’s theorem for the given circuit is verified successfully.
NORTON’S THEOREM
EX. NO: 2(b)
AIM:
To verify the Norton’s theorem for the given circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1 RPS DC (0-30)V 1
2 Resistor - 1KΩ 3
3 Ammeter DC (0-10)mA 1
4 Bread board - - 1
5 Connecting wires - - Few
THEORY:
NORTON’S THEOREM:
Any linear active network with output terminals C and D can be replaced
by a single current source ISC(IN) in parallel with a single impedance (ZTh = Zn).
ISC is the current through the terminals C and D on short circuit condition.
ZTh is called Thevenin’s impedance. In case of DC ZTh is replaced by RTh.
The current through impedance connected to the terminals of the Norton’s
equivalent circuit must have the same direction as the current through the same
impedance connected to the original active network.
Circuit Diagram for Norton’s Theorem
CALCULATION:
The Norton’s equivalent circuit is,
To Find RTH:
= 1K = 1K ;
RTH= R1*R2
R1+R2
To Find ISC:
Let V=5V
In the loop ABEFA by applying KVL,
In the loop BCDEB by applying KVL,
From the equation (I) and (2),
∴
IL = ISC*RTH
RTH+RL
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Initially set 5V as input voltage from RPS.
4. The ammeter reading is noted and the value is tabulated.
Table:
Let V = 5V
ISC IL
Theoritical
Practical
RESULT:
Thus the Norton’s theorem for the given circuit is verified successfully.
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
EX. NO: 3
AIM:
To verify the superposition theorem for the given circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1 RPS DC (0-30)V 2
2 Resistor - 1KΩ 3
3 Ammeter DC (0-10)mA 1
4 Bread board - - 1
5 Connecting wires - - Few
THEORY:
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:
The superposition theorem for electrical circuits states that the total
current in any branch of a bilateral linear circuit equals the algebraic sum of the
currents produced by each source acting separately throughout the circuit.
To ascertain the contribution of each individual source, all of the other
sources first must be "killed" (set to zero) by:
1. replacing all other voltage sources with a short circuit (thereby eliminating
difference of potential. i.e. V=0)
2. replacing all other current sources with an open circuit (thereby eliminating
current. i.e. I=0)
This procedure is followed for each source in turn, and then the resultant
currents are added to determine the true operation of the circuit. The resultant
circuit operation is the superposition of the various voltage and current sources.
Circuit Diagram for Superposition Theorem
Table:
Load current across the branch AB
E1 E2 (mA)
[Link]
voltage(Volts) voltage(Volts)
Theoritical Practical
E1 SOURCE IS ACTING:
CALCULATION:
= 1K = 1K ; = 1K
Let V = 5V,
Table:
Load current across the branch
AB (mA)
[Link] E1 voltage(Volts)
Theoritical Practical
1 5
E2 SOURCE IS ACTING:
CALCULATION:
= 1K = 1K ; = 1K
Let V = 10V,
Table:
Load current across the branch
AB (mA)
[Link] E2 voltage(Volts)
Theoritical Practical
1 10
E1 and E2 SOURCES ARE ACTING:
RESULT:
Thus the superposition theorem for the given circuit is verified.
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
EX. NO: 4
AIM:
To verify the maximum power transfer theorem for the given circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1 RPS DC (0-30)V 1
2 Resistor - 1KΩ 2
3 Variable Resistor 1KΩ 1
4 Ammeter DC (0-10)mA 1
5 Bread board - - 1
6 Connecting wires - - Few
THEORY:
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:
In electrical engineering, the maximum power (transfer) theorem states
that, to obtain maximum external power from a source to a load with a finite
internal resistance, the resistance of the load must be made the same as that of
the source.
The theorem applies to maximum power, and not maximum efficiency. If
the resistance of the load is made larger than the resistance of the source, then
efficiency is higher, since most of the power is generated in the load, but the
overall power is lower since the total circuit resistance goes up.
If the internal impedance is made larger than the load then most of the
power ends up being dissipated in the source, and although the total power
dissipated is higher, due to a lower circuit resistance, it turns out that the amount
dissipated in the load is reduced.
Circuit Diagram for Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem CALCULATION:
To Find RTH:
= 1K = 1K ;
To Find VTH:
Let V = 5V,
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Initially set 5V as input voltage from RPS.
4. The ammeter reading is noted for various values of load
resistance and the values are tabulated.
5. The load resistance for the maximum power is obtained from
the table.
Table:
Let V = 5V
Resistance Current Power (IL2RL)
[Link] (RL) (IL)
in mW
in Ohms in mA
1 100
2 200
3 300
4 400
5 500
6 700
7 900
RESULT:
Thus the maximum power transfer theorem for the given circuit is verified
successfully.
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF RESONANCE CIRCUIT
EX. NO: 5
AIM:
To analyze the frequency response of series and parallel resonance circuits.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
Function (1Hz-
1 AC 1
Generator 3MHz)
2 Resistor AC 600Ω 1
3 Inductor AC 101.4mH 1
4 Capacitor AC 0.01mF 1
5 Ammeter AC (0-10)mA 1
6 Bread board - - 1
7 Connecting wires - - Few
THEORY:
The resonance of a RLC circuit occurs when the inductive and capacitive
reactance are equal in magnitude but cancel each other because they are 180
degrees apart in phase. The sharp minimum in impedance which occurs is useful
in tuning applications. The sharpness of the minimum depends on the value of
R.
The frequency at which the reactance of the inductance and the
capacitance cancel each other is the resonant frequency (or the unity power
factor frequency) of this circuit. This occurs at
SERIES RESONANCE:
Circuit Diagram for Series Resonant
CALCULATION:
R = 600Ω
L=
101.4mH C
= 0.01µF
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. The input is given in the form of sin wave by function generator.
4. The amplitude of the response across the resistor is noted
for various frequency ranges.
5. The current is calculated and tabulated.
Table:
Output
S.N Frequncy I=V/R
voltage
o (KHz) (mA)
(Volts)
1 1
2 2
3 2.5
4 3
5 4.5
6 6
7 7
8 8
Frequency Response of Series Resonance Circuit
PARALLEL RESONANCE:
Circuit Diagram for Parallel Resonant
CALCULATION:
R = 600Ω
L=
101.4mH C
= 0.01µF
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. The input is given in the form of sin wave by function generator.
4. The amplitude of the response across the resistor is noted for
various frequency ranges.
5. The current is calculated and tabulated.
Table:
Output
Frequency I=V/R
voltage
(KHz) (mA)
[Link] (Volts)
1 1
2 1.8
3 2.5
4 3
5 4
6 5.2
7 7
8 8
Frequency Response of Parallel Resonance Circuit
RESULT:
Thus the frequency response of series and parallel resonant circuits are analyzed.
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF RL AND RC CIRCUIT
EX. NO: 6
AIM:
To construct RL & RC transient circuit and to draw the transient curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link]. NAME OF RANGE TYPE QTY.
THE
EQUIPMENT
1. RPS (0-30)V DC 1
2. Ammeter (0-10)mA MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0-10)V MC 1
4. Resistor 10 KΩ - 3
5. Capacitor 1000 µ F - 1
6. Bread board - - 1
7. Connecting - Single strand As required
wires
THEORY:
Electrical devices are controlled by switches which are closed to connect supply to the
device, or opened in order to disconnect the supply to the device. The switching operation will
change the current and voltage in the device. The purely resistive devices will allow instantaneous
change in current and voltage.
An inductive device will not allow sudden change in current and capacitance device will
not allow sudden change in voltage. Hence when switching operation is performed in inductive
and capacitive devices, the current & voltage in device will take a certain time to change from pre
switching value to steady state value after switching. This phenomenon is known as transient. The
study of switching condition in the circuit is called transient [Link] state of the circuit from
instant of switching to attainment of steady state is called transient state. The time duration from
the instant of switching till the steady state is called transient period. The current & voltage of
circuit elements during transient period is called transient response.
FORMULA:
Time constant of RC circuit = RC
PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
Before switching ON the power supply the switch S should be in off position
Now switch ON the power supply and change the switch to ON position.
The voltage is gradually increased and note down the reading of ammeter
and voltmeter for each time duration in [Link] RL circuit measure the
Ammeter reading.
Tabulate the readings and draw the graph of Vc(t)Vs t
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RL CIRCUIT:
TABULATION:
[Link]. TIME CHARGING DISCHARGING
(msec) CURRENT (I) A CURRENT (I) A
MODEL GRAPH:
MODEL CALCULATION & ANALYSIS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RC CIRCUIT:
MODEL GRAPH:
CHARGING DISCHARGING
[Link]
TABULATION:
CHARGING:
[Link]. TIME VOLTAGE CURRENT
(msec) ACROSS ‘C’ THROUGH
(volts) ‘C’
(mA)
MODEL CALCULATION & ANALYSIS:
TABULATION:
DISCHARGING:
[Link]. TIME VOLTAGE CURRENT
(msec) ACROSS ‘C’ THROUGH
(volts) ‘C’
(mA)
MODEL CALCULATION & ANALYSIS:
RESULT:
Thus the transient response of RL & RC circuit for DC input was verified.
