Engineering Management in Production and Services

Volume 14 • Issue 2 • 2022

received: 18 September 2021

accepted: 2 June 2022

Mathematical model prototype pages: 46-55

to optimise engineering management

© 2022 R. Kontrimovičius
and L. Ustinovičius
This work is published under the Creative
of the construction site Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 License.

Robertas Kontrimovičius
Leonas Ustinovičius
ABSTRACT
Modern construction technologies strongly affect the environment. Therefore, design and
building construction should also follow the sustainable development principle. In this
case, design and construction work based on the sustainable development principle should
aim at creating a safe and healthy living environment, the economical use of natural
resources, and the stimulation of economic development to create the welfare for humans
and favourable natural conditions. The article proposes a mathematical algorithm as
a comprehensive solution for engineering management of the planning construction site,
from the calculation of the earthworks to the automated creation of the engineering
geological cross-sections. The paper integrates engineering management, mathematical
modelling, and BIM technology. The application of the building information model is
undoubtedly one of the most advanced technologies used in the engineering management
field, whose advantages have been shown by researchers. In the preliminary stage of
construction and production management, decisions should be made regarding material
and human resources, schedules, and estimates. The main purpose of this article is the
optimisation of the excavation. Other issues important to the organisation and management
of the construction are the planning of safe work on the construction site, depending on
the soil type. Geotechnical sections allow ascertaining the need for additional fortifications
and the depth of the fortifications for safe work. The paper describes the principal
mathematical model developed by the authors to design a construction site using BIM
technologies. It presents the main formulas of a mathematical algorithm aimed at selecting
the objects used on the building site and the need for them. It also gives the main principles
of engineering management and methods for selecting the mechanisms used on the
construction site. Understandably, a specialist’s visit to the construction site will not be Leonas Ustinovičius
avoided, and it is difficult to present the entire current situation only with a review report
or photographs. Using a photogrammetric model, the expert has the opportunity not only Faculty of Engineering Management,
to visually evaluate the current condition but also to perform measurements (length, Bialystok University of Technology,
width, and volume) directly in the photogrammetric model. Important and new information Poland
about the construction site indicates all relevant obstacles, i.e., plants, surrounding ORCID 0000-0002-0027-5501
constructions, and other objects. Corresponding author:
e-mail: [email protected]
KEY WORDS
BIM, building information modelling, engineering management, building site
planning, building site management Robertas Kontrimovičius

10.2478/emj-2022-0015 Vilnius Gediminas

Technical University, Lithuania

Introduction
factors for proper planning and management of
A construction project is a complex process that a construction project. One of the main problems in
requires not only specific knowledge but also mana- the organisation of construction activities is the inef-
gerial skills. Therefore, engineering management and ficient planning of construction execution, which
technology management are especially important increases the cost of construction, prolongs construc-
Kontrimovičius, R.,& Ustinovičius, L. (2022). Mathematical model prototype to optimise engineering management of the
construction site. Engineering Management in Production and Services, 14(2), 46-55. doi: 10.2478/emj-2022-0015

46
 Engineering Management in Production and Services
Volume 14 • Issue 2 • 2022

tion work execution time, and irrational use of con- is decided just before the construction or during the
struction machinery and building materials. construction stage. Of course, the stage selected for
Construction is one of the first conscious activities of addressing the issues of preparation for construction
humankind, born from the original human security depends on the model implemented by the construc-
needs. In its first manifestations, construction was tion project. Therefore, the earlier the relevant deci-
a rather primitive integral process that united three sions are made, the less costly will be the changes in
components: thought, means, and action. From the future, both in terms of time and money.
today’s perspective, these are different components Next, in a brief discussion, the authors consider
that can already be seen as the beginning of individual the structure of information system prototyping. It is
stages: the idea, planning, design, measures and assumed that the current situation is captured by vir-
actions — construction works. Later, as humanity tual reality technologies. Tools are currently being
evolved, construction processes became more com- developed to capture the current situation using
plex, forming aesthetics and style. The need for spe- photogrammetry and laser scanning. Using the
cific knowledge and qualifications separated the scanned model further, it is necessary to convert the
individual activities, giving rise to such concepts as resulting model to a parametric model. At this stage,
“architect”, “engineer”, etc. The most impressive trans- no effective solution has been found to automate it.
formation occurred when simple activities became Manual conversion of point cloud to the BIM model
science and art. As a result of this process, construc- is currently available. To effectively plan a construc-
tion (in the general sense) was broken down into tion site, it is necessary to know vacant sites, locations
a sequence of independent processes with different unavailable for machinery installation, the building
actors. Today, this sequence is known as an extended of temporary roads or designing temporary infra-
concept of the life cycle of a building (project) that structure. Currently, this can only be achieved manu-
begins with the idea of the building and ends with its ally, i.e., simply rendered in 3D space, considering the
demolition. competence of the draftsperson.
When engineering management is performed, One of the most important problems at this point
and the construction site is planned, all the factors is that current software solutions cannot fully resolve
and risks that may arise in construction management the question of planning construction sites. As shown
must be considered. It is well known that using the in Fig. 1, there are still plenty of manual steps to
BIM methodology, a building is built twice: first, vir- complete the construction-site design process.
tually, and then physically. An analysis of foreign sci- Digital technology can have a significant impact
entific literature revealed that in German-speaking on construction management processes. The advan-
countries, the preparation for construction is sepa- tages of BIM technologies for designers are optimised
rated into an individual stage of construction project design solutions using the variant design method,
management, while in English-speaking countries, it improving the quality of the projects and reducing

Fig. 1. Information system prototyping structure

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Engineering Management in Production and Services
Volume 14 • Issue 2 • 2022

labour costs. In engineering production, BIM tech- ronment, making the design scheme more effective
nologies made it possible to introduce a unique and reasonable (Bai et al., 2021; Berner et al., 2016;
industrial construction, whereas previously, indus- Fadoul et al., 2018). There are also solutions in the
trial housing construction was associated only with literature to optimise not only the relevant work
type series and catalogues of standardised products. related to soil design but also representing a construc-
During the construction management phase, BIM tion site with pairs of simple polygons — demand and
technologies affect the following activities: work supply areas — fully contained in it. The tasks in the
planning and management; supply of materials, articles are different, from the selection and the loca-
equipment, and components; performance construc- tion of cranes on-site in a cost-minimal way to the
tion and installation works; carrying out acceptance systematic exploration of capabilities of virtual proto-
events; and documentation of works. However, before typing to assist designers in focusing on detailed ele-
planning any construction work, it is necessary to ments of design optimisation, such as connections,
carry out the earthworks. The earthworks analysis is geometry, weight, etc. The assessment also incorpo-
useful not only for the design of a building and the rates the importance of part minimisation, standardi-
calculation of structures, but the results of the earth- sation, waste reduction, efficiency improvement, and
works analysis are also extremely beneficial for plan- reduction of on-site operations, machines, and work-
ning the organisation of construction works. ers (Briskorn et al., 2019; Gbadamosi et al., 2019; Jing
et al., 2021; Mahmoudi et al., 2021; Xu et al., 2020).
1. Brief review of the However, no solution was found that would include,
for example, calculation, visualisation, and optimisa-
literature and software tion. Another topic that appears more and more fre-
quently in scientific articles is a case study. The
Many BIM-related scientific articles and confer- preload analysis process model created by Civil3D
ences discuss a common data environment, coopera- can consider uneven settlement during the stacking
tion between project participants, and building period in a large-scale site to obtain accurate stacking
modelling. As known, the greatest impact on the and unloading engineering quantities (Jian, 2021).
investment can be made at its earlier stage. Therefore, BIM has become an important tool for creating
the design of a building begins with an analysis of the a detailed process of building the geotechnical data-
existing situation, which is very important not only base and the informative geotechnical model, and the
for foundation design but also for construction man- geotechnical data. The result of the analysed article
agement planning. Therefore, when analysing the (Zhang, 2018) shows that the geotechnical data
topic of the present article, all articles that somehow archived with the proposed strategy can be integrated
analyse BIM and geotechnics were considered. The into the BIM model to form a complete BIM model,
extensive analysis showed currently no available sug- which can make decisions and maximise the past
gestions for a comprehensive solution for visualisa- investment in geotechnical data. Others present (Wei
tion, design, and optimisation of soil calculation. et al., 2021) the support of BIM software at home and
With a certain solution, engineering management is abroad for the scope of application of the BIM model
less risky. Thus, the balance is between three topics of calculation method in the field of landslide control
scientific articles that analyse BIM integrity and geo- and risk as not enough to completely restore the
technics, visualisation, case study, and optimisation. complicated field situation, but not fully checked in
The ways of visualising the land vary depending on the field of geology. In addition, the focus now is on
the designer’s software tools. It is possible with the combination of geological 3D modelling and BIM
Autodesk Products to successfully visualise soil lay- with the intention to display BIM projects in the
ers, for example, as indicated in several articles. The geological surroundings, which is used similarly to
efficient three-dimensional visual expression of sur- a traditional site investigation. Geotechnical data
vey data can not only weigh the scheme scientifically gathered as construction proceeds can be imple-
but also make decision-making convenient, simple mented, so the geological and geotechnical situation
and efficient. The 3D virtual terrain environment is can be displayed in context. Geotechnical 3D models,
modelled based on Autodesk Civil 3D and used to which are parallel and based on the geological model,
assist the geotechnical engineering survey and design. are also used. In them, geotechnical units (rock mass
Engineers can view the geological structure data types) are modelled as volume blocks and linked with
more accurately and intuitively in the real 3D envi- geotechnical parameter sets (Cudrigh et al., 2018).

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 Engineering Management in Production and Services
Volume 14 • Issue 2 • 2022

In contrast to BIM technologies, which are used mats. However, a more significant drawback is the
to create digital terrain models and building struc- impossibility of transferring data from geotechnical
tures in the field of engineering and geological sur- surveys in digital form from the geological programs
veys, up to now, the collection and processing of noted above into geotechnical programs. Geotechni-
research data have been carried out manually with cal level programs, e.g., Flac, Z-soil, MidasGTS, etc.,
a presentation in the form of reports on paper or, at perform the calculation using the data from engi-
best, in digital form in ASCII and XLS formats. neering, geological, and geotechnical studies. Usually,
Simultaneously, the results of soil stratigraphy deter- solving various engineering problems in geotechnical
mination are presented in JPEG, BMP, etc., in the programs is associated with manual input of soil
form of lithological columns and two- or three- characteristics directly into programs or using the
dimensional cuts. Among the programs most used by appropriate procedure of a specific finite element
geotechnical engineers are GEO5, PLAXIS, STIMAN, program.
etc. Note that in programs for graphical construction
of a two- or three-dimensional geological model, 2. Main purpose and
AutoCAD, MicroStation, and NanoCAD are used.
All these and other known programs focus on storing
methodology
data from engineering-geological and geotechnical
studies and their processing. An analysis of the pro- The main task of geological and geotechnical
grams for geologists noted above shows that they all engineering research is to create a computational
have the following disadvantages: (1) field and labo- geomechanical model that will help in engineering
ratory test data are entered into test data interpreta- management. Traditionally, a geomechanical model
tion programs manually into the appropriate tables or is a three-dimensional soil mass consisting of various
via Excel, (2) the absence of a procedure for auto- engineering geological elements and a set of norma-
matically determining the soils characteristics from tive and design geological models. It is necessary to
geological and geotechnical studies necessary for carry out the following work: (1) an analysis of engi-
calculation of bases using analytical decisions, (3) the neering and geological surveys of previous years, (2)
lack of procedure for determining parameters for soil the determination of the name of soils according to
models from geological and geotechnical research static sounding data and building a lithological col-
required to calculate the stress–strain state of founda- umn, (3) a complex of laboratory and field studies of
tions using numerical methods, (4) the lack of con- soil properties, and (4) 2D or 3D digital imaging of
nection between geological and geotechnical studies soil characteristics. One of the existing problems is
and programs for calculating foundations for limit the definition of the boundaries of engineering–geo-
states, (5) the lack of assessment of the heterogeneity logical elements, which are often subjectively found
of a natural soil massif and its influence on the behav- by a geotechnical engineer, especially in the presence
ior of construction objects, (6) traditional representa- of lenses or wedging of soil layers.
tion of a three-dimensional model in the form of soil To increase the accuracy of the geological layers
layers, and not in the form of a digital field of soil and boundaries, a digital model of soil characteristics
characteristics, and (7) the presentation of research should be developed. Then, the available completed
data in the form of a paper report in docx or pdf for- information allows a broad and accurate analysis of
Fig. 1. Information system prototyping structure

Fig. 2. Geological sections

Stage I 49

Structuring of the earthworks process

Engineering Management in ProductionFig.
and 2.Services
Geological sections Volume 14 • Issue 2 • 2022

Stage I
Structuring of the earthworks process

Stage II
Preparation of alternatives for design solutions for earthworks

Stage IV
Mathematical modelling and optimisation of the volume of earthworks on the construction site

Stage V
Integration of the rational solution for the execution of earthworks into the documents for the
execution of construction works

Fig. 3. Rational design solutions for the performance of earthworks

the soil. In the construction engineering preparation Therefore, the study focuses on the influence of the
system, rational design solutions for the performance slopes of the construction site on the volume of the
of the earthworks are prepared in the following stages. soil and the range of its movement. Converting the
natural terrain into an easy-to-build view is carried
out vertically on the site layout. Experience has shown
3. Mathematical modelling that when planning work, due attention is often
and optimisation of unpaid to the preservation of the vegetation layer,
earthworks on the which must be cut off and saved for reclamation of
disturbed relief areas before starting site planning
construction site work.
Construction site planning can be carried out at
A project made with BIM technology is built a given planning level or with a zero balance of the
twice, once virtually and then physically. BIM tech- earth masses. To drain the atmospheric water, slopes
nology and principles apply not only to buildings but are attached to the construction site. When develop-
Fig. 4. Layout scheme for an elementary site
also to all construction-related processes, including ing documentation for the vertical layout of the site
the calculation of earthworks. Therefore, it is vital to slopes, they are set intuitively, based on the designer’s
fully analyse the current situation in advance and experience. To study the effect of construction slopes
perform a simulation of the planned works. When on the volumes of earth masses and their distance,
planning construction work, one of the most impor- the movement was taken on a platform measuring
tant advantages of BIM technology is the calculation 120 by 160 m, which is divided into squares with a
of earthworks. This section presents mathematical side of 40 m. In the study, 46 options for various
modelling and optimisation of the volume of earth- slopes were considered. A site without slopes (hori-
works, which are necessary for the designer to zontal) was taken as an assessment option. The calcu-
develop a construction organisation project, during lated results obtained as volumes of earthen masses
which engineering and production management are (Vi,m3) and distances of soil movement (Li, m) are
planned. The average range of ground movement is expressed in relative values, i.e., the percentage of the
determined by the designers to calculate the labour volume of earth masses (Pv) and the range of their
costs for the execution of earthworks according to the displacement (PL) on a horizontal platform. The con-
vertical layout, choose a set of earth-moving vehicles ducted studies of changes in the volume of earth
and estimate their costs. An analysis of the works masses and the distance of their movement from the
allowed concluding that no relationship has been slope construction sites showed that the slope of the
established between the volume of soil and the range site, the volume of earth masses, and the range of
of its movement from the slopes of the projected site. movement of the soil were in a functional relation-

50
 Fig. 3. Rational design solutions for the performanceprojected surface in each elementary section is
of earthworks
Engineering Management in Production and Services
Volume 14 • Issue 2 • 2022 a plane whose boundaries of which are straight lines
z𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = k𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1, ����� 4, and it can be written as
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦). The task is then to determine the volume
bounded between the projected surface 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) and
the existing surface 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦). The following cases are
possible:
1. if 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 > 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧1 at any point in the elementary
section, i.e., 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) > 0, then the volume
will be “+” (filling).
2. if 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 < 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧1 at any point in the elementary
section, i.e., 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) < 0, then the volume
will be “–” (cutting).
3. if 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 > 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧1 in some domain of the elementary
section, and in the other 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 < 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧1 , then there is
Fig. 4. Layout scheme for a transition
an elementary boundary site where 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧1 , i.e., 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) −
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) = 0.
ship. For example, when the slope along the Y-axis Surfaces E and P can be defined as the following
changes from plus 4 % to negative, the difference in equations:
the volumes of earth masses reaches 52 % and the
distance of ground movement changes by 26.3 %. The 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴1𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵1𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶1𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷1 (1)
method of determining the volume of earth masses is 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 (2)
based on finding the volume of an elementary site,
the planned site, enclosed between the surface of the Since at the points of intersection of surfaces P =
relief and the planned plane. Fig. 4 shows the layout E, it means 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴1𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵1𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶1𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷1 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 +
diagram of the elementary section.
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 or it can be the same as (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴1)𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 +
The construction site can be tied to an arbitrary
(𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐵 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵1)𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶1)𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐷 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷1) = 0; {(𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐵
coordinate system and divided into elementary
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵1) + (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶1)𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎}𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴1 − 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷1 − 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷);
sections, at the vertices of which you can define the z1
and z marks. The boundary of the relief surface in (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴1 − 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷1 − 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷)
each elementary section is sufficiently smooth and is 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴1𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 +𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵1𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = (3)
(𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵+−𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶1𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵1) + +(𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷1−𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶1)𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴1𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵1𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶1𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
described by a polynomial of the second order: 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧1𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2 (𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 2 ) + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1, ����� 4, then the This means that the equation of the line has been
existing surface can be represented as 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦). The received, which divides the elementary section into
projected surface in each elementary section is (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴1 and − 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷1 − 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴1 −onto 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥the + (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷1 − 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦positive
= negative areas. The projection
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =
a plane whose boundaries of which are straight lines XOY plane of the elementary section will be(𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶1)𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
(𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 − 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵1) + (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶1)𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 − 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵1) +
�����
z𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = k𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1, 4, and it can be written as expressed by the area D, limited by straight lines:
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦). The task is then to determine the volume
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦1 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥3 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
bounded between the projected 1) surface= 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, ;𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) and 1) = 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦1 ; 3) = 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦3 ; 3
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1 2 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦1 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1 2 1 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥4 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥3 4 3
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦1
the existing surface 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦). The following cases are 1)
3) 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥13 ==𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦2−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦13 ; ;
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
possible: 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦3 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
2) 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ;
2 2
2) 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 2
4 3 42
; 4) 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥3 = 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦3 4
1. if 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 > 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧1 at any point in the elementary 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 4 3 4 3

section, i.e., 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥3
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) > 0, then the volume
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦3
3)
will be𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥4“+” = ; Or it4)can𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 also3 be 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦3
= expressed as:
−𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥3(filling).
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦4 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦3 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥4 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥3 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦4 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦3
2. if 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 < 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧1 at any point in (𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦2the elementary
−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦1 )𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1 +𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦1 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1 (𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 )𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦2 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥+𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1 (𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 )𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 +𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
1)
section, i.e., 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) < 0, then the
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = volume
1) + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦1)1 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =2(𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦21−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1)𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 3)2 1 +𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 11 1+ 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦+= 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦11 4 3 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥4 3 3 33) + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦3)3
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 1 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
1 1 4 3
Or will it can (𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 )𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 +𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 )𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 +𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 )𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 +𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
bealso “–” be expressed
(cutting). 2) as: 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 3 2 3 2 2 2
2) + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦2)2 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =3 32 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥3 4) (𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 )𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
32 2 2 2 22 +𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
+𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦+= 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦22 1 4 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1 4 4 44) + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦4)4
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥3 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2 3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥3 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
22 1 4
3. if 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 > 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧1 in some domain of the elementary
(𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 )𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 +𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦1 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1 (𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 )𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 +𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
1) section, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =and2 in1 the2 1other +𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 <𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦1 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧1 , then there is 3)
from here, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 4𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎4 +3 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 3, 3 where + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦3 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,
−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥4𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖−𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
a transition(𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦3boundary +𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦2 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧1 , i.e., 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) −
−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦2 )𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥3 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2where (𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦1 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦4 )𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥4 +𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦4 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥4 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
2) 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦2 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =4) 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥,
= 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − =𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 , 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 −
= 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥,
����
1,4 , 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)}
if 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 > 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
4, so
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 +𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖=𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦=4�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥,
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 1. The 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
projected
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) = 0. 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥3 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥4

Surfaces E and P can be defined as the𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦following plane

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷− 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) can be specified as follows: 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷−
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
from equations: here, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , where 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = , 1) parallel to the X0Y-axis. Then it takes the
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =following �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) equation − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥, form: 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦=+�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥,
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 0, or, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) −by𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
����, if 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 > 4, so 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1. The projected
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1,4 51
plane 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 can be specified
= 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴1𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵1𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 +as𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶1𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
follows: + 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷1 (1) reducing
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷+ in C, it will be: 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0, where
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷+ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧0 in
 1) 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦1 3) 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 +𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦3𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = �𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥4 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥3 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = �𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
(𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦3 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦1 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦4 )𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥4 +𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 4 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥4 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = �𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 2 )𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
−𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 3 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2 +𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦2 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2 4)
= 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ,2) where 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =
Engineering 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘Management
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
3 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 in Production
, + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦2 and Services
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = �𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
1 4 Volume
+ 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦4
14 • Issue 2 •
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
2022
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (6)
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
����, if 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 > 4, so 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1. The projected
1,4 Since the function 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
Since 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,the 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) function is continuous 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) on isthe continuous on the
Sinceclosure the function 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖̅ −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) Since is 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, the function
continuous
̅ on𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, the 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) is continuous on the
be specified as follows: from here, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , where 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 of the
, domain
closure Since 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 of
which
the the function domain
is connected, 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆,
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, which
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) thenis is connected,
continuous onthen the
closure 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆it̅ of the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
domain 0 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, closure which 0 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆is̅ of
̅ connected, the 0 domain then 0 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, which is connected, then
Since has point хonsuch itclosure has (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 point ∈𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 of)хthe ̅ such such that (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 the ∈ equality ̅ ) suchisthat
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆which the equality
o the X0Y-axis. 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦Then 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖it = the
, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 takes ����,the
1,4 function
if 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 > 4, so 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)1.isThe
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, continuous projected the
̅) such х00 the
domain
suchequality
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆,
(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 00 ∈0 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆̅)̅ such that the equality
connected, then
̅ it has point х0 such (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 0 ∈it 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆has point that
on form: plane 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 +𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, closure
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)= can 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
0, or, of the
be specifiedby domain 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, which is
as follows:∬𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦∬ connected, then it = has point 0 )𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆,
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, х such
hence (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
= 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 the0 value ∈ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 )
)𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, hence such of that the
the value of equality
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎the 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 value = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 )𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, 0 hence the 0 value 0 of
0 )𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆,
will be: 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0, itwherehas point
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = х
𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
0
insuch (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 0∬ 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
∈ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ̅) such 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)that 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 the =equality 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎∬ hence 0 of 0𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
1) parallel to the 0 X0Y-axis. Then it takes the 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 the function the
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) functionin
∬𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎0𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 the point
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) х in, the
)𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, ) point =
hence the х , 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 value )= of
the function 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 0 in the point х0 , 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 0 ) =
on, the areafollowing to be controlled. the 0 function
)𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, hence 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
the 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)
value in of the point х , 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) =
∬𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 equation 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 form: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 + 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ∬= 0, or,
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 by
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ∬the function
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) in the point х 0
, 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 0
) =
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
∬𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 0 . Let the virtual
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
0 ∬𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦plane . Let the havevirtual a mark plane 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 have a mark 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
nly the X- and reducing Y-axes. thein function If
C,𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, it will 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)be: is 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 +
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 in = 0,the where point 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. = х 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 ,
Let0the virtual in
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) =
∬𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) plane 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 have 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦. Let a mark the virtual 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 plane have a mark 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 from absolute mark from 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆absolute
±0.000. . Let Letmark the ±0.000.
us virtual
calculate plane Let
the us have calculate a markthe 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
axis, then the whole plane has
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)the
∬𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 definition, form
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 the area tofrom be controlled. absolute mark ±0.000. from 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
absolute
Let us mark
calculate ±0.000. the Let us calculate the
. Let the virtual plane volume haveofa the mark soilvolume 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣massabsolute
from inofthe theregion soilmark mass S±0.000.between in the region the usScalculate
Let between the
. If the slope 2) to parallel the 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 Y-axis only the is X- andvolume Y-axes.ofIfthe 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, soil 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)mass is in volume the region of theS soil between massthe in the region S between the
relief function 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,relief 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) and
function the virtual
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, plane
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) and the
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, virtual
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦). plane 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦).
e plane equation parallelfrom takes
to theabsolute theX-axis, formmark then the ±0.000.
relief plane Let
function has us calculate
the𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, form 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) and
the
volume of the soil mass in the
relief the function
virtual plane 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, and 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦).
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 region S between
the virtual plane 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦).
the
where 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧0 .+If𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 volume
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, of
is parallel the soil mass in the The
region volumeS between between The
the
relief the
volumefunction surface between of
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, the 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) therelief
and surface and
the the
virtual of the planerelief 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃and (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, the
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦).
+ 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 0. If the slope Thetovolume the Y-axis between isthe surface The volume of thebetween relief and thethe surface of the relief and the
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

the plane has the form relief function

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 the + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧plane 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
+ equation 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) and the virtualvirtual plane plane 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 over
(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, virtual the region plane
The volume between the surface of the relief and the
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦). over
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 is then the region
determined 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 is then determined
specified, then virtualtakes plane the over form 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
the region virtual 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 plane is expression: thenover determined the region 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 is then determined
e to the X axis The volume between the surface from
of the the relief expression: and from
virtualtheplane
the over the region 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 is then determined
±𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦is+specified, 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = then 0, where the 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧0from . If 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, the expression:𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) is parallel from the expression:
ane takes the to the form Y-axis,virtual
±𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + thenplane
𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 +the 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑over =plane thehas region the form 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 is𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 then + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 determined + from the expression:
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
− 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, = �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦− 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 0. from If thethe slope expression:to the X axis is specified, then the 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)}= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 (7)− 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)
has a slopeequation both towards theplane X-axis 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
of the takes the form ±𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
Y-axis. In this case, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑its=equation is 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
0, where 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧0 . Therefore, the optimal Therefore, average the mark optimal 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻0average , based mark 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻0 , based (7)
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 0. For given3) slopes the plane towards hasthe a slope both towards Therefore, the X-axis the optimal average Therefore, markthe 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 optimal , based 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 average mark𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻0 , based
on the equality of onvolumes: the Therefore, equality 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻0 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉the= of𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧0𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣optimal + 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣. Possible
volumes: average 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻0 = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧mark 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 .𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻Possible 0 , based
he plane equation and towards takesthe theY-axis. form In thisoncase, the its equality equation of𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻volumes:is on the 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻0 equality = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 + of 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
. Possible volumes: 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻0 = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣. Possible
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
Therefore, the optimal average mark
design surfaces ofdesign 0 , based on a construction the equality
surfaces of of
sitea construction
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 volumes:
with its vertical 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 0 site = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣with + its 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 . Possiblevertical
+ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0, where 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =+𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 0 . + 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 0. For given design slopes towards of𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣athe design surfaces ofitsa vertical construction site with 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆its vertical
on the equality of volumes: 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻surfaces
0layout = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 +can . construction
Possible
be represented
layout
design
siteaswith
can
surfaces be a represented
bunch
of a construction of planes as a bunch
in
site with of its planes vertical in
and 3 are assumed X- and to Y-axes, be positive the plane if equation layouttakes can be therepresented form 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
layout as a can
bunch be of represented planes in as a bunch of planes in
d to the ±𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 origin design surfaces of a constructionasite Cartesian with its coordinate vertical alayout Cartesian system
can be coordinate
centred
represented atsystem theaspoint acentred bunch at of the planes point in
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + ±𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼(the 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + ±𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 accepted𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0, where a Cartesian 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧0 . coordinate system a Cartesian coordinate system centred at the point
layout can be represented as a 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹{𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
bunch ; 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐of }, the planes coordinates 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹{𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
a in Cartesian ; 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦centred },ofthe which at the
coordinates
coordinate correspond point
system of which tocentred xс correspond at the to xс
point
the site), Slopes and negative in casesotherwise. 2 and 3 are assumed 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹{𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ; to bethe 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
positive if 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
which correspond to xс
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹{𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ; 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 }, the coordinates xсof
a Cartesian coordinate system
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 },
and
centred yсcoordinates
—atthe the middle point
of which
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹{𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎of
and 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐yс
;the 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦— 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 },area the correspond
themiddle and 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧of—
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆coordinates to the plan of marks
area which 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 andcorrespond 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 — plan marks to xс
s specified they as a harmonic are directed function, to the origin and yс —(the the accepted
middle of the and area yс𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆— and the𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧middle — plan ofmarks the area 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 and 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 — plan marks
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹{𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ; 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 }, the coordinates of which Н . The
correspond equation to Нandxс of
. yсThe the — equation
the beam middle of ofplanes
of the area beam
can 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 be
and of planes
𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 — plan can marks be
surface is specified coordinate as a𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐grid plane. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 of Since the site), and Н0negative . Therepresented
0
equationotherwise. ofin the Н0beam
0
. The ofequation planes of
can the be beam of planes can be
, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) and 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, are andcontinuous yс — the middle at of the area 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 and 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 — plan marks the represented form
Н0 . The 0equation 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 ± in 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 the𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ± form 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
of 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦the 0 beam 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻± ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
=
𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 of planes ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
can 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 be 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 =
The𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)relief surface is specified as represented
a harmonic function, in the form represented
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ± in𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦the 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ± form 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
= 0 ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 =
egion D, the Н0 . The of theequation earth is of the beam0 oforplanes 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,can be𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻or
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 0represented
= 0
0 ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎in± 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)
the 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼= 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦form𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦,0 ±
𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖0𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥1,± 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎…𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼± 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥, 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛.
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦±𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦=±1,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧…𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧, 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛. =
andvolumes the projected surface specified 0 oras aVolumes 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹plane. 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)Since 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎or± between 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
represented in the form 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
=of
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ±
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
earth0𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 ±𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧0 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼masses
Volumes
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
= 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼of𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦,
earth
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
0 or 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻0 ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛.
(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
= 1,
the masses
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻0…±, 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛.
site
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛.
between
relief and the site relief and
between these the surfacesfunctionsin𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, the 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) area and 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,Volumes 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)0 are 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥continuous of earth
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 at 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 Volumes
masses between of earth
the site relief masses andbetween the site relief and
0 or 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ± such 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 planes:
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1, … such
, 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛. planes:
Volumes of earth masses between the site relief and
d by the mathematical all points inmodel the region 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖in the D, the such 0 volumes 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
planes: of 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 the
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 earth such planes:
ence of these functions Volumes {𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, of 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) earth − masses between the site relief and such planes:
masses enclosed between these surfaces in the area
such planes:in the 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 −𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹=𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦−=𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖0,(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} (8) 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
= 1, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦…=, 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛.0, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
alculated bycan a doublebe represented integral by the mathematical model in the 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 =𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖=(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,1,𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} … , 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
form of the difference of these functions {𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛.𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} and are calculated by a double integral
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
Consequently, in the theConsequently, statement thatthe thestatement equality of that the equality of (8)
domain D: Consequently, the statement Consequently, that the equality the statement of that the equality of
the volumes of embankments the volumes Consequently, of
and embankments
excavationsthe statement ofand the thatexcavations the equality of the of
the volumes of embankments the volumes and excavations of embankments of the and excavations of the
Consequently, the statement situations. planned
that the site
equality meet planned
the of the volumes optimality site ofmeet embankments conditions
the optimality is and not conditions
excavations isof not
the
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} planned 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦siteThen, meetsince the
(4) theminimising planned site
optimality functional
conditions meet(4) the of
is optimality the
not conditions is not
the volumes of embankments amount and complete
of excavationswork on ofexpression
the complete
the
planned construction site since(1) meet indicates
expression
site thecan many
optimality
be (1) such indicates conditions manyissuch not
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷− situations.
complete since expressionsituations. Then, the minimising complete (1) indicates functional
since Then, expression
many the of such the
minimising (1) indicates functional manyofsuch the
planned site meet the optimality represented conditions is not complete since expression (1) indicates many such
amount
situations. 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = Then, of as
�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, work the𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) on −the
minimising 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, construction
situations.
amount 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 functional of𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦Then, work siteof theon can the minimising
the be construction functional site (4)
of
can the be
mal average elevation 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐complete of the since
= �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 0 grading 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − expression
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
isamount 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)}
represented
(1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 indicates many
of 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷− work as on(5)
such
the construction site can
(5)
be 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+
amount
represented of work as on the construction𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥+ site can be
rom the equality condition 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷+ of the volume
represented as 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 � ⎯⎯� 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+
represented as 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥+ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+
massif on the site The before optimaland average after elevation the 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 of the = �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 0 grading 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)is− 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 =𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 �⎯⎯�𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖−(5)
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+ 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥+
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � ⎯⎯� 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥+
volume ofdetermined the soil massif fromonthe the equality site bycondition of 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷+the volume 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)}𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 � ⎯ ⎯ � 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥+
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 �⎯⎯� 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(9)
Restrictions: 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷1 + 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2 + of . .the . + 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 soil 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 can massif be on calculated the site before and after the 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
ral: grading. The volume of the soilRestrictions: massif on the site by Restrictions:
�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0;
region 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷1 + 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2 + . . . + Restrictions:
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 can be calculated Restrictions:
double integral: �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0;𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − (10) 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0;
�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 0; 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0;
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = �𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 (6) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (6) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ≥ 0; (11)
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ≥ 0;𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ≥ 0;
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = �𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 (6) 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
function 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) is continuous on the �{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+ 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+≥ 0; 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ≥ 0;
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝜖𝜖𝜖𝜖 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻0 ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧); 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛;
the domain52𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, which is connected, then 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝜖𝜖𝜖𝜖 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻0 ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ± 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝜖𝜖𝜖𝜖𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧); 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖±=𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼1, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎… ,±𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛;𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧); 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1
х0 such (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 0 ∈ Since 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆̅) such that the equality
the function 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) is continuous on the 0 0 0 00 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
 (11) (11)
(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)} Engineering Management in Production and Services
Volume 14�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
2 • 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)
�{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
• Issue 2022 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖− 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)}𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎≥𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦0;≥ 0;
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆+
But the solution proposed in the article has strengths
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 𝜖𝜖𝜖𝜖 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻0𝜖𝜖𝜖𝜖±𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼0𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥±𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖±
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖±
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖=
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧=𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧);
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧);
= 1, , 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛;… ,(12)
… 1,
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛; (12) (12)optimisation method is benefi-
because the suggested
cial in many areas, from project planning and project
= 0𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻0 =𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻0𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 , 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 00);, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎00);𝜖𝜖𝜖𝜖𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆;0 𝜖𝜖𝜖𝜖𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆;
0
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆.0 𝜖𝜖𝜖𝜖 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆.
𝜖𝜖𝜖𝜖 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 (13) (13) (13)
engineering management to specific construction
works (foundation installation, etc.).
Therefore, it is possible to optimise the volume of A literature and software review has shown that
the earthworks in the case of vertical levelling of the tools are currently being developed that calculate the
site, provided that the ground balance is zero. The scope of earthworks using BIM models. However, the
optimality criterion is the coincidence of the relief analysis did not find any complex solutions that
surface and the planning plane. In this case, the would include land type determination, land model-
optimisation vector of the volume of work is deter- ling, earthworks calculation and optimisation. There-
mined under the condition that the slopes of the ter- fore, this paper presented a mathematical model that
rain and the planning plane coincide in value and optimises earthworks.
direction. This article also aims to invite researchers to fur-
The methodology for determining the volume of ther explore the topic of earthwork optimisation
earth masses, the distance of their movement, and using BIM technology. The optimisation algorithm
their relationship with the mechanisation of work not presented in this paper allows for performing further
only allow determining rational methods for carry- optimisation tasks related to the construction site
ing out earthworks at the construction site but also organisation. This means that once a rational plan for
give a breakdown of the work in general, which must earthworks and soil supply is known, the mechanisms
be considered when planning earthwork. to be used in the soil supply system are further
selected. With the rational soil supply plan, the
Discussion and conclusions required number of trucks is determined on the con-
struction site. Excavators and trucks are optimised
for the purpose of this work: the required number of
Engineering construction management is one of machines transporting the soil is made available for
the most difficult construction processes. The success bringing the soil to the construction site when the soil
of the entire project depends on the management of is excavated with different mechanisms (excavators,
the construction. To plan a proper engineering con- loaders, draglines) to keep the total costs of machine
struction management process, it is necessary to downtime the lowest. After receiving a rational design
know all the potential risks that may arise during the solution for the soil spreading and soil supply plan,
project. One of the solutions proposed in this article the required number of mobile trucks is integrated
allows for accurate earthworks. The reviewed state of into the construction work documents (construction
BIM technologies illustrates the importance of incor- work technology project, estimates, work schedules,
porating geotechnical survey data into the BIM pro- etc.).
cess. The proposed information technology combines This article examined one of the most important
engineering and geological research and design of issues related to engineering management, i.e., the
the foundations of buildings and structures into optimisation of earthworks. Other important issues
a single production engineering process and can be for the organisation and management of construction
used as one of the elements in the composition of are the planning of safe work on the construction site,
digital information systems of buildings and struc- depending on the type of soil. Geotechnical sections
tures. Information modelling technology allows allow for planning a need for additional fortifications
reducing the time and improve the quality of engi- and their depths for safe work.
neering–geological studies due to the automation of
laboratory and field soil testing and the determina-
tion of soil characteristics with the simultaneous cal- Acknowledgements
culation of building foundations and facilities for
limit states. The proposed model may have restric- The publication of the article for 11th Interna-
tions on its use if soil properties and species are tional Conference on Engineering, Project, and Pro-
incorrectly determined. Then, the soil optimisation duction Management - EPPM2021 was financed in
task can be calculated incorrectly, so engineering the framework of the contract no. DNK/
planning and management would have inaccuracies. SN/465770/2020 by the Ministry of Science and

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Volume 14 • Issue 2 • 2022

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