lighting Design
Illumination
• The amount of light falling on a surface is measured by an instrument called a
photometer or light meter
• Illumination is measured in lumens/m2 (lux)
Other terms
• Luminous intensity
• Point source
• Lumen
• Luminous Flux
• Illuminance
Luminous intensity, L.I
• The L.I. of a lamp is defined as the light radiating capacity of the source in a
given direction
• It is expressed in Candelas (Cd.)
Point source, P.S.
• A P.S. of light is a source which is considered concentrated at a point.
• A uniform P.S. is a point source emitting light uniformly in all direction
Lumen
• This is the quantity of light emitted by a source and passing through 1m2 of the
surface area of a sphere.
• The symbol for lumen is Lm
Luminous flux, L.F.
• The L.F. from a light source is a radiant power evaluated according to its ability
to produce a visual sensation
• The unit of LF is Lumen (lm) which is the LF emitted by a uniform point source
having a luminous intensity of 1Cd.
Illuminance
• The illuminance at a point of a surface is the LF per unit area at that point .
• The unit of illuminance is Lumen per square meter (lm/m2)
Inverse square law of illumination
• States that the illuminance at a point of a surface is
inversely proportional to the square of its distance
from the source
• This shows that as the distance from a light source
increases, the intensity of light is equal to a value
multiplied by 1/d2.
• Let I = Luminous Intensity of a source S, in a direction
SA
• d = perpendicular distance between S and A in
meters
• Thus for a surface at the right angle to be incident.
Therefore from the square law, the illuminance at A=
1/d2
• This expression is used to calculate the illuminance on a plane normal or
perpendicular to the incident ray.
• If the surface is not normal to incident ray, then illuminance at A is given by
1
= cos ɵ (lux), where ɵ is the angle of incidence at A.
𝑑2
• We can also say illuminance is proportional to cos ɵ
Illuminance required over a surface
• By using a number of lamps suitable spaced, a fairly even illuminance can be
obtained over a working surface.
• To determine the illuminance required over a surface, the formula is used:
𝑬∗𝑨
• Total lumens from all lamps (sources of light) =
𝑼.𝑭 ∗𝑴.𝑭
• Number of lamps required= Total lumens calculated(required)/ Lumens per lamp
• A= Area to be illuminated (sq. m)
• E= average illuminance on the surface (lux)
• E*A = product of E and A =useful luminous flux (lumen)
• UF = the coefficient of utilization or utilization factor (dimensionless)
• MF= maintenance factor (dimensionless)
U.F.
• UF is defined as the number of lumens on a working plan or the number of
lumens emitted by all lamps (Either 1 or less than 1)
• The importance of UF
It takes care of the light from lamps absorbed by the ceiling, walls, and the luminaires
• Tables given the values of UF for rooms of various shapes, different kinds of
luminaires, different spacing, height ratios, and colour of ceilings and walls are
available
• UF is often between 0.4 to 0.8
M.F.
• Defined as the ratio of illuminance at any given time to illuminance with lamp
new and fittings cleaned
• MF is 1 or less than 1
• This allows for the depreciation in the value of the useful luminous flux density
to:
The accumulation of dust on lamps and on luminaires (lighting fitting)
The fall in light output of each lamp during its life
MF are often between 0.6 to 0.85
Problem
• A room 10m by 5m by 4m is to have an average illuminance of about 200 lux on
a working plane 0.85 above the floor. Assume the UF to be 60% and an MF of
80%, calculate
The number of 200W lamps to be installed and indicate on the diagram a suitable
arrangement of the lamps. Assume each lamp when new to emit 2700 lumen and a
spacing/height ratio of about 1.
More on lighting design, finding U.F.
• Room Index (k) 𝑎∗𝑏
𝑘=
Room Dimensions: ℎ𝑘 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
• Length (a)
Where K= room index
• Width (b)
• Height (h)
Useful height-/working space, 𝒉𝒌
• Can be calculated as:
• 𝒉𝒌 = 𝒉 − 𝒉𝒅
• Where: 𝒉𝒌 = useful height, h=room height,
𝒉𝒅 =height of working area (0.85m)
Finding U.F. from a Table
• Reflection factor-ϱ
• This means the light reflected from ceilings, walls and floors depends on the colours, type of floor and ceilings.
• The reflection coefficients ρ can be used to determine the utilization factor UF for any luminaire from the
manufacturer’s catalogues when the room index is calculated.
• For example, Table -2 gives the utilization factor UF for a fluorescent luminaire with a single 40W lamp and
prismatic diffuser 1300mm length for different values of the room reflection coefficients:
• C – ceiling reflection,
• W- wall reflection,
• F- floor reflection.
• . If these values are: (0.5, 0.5, 0.2) and the room index is calculated to be 1.50, then the UF = 0.52
M.F. from Table
Class work 1
It is proposed to illuminate a classroom of dimensions 6 x 8 x 2.85 m to an
illuminance € of 400 lx at the bench level. The specification calls for
luminaires having one 1050 mm 40 W fluorescent natural tube with an initial
output of 3200 lumens with a white metal base and prismatic plastic diffuser
(its UF is given in Table -2). Determine the number of luminaires required for
this installation when the MF is 0.7, respectively. The reflection coefficients
are: (C= 0.70, W= 0.3, F=0.2)
Luminaires Distribution
𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑔𝑡ℎ
• Distance between two adjacent luminaires ,s=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑤
1 1
• Distance between luminaire and the adjacent wall = ( 𝑡𝑜 )* Room height
2 3
• Room height/2
• Note that: When the dimensions of the room are such that the ratio of the
length to breadth is less than 1.6, we use ½, otherwise we use 1/3.
• In the example:
Distance between two adjacent luminaires ,s = 8/4 =2m
Distance between the luminaire and the adjacent wall =2.85/2= 1.425≈1.50m
(since, 8/6=1.3, and is ≺ 1.6)
Class Work 2
A room 10m by 5m by 4m is to have an average illuminance of about 200lx
on a working plane of 0.85m above the floor. Assume UF to be 60% and an
MF to be 80%. Calculate
1) The number of 200W lamps to be installed and indicate on the diagram a
suitable arrangement of the lamps. Assume each lamp when new to emit
2,700 lm and a spacing/height ratio of 1.0
Solution
• Area of working plane = L* B = 10*5 = 50 sq. m
• Useful luminous flux on working plane , EA = 50*200=10,000 lm
• Luminous flux from required lamps = E*A/(UF*MF)= 10000/0.6*0.8= 20,800 lm
• Number of lamps required= Total lumens calculated(required)/ Lumens per
lamp
• = 20,800/2,700= 7.7 Lamps = 8 Lamps
• Spacing/height = 1
• Working surface= Height- working plane= 4-0.85= 3.15m
• In the example:
Distance between two adjacent luminaires ,s = 10/4 =2.5m
Distance between the luminaire and the adjacent wall =height/3= 4/3= 1.33≈1.3m
(since, 10/5=2, and is ≻ 1.6)
Arrangement
1.25m
2.0m
2.5m 5m
1.0m
1.25m
10m
