2.97. The maximum radar cross section of a resonant linear λ/2 dipole is approximately 0.86λ2.

For a
monostatic system (i.e., transmitter and receiver at the same location), find the received power (in W) if
the transmitted power is 100 W, the distance of the dipole from the transmitting and receiving antennas
is 100 m, the gain of the transmitting and receiving antennas is 15 dB each, and the frequency of
operation is 3 GHz. Assume a polarization loss factor of −1 dB.

2.95In an experiment to determine the radar cross section of a Tomahawk cruise missile, a 1,000 W,
300 MHz signal was transmitted toward the target, and the received power was measured to be 0.1425
mW. The same antenna, whose gainwas 75 (dimensionless), was used for both transmitting and
receiving. The polarizations of both signals were identical (PLF = 1), and the distance between the
antenna and missile was 500 m. What is the radar cross section of the cruise missile?
 2.94A radar antenna, used for both transmitting and receiving, has a gain of 150 (dimensionless) at its
operating frequency of 5 GHz. It transmits 100 kW, and is aligned for maximum directional radiation and
reception to a target 1 km away having a radar cross section of 3 m2 . The received signal matches the
polarization of the transmitted signal. Find the received power.

2.93. A rectangular X-band horn, with aperture dimensions of 5.5 cm and 7.4 cm and a gain of 16.3 dB
(over isotropic) at 10 GHz, is used to transmit and receive energy scattered from a perfectly conducting
sphere of radius a = 5λ. Fin d the maximum scattered power delivered to the load whenthe distance
betweenthe hornand the sphere is (a) 200λ (b) 500λ Assume that the input power is 200 mW, and the
radar cross section is equal to the geometrical cross section.
2.89. A series of microwave repeater links operating at 10 GHz are used to relay television signals into a
valley that is surrounded by steep mountain ranges. Each repeater consists of a receiver, transmitter,
antennas, and associated equipment. The transmitting and receiving antennas are identical horns, each
having gain over isotropic of 15 dB. The repeaters are separated indistance by 10 km. For acceptable
signal-to-noise ratio, the power received at each repeater must be greater than10 nW. Loss due to
polarizationmismatch is not expected to exceed 3 dB. Assume matched loads and free-space
propagation conditions. Determine the minimum transmitter power that should be used.

2.86. Two lossless, polarization-matched antennas are aligned for maximum radiation between them,
and are separated by a distance of 50λ. The antennas are matched to their transmission lines and have
directivities of 20 dB. Assuming that the power at the input terminals of the transmitting antenna is 10
W, find the power at the terminals of the receiving antenna
2.85. Transmitting and receiving antennas operating at 1 GHz with gains (over isotropic) of 20 and 15 dB,
respectively, are separated by a distance of 1 km. Find the maximum power delivered to the load when
the input power is 150 W. Assume that the (a) antennas are polarization-matched (b) transmitting
antenna is circularly polarized (either right- or left-hand) and the receiving antenna is linearly polarized.
2.84. Two X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) rectangular horns, with aperture dimensions of 5.5 cm and 7.4 cm and
each with a gain of 16.3 dB (over isotropic) at 10 GHz, are used as transmitting and receiving antennas.
Assuming that the input power is 200 mW, the VSWR of each is 1.1, the conduction-dielectric efficiency
is 100%, and the antennas are polarization-matched, find the maximum received power whenthe horns
are separated inair by (a) 5 m (b) 50 m (c) 500 m
2.82. A lossless (ecd = 1) antenna is operating at 100 MHz and its maximum effective aperture is 0.7162
m2 at this frequency. The input impedance of this antenna is 75 ohms, and it is attached to a 50-ohm
transmission line. Find the directivity (dimensionless) of this antenna if it is polarization-matched.

2.81. A communication satellite is in stationary (synchronous) orbit about the earth (assume altitude of
22,300 statute miles). Its transmitter generates 8.0 W. Assume the transmitting antenna is isotropic. Its
signal is received by the 210- ft diameter tracking paraboloidal antenna on the earth at the NASA
tracking station at Goldstone, California. Also assume no resistive losses in either antenna, perfect
polarization match, and perfect impedance match at both antennas. At a frequency of 2 GHz, determine
the: (a) power density (in watts/m2) incident on the receiving antenna. (b) power received by the
ground-based antenna whose gain is 60 dB.
2.72. For an X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) rectangular horn, with aperture dimensions of 5.5 cm and 7.4 cm,
find its maximum effective aperture (in cm2 ) whenits gain (over isotropic) is (a) 14.8 dB at 8.2 GHz (b)
16.5 dB at 10.3 GHz (c) 18.0 dB at 12.4 GHz

2.70. A linearly polarized aperture antenna, with a uniform field distribution over its area, is used as a
receiving antenna. The antenna physical area over its aperture is 10 cm2 , and it is operating at 10 GHz.
The antenna is illuminated with a circularly polarized plane wave whose incident power density is 10
mwatts/cm2 . Assuming the antenna element itself is lossless, determine its (a) gain(dimensionless and
in dB). (b) maximum power (in watts) that can be delivered to a load connected to the antenna. Assume
no other losses between the antenna and the load.
2.69. An incoming wave, with a uniform power density equal to 10−3 W/m2 is incident normally upon a
lossless horn antenna whose directivity is 20 dB. At a frequency of 10 GHz, determine the very maximum
possible power that can be expected to be delivered to a receiver or a load connected to the horn
antenna. There are no losses between the antenna and the receiver or load.
2.68. A small circular parabolic reflector, often referred to as dish, is now being advertised as a TV
antenna for direct broadcast. Assuming the diameter of the antenna is 1 meter, the frequency of
operation is 3 GHz, and its aperture efficiency is 68%, determine the following: (a) Physical area of the
reflector (in m2 ). (b) Maximum effective area of the antenna (in m2 ). (c) Maximum directivity
(dimensionless and in dB). (d) Maximum power (in watts) that canbe delivered to the TV if the power
density of the wave incident upon the antenna is 10 µwatts/m2 . Assume no losses between the incident
wave and the receiver (TV).

2.67. An antenna has a maximum effective aperture of 2.147 m2 at its operating frequency of 100 MHz.
It has no conduction or dielectric losses. The input impedance of the antenna itself is 75 ohms, and it is
connected to a 50-ohm transmission line. Find the directivity of the antenna system (“system” meaning
includes any effects of connection to the transmission line). Assume no polarizationlosses.
2.44. A linearly polarized plane wave traveling along the negative z-axis is incident upon an elliptically
polarized antenna (either CW or CCW). The axial ratio of the antenna polarization ellipse is 2:1 and its
major axis coincides with the principal x-axis. Find the polarization loss factor (PLF) assuming the
incident wave is linearly polarized in the (a) x-direction (b) y-direction
2.43. A linearly polarized uniform plane wave traveling in the +z direction, with a power density of 10
milliwatts per square meter, is incident upon a CW circularly polarized antenna whose gain is 10 dB at 10
GHz. Find the (a) maximum effective area of the antenna (in square meters) (b) power (inwatts) that will
be delivered to a load attached directly to the terminals of the antenna.

2.42. A CW circularly polarized uniform plane wave is traveling in the +z direction. Find the polarization
loss factor PLF (dimensionless and in dB) assuming the receiving antenna (in its transmitting mode) is (a)
CW circularly polarized (b) CCW circularly polarized
2.41. An elliptically polarized wave traveling in the negative z-directionis received by a circularly
polarized antenna whose main lobe is along the θ = 0 direction. The unit vector describing the
polarization of the incident wave is given by ρˆ w = 2aˆx + jaˆy √5 Find the polarization loss factor PLF
(dimensionless and in dB) when the wave that would be transmitted by the antenna is (a) right-hand CP
(b) left-hand CP
2.40. A linearly polarized wave traveling in the negative z-directionhas a tilt angle (τ ) of 45◦ . It is
incident upon an antenna whose polarization characteristics are givenby ρˆ a = 4aˆx + jaˆy √17 Find the
polarization loss factor PLF (dimensionless and db).

2.3. A hypothetical isotropic antenna is radiating in free-space. At a distance of 100 m from the antenna,
the total electric field (Eθ ) is measured to be 5 V/m. Find the (a) power density (Wrad) (b) power
radiated (Prad)
2.6. The maximum radiation intensity of a 90% efficiency antenna is 200 mW/unit solid angle. Find the
directivity and gain (dimensionless and in dB) when the (a) input power is 125.66 mW (b) radiated
power is 125.66 mW

2.17. The maximum gain of a horn antenna is +20 dB, while the gainof its first sidelobe is −15 dB. What is
the difference ingainbetweenthe maximum and first sidelobe: (a) indB (b) as a ratio of the field
intensities

2.29. A base station cellular communication systems lossless antenna has a maximum gain of 16 dB
(above isotropic) at 1,900 MHz. Assuming the input power to the antenna is 8 watts, what is the
maximum radiated power density (in watts/cm2 ) at a distance of 100 meters? This will determine the
safe level for human exposure to electromagnetic radiation.
2.37. A circularly polarized wave, traveling in the positive z-direction, is incident upon a circularly
polarized antenna. Find the polarization loss factor PLF (dimensionless and in dB) for right-hand (CW)
and left-hand (CCW) wave and antenna.

2.33. A linearly polarized wave traveling in the positive z-direction is incident upon a circularly polarized
antenna. Find the polarization loss factor PLF (dimensionless and in dB) when the antenna is (based
upon its transmission mode operation)