INCOMPRESSIBLE
INVISCID FLOW
Dr. Wawan Aries Widodo, ST., MT.
Mechanical Engineering Department
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
NAVIER – STOKES EQUATION
Body Normal Force Shear Force
Force
Surface Force
NAVIER – STOKES EQUATION
Shear Force
INVISCID FLOW negligible
Euler Equation
X – direction
y – direction
z – direction
Streamline
n (normal)
Persamaan Euler Searah Streamwise dF1 dF2 dW sinb dm as
dF1 dF2 dW sinb dm as
Gaya body
diabaikan &
aliran steady
Persamaan Euler Searah Normal dF3 dF4 dW cosb dm an
dF3 dF4 dW cos b dm an
Gaya body
diabaikan
DUCTING SYSTEM Contoh kasus Pengukuran
Debit Aliran Melintasi
Rectangular Elbow 900
Rectangular
Elbow 900
Ducting
System
Installation
1 2
CONTOH KASUS
Euler’s equation for steady flow along a streamline
If a fluid particle moves a distance, ds, along a streamline, then
the Bernoulli equation,
Restrictions:
(1) Steady flow.
(2) Incompressible flow.
(3) Frictionless flow.
(4) Flow along a streamline.
Static, Stagnation, and Dynamic Pressures
o The stagnation pressure is obtained when a flowing fluid is decelerated to zero speed
by a frictionless process.
o For incompressible flow, the Bernoulli equation can be used to relate changes in speed
and pressure along a streamline for such a process. Neglecting elevation differences,
Eq. 6.8 becomes
Static Dynamic
Pressure Pressure
Stagnation
Pressure
PITOT STATIC TUBE
Close-up of a Pitot-static probe, showing
the stagnation pressure hole and two of the
five static circumferential pressure holes
Pitot Static
Tube
Pitot Static
Tube
Flow
Diection
Seven Hole
Probe
PITOT STATIC TUBE Pitot Static
Tube
(SUPERSONIC FLOW)
Pitot Static
Tube
Pitot Static
Tube
o Pipa berdiameter 4 inch dialiri minyak (SG = 0.87), ditunjukkan pada
gambar di atas. Debit aliran pada pipa tersebut dapat diestimasi dengan
menempatkan alat ukur pitot-static tube yang ditempatkan pada
centerline pipa.
o Pitot-static tube tersebut terhubung dengan U-tube manometer yang
berisikan air raksa. Adapun data-data yang ada antara lain, h1=70 cm &
Dh=25 cm (Dh = h1 – h2).
o Tentukan debit aliran pada pipa tersebut dalam liter/jam.
𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑝𝑜 − 𝑝𝑠 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘 2 = 𝑆𝐺𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 2 ………...(1)
𝑝0 + 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘 𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑝𝑠 + 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔∆ℎ
𝑝0 − 𝑝𝑠 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘 𝑔ℎ2 − 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘 𝑔ℎ1 + 𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔∆ℎ
𝑝0 − 𝑝𝑠 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘 𝑔 ℎ2 − ℎ1 + 𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔∆ℎ
∆ℎ = ℎ1 − ℎ2
𝑝0 − 𝑝𝑠 = −𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘 𝑔 ℎ1 − ℎ2 + 𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔∆ℎ
𝑝0 − 𝑝𝑠 = −𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘 𝑔∆ℎ + 𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔∆ℎ
𝑝0 − 𝑝𝑠 = −𝑆𝐺𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑔∆ℎ + 𝑆𝐺𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑔∆ℎ
𝑝0 − 𝑝𝑠 = 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑔∆ℎ 𝑆𝐺𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 − 𝑆𝐺𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘 ………….(2)
Berdasarkan persamaan (1) dan (2) diperoleh :
𝑽𝟐
𝑺𝑮𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒚𝒂𝒌 𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒈∆𝒉 𝑺𝑮𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒚 − 𝑺𝑮𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒚𝒂𝒌
𝟐
2𝑔∆ℎ 𝑆𝐺𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 − 𝑆𝐺𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘
𝑉=
𝑆𝐺𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘
𝑫𝟐𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒂
𝑸 = 𝑽. 𝑨𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒂 = 𝑽. 𝝅
𝟒
5 MILL OPERATION
Coal Feeding
Coal
Arrangements Burner
Coal
Pipes
Pulverizer
Mills
TANGENTIALLY
FIRING
The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation
Consider steady flow in the absence of shear forces. We choose a
control volume bounded by streamlines along its periphery. Such
a boundary, shown in Fig. 6.5, often is called a stream tube.
Energy equation:
Fig. 6.5 Flow through a
stream tube
Restrictions:
(1) 𝑊𝑠ሶ = 0; (2) 𝑊shear=
ሶ ሶ
0; (3) 𝑊other = 0.
(4) Steady flow.
(5) Uniform flow and properties at each section.
The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation
Under the additional assumption (6) of incompressible flow, u1 = u2 = 1/ρ and hence,
Bernoulli equation :
