Designation: D4914/D4914M − 16

Standard Test Methods for

Density of Soil and Rock in Place by the Sand Replacement
Method in a Test Pit1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4914/D4914M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* 1.4.2 Test Method B is used when percent compaction or

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the percent relative density is to be determined and the in-place
in-place density of soil and rock using a pouring device and material contains particles larger than the maximum particle
calibrated sand to determine the volume of a test pit. The word size allowed in the laboratory compaction test or when Practice
“rock” in these test methods is used to imply that the material D4718 is not applicable for the laboratory compaction test.
being tested will typically contain particles larger than 3 in. [75 Then the material is considered to consist of two fractions, or
mm]. portions. The material from the in-place dry density test is
physically divided into a control fraction and an oversize
1.2 These test methods are best suited for test pits with a fraction based on a designated sieve size (see Section 3). The
volume from 0.03 to 0.17 m3 [1 to 6 ft3]. In general, the dry density of the control fraction is calculated and compared
materials tested would have a maximum particle size of 75 to with the dry density(s) established by the laboratory compac-
125 mm [3 to 5 in.]. tion test(s).
1.2.1 For larger sized excavations and soil containing larger
particles, Test Method D5030 is preferred. 1.5 Any materials that can be excavated with hand tools can
1.2.2 Test Method D1556 or D2167 are usually used to be tested provided that the void or pore openings in the mass
determine the volume of test holes smaller than 0.03 m3 [1 ft3]. are small enough (or a liner is used) to prevent the calibrated
While the equipment illustrated in these test methods is used sand used in the test from entering the natural voids. The
for volumes less than 0.03 m3 [1 ft3], the test methods allow material being tested should have sufficient cohesion or particle
larger versions of the equipment to be used when necessary. interlocking to maintain stable sides during excavation of the
test pit and through completion of this test. It should also be
1.3 Two test methods are provided as follows: firm enough not to deform or slough due to the minor pressures
1.3.1 Test Method A—In-Place Density of Total Material exerted in digging the hole and pouring the sand.
(Section 10).
1.3.2 Test Method B—In-Place Density of Control Fraction 1.6 These test methods are generally limited to material in
(Section 11). an unsaturated condition and are not recommended for mate-
rials that are soft or friable (crumble easily) or in a water
1.4 Selection of Test Methods:
condition such that water seeps into the hand-excavated hole.
1.4.1 Test Method A is used when the in-place density of
The accuracy of the test methods may be affected for materials
total material is to be determined. Test Method A can also be
that deform easily or that may undergo volume change in the
used to determine percent compaction or percent relative
excavated hole from standing or walking near the hole during
density when the maximum particle size present in the in-place
the test.
material being tested does not exceed the maximum particle
size allowed in the laboratory compaction test (refer to Test 1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound
Methods D698, D1557, D4253, D4254, and D7382). For Test presented in brackets are to be regarded separately as standard.
Methods D698 and D1557 only, the dry density determined in The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
the laboratory compaction test may be corrected for larger therefore each system shall be used independently of the other.
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particle sizes in accordance with, and subject to the limitations Combining values from the two systems may result in non-
of Practice D4718. conformance with the standard.
1.8 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and Practice D6026.
Construction Control Tests.
1.8.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected,
Current edition approved March 1, 2016. Published March 2016. Originally
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4914 – 08. DOI: recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the
10.1520/D4914_D4914M-16. industry standard. In addition they are representative of the

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

Copyright ASTM International 1

 D4914/D4914M − 16
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce- Compaction of Granular Soils Using a Vibrating Hammer
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider- Sieves
ations for the user’s objectives; it is common practice to
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be 3. Terminology
commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope 3.1 Definitions:
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical 3.1.1 For definitions of terms related to this standard, refer
methods for engineering design. to Terminology D653.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.2.1 control fraction, n—the portion of a soil sample
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- consisting of particles smaller than a designated sieve size.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- [Link] Discussion—This fraction is used to compare in-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards place density with density obtained from standard laboratory
statements, see Sections 8 and A1.5. tests. The control sieve size depends on the laboratory test
used. Normally, the control fraction is the minus 4.75 mm, or
2. Referenced Documents No. 4 [0.187 in.] sieve size material for cohesive or non-free
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 draining materials and the minus 75 mm [3-in.] sieve size
C127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) material for cohesionless, free-draining materials. While other
and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate sizes are used for the control fraction, 9.5 or 19 mm [3⁄8, 3⁄4-in.],
C566 Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content of these test methods have been prepared using only the No. 4 and
Aggregate by Drying the 75 mm [3 in.] sieve sizes for clarity.
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained 3.2.2 oversize particles, n—the portion of a soil sample
Fluids consisting of the particles larger than the designated sieve size
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D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character- for the control fraction selected.
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600
kN-m/m3)) 3.2.3 sand pouring device(s), n—handheld pouring de-
D1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in vice(s) that holds the density sand equipped with a long
Place by Sand-Cone Method pouring spout for placing the sand with unobstructed flow at a
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character- constant drop height.
istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 [Link] Discussion—Multiple cans may be used but they
(2,700 kN-m/m3)) must be of the same design and calibrated.
D2167 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in 4. Summary of Test Method
Place by the Rubber Balloon Method
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water 4.1 The ground surface at the test location is prepared and a
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass template (metal frame) is placed and fixed into position. The
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies volume of the space between the top of the template and the
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as ground surface is determined by filling the space with cali-
Used in Engineering Design and Construction brated sand using a pouring device. The mass of the sand
D4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit required to fill the template in place is determined and the sand
Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table removed. Material from within the boundaries of the template
D4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit is excavated forming a pit. Calibrated sand is then poured into
Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density the pit and template; the mass of sand within the pit and the
D4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and Water volume of the hole are determined. The wet density of the
Content for Soils Containing Oversize Particles in-place material is calculated from the mass of material
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal- removed and the measured volume of the test pit. The water
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and content is determined and the dry density of the in-place
Construction Materials Testing material is calculated.
D5030 Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock in Place by 4.2 The density of a control fraction of the material can be
the Water Replacement Method in a Test Pit determined by subtracting the mass and volume of any oversize
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical particles from the initial values and recalculating the density.
Data
D7382 Test Methods for Determination of Maximum Dry 5. Significance and Use
Unit Weight and Water Content Range for Effective 5.1 These test methods are used to determine the in-place
density of compacted materials in construction of earth
2
embankments, road fills, and structure backfill. For construc-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, [Link], or
tion control, these test methods are often used as the bases for
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@[Link]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on acceptance of material compacted to a specified density or to a
the ASTM website. percentage of a maximum unit weight determined by a

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 D4914/D4914M − 16
standard laboratory test method (such as determined from Test
Method D698 or D1557), subject to the limitations discussed in
1.4.
5.2 These test methods can be used to determine the
in-place density of natural soil deposits, aggregates, soil
mixtures, or other similar material.
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent
and objective testing. Users of these test methods are cautioned that
compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results.
Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a
means of evaluating some of those factors.

6. Interferences
6.1 Because of possible lower densities created when there
is particle interference (see Practice D4718), the percent
compaction of the control fraction should not be assumed to
represent the percent compaction of the total material in the
field when using method B with oversize corrections.
6.2 A careful assessment must be made as to whether or not
the volume determined is representative of the in-place condi-
tion when this test method is used for clean, relatively
uniform-sized particles. The disturbance during excavation, FIG. 1 Typical Metal Template for Excavating Test Pit
due to lack of cohesion, and the void spaces between particles
spanned by the liner (if used) may affect the measurement of
the volume of the test pit.
7.6 Liner, approximately less than 25 µm [1 mil, 0.001 in.]
NOTE 2—Experience with this test used in cohesionless uniform fine thick and large enough to line the test pit with about 0.3 m [1
gravels, pea gravels, or processed uniform gravel drain materials have ft] extending beyond the outside of the template. Any type of
shown errors in test hole volume. material, plastic sheeting, etc., can be used as long as it is
7. Apparatus flexible enough to conform to the ground surface.
7.1 Balance or Scale—A balance (or scale) to determine the 7.7 Sand Pouring Devices—(See Fig. 2 for some typical
mass of the calibrated sand and the excavated soil having a devices.) Many types of pouring devices are available. Use
minimum capacity of 20 kg [50 lbm] and meeting the require- multiple 10 to 15-L [3 to 4-gal] containers as long as they meet
ments of Specification D4753 for a balance of 1-g [0.002-lbm] spout requirements. Larger containers may be used as long as
readability. the vertical 50-mm [2-in.] drop height can be maintained. The
device must have a spout that will reach into a field test pit so
7.2 Balance or Scale—A balance (or scale) to determine that the drop distance from the end of the spout to the sand
water content of minus No. 4 material having a minimum surface can be maintained at about 50 mm [2 in.]. The inside
capacity of 1000 g [2-lbm] and meeting the requirements of diameter of the spout must also be large enough to allow free
Specification D4753 for a balance of 0.1 g [0.001 lbm] flow of the sand without clogging.
readability.
7.8 Metal Straightedge, about 50 mm [2 in.] high, at least 3
7.3 Drying Oven—An oven, thermostatically controlled,
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mm [1⁄8 in.] thick, and with a length 1.5 times the side length
preferably of the forced-draft type, and capable of maintaining (or diameter) of the metal template, used for screeding excess
a uniform temperature of 110 6 5°C throughout the drying sand placed in template. It must have a thickness or rigidity
chamber. such that it will not bend when screeding the sand.
7.4 Sieves—No. 4, 4.75-mm [0.187-in.] sieve and 75-mm 7.9 Sand—The sand must be clean, dry, uniform,
[3-in.] sieve, conforming to the requirements of Specification uncemented, durable, and free flowing. The gradation, physical
E11. characteristics, selection, and storage of the sand shall meet the
7.5 Metal Template—A square or circular template to serve requirements of Test Method D1556 except that the maximum
as a pattern for the excavation. Template dimensions, shapes, particle size may be No. 4, 4.75-mm [0.187-in.] sieve.
and material may vary according to the size of the test pit to be 7.9.1 If the test methods are used for test pits larger than
excavated. Refer to Appendix X1 for recommended template about 0.2 m3 [6 ft3], a one-size material relatively free of fines
sizes. The template shall be rigid enough not to deflect or bend. and of a larger particle size, such as pea gravel, may be used.
NOTE 3—The template shown in Fig. 1 represents a design that has been 7.10 Miscellaneous Equipment—Shovels for preparing test
found suitable for this purpose. surface; hammer for seating template; assorted small brushes,

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 D4914/D4914M − 16

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FIG. 2 Typical Sand Pouring Devices (Dimensions in Inches with Rationalized SI Equivalent)

picks, chisels, bars, knives, and spoons for digging test pit; 8.1.2 Some sands used in the procedures outlined herein
buckets with lids, seamless cans with lids, or other suitable may be dusty and appropriate precautions should be taken
containers for retaining the test sample and sand without water when mixing and pouring. Use dust masks during sand pouring
content change; bags or other suitable containers for waste operations to avoid inhalation of silica dust.
sand; cloth for collecting excess sand or soil; and assorted pans
and porcelain dishes suitable for drying water content speci- 8.2 Caution:
mens. 8.2.1 Materials that may flow or deform during the test must
be identified and appropriate precautions taken.
8. Hazards
8.2.2 Movement of heavy equipment in the immediate test
8.1 Precaution: area should not be permitted during the volume determination.
8.1.1 These test methods may involve handling heavy loads.

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 D4914/D4914M − 16
8.2.3 Errors may arise in the computed density of material 9. Calibration and Standardization
due to the influence of excessive water in the soil. These errors
9.1 Calibrate the sand pouring equipment and sand in
may be significant in materials with high permeability, such as
accordance with Annex A1.
sands and gravels, where the bottom of the test hole is close to
or below the water table. Errors may also arise due to change
10. Test Method A, Procedure—In-Place Density of Total
in density of the calibrated sand as it becomes wetted from
Material
capillary or freestanding water while performing the test. This
problem becomes evident when removing the calibrated sand 10.1 Use Test Method A to determine a total in-place density
from the test hole and wet sand is observed on the bottom or (see 1.4).
sides of the test hole. When a liner is used, the buoyant forces 10.2 Determine the recommended sample volume and select
of free water beneath or behind the liner may adversely affect the appropriate template for the anticipated material gradation
the volume determination. in accordance with Annex A2. Assemble the remainder of the
8.2.4 Suitably protect the test area and equipment during required equipment.
periods of inclement weather such as rain, snowfall, or high
wind. If the in-place water content value is required, it may be 10.3 Determine the mass of each combination of empty
necessary to protect the area from direct sunlight. container, lid, and container liner (if used) that will contain the
excavated material. Number the containers and mark as to use.
8.2.5 Numerous containers may be required during perfor- Write the mass on the container or prepare a separate list.
mance of these test methods. Properly label all containers to
avoid a possible mix-up. 10.4 Prepare the quantity of calibrated sand to be used.
8.2.6 The total mass of the calibrated sand, or the soil 10.4.1 Two sets of calibrated sand are necessary. Determin-
sample, or both, may exceed the capacity of the scale used, ing the volume of the test pit requires two separate sand pours
requiring cumulative determinations of mass. Take care to to (1) measure the mass of sand used to fill the space between
ensure that the total mass is properly determined. the soil surface and the top of the template, and (2) measure the
8.2.7 Pouring devices with valves provide consistent sand mass of sand used to fill the test pit up to the top of the
flow from test to test only if the valve is opened completely template. The difference between the two gives the mass of
each time. A valve that is only partially open can significantly sand in the test pit.
alter the flow characteristics of the device. Each individual 10.4.2 Estimate the mass of calibrated sand and the number
pouring device has unique characteristics which may cause the of containers required to fill the space between the soil surface
sand to flow from it differently. The final calibration values are and the top of the template. Calculate the estimated mass by
affected by changes in these flow characteristics. Consequently, multiplying the template volume by the density of the cali-
calibration values are not interchangeable, even for devices brated sand. Number the containers to be used and mark as to
which may appear to be identical. use, for example, “template correction.” Fill the containers
with sand. Determine and record on a separate list the mass of
8.2.8 Do not allow pouring devices to run out of sand during
the containers and sand.
the pouring operation. The size of the stream of poured sand
from the pouring device should be constant. If the reservoir 10.4.3 From the anticipated volume of the test pit, estimate
the mass of calibrated sand required to fill the test pit. Increase
capacity of the pouring device is too small to fill the test pit
this amount by about 25 % to make sure that a sufficient sand
with one pour, use two or more pours to fill the test pit. Stop the
supply is available at the site, and then add to it the mass of
stream of sand when the reservoir is about three-fourths empty
sand calculated in 10.4.2. Calculate the estimated mass to be
and before the size of the stream diminishes. Refill the
used for the test pit by multiplying the anticipated volume of
reservoir and resume pouring.
the test pit by the density of the calibrated sand. Determine the
8.2.9 Pouring devices permit a varied sand drop distance number of containers required, number them, and mark as to
that must be carefully controlled if consistent results are to be use, for example, “test pit.” Fill the containers with sand.
achieved. A distance of 50 mm [2 in.] from the end of the spout Determine and record on a separate list the mass of the
to the surface being poured is recommended. Variations in the containers and sand.
drop distance can significantly affect results. The drop distance
is directly affected by the operator’s ability to control the 10.5 Select a representative area for the test, avoiding
pouring device and by the operator’s judgment of the drop locations where removal of large particles would undermine
distance while doing so. This involves stooping while holding the template.
a pouring device with an initial mass of 20 kg [50 lbm] or more 10.6 Prepare the surface of the area to be tested.
that is constantly changing in mass as the sand flows into the 10.6.1 Remove all loose material from an area large enough
test pit. Calibration values are not interchangeable from device on which to place the template. Prepare the exposed surface so
to device and are not necessarily interchangeable from operator that it is a firm, level plane.
to operator. Individual operators must demonstrate that they
10.6.2 Personnel should not step on the area selected for
can duplicate the calibration values for a device before they
testing. Provide a working platform when testing materials
may use them, preferably within 1 % of the average value for
which may flow or deform.
another operator. Otherwise, separate calibrations for the
various operators are required. 10.7 Place and seat the template on the prepared surface.
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 D4914/D4914M − 16
10.7.1 Use a hammer to firmly seat the template to avoid
movement of the template while the test is performed. The use
of nails, weights, or other means may be necessary to maintain
the position.
10.7.2 Remove any material loosened while placing and
seating the template, taking care to avoid leaving any void
space under the template. If necessary, fill voids under the
template with plastic soil, modeling clay, or other suitable
material, provided that this material is not subsequently exca-
vated as part of the material removed from the test pit.
10.8 Determine the mass of sand used to fill the space
between the soil surface and the top of the template. FIG. 4 Sand Being Poured Into the Template
10.8.1 Irregularities of the soil surface within the template
must be taken into account. To do this, determine the mass of
sand required to fill the space between the soil surface and the 10.9.2 Place all material removed from the test pit in the
top of the template. container(s) (see Fig. 5), being careful to avoid losing any
10.8.2 It is recommended that a cloth with a hole slightly material (see 10.8.2).
larger than the template center hole be placed over the template 10.9.3 Avoid water loss by keeping the container covered
to facilitate locating and collecting any excess sand, or loose while material is not being placed in it. Use a sealable plastic
material, or both. bag inside the container to hold the material.
10.8.3 Place a liner over the template and shape it by hand 10.9.4 Carefully trim the sides of the excavation so that the
to conform to the irregular soil surface and the template. The dimensions of the test pit at the soil-template contact are as
liner should extend approximately 0.3 m [1 ft] outside the close as possible to that of the template hole. Avoid disturbing
template. The liner should not be stretched too taut or contain the template or the material beneath or outside the template.
excessive folds or wrinkles (see Fig. 3). 10.9.5 Continue the excavation to the required depth, care-
10.8.4 Pour the calibrated sand onto the liner inside the fully removing any material that has been compacted or
template using a sand pouring device (see Fig. 4). Slightly loosened in the process.
overfill the template (see 8.2.7 – 8.2.9). Return any sand [Link] If during excavation of material from within the
remaining in the pouring device to the original container. test pit, a particle(s) is found that is about 11⁄2 times, or more,
10.8.5 Carefully level the calibrated sand by screeding with larger than the maximum particle size used to establish the
the steel straightedge across the top edges of the template. dimensions and minimum volume of the test pit (see Annex
Return all screeded excess sand to the original container. Take A2), set the particle(s) aside and mark appropriately. Deter-
care to avoid the loss of any excess sand. mine the mass and volume of the particle(s) and then subtract
10.8.6 Remove the calibrated sand in the template and, if them from the mass and volume of the material removed from
the sand is to be reclaimed, place it in a specially marked the test pit. Consider the larger particle(s) as “oversize” and
container. Remove the liner. follow the procedure outlined in Section 11, except that the
10.9 Excavate the test pit. “total” density, which would include the larger particle(s), need
10.9.1 Using hand tools (chisel, knife, bar, etc.), excavate not be calculated. The “control fraction” values determined
the center portion of the test pit. then become the values for the total material from the test pit.
[Link] Do not permit any movement of heavy equipment If enough of these particles are found so that their mass is
in the area of the test pit as deformation of the soil within the determined to be about 5 % or more of the mass of the
test pit may occur. excavated material, repeat the test with a larger test pit in
accordance with the guidelines in Annex A2.

FIG. 3 Plastic Liner Placed Over the Template FIG. 5 Excavation of the Test Pit
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 D4914/D4914M − 16
10.9.6 The sides of the pit should slope inward slightly. 10.11.5 Calculate the volume of the test pit and record.
Materials that do not exhibit much cohesion may require a 10.11.6 Determine the total mass of the excavated material
more conical-shaped test hole. and containers.
10.9.7 The profile of the finished pit must be such that 10.11.7 Calculate and record the total mass of the containers
poured sand will completely fill the excavation. The sides of used to hold the excavated material. Record the container
the test pit should be as smooth as possible and free of pockets numbers.
or overhangs or anything that might interfere with the free flow 10.11.8 Calculate the mass of the excavated material and
of the sand. record.
10.9.8 Clean the bottom of the test pit of all loosened 10.11.9 Calculate the wet density of the excavated material.
material. 10.11.10 If the excavated material contains oversize par-
10.10 Determine the volume of the test pit. ticles (normally larger than the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve for
cohesive materials and 75-mm [3-in.] sieve for cohesionless
NOTE 4—A liner may be required to prevent migration of the calibrated
materials), separate the material using the appropriate size
sand into the natural voids of the material mass. The liner, approximately
1⁄2-mil thick, should be large enough to extend approximately 0.3 m (1 ft) sieve. If the material contains about 3 % (wet basis) or more
outside of the template after having been carefully placed and shaped to oversize particles, Test Method B should be used.
the soil surface within the pit. Allowances must be made for slack. The 10.11.11 If 2 % or less oversize particles are present, obtain
liner should not be stretched too taut nor contain excessive folds or a water content specimen representative of the excavated
wrinkles. Inspect the linear for punctures before use.
material and determine the water content in accordance with
10.10.1 Pour the calibrated sand using the sand pouring Test Method D2216 or C566 and record.
device. Use the same pouring technique as used in the
calibration procedure described in Annex A1. Slightly overfill NOTE 5—For rapid water content determination of materials containing
less than 15 % fines (minus No. 200), use a suitable source of heat such
the template. Return any sand remaining in the pouring device as an electric or gas hotplate. If a source of heat other than the controlled
to the original container. temperature oven is used, stir the test specimen to accelerate drying and
[Link] While the sand is being poured, avoid any vibra- avoid localized overheating. The material may be considered dry when
tions in the test area. further heating causes, or would cause, less than 0.1 % additional loss of
mass.
10.10.2 Carefully level the calibrated sand by screeding
with the steel straightedge across the top edges of the template. 10.11.12 Calculate and record the dry density of the mate-
Return all screeded excess sand to the original container. Take rial.
care to avoid the loss of any excess sand.
10.10.3 If the calibrated sand is to be reclaimed, remove the 11. Test Method B, Procedure—In-Place Density of
used sand and place it into a specially marked container. Control Fraction
Remove the liner and template. 11.1 This test method is used when the material being tested
10.11 Determine the dry density. Equations for calculations contains oversize particles and the percent compaction or
are shown in Section 12. percent relative density of the control fraction are to be
10.11.1 Determine the mass of calibrated sand in the tem- determined (see 1.4).
plate (sand used to fill the space between the soil surface and 11.2 Obtain the in-place wet density of total material by
the top of the template) as follows: following the procedure for Test Method A, as stated in 10.1 –
[Link] Calculate and record the total mass of the sand 10.11.9.
and containers prepared in 10.4.2. Record the container num-
bers. 11.3 To obtain the wet density of the control fraction,
[Link] Determine and record the total mass of the empty determine the mass and volume of the oversize particles and
containers plus the sand residue (sand not used) and containers. subtract them from the total mass and total volume to get the
[Link] Calculate the mass of sand in the template and mass and volume of the control fraction. Then calculate the
record. density of the control fraction from the mass and volume of the
10.11.2 Determine the mass of calibrated sand in the test pit control fraction. Equations for calculations are shown in
and template (sand used to fill the test pit to the top of the Section 12.
template) as follows: 11.3.1 Normally, the wet density of the control fraction is
[Link] Calculate and record the total mass of the sand determined and the dry density calculated using the water
and containers prepared in 10.4.3. Record the container num- content of the control fraction.
bers. 11.3.2 In addition, the water content of the oversize
[Link] Determine the total mass of the empty containers particles, the water content of the total material, and the
plus the sand residue and containers and record. percentage of oversize particles may be determined.
[Link] Calculate the mass of sand in the test pit and 11.4 After obtaining the wet mass of total material removed
template (mass of sand used) and record. from the test pit, separate the material into the control fraction
10.11.3 Calculate the mass of the calibrated sand used to fill and the oversize particles using the designated sieve. Do this
the test pit and record. rapidly to minimize loss of water. If the test is for construction
10.11.4 Record the density of the calibrated sand (deter- control, place the control fraction in an airtight container for
mined in the calibration procedure described in Annex A1). further tests.
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11.5 Wash the oversize particles and reduce the free water 11.17 Calculate the dry density of the total material and
on the surface of the particles by blotting, draining, or a similar record.
method.
12. Test Method A, Calculation
11.6 Determine the wet mass of the oversize particles plus a
container of predetermined mass, and record. 12.1 The calculations use units of kg and m3, for mass and
volume calculation and then density is expressed in Mg/m3
11.7 Calculate the wet mass of the oversize particles and using a conversion factor. Density can also be reported as
record. kg/m3 without the conversion factor. Units of lbm and ft3 can
11.8 Calculate the wet mass of the control fraction and also be substituted and used in the same equations for mass and
record. volume and the density can be expressed in lbm/ft3.
11.9 Determine the volume of the oversize particles by one 12.2 Calculate the mass of the sand contained in the
of the following procedures: template as follows:
11.9.1 Determine and record the mass of all oversize par- m6 5 m2 2 m4 (1)
ticles suspended in water using the procedures and principles
where:
of Test Method C127, disregarding the oven drying and 24-h
soaking period. Calculate and record the volume of the m6 = mass of sand in template, kg,
m2 = mass of template sand and container(s) (before test),
oversize particles.
kg, and
11.9.2 Calculate the volume of the oversize particles using a m4 = mass of template sand residue and container(s) (after
known bulk specific gravity value. If previous tests for bulk test), kg.
specific gravity of similar oversize particles from a particular
source have been performed and the value is relatively 12.3 Calculate the mass of the sand used to fill the test pit
constant, a bulk specific gravity may be assumed. The bulk and template as follows:
specific gravity value used must correspond to the water m5 5 m1 2 m3 (2)
condition of the oversize particles when their mass is deter-
mined. As used in this test method, determine the bulk specific where:
gravity on the oversize particles in the water condition as stated m5 = mass of sand used, kg,
in 11.5 – 11.7. If an oven dry or saturated surface dry (SSD) m1 = mass of sand and container(s) (before test), kg, and
bulk specific gravity is used, then also determine the mass of m3 = mass of sand residue and container(s) (after test), kg.
the oversize particles for this test method on oven dry or SSD 12.4 Calculate the mass of the sand used to fill the test pit as
material, respectively. follows:
11.10 Calculate the volume of the control fraction and m7 5 m5 2 m6 (3)
record. where:
11.11 Calculate the wet density of the control fraction. m7 = mass of sand in test pit, kg,
11.12 Determine the water content of the control fraction in m5 = mass of sand used, kg, and
accordance with Test Method D2216 or C566 (see Note 5) and m6 = mass of sand in template, kg.
record. 12.5 Calculate the volume of the test pit as follows:
11.13 Calculate the dry density of the control fraction and m7 1
VT 5 3 (4)
record. ρ s 103

11.14 If desired, determine and record the water content of where:

all oversize particles in accordance with Test Method D2216 or VT = volume of test pit, m3,
C566 (see Note 5). If previous tests for water content of the m7 = mass of sand in test pit, kg, and
oversize particles from a particular source have been per- ρs = density of calibrated sand, Mg/m3.
formed and the value is relatively constant, a water content 12.6 Calculate the mass of the wet material removed from
may be assumed. test pit as follows:
11.15 If desired, determine the percentage of oversize par- m 10 5 m 8 2 m 9 (5)
ticles as follows:
11.15.1 Calculate the dry mass of the control fraction and where:
record. m10 = mass of wet material removed from test pit, kg,
11.15.2 Calculate the dry mass of the oversize particles and m8 = mass of wet material removed from test pit plus mass
record. of container(s), kg, and
11.15.3 Calculate the dry mass of the total sample and m9 = mass of container(s) for m8, kg.
record. 12.7 Calculate the wet density of the material removed from
11.15.4 Calculate the percentage of oversize particles and test pit as follows:
record. m 10 1
ρ wet 5 3 3 (6)
11.16 Calculate the water content of the total material. VT 10
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where: where:
ρwet = wet density of material excavated from test pit, Vc = volume of control fraction, m3,
Mg/m3, VT = volume of test pit, m3, and
m10 = mass of wet material removed from test pit, kg, and Vos = volume of oversize particles, m3.
VT = volume of test pit, m3.
13.6 Calculate the wet density of the control fraction as
12.8 Calculate the dry density of the material removed from follows:
test pit as follows: m 18
ρ wet~ c ! 5 (13)
ρ wet Vc
ρd 5 (7)
11 S D
w
100
where:
ρwet(c) = wet density of control fraction, Mg/m3,
where: m18 = wet mass of control fraction, kg, and
ρd = dry density of material from test pit, Mg/m3, Vc = volume of control fraction, m3.
ρwet = wet density of material excavated from test pit, 13.7 Calculate the dry density of the control fraction as
Mg/m3, and follows:
w = water content of material excavated from test pit, %.
ρ wet~ c !
ρ d~ c ! 5 (14)
13. Test Method B, Calculation 11 S D
wf
100
13.1 Calculate the wet mass of the oversize particles as where:
follows:
ρd(c) = dry density of control fraction, Mg/m3,
m 13 5 m 11 2 m 12 (8) ρwet(c) = wet density of control fraction, Mg/m3, and
wf = moisture content of control fraction, %.
where:
m13 = wet mass of oversize particles, kg, 13.8 If required, convert dry density in inch-pound units, to
m11 = wet mass of oversize particles and container, kg, and SI units, using Eq. 8.
m12 = mass of container, kg. 13.9 Calculate the dry mass of the control fraction as
13.2 Calculate the wet mass of the control fraction as follows:
follows: m 18
m 19 5 (15)
m 18 5 m 10 2 m 13 (9) 11 S D
wf
100
where:
where:
m18 = wet mass of control fraction, kg,
m10 = mass of wet material removed from test pit, kg, and m19 = dry mass of control fraction, kg,
m13 = wet mass of oversize particles, kg. m18 = wet mass of control fraction, kg, and
wf = water content of control fraction, %.
13.3 Calculate the volume of the oversize particles based on
the mass in air and mass in water method as follows: 13.10 Calculate the dry mass of the oversize particles using
one of the following equations as appropriate:
m 13 2 m 14 1
V os 5 3 3 (10) m 17 5 m 15 2 m (16)
1 g/cm3 10 16

m 13
where: m 17 5 (17)
1 g/cm3 =
1/103 =
density of water,
constant to convert g/cm3 to kg/m3,
11 S D
w os
100

m13 = wet mass of oversize particles, kg, and where:

m14 = mass of oversize particles suspended in water, kg. m17 = dry mass of oversize particles, kg,
m15 = dry mass of oversize particles and container, kg,
13.4 Calculate the volume of the oversize particles based on m16 = mass of container, kg,
a known bulk specific gravity as follows: m13 = wet mass of oversize particles, kg, and
m 13 1 wos = water content of oversize particles, %.
V os 5 3 (11)
G m 3 ~ 1 g/cm3 ! 103
13.11 Calculate the dry mass of the total sample as follows:
where: m 20 5 m 191m 17 (18)
Vos = volume of oversize particles, m3,
m13 = wet mass of oversize particles, kg, and where:
Gm = bulk specific gravity of oversize particles. m20 = dry mass of total sample (control fraction plus
oversize), kg,
13.5 Calculate the volume of the control fraction as follows: m19 = dry mass of control fraction, kg, and
V c 5 V T 2 V os (12) m17 = dry mass of oversize particles, kg.

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13.12 Calculate the percent oversize particles as follows: the frame, irregular voids, or deformation of the excavation.
m 17 Photographs of the test are helpful to document conditions but
p5 3 100 (19) not required to be reported.
m 20
14.3 Record as a minimum the following apparatus infor-
where:
mation:
p = percent oversize, 14.3.1 Apparatus and methods for placing sand using the
m17 = dry mass of oversize particles, kg, and sand pouring device including density calibration data.
m20 = dry mass of total sample (control fraction plus
14.3.2 Apparatus and methods for determining the mass of
oversize), kg.
soil excavated including scales used and their readability,
13.13 Calculate the moisture content of the total material as 14.3.3 Apparatus and methods for determining the water
follows: content(s), of the total or control and oversize fractions, or both
m 10 2 m 20 including ovens and scales, and,
w5 3 100 (20) 14.3.4 Apparatus and methods for processing and weighing
m 20
and determining the bulk specific gravity oversize particles, if
where: required.
w = moisture content of material excavated from test pit,
14.4 Record as a minimum the following test data/results:
%,
14.4.1 Test hole volume to a minimum of four significant
m10 = mass of wet material removed from test pit, kg, and
m20 = dry mass of total sample (control fraction plus over- digits,
size particles), kg. 14.4.2 In-place wet density, total, or control fraction, or
both, to three significant digits,
13.14 It may be desired to express the results of the in-place 14.4.3 In-place dry density, total, or control fraction, or
density test as a Percent Compaction (D653), which is the ratio both, to three significant digits.
of the in-place dry density to the laboratory maximum dry 14.4.4 In-place water content(s), and total, or control
density. The laboratory maximum dry densities are determined fraction, or both, and test method(s) used, to three significant
in accordance with Test Method D698, D1557, D4253, D4254, digits, and,
or D7382. Percent Compaction of the control fraction can be 14.4.5 Bulk specific gravity and percentage of oversize
directly computed if Method B is used with restrictions (see particles to three significant digits.
Section 6). Calculations for determining relative density are
provided in Test Method D4254. Corrections for oversize 15. Precision and Bias

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material, if required, should be performed in accordance with
Practice D4718. 15.1 Precision—Test data on precision is not presented due
to the nature of the soil and rock materials being tested by these
14. Report test methods. It is not feasible at this time to have ten or more
14.1 The methodology used to specify how data are re- agencies participate in an in situ testing program at a given site.
corded is covered in 1.8. Also, it is not feasible to produce multiple test locations having
uniform properties. Any variation observed in the data is just as
14.2 Record as a minimum the following general informa- likely to be due to specimen variation as operator or laboratory
tion (data): testing variation.
14.2.1 Project and Feature information, 15.1.1 Subcommittee D 18.08 is seeking any data from
14.2.2 Date of testing and personnel performing the test, users of these test methods that might be used to make a limited
14.2.3 Test Location including coordinates or stationing, statement on precision.
and elevation,
14.2.4 Site conditions that may influence the test, including 15.2 Bias—There is not accepted reference value for these
surface conditions and weather conditions, test methods, therefore, bias cannot be determined.
14.2.5 Visual description of the material, and
14.2.6 Comments on conduct of the test including any test 16. Keywords
conditions or difficulties affecting test results. Examples may 16.1 acceptance test; degree of compaction; density tests;
include cobbles and boulders with angular edges and method of field test; in-place density; pit test; quality control; sand
treatment, large inclusions left in the excavation, movement of replacement method

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ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. CALIBRATING SAND POURING EQUIPMENT AND SAND

A1.1 Scope A1.4.3 Miscellaneous Equipment—Buckets to mix and re-

A1.1.1 This annex describes the procedure for calibrating claim sand, pans, thick paper, and miscellaneous brushes and
sand pouring equipment and sand. scoops for reclaiming sand.

A1.1.2 The calibration determines an average density of A1.5 Technical Hazards

poured sand for use in calculating the volume of a test pit A1.5.1 Consistent sand flow (see 8.2.7 – 8.2.9).
excavated to determine in-place density of soil and rock.
A1.5.2 Vibration of Poured Sand:
A1.2 Summary of Test Method A1.5.2.1 Any surface vibration or jarring of poured sand in
the mold, whether the pouring process is complete or not,
A1.2.1 Using a specific pouring device, sand is poured into
causes densification of the sand and results in erroneous test
a calibration mold of similar size and shape of a field test pit to
results. To achieve consistent results, the sand must be free to
determine the density of the sand as poured under specific
flow without any outside agitation.
conditions.
A1.5.2.2 Striking off material above the top of the calibra-
A1.3 Significance and Use tion mold must be done consistently with as little vibration as
possible.
A1.3.1 This calibration procedure is performed to obtain the A1.5.2.3 Place calibration molds on rigid, vibration free
value of density of the sand using a specific pouring device for surfaces while performing the calibration.
use in measuring the volume of a field density test pit.
A1.5.3 Reclaimed Sand:
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A1.3.2 This procedure should be performed: A1.5.3.1 As a general rule, reclaiming sand is no longer
A1.3.2.1 When a new supply of sand is processed into the desirable or economically feasible.
storage bin. A1.5.3.2 If sand is reclaimed, after each recovery it must be
A1.3.2.2 At intervals not exceeding 14 days when several screened over a sieve that would pass its original maximum
unit weight tests are required on a daily basis. particle size to eliminate clay balls or other foreign matter.
A1.3.2.3 If tests are made at infrequent intervals, the sand Discard the sand after three usages.
must be calibrated before a test or series of tests is begun.
A1.3.2.4 For any change in equipment, personnel, or size or A1.6 Conditioning
shape of the field test pit, (see 8.2.7 – 8.2.9). A1.6.1 Store the sand in covered bins or containers to
A1.3.2.5 After any significant changes in atmospheric maintain a uniformly dry condition. A 55-gal barrel with a
humidity, or change in moisture of the sand. The sand should valve near the bottom makes an excellent storage container. An
be as dry as possible. internal heat source, such as a heat tape, may be necessary in
storage containers in areas that experience significant changes
NOTE A1.1—Most sands have a tendency to absorb water from the
atmosphere. A very small amount of absorbed moisture can make a in atmospheric moisture.
substantial change in bulk density. In areas of high humidity or where the A1.6.2 When a new supply of sand is introduced into the
humidity changes often, the bulk density may need to be determined more
often than the 14-day maximum interval indicated. The need for more
storage bin and before each calibration, thoroughly mix the
frequent checks can be determined by comparing the results of different sand and blend. Calibration records must document new
bulk-density tests on the same sand made in the area and conditions of use shipments of sand and dates that new sand is introduced into
over a period of time. the current storage bin.
A1.3.2.6 If tests are routinely made using reclaimed sand,
A1.7 Procedure
calibrate when the cumulative mass of sand removed from the
storage container equals the capacity of the container. A record A1.7.1 Determine and record the mass of the mold.
of the mass of sand removed should be kept at a convenient A1.7.2 Place the calibration mold on a rigid surface.
location on or near the container.
A1.7.3 Using the pouring device, pour the sand into the
A1.4 Apparatus calibration mold, slightly overfilling. Use a circular motion to
keep the sand surface relatively level. Keep the end of the
A1.4.1 Metal Straightedge—About 50 mm (2 in.) high, at spout about 50 mm (2 in.) above the sand surface while
least 3 mm (1⁄8 in.) thick, and with a length 1.5 times the side pouring. A constant sand surcharge level in the container, sand
length of the calibration mold. drop distance and the avoidance of any vibration of the
A1.4.2 Mold—A mold or container is required that is similar measure are critical to the achievement of consistent results
to the size and shape of the test pit excavated in the material. (see A1.5.2).
The volume of the mold shall be determined in accordance A1.7.3.1 If the reservoir capacity is too small to fill the
with the principles described in Test Method D4253. calibration mold with one pour, use two or more pours to fill

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the mold. See 8.2.8 for the procedure to follow when more than A1.7.10 Check to see that all equipment is performing
one pour is necessary. correctly, that all calibrations are correct, and that the proce-
A1.7.4 Strike off the excess sand even with the top of the dures and techniques used are correct. If no problems are
calibration mold using the metal straightedge (see A1.5.2.2). discovered, then repeat procedure. If the values are still
inconsistent, go to A1.7.11.
A1.7.5 Determine the mass of the sand and calibration mold
and record. A1.7.11 Thoroughly mix all the sand being represented by
this calibration and repeat the procedure. If the values are still
A1.7.6 Calculate the mass of sand in the calibration mold
inconsistent, discard all the sand and repeat the procedure
and record.
using fresh sand from the original supply.
A1.7.7 Calculate the density of the sand and record.
A1.8 Calculation
A1.7.8 Repeat the procedure in A1.7.1 – A1.7.7 as a second
trial. A1.8.1 Calculate the density of the sand as follows (ft-lb
A1.7.9 Determine the uniformity of the two values obtained units can also be used):
by dividing either value by the other. If the value of the ratio is m 1
ρs 5 3 (A1.1)
between 0.990 and 1.010, inclusive, average the two values and V 103
record the average density. If the value of the ratio falls outside
where:
the limits, go to A1.7.10.
A1.7.9.1 Compare the average density with previously de- ρs = density of sand, Mg/m3,
termined values to see if it is consistent and reasonable. If it is m = mass of sand in calibration mold, kg, and
V = volume of calibration mold, m3.
not, go to A1.7.10.

A2. GUIDELINES FOR TEST HOLE OR TEST DIMENSIONS AND SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT

A2.1 This annex covers guidelines for selecting the exca- TABLE A2.2 Test Apparatus and Minimum Excavation VolumeA
vation dimensions and the type of equipment to use based on NOTE 1—More than 200 mm maximum particle size should be
the maximum particle size present in the material (or control determined on a case-by-case basis.
fraction) being tested. These guidelines apply to both these test Maximum Minimum Suggested Apparatus Required
Approximate
methods and to the companion Test Method D5030 for using Diameter of
Particle Required and Template Minimum
Excavated
water replacement to determine the volume of an excavated Size, mmB Volume, m3 Opening, m Depth, mmC
Hole, m
test pit. The guidelines are given in Table A2.1 and Table A2.2. 75 0.03 825-mm square 250 0.75
(Inch-pound equivalents for these two tables are provided in frame
Table A2.3.) The typical types of test pit excavation shapes are 125 0.06 1-m square frame 300 1
200 0.23 1.5-m diameter ring 450 1.5
shown in Fig. A2.1. A
Test Pit Type C (see Fig. A2.1).
B
Maximum particle size present in total material or the maximum particle size of
A2.2 These guidelines are based on providing a representa- control fraction if the total in-place density is not of concern.
tive sample of the material being tested and on practical C
This depth is necessary to obtain the minimum required volume of material when
working conditions. For a discussion of the shape and dimen- using the suggested apparatus and template opening.

sions of the test pits and for the minimum volumes for the
TABLE A2.1 Test Apparatus and Minimum Excavation VolumeA excavation, see Appendix X1 in Test Method D5030.
NOTE 1—More than 450 mm maximum particle size should be
determined on a case-by-case basis. A2.3 The guidelines shown in Table A2.1 apply to test pit
Minimum Required
Types A and B (see Fig. A2.1). These test pits generally are for
Maximum non-free draining materials or for cohesionless materials whose
Required Suggested Apparatus and Minimum
Particle
Size, mmB
Volume, Template Opening, m Depth, gradation and particle angularity will allow near-vertical side
m3 mmC
walls to be excavated.
75 0.03 0.6 m square frame 300
125 0.06 0.75 m square frame 450
200 0.23 1.2 m diameter ring 600
A2.4 The guidelines shown in Table A2.2 apply to test pit
300 0.76 1.8 m diameter ring 600 Type C (see Fig. A2.1). This type of test pit can be excavated
450 2.55 2.7 m diameter ring 900 when Type A or B cannot. For this case, the slope of the side
A
Test Pit Types A and B (see Fig. A2.1). walls will be much flatter, approximately the angle of repose of
B
Maximum particle size present in total material or the maximum particle size of the material.
control fraction if the total in-place density is not of concern.
C
This depth is necessary to obtain the minimum required volume of material when
using the suggested apparatus and template opening. A2.5 These guidelines are only applicable when the limita-
tions stated in 1.5 and 1.6 for unstable or soft materials are
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TABLE A2.3 Inch-Foot Equivalents for Table A2.1 and Table A2.2 followed.
Millimeters Inches
75 3
125 5
200 8
250 10
300 12
450 18
600 24
750 30
825 33
875 35
900 36
1000 40
1350 54
1550 62
Metres Feet
1.2 4
1.8 6
9 2.7
Cubic Feet Cubic Metres
1.0 0.03
2 0.06
8 0.23
27 0.76
90 2.55
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FIG. A2.1 Test Pit Configurations

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. EAMPLE DATA FORM

X1.1 Example data form (Fig. X1.1) is taken from Earth Department of the Interior, 1999, US GPO.
Manual, Part II, Third Edition, Bureau of Reclamation, US
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FIG. X1.1 Example Data Form

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SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D4914 – 08) that may impact the use of this standard. (March 1, 2016)

(1) The standard was converted to SI metric with rationalized (3) The report section was revised to include information on
in-lb units. significant digits.

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(2) Computation of Unit Weight was removed.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
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Copyright ASTM International 16