Republic of the Philippines

 Department of Education
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
 HIGH SCHOOLS


 


 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL

FOURTH YEAR

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

Unit of Competency: RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS

Module No. 1 Module Title: SELECTING, CULLING AND MANAGING

BREEDING STOCKS
 MODULE 1

QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS
MODULE TITLE : SELECTING, CULLING AND MANAGING
BREEDING STOCKS
NOMINAL DURATION : 30 HOURS

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in

effectively selecting, culling and managing breeding stocks.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

After completing this module, you should be able to:

1. identify and select suitable and superior breeds of goats based

on industry standards;
2. discuss the reproductive ;phenomena and practice the different
types of breeding; and
3. discuss and practice the breeding objectives and breeding
systems.

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

Let us find out how much you already know about the suitable
superior breeds of goats based on industry standards.

Read the test items and select the best answer. Write the word or
group of words on a separate sheet of paper. (Please do not write
anything on the module).

1. This breed from Nubia has a long, drooping ear, distinct Roman nose
and a prominent head.

a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat

1
2. It has a straight nose and erect ears, with an average milk production
of three liters a day.

a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat

3. It has half-drooping ears with an average weight of seventy-five kg.

at maturity.

a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat

4. It is a small but hardy which weighs about twenty-five kilograms at

maturity.

a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat

5. The desirable weight of large size or upgraded does for the first
Breeding is _______.

a. 25 kgs.
b. 20 kgs.
c. 15 kgs.
d. 10 kgs.

6. Bucks are ready to breed at the age of _______.

a. 3 – 4 months-old
b. 4 - 5 months-old
c. 5 – 7 months old
d. 8 – 10 months-old

7. Which of the choices is the average heat of a doe?

a. 15 days
b. 16 days
c. 17 days
d. 21 days

2
8. Which of the options below is NOT a sign of heat?

a. bleating
b. swollen vulva
c. frequent urination
d. labored breathing

9. The period from conception to kidding is

a. heat period
b. heat cycle
c. brooding period
d. gestation period

10. What is the average gestation period of goat?

a. 60 days
b. 114 days
c. 150 days
d. 350 days

11. The process of mating a native or unimproved parent with an

improved one is known as _______.

a. pure breeding
b. upgrading
c. line breeding
d. crossbreeding

12. It is the mating of purebred back to purebred doe.

a. pure breeding
b. upgrading
c. line breeding
d. crossbreeding

13. It is the mating of two different breeds.

a. upgrading
b. line breeding
c. crossbreeding
d. pure breeding

14. The heat duration of a doe is

a. 2 – 3 days
b. 3 – 5 days
c. 5 – 7 days
d. 7 – 10 days

3
15. If the doe does not get pregnant after being bred over three heat
periods , she should be _______.

a. bred again
b. fed with concentrates
c. injected with hormones
d. culled out

4
LESSON 1

IDENTIFY SUITABLE AND SUPERIOR BREEDS OF GOAT

BASED ON INDUSTRY STANDARD

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson focuses on the identification and selection of suitable

superior breeds of goat based on industry standard.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. identify suitable breeds of goats and describe the characteristics
of each breed;
2. select breeding stocks based on industry standard; and
3. appreciate the importance of proper selection of goat breeds.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Breed – the distinct characteristics of an animal which are generally

transmitted from generation to generation
Type – a group of animals raised to serve a certain purpose
Doe – female goat used for breeding
Buck – male goat used for breeding

There are three types of goats, namely:

 Meat type- intended for the production of chevon
 Dairy type- intended for the production of milk
 Dual purpose type- raised for both meat and milk

Breeds of Goat
Meat type
 Boer

Dairy type
 Saanen
 Toggenburg
 Alpine

5
 Dual Purpose type
 Nubians
 Jumna Pari

Different Breeds of Goats and their characteristics

1. Nubian. This breed comes from Nubia, Northeastern Africa. Its

average weight is 65 kilogram. Some are brown with horns while
other are hornless. It has a long drooping ears, distinct Roman
nose and a prominent turn head. Its coat color may be black, tan
and white, or red and white. It produces an average of two liters of
milk daily. This breed is found to have a satisfactory performance
in the Philippines which can thrive in plain, rolling to hilly areas.

Nubian

2. Saanen. A native of the Swiss Alps, its weight is about 65 kg. at

maturity. Some are hornless, although horned but disbudded ones
are preferred. It has a straight nose and exact ears. Its color is
either pure or creamy white. The average milk production is 3
liters/ day with butter content of about 4.3%. This breed thrives
well in higher elevations, approximately 1,000 in above see level or
higher.

Saanen

6
3. Philippine Goat. Small but hardy, it weighs 25 kg. at maturity. It
has average daily milk which is 350 g. butterfat content of about
4.6%. Its coat color is red, white or black or a combination of three
colors. This type of goat is found throughout the country, and
thrives in all Agro Economical Zone (AEZ).

Philippine Goat

4. Boer. It has a half-drooping ears, distinct Roman nose and a

prominent forehead. Its head, neck and the tip of the tail are brown
to reddish brown, while the rest of its coat is white. Its average is
75 kg. at maturity. It is a meat type breed. It thrives in a well-
drained hilly to rolling areas.

Boer

5. Upgraded. It is a cross of a purebred (Nubian, Saanen or Boar) and

Philippine goat. It can weigh 35 kg. at maturity. It is resistant to
diseases and is adaptable to all AEZs.

Upgraded

7
 6. Toggenburg. This breed originated in Switzerland. It is smaller
than the Nubian and Saanen. Its distinguishing features are white
markings on the face, legs and tail. The ears are erect like Saanen.

Toggenburg

7. Alpine. This is a Europian breed. The color ranges from off-white

to red or black.

Alpine

Selection of Breeding Stocks

Selection is the method used by animal raisers to make long-term

genetic change. It is the process that determines which individual
animals become parents, how many offspring produced and how long
they remain productive in the breeding population.

Major considerations when choosing goats to be raised

Doe

1. alertness
2. clear eyes
3. good body conformation
4. long body
5. long, straight, and strong legs
6. shiny coat
7. well-developed udder

8
 8. angular and wedge-shaped body
9. good temperament and motherly instinct
10. resistance to diseases
11. adaptability to environment

Buck

1. alertness
2. clear eyes
3. long body
4. good body conformation
5. long, straight, and strong legs
6. masculine appearance
7. broad chest
8. well-develop sex organs
9. aggressiveness
10. resistance to diseases
11. adaptability to environment

LET US REMEMBER

Proper selection of breeds and stocks particularly for does and

bucks is a crucial factor in goat farming since it develops the interest of
raisers to venture in this endeavor, hence, reducing the production cost
of stocks for local raisers.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED

Read the test items carefully and select the letter of the best
answer. Write your answer in your activity notebook. (Please do not write
anything in this module).

1. This breed from Nubia has a long, drooping ear; distinct Roman nose
and a prominent head.

a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat

2. It has a straight nose and erect ears, with an average milk production
of three liters a day.

a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat

9
3. It has a half-drooping ears with an average weight of seventy-five kg.
at maturity.

a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat

4. What is the ideal body shape of a doe for breeding?

a. angular and wedged-shape

b. boxed-shape
c. triangular shape
d. any shape

5. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ideal breeder?

a. broad chest
b. well-developed sex organ
c. long body
d. feminine appearance

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Make a survey of the backyard goat raisers in the community.

Following the matrix below, fill up and jot down the breed, type and
distinguishing features, of each breed. Determine the most common
breed in the community.

Breed Distinguishing Type

Features

RESOURCES:

Pictures of different breeds of goats clipped from the internet

Local goat raisers
School Goatery project
Digital Camera

10
REFERENCES:

Training Regulations
Competency-Based Curriculum
CSU Pamphlet on Goat Technology
DA Pamphlet on Goat Production

11
LESSON 2

DETECT SIGNS OF HEAT AND DIAGNOSE/CONFIRM

PREGNANT ANIMALS

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with the reproductive phenomena and different

breeding practices in goat.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. describe the different breeding practices in goat production;

2. observe the signs of heat and pregnant does; and
3. appreciate the importance of proper breeding to goats.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Breeding - the act of biological reproduction

Heat period/Estrus period - the period when the female is receptive
to male
Artificial Insemination (AI) - a reproductive technology in which semen
is collected from the males and then used in fresh or frozen form
to breed females through artificial means
Heat Cycle - the interval between two successive heat periods

Breeding Practices for Does

A doe may be bred for the first time when she is about eight
months old, well grown, in good health, and weighs not less than 15kg.
for native and 20kg. for crossbreeds.
Two services are recommended for maiden does. Although one
service can make a doe pregnant as goats are generally prolific. When
hand mating is being practiced, breed the doe upon observation of heat
and repeat 12 hours after. Does with estrus period lasting for three days
may be bred on the third day.

12
 Best result is obtained when a maiden doe is bred on her second
cycle after eight months. This enables caretaker to establish the duration
of estrus, the estrus cycle, and the degree of manifestation of estrus.
Does can be returned to the herd after breeding .If the does return
to heat in about 21 days, they should be rebred. Failure of the does to
conceive after breeding with proven bucks for 2 cycles can be a good
reason for culling.

Reproductive Phenomena in Goats

Particular Parameter

Age of puberty 4-8 months

Estrus 2-3 days
Estrus cycle 18-24 days (average 21 days)
Ovulation 33 hours after the beginning of
estrus
Gestation length 142-155 days (average 150 days)
Kidding interval
Pure breed 240 days
Native 210-260 days

Breeding Practices for Bucks

Bucks are allowed to serve does for the first time when they are
already eight months old. However, he is only capable of light service at
this stage. The buck should not serve more than 20 does before one year
old. In hand mating/controlled mating, it is also not advisable to use a
mature buck to more than four services weekly. In unrestricted breeding,
the breeding load should be one buck for every 25 does or less depending
on the size, terrain and vegetation of the pasture.

Avoid the trauma brought about by a large-sized buck servicing a

native doe.

In general, never allow bucks to run with the herd unless herding
is a part of the management practice. This is to prevent some of the does
from being bred too young.

The bucks may be kept as long as they are productive, provided

they are not allowed to breed their own daughters.

Exchanging or loaning bucks to other farms will allow other goat

raisers to avail of genetic superiority of a buck and can prevent
inbreeding. However, undertake utmost care and precautions so as not to
overuse the buck and the possible spread of reproductive and other
contagious diseases.

13
System of Breeding

 Upgrading/ Grading up- used to infuse exotic bloodline of bucks

to an existing breed, usually native female.

Grading up with a purebred buck will produce kids with the

following blood composition.

Purebred buck X Native doe

Purebred buck X (50% purebred: 50% Native doe)

Purebred buck X (75% purebred: 25% Native doe)

87.5% Purebred buck: 12.5% Native

 Pure breeding- a purebred buck is mated to a pure bred doe of

the same breed, this mating is also called straight breeding.
Pure breeding is practiced when a raiser wants to maintain
primarily the purity of his stocks. This mating scheme is usually
observed among nucleus farm, which are mandated to produce
breeders for the multiplier farms.
 Crossbreeding- is achieved when bucks of one breed or breed
combinations are mated to does of another breed or breed
combination.

Signs of In Heat Doe

 mounting other animals irrespective of sex or stands still when

mounted by other goats
 shaking of tail from side to side especially if other goats rub
over her
 bleating
 mucus discharge from the vulva
 swollen vulva
 nervousness
 frequent urination
 decrease in appetite

14
Types of Breeding

Hand Mating

This type of breeding involves the complete confinement of the

buck in a separate quarter and not allowed to be mixed with the rest of
the herd. Only when a doe is “in heat” that the buck and a doe are
brought to the breeding pen where they are mated with or without the
assistance of the caretaker.

Hand mating has the following advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:

1. Keeping record is easier and more accurate, ensuring better

care for kidding does.
2. Buck does not waste energy in mounting.
3. “Settled does” are separated from others and are not disturbed;
hence, the risk of abortion is lessened if not avoided.

Disadvantages:

1. More time and effort are required in identifying doe in heat so

as not to miss breeding with the buck.
2. A separate pen for the buck is required.

Pasture mating

This permits the buck to run with the herd throughout the
breeding season or throughout the year. This type saves labor in the daily
inspection of the herd for in heat does and driving them to the breeding
pen for mating. It also precludes the possibility of does “going by”
unbreed due to the herdsman’s failure to monitor heat period.

Artificial Insemination (AI)

A reproductive technology in which semen is collected from bucks

and then used in fresh or frozen form to breed does through artificial
means.
Artificial Insemination offers a great potential in accelerating the
generic improvement of the goat population since AI allows a size to
produce potentially hundreds if not thousands of progenies.

15
Materials needed for AI

 Artificial vagina (7cm. in diameter and 15cm. long) for semen

collection
 Microscope and a hemocytometer for semen evaluation.
 Catheter for semen deposition filled with either rubber bulb or a
2 ml. syringe.
 Speculum for opening the vagina.
 Flashlight/penlight

Semen Evaluation

As soon as the semen is collected, it is evaluated for motility and

concentration. Good quality semen can be used immediately as liquid or
fresh undiluted semen or it can be diluted to serve more does from only
one ejaculation using extenders.

Steps in Artificial Insemination

 Place the doe in a breeding stall, to hold the doe firmly and
elevate its rear quarters. In the absence of stall, support the doe
by the knee just in front of her udder.

 Clean the vulva and the surrounding area with ordinary tap
water.

 Lubricate the speculum with KY jelly-oil or Vaseline.

 Insert the speculum gently not with a jerk, through the vulva
into the vagina.

 The insertion is usually followed by twisting motion with slight

amount of pressure. The speculum must be inserted following
the angle of the rung.

 Using a flashlight manipulating the speculum, locate the cervix.

 With the correct amount of semen previously loaded into the

1ml. pipette catheter, introduce the opened end through the
speculum into the cervix
 The catheter must be put gently through the cervical opening.
Semen deposition must be made from 1 to 1.5 cm. inside the
cervix. Releasing the semen behind. The first fold,
approximately 0.6cm is permissible in virgin does.
 Deposit 1-0.2ml of semen containing 120-125 million sperm
cells by pushing the syringe plunger or pressing the rubber
slowly and holding it at the position, until it is withdrawn from

16
 the cervix. If a speculum is not available, a rubber hose 2cm. in
diameter and 15cm. long may be used. Both ends must be
smooth. To get high conception rate, make technique of semen
deposition as natural as possible. Use semen of high quality,
inseminate the animal at the right stage of estrus and use only
clean sanitized equipment.

Administering Artificial
Insemination (AI)
in goats

Signs of Pregnancy

 absence of estrus
 prominence of the milk vein
 gradual enlargement of the udder
 gradual increase of belly size

Enumerated below are Important Guidelines in Culling or Removing

Unproductive and Undesirable Animals in the Herd

 Cull does that do not settle in spite of repeated mating with a

proven buck, considering that mating was properly timed.
 Cull does with poor maternal instinct (mothering ability). They
lose their kids from natural causes such as lack of milk or
refusal to nurse their kids.
 Cull bucks or does producing undesirable hereditary traits.
 Cull bucks or does that react to diseases such as brucellosis
and vibriosis.
 Cull bucks that can no longer mount due to old age. Remove
also sterile bucks.
 Cull does that have difficult or complicated kidding.

17
Gestation period

This is the period from conception to kidding. Normally, it is from

145 to 155 days or five months, or an average of 150 days.

Gestation table for goats (based on average gestation period of 150 days)

Will Fresher:
When Bred In: (Breeding date less
number below*)
Month Day
January June 1
February July 0
March August 3
April September 3
May October 3
June November 3
July December 3
August January 3
September February 3
October March 1
November April 1
December May 1
*To determine day due to kid, take breeding day and subtract the
number indicated.

Reproductive Failures

There are many reasons why doe fails to reproduce.

 It receives infertile sperm from the buck.
 It has abnormal egg.
 It suffers from female diseases such as brucellosis and vibriosis.
 It has hormonal malfunction.
 It has an over fat condition.
 Due to very hot weather which causes the fertilized egg to be
aborted.
 It is too weak (not in good physical condition).
 The doe is a hermaphrodite.

LET US REMEMBER

Goat raising is a very profitable animal venture provided knowledge

and skills in breeding management and care of pregnant does are
properly observed.

18
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

I. Read the following test items carefully and select the letter of the best
answer. Write it in your activity notebook. (Please do not write anything
in this module).

1. What is the average gestation period of does?

a. 283 days
b. 310 days
c. 114 days
d. 150 days

2. The average estrus cycle of a doe is _______.

a. 144 days
b. 60 days
c. 312 days
d. 21days

3. It is the mating of two different breed.

a. upgrading
b. line breeding
c. pure breeding
d. cross breeding

4. Why is it not advisable to allow the buck to run with the herd during
the breeding period?

a. to avoid injuries of the doe

b. to minimize abortion
c. to lessen the cost of feeds and biologics
d. to prevent the does from being bred too young

5. How do you know if the doe is about to deliver?

a. The doe becomes nervous and emits a low bleat.

b. It appears hollow in the flank.
c. Paws beddings around.
d. All of these

II. Problem Solving

1. Kuya Lito bred his doe April 7, 2009 and his doe settled. What is
the expected date of kidding?
2. Based on problem number 1 what is the expected heat
recurrence in case the doe did not settle?

19
LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Let us proceed to the goatery project and make an inventory of the

stocks. List down the number of the following:
a. Pregnant Does
b. In Heat Does

List down your observations in the aforementioned does in your

activity notebook.

RESOURCES

Artificial Insemination (A.I.) kit

School Goatery Project

REFERENCES

Training Regulation
Competency-Based Curriculum
The Philippine Recommends for Goat Farming
DA Pamphlet on Goat production
PCARRD Technical Bulletin Series No. 9
Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources and Research and
Development
NSTA

20
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL

FOURTH YEAR

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

Unit of Competency: RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS

Module No. 2 Module Title: MANAGING BREEDERS AND THEIR

PROGENIES
 MODULE 2

QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS
MODULE TITLE : MANAGING BREEDERS AND THEIR
PROGENIES
NOMINAL DURATION : 50 HOURS

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in

managing breeders and their progenies.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

After completing this module, you should be able to:

1. monitor and assist kidding;

2. perform dehorning/disbudding, dewattling, hoof trimming and
castration;
3. separate lactating goats from the breeder males;
4. determine the age of goats through dentition;
5. appreciate the importance of managing the does and kids.

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

Let us find out how much you already know about managing the
doe and its progenies and the practices involved in caring the kids.
Read the questions and select the best answer. Write the letter of
the word or group of words on a separate sheet of paper. Please do not
write anything in the module.

1. It is the first milk of the doe.

a. lactose
b. prolactin
c. colostrums
d. enzyme

2. What is the best age to castrate goat?

a. 2-4 weeks old

b. 5-8 months old
c. 9-11 months old
d. 1 year old

1
3 It is best time to castrate kids.

a. noon time
b. night time
c. early in the morning
d. any time of the day\

4 Disbudding is done when the kid is about _______.

a. 1 day old
b. 1 week old
c. 2 weeks old
d. 3 weeks old

5. What will you do to the goats to avoid malformation of the toes?

a. disbud the animal

b. hoof trim the animal
c. castrate the animal
d. all of these

6. What percent of protein is contained in a starter feeds for kids?

a. 14%
b. 16%
c. 18%
d. 22%

7 It is a concentrate feed requirement per grower and full grown

goat

a. 0.5 kg.
b. 1 kg.
c. 1.5 kg.
d. 2 kg.

8. The act of giving birth is _______.

a. gestation
b. parturition
c. lactation
d. castration

9. Milking should be done at _______.

a. 6:00 am and 6:00 pm

b. 9:00 am and 1:00 pm
c. 1:00 am and 1:00 pm
d. any time you want

2
10. What percent of crude protein on the concentrate feed is needed
by a milking doe?

a. 22-25%
b. 18-22%
c. 16-20%
d. 14-18%

3
LESSON 1.

MONITOR AND ASSIST KIDDING/LAMBING

WHAT IS THE LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with the proper management of doe and its
progenies.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson you should be able to:

1. identify the correct steps on what to do during kidding time;
2. assist the doe during kidding;
3. follow the correct steps to be undertaken when the doe experiences
difficulty in kidding;
4. appreciate the importance of proper management of doe and its
progenies.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define
Colostrum -first milk of the doe after kidding
Progeny -the offspring of an animal
Placenta -constitutes the chief part of the afterbirth which is expelled
after parturition
Parturition -the act of giving birth.

Kidding Pen

Place the doe in a clean, well-lighted, and comfortable pen that has
been disinfected. Clean and dry rice straws or dried banana leaves are
good bedding materials.

Kidding
Signs and Symptoms
 The water bag appears on the outside.
 It usually increases in size until it ruptures.
 Appearance of second bag called amnionic bladder with
the fetus is significant.

4
  Straining causes this second bag to break.
 Presentation follows next.

Things needed during kidding:

 piece of string
 clean cloth
 sharp knife or blade
 Tincture of iodine
 oil

During the kid delivery

 The normal presentation is the head and forelegs come
out first.
 Tail first with rear legs tucked under the body (breech).
 Head appears first with one or both legs back.
 Body parts from more than one kid at one time and
sideways with the length of the body at the right of the
body at the right angle to the pelvis.

The kid or kids should be borne within an hour after the doe
begins to have strong labor contractions. If this does not occur, examine
the doe for any kidding difficulty. You cannot safely deliver the kids
without injuring the doe unless you first examine the doe carefully.

Steps to undertake when the doe experiences difficulty in kidding

 Clip your finger nails.
 Scrub your hands.
 Disinfect nails and arms past the elbow with a disinfectant
like alcohol.
 Wash your hands with an antiseptic like Neko.
 Have another person scrub the rear quarters of the doe with
some disinfectant.
 Gently and slowly insert your hand into the birth canal and
feel for the head, legs and tail.

Caring for the Kids

As soon as the kid is born, the following steps should be followed:

 Wipe the body and remove mucus clogging the nose.

 Tie a string around the umbilical cords about the base of the
navel.
 Cut cord after the knot and dip the navel in tincture of iodine.
 Place kids in a kidding box and expose them under the
sunshine to dry-off if possible.
 Assist newly-born kids to suck the first milk or colostrum
which acts as antibodies.

5
  If the doe dies while kidding, give kids a liberal dose of any
vegetable oil or little milk mixed with fresh eggs white. Then,
hand feed the kids with milk individually up to three months
when they are already ready to eat concentrate feeds.
 Dispose placenta and dead kids properly.
 Castrate male kids not intended for breeding purposes one
month after kidding.
 Wean three-month old male and female kids from the mother
as growers. After choosing replacement stocks, remaining
growers are being sold at farm gate price.

Care of the Kid

It is important for the kid to receive the first milk or colostrums. It

is essential both as laxative and internal antiseptic as it removes the
meconium or fecal matter from the kid. After several hours, a full udder
indicates that the kid has not yet suckled its first milk supply. Tie and
lead the kid to it and direct the kid’s mouth towards the teats.
If for any reason the kid cannot be fed colostrums or the doe died
while kidding, give the kid a liberal dose (from a teaspoonful to a
tablespoonful) of any vegetable oil or a little milk with the white of fresh
egg. This is to start the bowels to function normally. It may become
necessary at this time to give an enema by using a baby syringe.
In farms where the electricity and refrigeration are available, store
excess colostrums in freezers. To feed the weak kids or those born from
does with inadequate colostrum, thaw the frozen milk by slow heating,
then feed lukewarm.
Allow the run with the does for 3-5 days. If the lactating does are
intended for twice-a-day milking, keep the kids in the pen and
individually hand feed with milk. The same person should care for the
kids and supervise their daily feeding. Train the kids with patience and
kindness to enable them to react to friendly handling and to avoid
excitement.
Observe closely their condition and development. Guard against
wet bedding in kid’s pen. Beddings may seem dry on top but saturated
underneath. Change beddings of kids two or three times daily.
In a less intensive production or if milking is only once-a-day, allow
the kids to run with the older stocks. However, keep them in the night
shelter where creep feeds and fresh water are available. Protect kids from
predatory animals.

LET US REMEMBER

Goats are small ruminants, hence, their upkeep is simpler than

that of large ruminants. Nonetheless, appropriate management even
before the kid is born, have to be employed to ensure profitability and
success of the enterprise.

6
MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

Read the questions carefully and select the letter of your choice.
Write your answer in your activity notebook. Do not write anything in the
module.

1. These are the things needed during kidding except _______.

a. hot iron
b. piece of string
c. clean cloth
d. tincture of iodine

2. It is an ideal age for weaning kid.

a. 4 weeks
b. 5weeks
c. 2 months old
d. 3 months old

3. What is the ideal length of the umbilical cord retained when cut?

a. 0.5-1cm from the base of the navel

b. 1.0-1.5cm from the base of the navel
c. 2.0-3.0cm from the base of the navel
d. 3-5cm from the base of the navel

4. Why do we give colostrum to newly born kid?

a. It contains antibodies to fight secondary infections.

b. It is rich in protein.
c. It is rich in fats.
d. It is rich in minerals.

5. If the kid cannot be fed with colostrum due to the death of the doe,
what should be given to the kid?

a. little milk with the white of fresh egg

b. plenty of fresh water
c. liberal feeding of skimmed milk
d. ad libitum feeding of starter feeds

7
LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Proceed to the school goatery project. Form group of five and assist
the doe/s in kidding. Using the rating scale below be able to apply what
you have learned in this lesson

Suggested rating scale on kidding

Rating Student grouping
Criteria
% 1 2 3 4 5
1. Performed the correct steps in 40
Kidding

2. Completed of necessary 25
materials for kidding

3. Used appropriate tools and 15

other equipment

4. Proper administration of 10
biologics

5. Work habit 10

Total 100

RESOURCES:

School Goatery Project

Tools and Medicines

REFERENCES:

Agriculture and Fishery Technology Animal Production

The Philippine Recommends for Goat Farming
Training Regulation
Curriculum-Base Competency
CSU Pamphlet on Goat Technology
DA Pamphlet on Goat Production

8
LESSON 2.

PERFORM OTHER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with the proper way of dehorning, castrating,

dewattling and hoof trimming.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson you should be able to:

1. perform eartagging/notching, dehorning, dewattling, and hoof

trimming, castration;
2. follow the correct steps in dehorning, castrating and hoof
trimming;
3. determine the age of goats through dentition; and
4. appreciate the importance of identification, dehorning,
castrating, dewattling, hoof trimming and castration.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Castration –a surgical operation that removes the primary sex organ

(testes)
Disbudding –the process of controlling the growth of horns
Dewattling –the process of removing the wattles of goat
Frog –the soft part at the center of the hoof

Castration
Castrate male kids intended for meat as early as possible,
preferably at the age of 2 – 4 weeks. Castration should be done in the
morning to avoid severe bleeding.

Steps in Castration

 Lay the buck kid on its back.

 Keep the goat from moving.
 Inject the kid with penicillin antibiotic. Figure 1.
 Draw the hind legs forward.

9
  Apply 3% creoline solution or tincture of iodine to disinfect the
scrotum and its surrounding area.
 Cut across the scrotum carefully then slowly push the testicles out.
Figure 2.
 Cut two connecting tissues with a sterilized knife or blade.
 Apply tincture of iodine and dust sulfanilamide powder over the
wound. In areas where tetanus is known to occur, a preventive
dose of tetanus anti-toxin (TAT) is recommended.

Figure 1. Injecting penicillin

to buck kid
(Courtesy of BNAS students)

Figure 2. Castrating buck kid

Disbudding

Horns are dangerous on a mature animal. But they are painful to

remove from mature goats. Remove the horn buds when the kids are
about three weeks old. Use hot iron cautery. Figure 3.

Steps:
 Clip the hair around the base of the horn bud.
 Restrain the animal properly to avoid unnecessary burning.
 Heat the dehorner red hot. This instrument can be made at home
from an iron pipe 1.3 cm in diameter.
 When ready, press down the red-hot dehorner over the bud and
quickly remove it.
 Cover the burnt area with Vaseline.

10
Figure 3. Disbudding kids

Dewattling

Wattles of goats are

subject to infection. To
avoid this, remove the
wattles by using a pair of
sharp scissors and cut
each wattle at its base.

Hoof Trimming

This practice aims

to prevent malformation of
the toes and to prevent
foot rot that results from manure getting inside the untrimmed hoof. A
sharp knife, prunning shears, or a broad sharp chisel can be used to trim.
Trimming is easily done in damp cold weather when the hooves are
more pliable. Brittle hooves need a hoof ointment or softening can be
accomplished by letting the goat stand on damp floor for several hours
before trimming. Figure 4.

How to Trim the Hoof?

 Hold the feet of the goat between four knees.

 With a knife, trim down the excess hoof until the feet are like those of
a newly born kid.
 If chisel is used, place hoof on a block of wood and trim.
 Edges of the hoof must be of the same level with the frog (the soft part
of the center).
 Wittle the frog with utmost care since this is the most sensitive part of
the hoof.

Fig. 4. Hoof Trimming (Courtesy of BNAS students)

11
 Goats are small ruminant, hence, their upkeep is simpler than that
of large ruminants. Nonetheless, appropriate management practices even
before the kid is delivered, have to be employed to ensure profitability
and success of the enterprise.

Determining Goat Age

Choose young, healthy animals. You can estimate the age of a goat
by looking at the teeth. Goats have eight front incisors on the lower jaw.
For animal younger than one year, the set is complete; their small, sharp
incisors are temporary. Yearlings have two permanent front incisors; the
rest of their teeth are temporary. A two-year old goat has four large front
teeth while a three-year old goat has six teeth. They develop a complete
set of incisors at the age of four. As goat grow older, teeth become worn
out, spread far apart, become loose and finally drop out.

Figure 5. Dentition in goats

Two permanent teeth replace two temporary incisor teeth in

the center.
1-year age .

Two additional permanent teeth appear a total of four

permanent teeth.
2-year age

Six permanent teeth are present, the last two being found on
either side of the two-year old teeth.
3-year age

Full mouth. There is complete set of eight permanent teeth .

4-year age

12
Identification of Animals

In any recording program, proper identification of animals is

necessary. This is essential for their registration and breeding, feeding,
selection, kidding, and culling. Identification is either permanent or
temporary. Permanent identification includes color patterns such as
photographs, tattooing, ear notching, and branding. Temporary
identification consists of ear tags and neck chains.

LET US REMEMBER

Other management practices such as castration, disbudding,

dewattling and hoof trimming are very essential in goat production for
they would not only over risk in the employment of routinary activities
but most especially they would improve performance or productivity of
the general herd.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

Read the questions carefully and select the letter of the best
answer. Write your answer in your activity notebook.

1. It is the process of controlling the growth of horns

a. dewattling
b. disbudding
c. caponizing
d. castrating

2. How many permanent teeth does a 1 year-old goat have?

a. 8 c. 4
b. 6 d. 2

3. What about a two year old goat? How many permanent teeth does
it have?

a. 8 c. 4
b. 6 d. 2

4. What is the ideal age of kid to be castrated?

a. 1.5 days old

b. 2 – 4 weeks old
c. 1.5 – 2 months old
d. 1 year old

13
 5. Castration should always be done _______.

a. at noon time
b. at night time
c. early in the morning
d. any time of the day

6. Why is colostrum very essential to newly born kid?

a. It is very rich in fat.

b. It is very easy to digest.
c. It contains antibodies.
d. It is rich in Vitamin B complex.

7. What management operation aims to prevent malformation of the

toes to prevent foot rot?

a. dewattling
b. disbudding
c. Hoof trimming
d. caponizing

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Let us proceed to the goatery project and identify the kids ready for
disbudding, castrating and dewattling. Do the actual castration,
disbudding and hoof trimming. You will be rated based on the suggested
rating scale.

RATING Student
CRITERIA
% 1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Follow the correct steps 40%
in _________
2. Proper use of tools,
equipments, PPE 30%

3. Workmanship 25%

4. Speed 5%
TOTAL 100%

RESOURCES

Tools for castration, dewattling and disbudding

School goatery project
Pictures of BNAS students and Solana Breeding Station

14
REFERENCES

Training Regulation
Competency-Based Curriculum
CSU Pamphlet on Goat Technology
DA Pamphlet on Goat Production
The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming

15
LESSON 3.

PRACTICE WEANING KIDS AND SEPARATE LACTATING

DOES/EWES FROM THE BUCKS/RAMS

WHAT IS THE LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with the proper way of dehorning, castrating,

dewattling and hoof trimming.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. determine the proper age of weaning kids;

2. practice feeding management of weaners;
3. separate lactating does;
4. observe proper hygiene/sanitation in lactating goat pen;
5. appreciate the importance of proper weaning of kids and
separating lactating does.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Adlibitum feeding –unlimited or liberal feeding

Weaning –Separating the kids from the does
Concentrates –grains or feeds that are low (less than 18%) in crude
fiber, but high in digestible nutrient content.
Roughage –fibrous herbage which has a high fiber content but low in
digestible nutrient.
Herd –a group of goat

Weaning

Weaning of kids depends on the system of management and

operation under which goats are raised. For dairy purpose, kids may be
weaned totally from does immediately or at least three days after kidding
and then raised by hand feeding.
If milk is a secondary factor in raising goats, wean the kids at the
age of not less than three months. By this time, the kids must have
experienced consuming solid foods, particularly concentrates and
roughage.

16
 At weaning, separate the buck kids from the kid herd. This would
prevent some of the doe kids from being bred too young. Breeding them
too young stunts kids’ growth.

Care of Lactating Does

Keep milk-type goats in a quiet environment before and during

milking. Noise and sight of strangers affect the goats’ nervous system and
cause their milk to decrease.
Clip hairs in the udder regularly. This prevents contamination of
the milk during milking. Separate the buck from the milking herd to
avoid taint in the milk.
To get the best milking results, the following are important points
to consider:
 quietness
 gentleness
 regularity of milking process

Preparing the doe before milking

 To make the milking process easier, provide a milking stand or goat

holder.
A goat X – holder is used when milking goat in a squatting position.
Use bamboo in making the holder. (Fig. 6)

Figure 6. Goat Holder for milking goat in a squatting position

 Comb or brush the goat well.

 Clean the milk bucket thoroughly. A stainless steel or hard plastic
bucket is preferred.
 Wash hands well.
 Clean the udder using soap and lukewarm water just before
milking.
 Dry the udder with clean towel or soft cloth.

Figure 7. Milking stand for goats

17
 Milking periods must be established and strictly adhered. If
milking is done twice a day, e.g. 6:00am and 6:00pm the process should
not be delayed or advanced. Possibly, same personnel should be used.
Goats can withhold milk, so necessary changes in the routines should be
avoided.

Proper Steps of Milking Doe

1. Wash hands with soap and water and 2. Do the same on the udder and parts
dry them before starting to milk. around it.

3. Grasp the teat with the thumb 4. Close the second finger and
and first finger. milk will squirt out. Discard
the first stream for it is high
in bacteria.

5. Close the forefingers and 6. Close the little finger and tear
press a little steadily. with the whole hand.

7. Release the teat so that it will be 8. Feel the teat again if all the milk
filled with milk. has come out.

9. Again grasp the teat with your 10. Run your fingers down to
thumb and first finger. the teat to force some milk still
to come out.

18
Feeding Lactating Goat

Forage alone cannot increase milk production among lactating does.

For milk production, the does should be fed with good quality forage and
concentrates containing 16 – 20% crude protein at the rate of about 0.5
kilograms per liter of milk produced. Provide vitamin-mineral and salt, ad
libitum.

LET US REMEMBER

Proper management of lactating does and weaning kids is very

important in goat raising for it manifests how well a raiser implements all
the skills in this particular aspect in goat farming.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

Select the best answer of the following questions and write the
letter of your choice in your activity notebook (Do not write anything on
the module)

1. It is called unlimited or liberal feeding.

a. restricted feeding c. skip a day feeding

b. ad libitum feeding d. limited feeding

2. What is the best age of weaning kids after birth?

a. 1-2 weeks c. 1 month old

b. 2-3 weeks d. 3 months old

3. Why do we separate buck kids from the kid herd?

a. to prevent doe kids from being bred too young

b. to prevent accidents of the animals
c. to minimize feed cost
d. to prevent cannibalism

4. How do we make milking process easier to does?

a. Provide the doe with dry beddings.

b. Wash the hands well.
c. Provide a milking stand or holder.
d. all of the above

5. What is the required crude protein for lactating does?

a. 22% CP c. 35% CP
b. 16-20% CP d. 14% CP

19
LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Proceed to the school goatery project and identify the lactating does.
Perform the extraction of milk following the correct procedure discussed
previously. You will be rated as follows:

Suggested rating scale in milking

Rating Students
Criteria
% 1 2 3 4 5
1. Performed the correct steps in 40
Milking

2. Completed of necessary 25
materials for milking

3. Used materials appropriately 15

4. Working habit 15

5. Speed 5

Total 100

RESOURCES

1. Illustrations clipped from books and pamphlet

2. School goatery project

REFERENCES

1. Agriculture and Fishery Technology Animal Production II

2. The Philippine Recommends for Goat Farming
3. Training Regulation
4. Curriculum-Base Competency
5. CSU Pamphlet Goat Technology
6. DA Pamphlet on Goat Production

20
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL

FOURTH YEAR

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

Unit of Competency: RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS

Module No. 3 Module Title: HOUSING AND OTHER FACILITIES

 MODULE 3

QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS
MODULE TITLE : HOUSING AND OTHER FACILITIES
NOMINAL DURATION : 20 HOURS

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in

providing housing system and other facilities.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

After completing this module, you should be able to:

1. identify and discuss housing system and other materials

of the general herd;

2. discuss appropriate space requirements for goats/sheep at

different physiological stages; and

3. provide areas and support system for pasture establishment

and maintenance of infrastructure, facilities, tools and equipment
based on industry and BAI standards.

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

Read the questions and write the letter of your answer in your
activity notebook.

1. What is the ideal space requirement of a pair of goat?

a.1 meter x 2 meters c. 3 meters x 4 meters

b. 2 meters x 3 meters d. 4 meters x 5 meters

2. It is the recommended space requirement of a buck.

a. 1.5 meters2 c. 3 meters2

b. 2 meters2 d. 4 meters2

3. At what part of the barn will you construct the kidding pen?

a. front part of the barn c. farther end of the barn

b. center part of the barn d. any part of the barn

1
 4. It is the desired elevation of the flooring of a goat house from the
ground.

a. 1-1.5 feet c. 1 – 1.5 meters

b. 0.5 – 1 meter d. 10-20 meters

5. What is the suggested height of pen from the flooring up to the

roofing?

a. 1-1.5 feet c. 1-1.5 meters

b. 0.5 – 1 meter d. 2-3 meters

6. What is the importance of constructing a loafing?

a. for isolating newly-acquired stocks

b. for isolating sick animals
c. for serving as an exercise area of the animals
d. all of the above

7. What is the desired size of the loafing area?

a. 3-4 times as wide as the total floor space of the goat house
b. 2 times as wide as the total floor space of the goat house
c. 10 times of the floor space
d. 20 times of the floor space

8. Which of the choices below is the prescribed height of the wall

partition of buck pens?

a. 0.5-1 meter
b. 1.35-1.5 meters
c. 2.0-2.5 meters
d. 3.0-3.5 meters

9. It is a facility used to store fodder or forage adjacent to the goat

shed.

a. hay rack
b. fodder rack
c. mineral box
d. water container

10. What is the recommended height of the goat fence to be

constructed?

a. 0.5 meter
b. 1 meter
c. 1.5 meters
d. 2 meters

2
LESSON 1

HOUSING SYSTEM AND OTHER MATERIALS OF

THE GENERAL HERD

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with housing system and other materials of the
general herd.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson you should be able to:

1. consider the factors in site selection;

2. identify the different types of house for goats;
3. identify the different roofs, design and materials needed in the
construction of goat house;
4. compute the recommended floor space requirement of goats at
different physiological stages; and
5. appreciate the importance of proper housing goats.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Loafing area – a place where the animals stay together before they
are feed to the pasture area.
Predators– animals that prey or eat other animals.

Factors to consider in site selection for goat houses:

 It should be accessible.
 It should be protected by natural windbreak.
 It should be near to the source of water.

Housing

The type of goat houses is dictated by the prevailing system of

production and husbandry. Unlike other livestock, goats prefer to stay on
elevated places like benches, steps of houses, and piled lumber.
Regardless of the types, goat houses must be well-drained, and easy to
clean. The materials to be used must be suitable to local conditions and
depend upon the availability of the materials in the locality and the
3
financial capability of the raiser. Nevertheless, it should be recognized
that a good goat house must be able to serve the basic purpose for which
it is built.

Fig. 1 Goat House with all the essential fixtures

Galvanized iron sheet

nipa shingles, or
coconut fronds

Feed trough

Bamboo cocolumber,
or lumber slabs

Slatted flooring
1cm spacing

Feed trough

Brooder box waterer

The primary function of a goat house is to provide protection for the

animals against:
 Climatic elements
o Rain
o Wind
o Temperature

 Protection against theft

 Predators
 Infectious diseases
 Traumatic injuries

4
 The need for a functional house is further elaborated, particularly
when kidding occurs during the rainy season. As a defense mechanism,
goats would run and seek shelter at the first instance of rain to avoid
respiratory ailments of which they are known to be very susceptible.

Its design should suit the desired performance and control of goat
husbandry and breeding measures such as:

 feeding,
 breeding and selection,
 reproductive events,
 kid rearing and
 sanitation and hygiene

Flooring and Its Area

For goats raised in the backyard, the shed may be constructed of

bamboo and roofing materials of cogon, nipa, or anahaw leaves (Fig. 2) A
shed 2-m wide and 3-m long is sufficient for a pair of goats, although
extra space is needed for the kids. The floor can be constructed with
bamboo or wooden slats, evenly spaced to allow manure to pass down. If
bamboo slats will be utilized as flooring material, it must be of thicker
dimension that should be laid out evenly and nailed to floor joints.

Fig. 2 . An ideal goat house with elevated flooring and feeding trough
(Courtesy of Solana Breeding Station, Solana, Cagayan)

Strong enough to prevent any leg injury, it must be elevated from

the ground for ease of cleaning and periodic removal of the goat manure.
A feed box for the salt, concentrates, or forages, and watering trough may
be provided in the shed, especially during inclement weather. The feed
box should be constructed in a way that would discourage its use as
sleeping area by young animals.
For goats raised in semi-commercial or commercial scale, there are
two essential elements to consider: building cost and comfort and welfare
of the goats. It is an ideal approach to construct the goat house at lesser
cost but it should not compromise the animal’s comfort and welfare. The
floor can be made of wooden slats of 2.5 cm thick and 5 cm wide

5
dimension. A space interval of approximately 1 cm between slats is
recommended to avoid leg accidents owing to slips between the slats.
The floor must be elevated 1-1.5 m to facilitate air circulation and ease of
manure removal. Concrete ground floor under slatted flooring is
recommended for ease of manure collection. Table 1 presents the
recommended floor space area for goats at different ages.
The estimation of the total floor area of the goat house should be
based on the number of breeding females and their reproductive
parameters. These include conception rate of 80%: kidding interval of
eight months for 1.5 kidding per year): an average kidding size of 1.5
kids .per kidding: a disposal age of one year for grower animals; an
annual replacement rate of 20% for female breeders: and 80% livability
rate up to one year of age. However, the idea for possible expansion
should also be considered in the layout of the goat house.

Table 1. The recommended floor space area for goats at different ages.
Category Floor Space (m-)
Breeding female 15
Breeding buck 20
Young stock (up to one year old) 10

If ever there is an expansion, you have to consider the lay out of the goat
house.

Example: 25-doe level

1. Breeder female (doe)
25 does x 1.5 m2doe = 37.5 m2

2. Breeder male (buck)

1 buck x 2.0 m2 buck = 2.0 m2
3. Young stock
25 x 80% conception x 1.5 kids kidding x
1.5 kidding/year x 80% livability rate
= 36 offspring /year x 1.0 m2 animal = 36.0 m2
Total floor area 75.5 m2
Total number of goats 62 head

Pens and Partitions

Goats of different physiological stages should be separated. This

can be achieved by strategic construction of partitions or walls to make
pens. About four pens are needed to separate the different classes of
goats. These would include kidding and rearing pen, buck pen, dry does
and doeling pen, and grower pen. The pen allocated for does that are
ready to give birth should be located at the farther end of the barn to give
the does a quiet environment during kidding and subsequent rearing of
the newly-born kid(s). Locate the pen designated for the bucks beside the
pen of the dry does and doelings. The presence of a buck has a positive
effect on the occurrence of estrus in goats. The wall or partition of buck

6
pen should be made of stronger materials and have a height of 1.35 – 1.5
m. This would discourage the buck from jumping over and prevent
untimely mating with female grower goats. The buck pen size should
accommodate the number of male breeder animals required based on the
male to female ratio of 1:20 – 25. The grower pen will accommodate all
the male and female goats weaned at three months old. If the male
grower goats were not castrated before weaning, construct a movable
partition to separate the female from the male grower goats to prevent
untimely breeding of the animals.
The door for each pen should be constructed at its corner along the
alley for control of animal movement. It should be hinged and attached to
a post that would allow its movement only towards the inside of the pen.
Design the peripheral walls of the goat house in such a way that air
circulation inside the goat house is improved and the excessive draft
inside is prevented.

Fig. 2. Kidding Pen

(Courtesy from Solana Breeding
Station, Solana, Cagayan)

Roof and Its Design

The design of the roof should be considered to ensure adequate

ventilation. A goat house with a 2-3 m high roof from floor and sloping to
1.5 m behind is suggested. Indigenous roofing materials such as anahaw,
nipa, or cogon, leaves may be used. If galvanized iron (G.I) sheets are to
be used for roofing, it must be thatched to provide maximum comfort for
the animals. Under Philippine conditions, the open roof type (monitor
type) is recommended: this type allows the warm air inside to flow out of
the building. The improved circulation of air inside the building provides
fresh air to the goats and prevents build-up of odors and gases given off
by goats’ breath and their waste.

Other Facilities Inside The Goat House

Feeding trough can be constructed along the alleys and/or at the

side of the house. Provide a feeding space of about 40 cm for each
mature animal. Feed wastage minimization and contamination, and ease
in feeding and cleaning the trough should serve as the guidelines in the
construction. The cross-sectional dimension of the feeding trough should

7
follow a half-trapezoidal form measuring 20 cm at the bottom x 15 cm at
the lower perpendicular side x 40 cm at the higher slanted side. Its
bottom should be made of wooden plank so it can be utilized or
concentrate feeding. The bottom of the trough should be elevated off the
floor to discourage the kids from jumping into it. The lower perpendicular
side of the trough that will be fastened at the outside of the wall will have
partitions of vertical spacing enough for the goat to put its head through
during the feeding. The provision for drinking water can be located and
attached outside the pen. The drinking water is now maintained clean
and is prevented from getting spilled or contaminated with urine and or
feces. Movable kid boxes measuring 20cm deep x 30cm wide x 45cm long
can be constructed and placed inside the rearing pen. This will provide
protection to kids from catching pneumonia, especially during the cooler
months.

Feeding Facilities

The following feeding facilities must be provided in a goat house

 Fodder rack elevates the feeder 1 foot above the floor and attach it
to the goat shed from outside.
 Water container like plastic basins, pails or drums cut into two
can serve the purpose. Place this outside of the pen to avoid
contamination with urine.
 Mineral box is a bamboo tube with two or more slits at the bottom
can serve as container for the ordinary table salt for the goats to
lick. Hang the bamboo tube inside the house.
 Hay rack is wherestore the fodder/forage is being store. It is under
a shed adjacent to the goat shed.

Isolation/Quarantine Area

It is necessary that a separate shelter measuring 3 m2 should be

constructed for isolation of sick animals. This should be located away
from the main goat house to control the rapid spread of highly infectious
disease. The provision for footbath should be located at the entrance of
this facility.

Loafing Area

This facility can be considered optional where the type of housing

provides multi-level flooring that resembles that of bleachers in a
stadium. The loafing area is interchangeably called as exercise lot.
However, the area can have other functions such as providing an area for
gathering all the animals in one place before letting loose the goats in the
pasture or during the midday break of herding and the animals can be
secured during this idle time. Additionally, a semblance of animal

8
control can be implemented during the time when the goats are about to
be driven back to respective pens.
An area of about 3-4 times as wide as the total floor space of the
goat house can be enclosed with a fence. This may be located in a well-
drained area adjacent to the goat house and provided with natural or
manmade shade where goats may ruminate under it. Elevated benches
or bleachers maybe constructed or natural outcrops of rocks may be
designed as an exercise area especially for those highly active young
animals and since goats preferentially rest on elevated places. Feeding
racks for hay, straw, forages, or silages may be constructed and placed
inside the premises of the loafing area. The same guidelines in the
construction of feeding trough should be followed. Its elevation from the
ground will not pose any problem to the goats because of its bipedal
stance during browsing.

Fencing

Goats are among the animals considered the hardest to confine,

thus, provision for fencing is one way of controlling them in the pasture.
The fence may be constructed by using 1 ft high hog wire nailed to a
wooden post or tied by a G.I. wire (gauge = 16) to a concrete post. The
post’s base should be buried deep enough and these are planted every
5m-distance. In addition, it is necessary to stretch one strand of barbed
wire at the bottom of the hog wire, as goats can squeeze themselves
between any gaps along the fence. Also, another strand of barbed wire
should be stretched 1ft above the hog wire to discourage goats from
jumping over the fence. This way, at least 1.5 m high fence can be
constructed to successfully confine the goats in the pasture. Between
the concrete or wooden posts, 3-4 kakawate posts can be staked as
additional support to the fence that may become replacement to rotten
wooden pots. The establishment of live fences with fodder trees such as
kakawate, ipil-ipil, etc. can aptly provide for additional feed resource for
goats, especially during times of feed scarcity.
Approximately, a hectare of pasture lot measuring 100m on its four
sides or about 400 m perimeter length can be effectively fenced by using
10 rolls of 4-ft high hog wire and 10 rolls of 30-kg barbed wire 80 pieces
of concrete or wooden posts, and 240-320 pieces of kakawate post as
fence reinforcements. Fencing cost is estimated to be as low as P26,000
to as high as P40,000/ha depending on the materials used.

9
 Figure 3. Simple fencing of
a goat ranch
(Courtesy of BNAS Goatery Project)

LET US REMEMBER

Whether the goats are on range or on confined feeding, housing

provisions are necessary. Basically, a goat house or shed must provide
shelter for the animals against the elements and from other animals.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

Select your best answer and write the letter of your choice in your
activity notebook.

1. What are the essential things to be considered in constructing a

goat house?

a. well ventilated
b. well drained
c. easy to clean
d. all of the above

2. It is the desired elevation of the flooring of a goat house from the

ground.

a. 1 – 1.5 feet c. 1 – 1.5

b. 0.5 – 1. meter d. 10.20 meters

3. What is the suggested height of the roofing to the flooring?

a. 1 – 1.5 feet c. 1. - 1.5 meters

b. 0.5 – 1 meter d. 2 – 3 meters

10
 4. Why do we construct isolation or quarantine area?

a. to house visitors
b. for keeping tools and equipment
c. for isolating sick animals
d. none of the above

5. How many rolls of 4 feet high hog wire is needed in a 1 hectare

of pasture land?

a. 5 rolls
b. c. 8 rolls
c. 6 rolls
d. d. 10 rolls

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Based on the space requirement of the different stages of growth

discussed, compute the floor space requirement given the following data:

1. 36 doses
2. 2 bucks
3. 22 young stocks

RESOURCES

School goatery project

Solana Breeding Station

REFERENCES

The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming

Training Regulation
Competency – Based Curriculum
DA Pamphlet in Goat Production

11
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL

FOURTH YEAR

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

Unit of Competency: RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS

Module No. 4 Module Title: FEEDING SMALL RUMINANTS

 MODULE 4

QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS
MODULE TITLE : FEEDING SMALL RUMINANTS
NOMINAL DURATION : 50 HOURS

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?

This module deals on the knowledge, skills and attitudes required

in efficient feeding of goats and sheep.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

After completing this module, you should be able to:

1. implement the feeding practices for goats/sheep based on industry

standards;
2. identify feed concentrates and other feed supplements;
3. establish and maintain pasture grasses for the flock/herd; and
4. identify alternative sources of feeds on time of scarcity.

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

Let us find out how much you already know about feeds and health
program of goat. Read the questions carefully and write the letter of your
choice in your activity notebook.

1. How many goats could be raised in a hectare of well-developed

pasture?
a. 5-10 c. 20-30
b. 10-20 d.35-50

2. All are roughages except for one

a. centrocema c. paragrass
b. napier d. soybean oil meal

3. Which of the foll0wing grains is the most popular feed for goats?
a. sorghum c. wheat
b. rice d. corn

4. Which of the following is not a component of UMMB?

a. molasses c. Dicalcium Phosphate
b. urea d. Potash

1
5. How many percent of feed concentrates should be given to goat
based on their body weight?
a. 1% c. 3%
b. 2% d. 4%

6. A kind of feed given to dry does in preparation to gestation and

lactation.
a. forage
b. concentrate high in fiber?
c. UMMB
d. mineral supplements

7. How many grams of UMMB is given to poorly grazed goats of

15 – 20 Kg. body weight per day
a.20-30grams
b. 31-40 grams
c. 41-50 grams
d. 51-80 grams

8. A kind of feeds that contain relatively high amount of fiber

Content is called _______.
a. feed additives c. roughage
b. concentrates d. minerals

9. How many kilos of concentrate are given to bucks 2 weeks

before and during the breeding period?
a. one kl. /day
[Link] kls./day
c. three kls./day
d. four kls./day

10. How many kilos of concentrate is given to milking does for every
Kilo of milk produced?
a. one kilo
b. two kilos
c. three kilos
d one half kilo

2
LESSON 1

FEEDING GUIDE FOR GENERAL HERD

WHAT IS THE LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with feeds and feeding management for

goats/sheep based on industry standards.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. follow the feeding guide;

2. identify the recommended feeds at different stages of growth;
3. provide supplementary feeds like concentrate and minerals to goats;
and
4. appreciate the importance of proper nutrition in goat production.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Milking/Lactating doe – nursing goat

Feedstuffs – these are ingredients used in the formulation of feeds.
Legume plants – these are pod-bearing plants such as centrocema, ipil-
ipil.
Silage – any fermented feed material stored in a silo for feeding
Silo – a structure usually sealed when full to exclude air and used for
storing silage

Feeding Habits of Goats

Goats also look through on leaves of shrubs and bushes for their
feeding requirement. Goats can be raised solely on improved pasture.
Brush land, with common pasture grasses, legumes and different species
of plants, is ideal place to raise goats. A well-developed pasture can
sustain 35-50 goats per hectare.

3
Classification of Common Feed Ingredients for Goats

Goat feeds are classified according to the amount of a specific

nutrient or the amount of digestible nutrients they provide. There are five
classes of feed ingredients, namely:

Roughage. These are feeds containing relatively large amounts of

fiber or non-digestible material. This group of feeds includes freshly-cut
grasses and legumes, hay, silages fodder, and other green herbages.
Concentrates. These are feeds with high digestibility. They are
relatively low in fiber and include all grains and many by-products of
grains and animals, such as rice bran, corn bran, tiki-tiki, soybean oil
meal, meat and bone meal, and molasses.
Feed Additives. These are chemical compounds that are included
in animal rations but which do not supply nutrients to the animal.
Examples of these additives are antibiotics, antibacterial agents, anti-
microbial combinations, stimulants, tranquilizers, and enzymes.
Mineral Supplements. The most obvious function of mineral
elements in the body is to provide it structural support. Salt, oyster shell,
limestone, and wood ash are some examples of mineral supplements.
Vitamin Supplement. Examples of vitamin supplements available
in the market are Duphasol, Vitamin, etc. These supplements, however,
are seldom needed in goat feeds.

Local Ingredients for Goat Feed

Listed below are some of the common ingredients for goats feed
which are probably readily available in your area:

Corn. This is the most popular grain used for feeds. It ranks
high in total digestible nutrients (TDN) low fiber, and higher in fat
than any other cereal grain (except oats) and contains 8-9% crude
protein. It contains vitamin A and yellow pigmenting compounds.
Corn bran. (known locally as tahup). A by-product of corn
milling. It consists of broken grains of corn and bran. It contains the
plumules of the corn grain and is rich in protein (10-12% crude
protein).
Rice bran (called tiki-tiki locally). The good quality fine rice bran
contains an adequate amount of fat. First-class rice bran contains
approximately 11% crude protein.
Sorghum. This is very similar to corn in feed value except that it
is lower in fat. Its protein content ranges from 5-9%. It makes,
therefore, a very good livestock feed and substitute for corn when it is
priced lower than corn.
Copra meal. This is what is left of the coconut meat after the oil
has been removed or extracted. It contains an adequate amount of
carbohydrates but it is used mainly for its protein content (21% crude
protein).

4
 Soybean oil meal. This is a by-product after extracting the
soybean oil. It contains about 44% crude protein and is also a good
source of energy. This could be substituted by mungo.
Mungo. Although this legume is a human food, it can also be
given to goats in place of soybean oil meal. It contains about 24%
crude protein.
Molasses. These are practically all carbohydrates with only
three percent crude protein. It is a by-product of the sugar industry
and is sold in a dark and semi-liquid (thick) state.
Ipil-ipil. As a leaf meal, ipil-ipil contains 21% crude protein. It
is also a good source of vitamin A.

Table 1. List of Common Philippine Feedstuffs for Goat Production

Feedstuff Dry matter TDN CP DCP
___
(%) (%) (%) (%)
Concentrates:
Copra meal 89.6 78.6 20.6 14.5
Corn gluten feed 90.1 74.9 20.2 17.1
Corn, grain 88.8 84.2 08.1 07.7
Rice bran, cono 88.0 69.1 12.3 08.3
Rice bran, kiskis 89.0 46.6 06.2 04.5
Soybean oil meal 88.4 76.0 44.0 41.0
Molasses, cane 76.3 53.6 02.0 00.4
Corn bran 88.0 72.1 10.5 05.6
Green roughages:
Napier grass 27.5 12.6 ____ 1.6
Para grass ___ 15.3 ____ 0.90
Guinea grass 20.4 16.0 ____ 1.40
Centrosema 24.2 11.8 ____ 3.16

Tree Leaf/Browse Plant

Banana 94 ___ 9.8 5.7
Kakawati 25.3 ___ 6.52 ___
Ipil-ipil 13.30 ___ 27.80 22.50
Santan 27.68 ___ 4.02 ___
Caimito 48.32 ___ 4.98 ___
Camachile 34.78 ___ 9.96 ___
Gumamela 19.10 ___ 4.14 ___
Bamboo 42.00 ___ 7.60 3.54
Acacia 43.00 ___ 9.10 ___
Sources of Ca and P. % Ca %P
Steamed bone meal 28.00 14.00
Dicalcium phosphate 28.00 14.00
Oyster shell powder 33.00 00.00
============================================================
===SOURCE: Nutrients Composition of Some Philippine Feedstuffs, 1974

5
Goat Rations

Below are examples of formula of 100 kg for practical goat concentrates:

Kind of ration Ingredients Parts by weight

(kg)
General purpose ration First class rice bran 8.0
for all ages of goats Ipil-ipil leaf meal 0.0
(not for milking does) Molasses 0.0
(not balanced) Salt 2.0
Homemade ration First class rice bran 5.0
(General purpose) Ipil-ipil leaf meal 3.0
(not balanced) Salt 2.0
Milking ration # 1 Shelled corn 50.0
Copra meal 29.0
Rice bran 20.0
Oyster meal 0.5
Salt 0.5
Milking ration # 2 Ground yellow corn 33.0
Fine rice bran 33.0
Copra meal 33.0
Salt 0.5
Ground oyster shell 0.5
Milking ration # 3 Rice binlid 28.0
Rice tiki-tiki 20.0
Copra meal 30.0
Molasses 8.0
Ipil-ipil leaf meal 8.0
Meat and bone meal 5.0
Salt 1.0
Milking ration # 4 Tiki-tiki 18.0
Rice binlid 11.5
Ground corn 11.5
Copra meal 21.0
Ipil-ipil leaf meal 36.0
Limestone 1.0
Salt 1.0
Fattening ration Tiki-tiki 77.0
Ipil-ipil leaf meal 15.0
Limestone 6.0
Salt 2.0
You can modify the above formulas depending on availability and price of
feed ingredients.

6
Table 2. suggested feeding guides for goats
Age Feed Amount per Day
Birth – 3 days Colostrum Ad libitum
(3-5x feeding)
4 days – 2 weeks Whole milk (goat milk) 0.5-1L/kid
divided into 3x feeding

Vitamin-mineral Ad libitum
Water Ad libitum

2 weeks – 16 weeks Whole milk or milk 0.5-1L/kid

replacer divided into 2x feeding
Grass-legume hay or Ad libitum
quality fresh forages
Vitamin-mineral mix Ad libitum
Water Ad libitum
Starter (22% CP) Increasing amount
without causing
digestive upset

4 months to kidding Forages, vitamin- Ad libitum

mineral mix
Water Ad libitum
Concentrates Up to 0.5kg/head
(18-20% CP)

Dry, pregnant, bucks Forages, vitamin- Ad libitum

mineral mix
Water Ad libitum
Concentrates 0.3-0.5kg/L milk
(16-18% CP) produced

Whole milk can be goat or cow milk. Milk substitutes can be used after
two weeks.
Formula I. Ground corn – 12; rice bran – 24; copra meal – 40;
soybean oil meal – 8; meat and bone meal – 10;
molasses – 5; and salt – 1kg
Formula II. Copra meal – 50; wheat pollard – 32; molasses – 5; and
salt – 1kg
Formula III. Copra meal – 40; corn – 25; soybean oil meal – 15; rice
bran – 10; molasses – 8; bone meal – 1; and salt – 1kg

7
 Fig. [Link] grasses
(Courtesy of Solana Breeding
Station, Solana, Cagayan)

Fig.2. Tree forages

(legumes)
(Courtesy of Solana Breeding
Station, Solana, Cagayan)

Fig.3. Leguminous
Forage
(Courtesy of Solana Breeding
Station, Solana, Cagayan)

8
How to Feed the Goat

 Feeding the dry doe. A pregnant, dry doe should be adequately

fed with quality feeds in order to build reserves for coming lactation
and also to nourish the developing fetus or fetuses. Nutritious grasses
and legumes, whether cut or in pasture, will normally be sufficient to
support the doe. However, if the pregnant doe looks thin, give her
about one-half to one kilo of concentrate every day. A concentrate high
in fiber (such as plain corn or rice bran) can be given a few days
before kidding and will act as laxative. The lessening of the contents of
the digestive tract can help the doe to kid more easily.

 Feeding the milking doe. Feed the milking doe with high quality
grasses and legumes as many as they can eat. For every kilo of milk
that a doe gives, feed her with one kilo of concentrate. Fresh water
and mineral lick-brick or loose coarse salt should be provided to the
doe freely. If the doe does not consume all of her concentrate, reduce
the next days’ feeding by the amount she did not eat. From time to
time increase her feed to see if she needs more than what you are
giving her.

 Feeding the buck. Your buck for breeding should be fed properly.
When it is not being used, feed him at least one-half of concentrate
every day plus give him plenty of grasses and legumes. However, do
not overfeed the buck with concentrate for this will make him fat and
non-aggressive. But when he is scheduled for service, increase his
concentrate to one kilo per day two weeks before and during the
breeding period in order to keep him fertile and in good condition.

 Feeding the young goats. The goal of feeding yearlings or young

goats is to provide them nutrients for maintenance and growth.
Adequate space for exercise plus abundant quality grasses and
legumes are important for yearlings. Feed them with concentrate that
is at least 1% of their bodyweight.

 Feeding the kid. Let the kid stay with the mother for the first
month. Follow this schedule until the kid is ready to be weaned at 3-4
months old.

Bottle-feed the kid in cases where:

 there are more than two kids from a doe
 a doe is unable to nurse her own kids due to sickness
 a doe dies after delivery
 when goat’s milk is preferred for consumption or for sale

The baby goat to be bottle-fed should be separated from its

mother three to four days after birth. Warm the milk to be fed to about
103 to 105oF during the first week. Powdered milk can also be used to
feed the kids.

9
  Salt for the Goats. Goats need salt everyday. Apart from providing
salt in the mixed concentrate, it should be available in a free choice
supply. This means that salt blocks or salt granules (common salt)
should be made available in a place where the goats can have it any
time of the day. One way of providing salt to your goats is to put the
granules in bamboo tubes with holes around it. Pour water into the
tube every now and then (especially when goats come in from grazing)
so that they could lick at free choice. Provide your goats with shade
and water. Trees provide good cover from the intense heat of the sun.
In some cases, a simple shed can be put in the pasture area. You can
use local materials like cogon, nipa or bamboo shingles for the roofing.

Alternative Feed Resources

 Tree leaves and shrubs

 Banana stalks
 Peanut hay
 Gumamela
 Ipil-Ipil

Strategic Concentrate Supplementation

Concentrate supplementation is seldom practiced because it entails

additional costs to farmers. However, feeding with high protein and
energy feeds during critical stage of production (i.e., last month of feeding
period among market stocks or the last month of pregnancy period
among does) is found to be profitable.

Fattening Stocks

If market demands pay an extra peso for finished goats,

supplement grower stocks with concentrate mixture one month before
selling the animals. This improves the meat’s eating quality.

Breeding Stocks

When production of kids at regular short intervals of 6-8 months

desired, concentrate supplementation becomes necessary. Feeding
concentrate mixture one month prior to lambing until the does are bred
again results in the following:

 bigger kids with higher survival

 more milk from does resulting in heavier weaning kids
 early and regular post-lambing estrus
 high succeeding pregnancy rate
 better body conditions of does and kids during lactation period

10
Use of Urea in Goat Diets

Goats are efficient in utilizing non-protein nitrogen in the diet. The

capacity of microorganisms to utilize nitrogen into microbial protein
makes it possible to incorporate small amount of urea in the ration of
goats, primarily to increase utilization of low-quality roughages. High
concentration of ammonia in the blood is toxic and fatal to ruminants.
Hence, urea as supplement for goats must be used with caution. The
following guidelines are recommended for the safe use of urea:
Add fertilizer grade urea at not more than
- 1% of the ration (DM basis), or
- 2-3% of the concentrate mixture (air-dry basis), or
- 25-30% of the total dietary protein
Give adequate source of energy (molasses, corn, etc.).
Provide sufficient amounts of minerals, particularly Sulfur in case
molasses is used.
If possible, provide daily allowance of urea in small amounts throughout
the day instead of just one feeding.
Mix urea well with other feed ingredients.
The use of Urea-Molasses-Mineral Block (UMMB) is highly
recommended, particularly when goats are grazed on poor quality
pastures. UMMB is a low-cost protein, energy, and mineral lick
supplement for ruminants. It contains macro and micro minerals that are
commonly deficient in fibrous feeds. A 15-20 kg goat needs 50-80 g/day
of UMMB.

UMMB has the following composition:

Ingredient Part by Weight (%)

Molasses 38.0
Rice bran (D1) 38.0
Urea 10.0
Salt 1.0
Dicalcium phosphate 3.0
Cement 10.0__
Total 100.00

LET US REMEMBER

Feed is very important requirement in any livestock production.

Even with good genetics, management, and elaborate housing, animals
will only remain healthy and productive if fed and nourished properly.

11
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

Select the best answer and write the letter of your choice in your
activity notebook.

1. How many goats should be raised in a hectare of a well-developed

pasture?

a. 5-10 c. 20-30
b. 10-20 d. 35-50

2. All are roughages except for one.

a. rice bran c. napier

b. ipil-ipil d. para grass

3. These are chemical compounds which are included in the ration

but do not supply nutrients to the animal.

a. roughages c. feed additives

b. concentrates d. Mineral supplements

4. Which among the choices below is the most popular grain used for
goat feeds?

a. sorghum c. rice
b. corn d. wheat

5. How many percent is the crude protein content of soybean oil meal?

a. 11% c. 24%
b. 21% d. 44%

6. Why do you give laxative feeds to your pregnant doe few days
before kidding?

a. to induce the doe to produce more milk

b. to help the doe kid easily
c. to produce healthy kids
d. to prevent the doe from digestive upset

7. Which of the following is not a component of UMMB?

a. Molasses c. Dicalcium phosphate

b. Urea d. Phosphate

12
 8. How many grams of UMMB is required to a goat weighing 15-20
kilograms?

a. 20-30 c. 40-50
b. 30-40 d. 50-80

9. How many kilograms of concentrate is given to bucks before and

during breeding period?

a. 2 kilos per day for one week

b. one kilo per day for three weeks
c. one kilo per day for two weeks
d. 2 kilos per day for two weeks

10. How many kilo grams of concentrate is given to milking does for
every kilo of milk produced?
a. one kilo c. two kilos
b. three kilos d. one half kilo

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

1. Prepare a feed formula using the available feedstuffs in your

locality.
2. Let us proceed to the goatery project and let us make a UMMB.

RESOURCES

Feedstuffs available in the locality

Sample of forages in the school
UMMB raw materials

REFERENCES

The Philippine Recommends for Goat Farming

Training Regulation
Curriculum-Based Competency
CSU Pamphlet on Goat Production Technology
DA Pamphlet on Goat Production

13
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL

FOURTH YEAR

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

Unit of Competency: RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS

Module No. 5 Module Title: IMPLEMENTING HERD HEALTH

PROGRAM
 MODULE 5

QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS
MODULE TITLE : IMPLEMENTING HERD HEALTH
PROGRAM
NOMINAL DURATION : 10 HOURS

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for
an efficient implementation of herd health programs for small ruminants.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN

After completing this module, you should be able to:

1. identify the common diseases and parasites affecting small

ruminants and observe appropriate preventive and control
measures; and
2. adopt immunization/medication program in accordance with
industry standard.

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

Let us find out how much you already know about diseases and
parasites affecting small ruminants and their prevention and control.
Read the questions carefully and write the letter of your choice in your
activity notebook.

1. What will you do to the newly arrived stocks on the farm?

a. Let them join the flock immediately.

b. Isolate them for 30 days.
c. Feed them with UMMB.
d. Allow them to graze in the pasture.

2. What parasite attacks the liver of small ruminants?

a. tapeworm
b. lice
c. roundworm
d. liverfluke

1
3. How many grams of UMMB is given to grazing animals per day?

a. 10 - 20 grams
b. 20 -40 grams
c. 40 – 50 grams
d. 5 – 10 grams

4. When do you deworm pregnant does in confinement?

a. one week before kidding

b. two weeks before kidding
c. three weeks before kidding
d. anytime before kidding

5. What is the best way of preventing hemorrhagic septicemia?

a. Keep animal in dry grounds.

b. Burn dead animals.
c. Removal of predisposition early.
d. Treat with hydrogen peroxide.

6. How long should the animal undergo fasting prior to deworming?

a. 10 – 20 hours
b. 24 – 30 hours
c. 12 – 24 hours
d. 24 – 48 hours

7. How do you determine the presence of external parasites

in goats?

a. ruffled hair coat

b. potbelly
c. mucus discharge
d. diarrhea

8. How do you control internal parasites?

a. Drench the animal with antibiotics.

b. Delouse the animals.
c. Drench the animal with antihelmintic.
d. Vaccinate the animal.

9. To prevent the occurrence of diseases in the herd, the

herdsman should practice _______.

a. vaccination
b. isolation of sick animals
c. strict hygiene and sanitation
d. all of the above

2
10. Nasal discharge, swelling of the throat and brisket are symptoms of
_______.

a. bacterial pneumonia
b. infectious arthritis
c. hemorrhagic septicemia
d. foot and mouth disease

3
LESSON 1

DISEASES AND PARASITES AND THE PREVENTIVE MEASURES

BASED ON INDUSTRY AND BAI STANDARD

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with diseases and parasites of goats/sheep, their

prevention and control.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. identify the different diseases and parasites of goats;

2. practice/apply the preventive measures on the different diseases
and parasites of goats;
3. follow strictly the medication and vaccination program; and
4. appreciate the importance of herd health management.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Vaccinate – to inoculate with a vaccine as a preventive or therapeutic

measure
Delouse – to remove lice or other external parasites using insecticide
Disease – a morbid condition resulting from such disturbance
Parasite – an organism that lives on or in another organism at whose
expense it obtains nourishment and shelter

Disease Preventive Measures

 Start with healthy breeder stocks. When buying or selecting your

breeder stocks, examine the animals for the presence of superficial
lumps/abscesses by running your hands on the neck, abdomen
and pelvic regions. The presence of lumps/abscesses indicates
caseous lymphadenitis and there is a high possibility that they
could infect the herd. Check also the mouth for the presence of
wartlike lesions. Provide good housing. It should be elevated,
ladderized, and can be cleaned easily.

4
 Deworm newly bought animals with an effective dewormer ( e.g.,
Vermisantel, Ivermectin. Levamisole) upon arrival in the farm and
isolate these for 30 days.
 In regions where Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) has high incidence,
vaccinate the animals with FMD vaccine. Likewise, if hemosep
vaccine is available, vaccinate them as well.
 Check for the presence of lice. A practical way to do this is to
observe the haircoat of the animals. If their haircoats are always
ruffled and they are always scratching their body using their head,
horns, or against the wall, it suggests that they have lice. Delouse
the animals with an effective insecticide (i.e., asuntol ivomec, and
neguvon powder, and follow the instruction for application)

Fig. 1 Delousing with an effective insecticide

 Provide salt lick in a perforated bamboo tube and UMMB to

supplement their diet. Provide adequate amount of water for the
animals.
 Confine the animals during rainy season and provide them forages
and tree leaves (e.g., ipil-ipil, madre-de-cacao, among others).
 Grazing animals, allow them to graze when the sun is relatively
high (i.e., when the dews on the grasses already subsided) since
the infective larvae are present on the blades of grasses in the
presence of dews. Suckling kids should not be allowed to join their
nannies during grazing. They should be penned up to avoid early
exposure to infective larvae in the pasture.
 For bucks to be introduced as breeder in the herd, have them
checked against brucellosis, leptospirosis, and caprine arthritis
and encephalitis (CAE). Submit coagulated blood or serum samples
to the Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory near your
place.

5
Parasites

These are two kinds of parasites.

 external/ecto parasites – lice, ticks, mange
 internal/endo parasites – round worm, tapeworm

Goats are more susceptible to internal parasites than cows and

carabaos. It is believed that internal parasites are the secondary – if not
the primary – cause of most deaths that occurs in goats in the country.
Your success or failure in goat raising will primarily depend on how to
control them. However, for a positive diagnosis, it is recommended to
consult a veterinarian, the livestock technician or any livestock authority
in the area.
 Stomach worms. The most common disease to which goats,
particularly the kids, fall victims is parasitism caused by stomach worms.
This parasite is thread-like in appearance, measuring three-fourth to one
inch in length. It is blood-sucking organism causing affected animals to
become thin, pale and weak and may lose its appetite when large
numbers of the parasites are present in the body.
 Tapeworm. Tapeworm offers a serious problem to goat raisers
because of the high mortality occurring among infested kids. The
infestation of the animals in the herd, however, does not take place as
rapidly as in the case of stomach worms. The attacked animal becomes
thin and weak with a pale mucus membrane. Segments of the tapeworm
can be seen in droppings, and look like grains of cooked rice. For control,
deworm your goats with Yyomesan or Valbazen.
 Liverfluke. The liver fluke attacks the liver of the goats, cows or
carabaos. While animals are grazing in low, wet areas, the fluke is
ingested into the stomach and soon, it travels to the liver. Since the fluke
has part of its life cycle inside a small snail, the eradication of the snail
will soon result in a disappearance of the liver fluke in your pasture area.
Snails can be eradicated by letting ducks “pasture” in the area.
 Roundworm. Eggs are laid by the mature worms while they are
still in the stomach or intestines of the goat. The eggs are passed out with
the droppings and hatch on the pasture into the infective larvae.
 Scabies or Mange. Although this occurs under ordinary conditions
of management, it is more severe during wet months. Itchiness, loss of
hair, and scabby skin are the usual signs. Spray regularly with
insecticide. Dip in or spray with Asuntol.
 Lice. This is usually associated with poor nutrition, unsanitary
conditions, overcrowding and other general management failures. The
usual signs are itchiness, rough hair coat ”dandruff” and poor body
condition. To prevent its emergence, dip in or spray the animal with
insecticide like Asuntol.

6
General guide on worm control

Strategic worm control

This is a preventive practice that involves careful planning in the

use of chemical dewormers to animals. Once parasitism (e.g., there is
diarrhea, ruffled haircoat, and lack of appetite) is suspected, subject the
animals to some tests to determine their actual worm burden. Such tests
include the monitoring of the packed cell volume (PCV) from blood
samples and fecal egg count (FEC) from the fecal samples. After which,
plan out a strategic worm control program.

This program may involve the use of a medicated feed block or the
usual chemical dewormers. Deworm the animals twice a year-first before
the onset of the rainy season and the next during the peak rainy months.
Usually, with the adoption of complete confinement and rapid rotational
grazing in the wet season, only initial deworming is necessary, as these
measures maintain to a tolerable level the animal’s worm burden. Give
the succeeding doses after individual assessment of the animal’s
condition through PCV and FEC. These measurements are very good
indicators of resistance or susceptibility of goats to parasite infection.
These aid animal raisers in making better decisions about deworming.

Use of MUMMB Lick

When employing strategic worm control with the feed supplement

block, use both the medicated (i.e., MUMMB) and the non-medicated (i.e.,
UMMB) feed blocks (Fig. 2).

Drench with
An effective Peak rainy season
dewormer

Rainy Months

Gradually Shift to Gradually

introduce MUMMB shift back
UMMB (for two months) to UMMB
Figure 2. An Illustration of the strategic worm control using MUMMB.

UMMB becomes MUMMB when a dewormer is added for parasite

control. Both blocks can be hung at specific periods in a strategic place
in the pen and allowed to be licked for a maximum period of eight weeks.

7
They are appropriate when feed resource is scarce or during the rainy
season, when endoparasitism is a problem.

In strategic worm control using MUMMB, the following

recommendations should be considered:

 Months before the rainy season, introduce UMMB gradually to

goats. This is to prepare them to eat mineral supplements and
condition their rumen for medication.
 At the onset of the wet season, deworm with an effective dewormer
to kill standing adult parasite population.
 As the rainy months peak and risk of infection rises, shift to
medicated feed MUMMB. Continue giving this block for two
months.
 After which, replace the MUMMB with UMMB and continue
supplementation as needed. Withdraw block gradually.
 Hang the blocks in a strategic place in the pen such that young
animals three months and younger cannot reach them.
 If animals are grazed, give them the block before they set out for
the field and again upon their return to the pen in the afternoon.
 Allow each animal to have 20-40 g of the blocks per day; for a herd,
estimate the number of blocks needed based on individual
requirement.
 Prepare just enough blocks, preferably good for six months.
 The blocks can be stored for an indefinite period, so as long as they
are kept in a in a dry place.
 If molds appear at the surface, scrape them off before giving to
animals.
 For fully confined animals, give medicated blocks to protect the
animals from possible infection from contaminated stall-fed cut
grasses.
 Use medicated blocks for a maximum period of eight weeks.
Continuous use may cause the development of anthelmintic
resistance.
 Avoid giving the block to preweaners as the anatomical structure of
their rumen is not yet fully developed; hence, aurea in the block
will be toxic.

8
Strategic Worm Control without MUMMB

When goats are strategically dewormed with chemical dewormers

and not MUMMB, the following considerations should be observed:

For free-grazing goats

1. Kids
- For kids without a good pen and when threadworm is a
problem. deworm at 2-3 weeks and repeat after 21 days.
- At three months or upon weaning, whichever comes first,
repeat deworming.

2. Adults.
- Drench twice a year- first, a month before the onset of the
rainy season; and second, during the peak of the rainy
season, and second during the peak of the rainy months.
- Succeeding treatments will depend on the condition of the
animals. The following FEC and PCV levels should serve
as indicators if deworming is needed to be repeated or not.

Drench if FEC exceeds 1000 and PCV is less than 22.

If laboratory analysis is not available and the animal
appears parasitized, consult a veterinarian or an animal
technician to assess animal condition and make
appropriate recommendations.

3. Pregnant Does
- Drench 2-3 weeks before kidding to avoid transplacental
transmission of parasites.
- To avoid accidents, restrain pregnant does carefully when
drenching.

 For confined animals

1. All non-pregnant animals

- Drench animals irrespective of age twice a year- first, a
month before the onset of the rainy season; and second,
during the peak of the rainy months. Succeeding
drenches may be given based on the individual
assessment of the animal condition.

2. Pregnant does
- Drench two weeks before kidding to avoid trans-placental
transmission of parasites.

3. For transferred and newly purchased animals

- Deworn new animals with an effective anthelmintic at
source to avoid importing of parasites into the farm. An
effective dewormer is one that has not been used in the

9
 farm continuously for over a year and which has not
shown buildup of worm resistance among the animals.
- If animals cannot be dewormed at source, isolate them for
one month in an area of the farm and drench immediately
upon arrival.
- If records on the worm burden of the new animals are not
available and they cannot be immediately gathered,
drench with a broad-spectrum dewormer (e.g.,
Vermisantel. [Link].)

General Recommendation in Deworming Animals

 Before giving dewormers, withhold feed for 12-24 hours, but give
large amounts of water. This will facilitate easier drug absorption
and make the dewormer more effective. However, if the Levamisole
group of dewormers is to be used. Make sure that the animals are
not empty prior to drenching.
 If blanket deworming is to be done before or during the wet season,
drench all small ruminants in the community, especially those
sharing communal pasture areas. This is to avoid possible
contamination from other animals grazing in the village.
 Make sure that each animal gets the right amount of drench.
Double check the recommended dose on the label and relate to the
animal’s weight.
 Get the weekly weights of the animals less than one month of age
not only to track down increases and fluctuations in weight, but
also to facilitate computation of drench dosage, mature animals
usually have uniform weights, with very insignificant rise or fall.
 Place the drench near the base of the tongue to ensure its
deposition into the first stomach (rumen). This will extend its
availability and effectiveness. Drench delivered at the front of the
mouth usually reaches the fourth stomach and becomes less
effective.
 Take care not to direct it to the lungs and windpipe.

Diseases and their Causes

A disease is defined as any departure from the normal state of

health” Anything that they may bring about an abnormal condition of any
or all tissues of the body is a disease producing agent. Among the chief
causes of disease are:
 Infectious agents like bacteria and viruses
 Non-infectious agents like chemicals, poisons, poor nutrition and
injuries
 Conditions which make the goats susceptible to diseases such as
exposure to cold. Long shipment and parasites.

10
Signs of poor health in goats

 standing off from the group

 loss of appetite
 decreased milk production for milking does
 dehydration
 above or below normal temperature
 pale mucus around eyes and in mouth
 runny eyes
 limping
 abnormal general posture and manner of walking
 hair falling out or rough in appearance
 external changes in the different regions of the body
 emaciation in advanced cases

Table 1. Infections, Diseases of Goats, their Mode of transmission,

and Preventive and Control
Disease/
Symptoms Prevention and Control
Mode of Transmission
Mastitis Hot, painful and Treatment:
swollen udder. May Intramammary
Direct or indirect become red due to infusion of antibiotics.
inflammation later Early and repeated
changing to dark treatment needed to
reddish-blue indicating prevent complication
necrosis of udder such as gang-rene and
tissue. Milk may be toxemia
bloodstained, may
contain flakes or clots. Prevention: Proper
Fever, loss of appetite, treatment of injured
depression and teats with antiseptics;
dehydration; gait or disinfecting udders for
movement of doe is milking and proper
affected. milking technique.
Monitor by
surveillance to detect
early eases for
immediate isolation
and treatment.

11
Disease/
Symptoms Prevention and Control
Mode of Transmission

Foot and Mouth Fever, vesicles, erosion Notify livestock

Disease in between hooves, inspector immediately.
coronary band
Direct and indirect (junction between skin Designate quarantine
contact with infected and hoof), teats and areas and restrict
animals, carriers, udders, oral mucosa movement of animals;
implements, and other and tongue. disinfect areas with
infected material. virucidal agents
Raw ulceration follow (commercial
Blister fluid, saliva and rupture of vesicles, disinfectant or lye
other bodily discharges stingy or foamy caustic soda).
highly infective. salivation, smacking of
the lips, difficulty in Keep animal on dry
feed ingestion; ground. Treat lesions
staggering gait and with mild antiseptic
lameness. Abortion in (5% formation).
pregnant animals.
Mass immunize all
animals.

Hemorrhagic High fever, loss of Prophylactic

septicemia appetite. vaccination.

Ingestion or inhalation Respiratory distress, Removal of

of infective agent. salivation, nasal predisposition when
Maybe normally discharge, swelling of possible. Early
present in the throat and brisket, treatment with
nasopharyngeal area congestion of mucous parenteral antibiotics
but predisposition membrane, diarrhea and sulfa drugs.
causes flare-up of becoming bloody later.
infection.

Bacterial Pneumonia Fever, inability to Burn dead animals or

suckle, nasal bury under a layer of
Direct ingestion of discharge, coughing lime.
infected udder; navel and respiratory
infection, genital or distress. Antibiotic treatment is
intrauterine infection only effective in early
of doe, contaminated Gradual emaciation and less acute cases.
environment. may terminate as
pneumonia-enteritis
combination.

Death common

12
Tetanus Early stages Treat wound with
characterized by hydrogen peroxide
Direct infection due to rigidity and stiffness of until completely
introduction of muscles, stilthy gait. healed; use clean
organism in wounds. instrument in
Castration, old Late stages; with castrating and
ulcerating wounds, titanic convulsions, dehorning.
dehorning prolapse of third
complications. Not eyelid, stiff tail, head
contagious to other and neck thrown back;
animals. hyperexcitability.

Bloat and other

nervous signs.

Infectious Arthritis Swollen knees, Minimize infection by

lameness, pain if treating wounds
Direct, through mouth, pressure is applied on (castration and navel)
skin open wounds or affected joint. Fever dressing, hygiene
via umbilicus. may be present. Joints management specially
involved are hock, in areas of
knee, elbow and stifle. confinement.
Animal prefers Treatment includes
recumbency, appetite wide spectrum
affected with gradual antibiotics and sulfa
deterioration. drugs.

Brucellosis Infertility. Abortion, Blood test and removal

retained placenta, of infected animals
Ingestion of persistent vaginal
contaminated feed and discharge. In males,
water. Aborted fetus, swollen and painful
fetal membrane, testicles with
placenta, urine and subsequent infertility
uterine discharge are sterility.
main sources of
infection.

Infected males may

transfer disease
through
natural/artificial
breeding.

13
Non-parasitic
diseases/ Symptoms Prevention and Control
Mode of Transmission

Bloat Swollen flank which is Feed straw or fibrous

resonant when tapped. diets before turning
Non-contagious Signs of colic such as loose on lush pasture.
uneasiness, difficult Puncture rumen with
respiration, bloating large needle.
and absence of rumen Oils and fats (mineral)
movements. oil, vegetable oil or
tallow) are satisfactory
to prevent foaming in
the rumen.
Commercial anti-bloat
preparations are
Avlinox, Tympanol and
Bloatguard.
Acute indigestion or Signs appear from 10- Avoid sudden dietary
grain Overload 36 hours after dietary changes.
changes. Depression, Treatment: generally
Non-contagious loss of appetite, unsatisfactory. Early
abdominal distention cases may respond to
causing pain and high antibiotics levels
discomfort. Diarrhea given orally to reduce
develops. population of acid-
Rapid respiration and forming bacteria
pulse, in coordination, (acidosis).
weakness, coma and Indigestion maybe
death. treated with antacids
like baking soda
(sodium bicarbonate),
magnesium carbonate
or magnesium
hydroxide given orally
in warm water (1 g/kg
body weight) to
neutralize rumen
acidity.
Systematic acidosis
requires intravenous
injection of acid
neutralizers like 5%
sodium bicarbonate
repeatedly given.

14
Care of Sick Goats

Goats are not delicate animals. However, sick goats should not be
taken for granted. They need special attention. The following are some of
the things you should do when a goat shows signs of sickness:
 Separate the goat in a comfortable, well-lighted, and well ventilated
pen.
 Provide fresh grasses, feed and clean water.
 Observe the goat at frequent intervals for changes in its condition.
 Administer recommended treatment.
 Consult a veterinarian or other animal health authorities in your
area.

LET US REMEMBER

Herd health management is one important aspect of production

that should be given attention. An ideal method of avoiding disease and
parasites can be done by maintaining proper hygiene, strict sanitation
and proper vaccination coupled with proper feeding and nutrition.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

Answer the following questions and write the letter of your choice
in your activity notebook.

1. What is the best thing to do to newly arrived stocks?

a. Let them join the flock immediately.

b. Isolate them for 30 days.
c. Feed them with UMMB.
d. Allow them to graze in the pasture.

2. From the choices below which parasite attacks the liver of small
ruminants?

a. tapeworm
b. lice
c. roundworm
d. liverfluke

3. How many grams of UMMB is given to grazing animals per day?

a. 10 - 20 grams
b. 20 -40 grams
c. 40 – 50 grams
d. 5 – 10 grams

15
4. Which of the choices below is the best time to deworm pregnant
does in confinement?

a. one week before kidding

b. two weeks before kidding
c. three weeks before kidding
d. anytime before kidding

5. What is the best way of preventing hemorrhagic septicemia?

a. Keep animal in dry grounds.

b. Burn dead animals.
c. Remove affected animals.
d. Treat with hydrogen peroxide.

6. How long should the animal undergo fasting prior to deworming?

a. 10 – 20 hours
b. 24 – 30 hours
c. 12 – 24 hours
d. 24 – 48 hours

7. How do you determine the presence of external parasites in goats?

a. ruffled hair coat

b. potbelly
c. mucous discharge
d. diarrhea

8. Which of the choices below is the best way to control internal

parasites?

a. Drench the animal with antibiotics.

b. Delouse the animals.
c. Drench the animal with antihelmintic.
d. Vaccinate the animal.

9. To prevent the occurrence of diseases in the herd, the herdsman

should practice _______.

a. vaccination
b. isolation of sick animals
c. strict hygiene and sanitation
d. all of the above

16
 10. Nasal discharge, swelling of the throat and brisket are symptoms
of _______.

a. bacterial pneumonia
b. infectious arthritis
c. hemorrhagic septicemia
d. foot and mouth disease

LET’S APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Proceed to the school goatery project and be able to administer

antihelmintics to the animals. You will be rated as follows:

Rating Student
CRITERIA
% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. Proper procedure in the
administration of
45%
antihelmintics.
2. Correct Dosage
35%
3. Proper use of tools
15%
4. Speed
5%
Total 100%

RESOURCES:

Drenching gun
Syringe and set of needles
Antihelmintics and other biologics
School Goatery Project

REFERENCES:

Agriculture and Fishery Technology Animal Production II

Technology and Home Economics IV
The Philippine Recommends for Goat Framing
Training Regulation
Competency-Base Curriculum
DA Pamphlet on Goat Production
CSU Pamphlet on Goat Production Technology

17
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL

FOURTH YEAR

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

Unit of Competency: RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS

Module No. 6 Module Title: MAINTAINING AND ANALYZING

RECORD
 MODULE 6

QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS
MODULE TITLE : MAINTAINING AND ANALYZING RECORD
NOMINAL DURATION : 10 HOURS

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in

maintaining and analyzing records.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

After completing this module, you should be able to:

1. Enumerate different records and collate the essential data; and

2. Accomplish the forms and analyze the different farm records

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

Read the questions carefully and write the letter of your choice in
your activity notebook.

1. A list of information or activities gathered over a period of time is

called _______.
a. project proposal c. record
b. cost and return analysis d. financial report

2. Any amount left after deducting the expenses from the gross sales
is your _______.
a. input c. profit
b. output d. liability

3. Which of the following is not a quality of a good record?

a. simple record c. incomplete record
b. detailed record d. accurate record

4. It is a record that reflects the total number of stock in the project.

a. sales record c. production record
b. individual record d. record of inventory

5. It is a kind of record where all inputs are reflected.

a. record of expenses c. sales record
b. inventory record d. individual record

1
LESSON 1

IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE THE DIFFERENT RECORDS

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with the essential records needed for successful
goat/sheep raising.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. identify appropriate records to keep;

2. prepare the different forms of records;
3. enter accurate data in each form of record;
4. analyze the different records; and
5. appreciate the importance of record keeping.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Record – a body of information or statistics, gathered over a period of

time
Input – something needed for farming or industrial production to operate
effectively
Output – the product derived from the operation of a business or project
Quantity – the volume of a certain item.
Inventory – a list of things, especially items of property, assets and other
resources

Record Keeping

These management practices are very important since most

decisions in the farm are based on records. Records keeping usually
account for the success or failure of the farm enterprise.
Records should always be simple, complete and accurate

2
Types of Records to be kept:

 Production records. These may be growth records or lactation

records. Growth records include date of birth, birth weight, weight
at three and eight months old, average daily gain (ADG), and
mortality. Lactation records include records of amount of daily,
weekly, or monthly milk and fat production of individual does;
number of days on milk; other information such as permanent
identification of doe’s date of birth; her sire and dam; number and
sex of kids; and dry dates.
 Reproduction and/or breeding records. Included in these are the
date of kidding, date of service and buck used, pregnancy diagnosis
with specific diagnosis and expected kidding date, estrous period,
birth type (single, twins, or triplets), and kidding interval.
 Herd health and disease control records. These include
observations on incidence of mastitis, brucellosis, kidding trouble,
foot rot, scours, and parasitic infestation. Also included are date
and frequency of treatment and vaccination given.
 Feed records. Included in these are amount and kind of grain,
roughage or forage fed, estimated composition of feeds, and relative
cost.
 Others. Herd inventory record, daily increase or decrease of animal
numbers in herd, pasture production, harvesting, or rotation
period, animal dispersal record, monthly weights of animals in
herd, personnel services record, and expenses records.

SAMPLE OF INDIVIDUAL RECORD

Goat No. or name _____________ Date of Birth ____________________

Sire___________________________ Birth weight (kg)_________________
Dam __________________________ Color ___________________________
Sex ________________________________ Littermates:
______Single
______Twins
______Triplets
Method of Disposal ____________Weight at Disposal (Kg)__________

Date of Date of Kid Birth Milk Lact. Ave. Remarks

Breeding Kidding No. Weight Prod. Days Prod.
Sire
and
Sex

3
 A Sample of Lactation Record

Form1. INDIVIDUAL LIFETIME DAIRY DOE RECORD SUMMARY

Doe No._____________ Breed _______________ Date

of Birth____________
Date of Disposal_______________ Reasons of
Disposal_______________
PRODUCTION RECORD OF DOE
Age Total Actual Production
Lactation Date of Days
YR. Date Dry
No. Kidding in milk Milk (liters) % Fat
Mo.

Remarks About the Doe BREEDING AND KIDDING INFORMATION ON DOE

Non
serv Breeding dates
Mature ice Date
Sire
Date Date
Sex
Kid
Disposal
Conceived Due Kidded No.
body heat
wt.
____ date
Days of s
Milking
____ Bre Si Bre Si Br Si
Misc d re d re ed re

DAUGHTER RECORDS
Doe No.____________ Daughter No. No. Rec. Milk % Fat
Date Born __________

HEALTH RECORD
Reproductive Others

4
 SAMPLE MONTHLY PRODUCTION AND SALES REPORT

Date:____________________

A. PRODUCTION
Product Unit Quantity Standard/appraised Value

B. SALES/DISPOSAL
PR/INV.
Product Unit Qty. Unit Cost Total Cost
No.

SAMPLE OF RECORDS OF SALES

For the Month of ________________

Mode of Sale
Qty. Unit Consumer’s Cash On
Date Particulars Total
(kg) Cost Name Account
Amt. O.R. No.
Amount

TOTAL _______ _______ __________

5
 SAMPLE OF RECORD OF EXPENSES

Particulars Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total Cost

SAMPLE OF FEED RECORD

Kind of Quantity Unit Unit Total Cost

Feeds/Feedstuffs Cost

6
 PROJECT INVENTORY
For the month of _____________________

Name of Project: _______________________

Balanced
Particulars Beginning Production Sales Mortality Cause of
of the Mortality
Month

SPECIAL CARE PROGRAM (Endoparasite Control)

Date: ________________________

Class Name Anthelmin Route of Date of

es of of tic Administrat Administrat Reactio Remar
Anim Parasi Administe ion ion ns ks
al te red

7
 MEDICATION PROGRAM
Date: _________________

Classes Name
Medicines Route of Date of
of of Reactions Remarks
Administered Administration Administration
Animal Disease

Economics

Goat raising offers a good source of income among rural

enterprisers. The cost-and-return analysis from goat production of 10
and 25-doe levels under semi-intensive system, under pure confinement
system indicates profitability (tables 1,2a-2d). The technical and financial
assumptions were based on industry standard and from long years of
experience in goat raising of the Small Ruminant Center of the Central
Luzon State University.
Positive net income and ROI are realized for 25-50-and 100-doe
levels even at the first year of operation but not for 10-doe levels. The
lower investment cost, except for the stocks, and better utilization of
labor in the 25-doe level operation account for the highest computed ROI.
ROI for five-year operation is about 67% for 25-doe level and 60% for 50-
and 100- doe levels. However, there is a negative net income and ROI
during the first year of operating a 10-doe level. Nonetheless, positive net
income and ROI can be realized starting from the second year of the
operation. In five years, ROI for 10-doe level is about 50%. Thus, goat
raising is highly profitable.

8
Table 1. Technical and financial assumptions for goat production
A. Technical Assumption

Production system Pure confinement for 50- and 100-

doe levels, semi-intensive for 10
and 25 levels
Stocks
Doe Native
Buck Upgraded
Anglo Nubian/Boer
Buck to Doe Ratio 1:25
Carrying Capacity 50 animals/ha
Housing (m²)
Doe 1.5/head
Buck 2.0/head
Growing 1.0/head
Type of Housing and Fencing
Materials Permanent/semi-permanent
Male to Female Ratio 1:1
Conception Rate 80%
Kid Size 1.5
Kidding per Year 1.5/year
Culling Rate 20%
Concentrate consumption 100g/day head x 180 days
Forage Consumption 5kg/day
Kinds of Forage Napier and leguminous species
Mortality Rates
Matured 5%
Growing 10%
Kid 20%

B. Financial Assumption

Housing P200/head for 10-doe level and

P500/head for other levels
Fencing P40,000/ha
Land Rent Computed based on rent for rainfed
rice land of 15 cavans/year at
46kg/cavan at P10/kg
C. Financial Assumption

Housing

Fencing
Land Rent

Cost of Stock
Doe (Upgraded; 50 N:50 AN) P 1,750/head
Buck P 6,000/head

9
 Buck service P 50/service
Labor 1 laborer for 50-doe level at
8hrs/day at P150/day
Concentrate Feed 100g/day
Veterinary Drug and Supply P 50/head/year
Forage and Pasture P 10,00/ha
Development
Forage and Pasture P 4,000/ha
Maintenance
Price of Fattener P 2,000/head
Breeder P 4,000/head
Average Marketable Weight 20kg
Life Span of Housing,
Equipment and Ten Years
Fencing 18%/annum
Rate of Interest on capital 10% of operating expenses(OE)
Contingency

Table 2a. Capital Outlay for 10-doe level

Amount of Capital Investment (P)
YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 TOTAL
Housing 2,000 0 0 0 0 2,000
Forage/Hedgerow 2,000 0 0 0 0 2,000
Dev’t
Stock
Doe (10) 17,500 0 0 0 0 17,500
TOTAL 21,500 0 0 0 0 21,500

Table 2b. Projected value of sales by type and year, 10-doe level.
No. of Head
YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 TOTAL
Breeder 4 8 4 8 4 28
For 7 14 7 14 7 49
slaughter
Total 11 22 11 22 11 77

Table 2c. Projected Value of Sales by Type and Year, 10-doe level.
Value of sales (P)
YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 TOTAL
Breeder 16,000 32,000 16,000 32,000 16,000 112,000
For 14,000 28,000 14,000 28,000 14,000 98,000
Slaughter
Total 30,000 60,000 30,000 60,000 30,000 210,000

10
Table 2d. Projected income statement for 10-doe level under semi-
intensive
system
YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR Total
1 2 3 4 5

A. Income

Sale of stocks 30,000 60,000 30,000 60,000 30,000 210,000

Inventory value 17,500 17,500
Total Income 30,000 60,000 30,000 60,000 47,500 227,500

B. Expenses

Operating expenses
Labor 18,250 18,250 18,250 18,250 18,250 91,250
Cost of concentrate 3,780 5,760 3,780 5,760 3,780 22,860
Veterinary drugs and supply 1,050 1,600 1,050 1,600 1,050 6,350
Buck service 500 1,000 500 1,000 500 3,500
Light and water 500 500 500 500 500 2,500
Transportation 500 500 500 500 500 2,500
Repair and maintenance 0 500 500 500 500 2,000
Contingency (10% OE) 2,458 2,811 2,508 2,811 2,508 13,096
Total OE 27,038 30,921 27,588 30,921 27,588 144,056

Overhead Expenses
Depreciation of housing, 400 400 400 400 400 2,000
equipment
Amortization for stocks and 7,410 6,708 6,006 5,304 4,602 30,030
pasture development

Total Overhead
Expenses 7,810 7,108 6,406 5,704 5,102 32,030
Total Expenses 34,848 30,921 27,588 30,921 27,588 151,866
Net Income -4,848 29,079 2,412 29,079 19,912 75,634
ROI(%) -13.91 94.04 8.74 94.04 72.18 49.80

LET US REMEMBER

Record keeping is an indispensable management tool in evaluating

production, farm input and output and the overall efficiency of the goat
raising enterprise. All records are useless unless critically-analyzed and
properly interpreted. It should be remembered that records are the key to
an efficient management of any enterprise.

11
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

Answer the following test items and write the letter of your choice
in your activity notebook.

1. It is a record which reflects the total number of stock in the project.

a. sales report c. production record

b. individual record d. record of inventory

2. When preparing an inventory report, you should always start on

_______.

a. 1st day of the month c. 3rd week of the month

b. 2nd week of the month d. 4th week of the month

3. What is the purpose of making a vaccination program record?

a. to prevent the incident of internal parasites

b. to lessen the lost of inputs
c. to determine the administration of the next vaccination schedule
d. none of these

4. What is the importance of preparing the special care program in

the production of goat/sheep?

a. to prevent the incidence of internal and external parasites

b. to lessen the lost of inputs
c. to determine the administration of the next vaccination schedule
d. none of these

5. It is a kind of record where all inputs are reflected.

a. records of expenses c. sales record
b. inventory d. individual record

12
LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Using the different forms of records discussed, fill up the record of

expenses and sales report. Analyze your record and determine whether
your project is gaining or losing.
Assumptions:
Cost of labor – P5,000.00
Cost of biologics – P850.00
Cost of feedstuffs:
a. rice bran – P7.00/kg
b. ground corn – P12.00/kg
c. soy bean oil meal – P24.00/kg
d. copra meal – P15.00
e. salt – P20.00
Sales of 20 heads of goats at P1,500.00 per head

RESOURCES:

BNAS School Project Record

Charts and Tables

REFERENCES:

The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming

Training Regulation
Competency-Base Curriculum
Technology and Home Economics IV

13
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL

FOURTH YEAR

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

Unit of Competency: RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS

Module No. 7 Module Title: MARKETING GOATS

 MODULE 7

QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS
MODULE TITLE : MARKETING GOATS
NOMINAL DURATION : 15 HOURS

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in

marketing goats and sheep.

WHAT WILLYOU LEARN?

After completing this module you should be able to:

1. discuss marketing strategies of goats/sheep in the locality.

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

Answer the following test items. Write the letters of your answers in
your activity notebook.

1. The following are marketing channels EXCEPT?

a. barrio agent c. bank managers
b. whole saler d. consumer

2. Which of the choices below is NOT a peak season of marketing goats?

a. holy week c. fiestas
b. Christmas season d. birthdays

3. What is the best way of selling goat?

a. per weight basis c. through a middlemen
b. per head basis d. choice cut basis

4. Which of the following goats is not advisable to be sold?

a. male goats c. castrated goats
b. pregnant goats d. female goats

5. How do you determine the meatiness of the goat?

a. thickness of the muscle c. sex of the animal
b. thickness of the hair coat d. color of the animal

1
LESSON 1

MARKETING GOATS/SHEEP

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with the marketing strategies of goats/sheep in

the locality.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson you should be able to:

1. discuss the marketing economics of goat;
2. follow the marketing tips;
3. appreciate the importance of marketing.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Wholesaler –those who buy in large bulk from various sources

Institutional buyers –restaurant owners/operators who buy live goats
and sell them cooked in restaurants or eateries.

Marketing Practices

Benefits derived from goat and goat products

 live goat for initials to class of backyard raisers/commercial raisers
 for chevon
 for milk and milk products
 goat skin can be sold for leathers

Live goats are usually channeled from

 barrio agents
 assembler/wholesalers
 retailers
 institutional buyers
 consumers

Goats are sold in two ways

 live goat
 carcass

2
 Barrio Insti-
agent tutional
Buyer

Producer Consu-
mer

Whole- Retailer
saler

Fig. 1. Marketing Channels for Live goat in the Philippines

Peak of Marketing Goats

Special occasions such as

 birthdays
 anniversaries
 christmas season
 fiestas
 special occasions

Marketing Tips
 Know the prevailing market price.
 Sell during periods when prices are most favorable or when the
demand is high.
 Organize and plan your strategy to do away with unscrupulous
traders.
 Raise only good-quality animals (e.g. upgraded) to gain higher
profit. Upgraded animals have bigger body conformation and grows
faster that native animals, hence, turnover of capital is faster.
 Castrate male kids that are intended for slaughter.
 Dispose all marketable animals readily. There is no advantage in
keeping disposable animals; they will just add up to your expenses.
 Do not market diseased and pregnant animals.
 Know the buyer’s preference in terms of weight, sex, breed, and age.
 If possible, sell animals on a per-weight basis rather on a per-head
basis.

3
Traders’ Preference for Goat Characteristics

 Meatiness. Meatiness is visualized by well-muscled forequarters,

rib and hind area, and wide back, particularly in the loin. Goats
with well muscled hind have meat thickness of more than 5cm
while those with meat thickness of less than 5cm are considered
thin.
 Size. Size ranks second, and medium-sized animals with weight of
12-15kg are the most preferred because they are easier to sell.
Small and large animals are least preferred. Small animals have
small carcass weight. On the other hand, large animals are also
least preferred because their price is less affordable among
consumers.
 Breed. Ranks third among the characteristic. More traders prefer
upgraded than native goats, although the choice depends on the
purpose of buying. Upgraded animals are selected for reproduction
and dispersal purposes because they have better growth and
reproductive performances.
 Sex. Male goats are preferred for carcass because they are heavier
and meatier, and for preparation of soup among restaurant owners.
Whereas, female goats are preferred for breeding purpose and also
for carcass if the purpose is to sell or cook internal organs for
“papaitan”.
 Age. This ranks fifth. Young goats are preferred because the meat
is tender and require less time for cooking.

LET US REMEMBER

Marketing goats and goat products may be a difficult task if the

raiser lacks knowledge on how to go about it. Marketing goat is easier if
the goat raiser plans the marketing scheme in advance. The raiser should
determine beforehand where, how, whom he will market the product.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

Select your best answer and write the letter of your choice in your
activity notebook.

1. Which of the following is NOT a peak season for marketing goats?

a. holy week c. fiestas

b. Christmas season d. birthdays

2. What is the best way of selling goat?

a. per weight basis c. through the middlemen

b. per head basis d. choice cut basis

4
3. Which of the following goats are not advisable to be sold?

a. male goats c. female goats

b. pregnant goats d. all of the above

4. How do you determine the meatiness of a goat?

a. thickness of the muscle c. weight of the animal

b. thickness of the hair coat d. color of the animal

5. Why are upgraded goats preferred for reproduction rather than native?

a. They are easy to handle.

b. They are more tender when cooked.
c. They more delicious.
d. They have better growth and reproductive performance.

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Prepare a simple diagram showing the marketing channels of live

goats and state your reason why you have chosen such diagram. Be able
to defend your output in class.

RESOURCES

School Goatery Project

Market Visit

REFERENCES

Technology and Home Economics IV

The Philippine Recommends for Goat Farming

5
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL

FOURTH YEAR

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II
Unit of Competency: RAISE LARGE RUMINANTS
(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE)

Module No. 1 Module Title: SELECTING SUITABLE AND SUPERIOR

BREED AND MANAGING BREEDER CATTLE
 MODULE 1

QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : RAISE LARGE RUMINANTS
(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE)
MODULE TITLE : SELECTING SUITABLE AND SUPERIOR
BREEDS AND MANAGING BREEDER
CATTLE
NOMINAL DURATION : 40 HOURS

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in

successful selection of suitable and superior breeds and management of
breeder cattle.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

1. identify and select suitable and superior breeds of cattle based
on Bureau of Animal Industry standards;
2. discuss the physiological reproductive phenomena and
natural/synchronized estrus of cattle and; and
3. discuss the breeding objectives and practice the breeding
systems of cattle.

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

Let us find out how much you already know about selecting
suitable breeds and in managing breeder cattle. Read and analyze the
questions below. Select the best answer and write the letter of your
choice in your activity notebook.

1. A breed of cattle which has Spanish and Chinese origins, hardy,

resistant to diseases and prolific is called _______.

a. Philippine Cattle
b. Red Sindhi
c. Tharparkar
d. Sahiwal

2. This is like a Red Sindhi in appearance except in color, beefier and

produces better steers for work purpose.

a. Sahiwal
b. Tharparkar
c. Santa Gertrudes
d. Brahman

1
3. This breed can stand to intense heat because of its sweat glands, has
a large hump over its shoulders with drooping ears and turned – up
horns.

a. Santa Gertrudes
b. Indu – Brazil
c. Brahman
d. Hariana

4. Its color is light gray to silver gray with prominent hump and loose
pendulous skin under the throat and the dewlap:

a. Santa Gertrudes
b. Indu – Brazil
c. Brahman
d. Hariana

5. Which of the following breed is NOT Europian origin cattle?

a. Indu – Brazil
b. Hereford
c. Angus
d. Charolais

6. This involves the mating of animals that are more closely related than
the average of the population from which they belong.

a. Crossbreeding
b. Line breeding
c. Upgrading
d. Inbreeding

7. The mating of purebred sires to nondescript or native female and their

female offspring generation after generation.

a. Crossbreeding
b. Line breeding
c. Upgrading
d. Inbreeding

8. What percent is the breed composition of the first generation of an

upgraded offspring?
a. 25 %
b. 50 %
c. 75 %
d. 100 %

2
9. The mating of two or more established purebred to produce a graded
offspring is called _________.

a. Crossbreeding
b. Line breeding
c. Upgrading
d. Inbreeding

10. It is the mating of cousins or more distantly related cattle whereby

the qualities of superior and ancestors are not considered.

a. Cross breeding
b. Line breeding
c. Upgrading
d. In-breeding

11. Normally – grown breeding heifers are usually bred at the age of____.

a. 1 year
b. 2 years
c. 3 years
d. 4 years

12. Normally grown bulls on range pasture can already breed at the age
of ______.

a. 1 year
b. 2 years
c. 3 years
d. 4 years

13. The average estrus cycle of cows and sexually-matured heifers is___.

a. 16 hours
b. 18 hours
c. 20 hours
d. 22 hours

14. The postpartum breeding schedule recommended among healthy

cows is: _______.

a. 60 hours
b. 60 days
c. 60 weeks
d. 60 months

3
15. The estrus period among exotic breeds of cattle ranges from 14 to
___________.
a. 16 hours
b. 18 hours
c. 20 hours
d. 22 hours

16. The calving interval of normally grown cows is _______.

a. 1 year
b. 2 years
c. 3 years
d. 4 years

17. The average gestation period of cows is __________.

a. 114 days
b. 150 days
c. 200 days
d. 283 days

18. The uterus of a normally calved cow returns to its normal status or
size at about _______.

a. 26 days
b. 28 days
c. 30 days
d. 60 days

19. All are visible signs in cows that are about to calve except _______.

a. swelling of the vulva

b. bellowing
c. restlessness
d. labored breathing

20. A management process where technicians manipulate the

physiological condition of the animal to allow predetermined
occurrence of estrus for possible insemination is called _____________.

a. artificial insemination
b. natural breeding
c. estrus synchronization
d. natural estrus

4
Test II. Skills Test

Proceed to the school’s large cattle project. From a herd of five (5)
heads, choose the best stock basing from your own principles of judging.
What made you decide to choose the animal? What criteria did you use?
Why did you use such? Explain substantially.

Compare the result of your judging from the result using the score
card found in lesson 1 below

5
LESSON 1

SELECTING SUITABLE AND SUPERIOR BREEDS OF CATTLE

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with identification and selection of suitable

superior breeds of cattle and buffaloes based on Bureau of Animal
Industry standards.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. identify the breeds of cattle commonly raised in the Philippines;

2. describe the characteristics of each breed;
3. classify the breeds according to their purpose;
4. appreciate the importance of identifying the different types and
breeds of cattle according to their characteristics; and
5. select suitable breed to compose the herd.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Type – a group of animals raised to serve a certain purpose

Breed – the distinct characteristics of an animal which are
generally transmitted from generation to generation
Selection – the process of choosing desirable animals from a herd
Herd – a group of livestock
Bull – male cattle for breeding
Cow – female cattle for reproduction
Heifer – young female cattle intended fro reproduction
Calving – act of delivery in cattle
Calf – young cattle of either sex

Proper identification and selection of stock to raise is one vital

factor to consider in a successful cattle production.

6
Types and Breeds of Cattle

Dairy Type – This is a type of cattle intended for milk production. Some
of the common breeds of this type are: Red Sindhi, Sahiwal, Jersey;
Holstein Freisian and Red Sindhi X Jersy Cross breed

1. Red Sindhi. This is a dual-purpose type breed good for milk and beef.
It is red in color, easy to tame, and can produce an average of 5 liters of
milk a day.

2. Sahiwal (Montgomery)

Habitat. This is a medium heavy type of dual-purpose breed found in Rohtak, Karnal,
Hissar, Gurgaon district of Haryana, and the Union Territory of Delhi and in West Uttar
Pradesh.

Characteristics

The cows are fairly good milkers. These animals have small heads with
long, narrow faces from which emerge short and somewhat horizontal
horns, which grow longer and curve upwards and inwards in bullocks.
The barrel is long compact. Legs are sturdy and long with well-shaped
hoofs. The tail is thin and short. In cows the udder is well developed with
prominent teats. These cattle are generally white or light grey.

Sahiwal Cow Sahiwal Bull

7
Hariana Cow Hariana Bull

[Link] (CCBF, Sunabeda, Koraput(Orissa))

Habitat. Originated on the channel

Island of Jersey, a small British
Island in the English channel of the
coast of France.

Characteristics

Color:- Varies from Golden brown

and light grey to light red as well
cream.
Head:- Short head with broad
forehead with concave forehead line.
Eyes:- Large impressive eyes.
Jersy Cow Horn:- Dehorned

Average Height:-
Bull:-127cm
Cow:-120-125cm

Average Weight:-
Bull:-550-600Kg
Cow:-350-400Kg

Average Body Size:- Medium size

Average Milk Yield:- 4000 Kg per Lactation

Average Fat:- 5% Average SNF:- 9%
Jersy Bull

8
5. Holstein Friesian

Characteristics

Average age at maturity 15 to 16

months .

Age at Ist calving 25 months

Average lactation yield (305 days)

6500kg

Peak yield(at farm conditions 30-

32 litres)
HF Cow
The adult body weight 550-650
kg

HF male calves:

Average birth weight 40-42 kgs

Age at maturity 15 to 16 months

(semen production)

Average body weight at sexual

maturity 280-320 kgs
HF male calf
Expected life time production of
semen doses 1.5-1.8 lakhs

6. Red Sindhi X Jersy Crossbreed (CCBF, Chiplima(Orissa))

Habitat :- Found in Sindh Pradesh

of Pakistan & Orissa,
Tamilnadu,Karnataka,Kerala,North
East
states,Bengal,Bihar,Jharkhand,Ch
hatisgarh,Rajasthan & Punjab
States of India.

Characteristics

Body Color:- Almond colored body

RS X Jersy Cow Body size:- Medium sized body

Forehead:- Depressed somewhat

9
 concave forehead

Horns:- 6-8" in size & grow

upwards & foreheads

Udder:- Capacious & well

prominent

Production Performances:-

Average/day production:- 12-15

Kg Milk production
RS X Jersy Bull

Average Lactation yield:- 3500-

4000 Kg per lactation

Average Milk Fat:- 5%

Average SNF:- 9%

RS X Jersy Calf

BEEF TYPE – They are raised mainly for meat production

1. Philippine Cattle

The Philippine cattle have Spanish and Chinese origins. In general,

the Philippine or native cattle are hardy, resistant, and prolific. They
grow fairly fast and attain a fair size. They are suited for upgrading into
10
good quality pure bred. The native cattle are of a dual-purpose type: they
are used for work and for supplying beef.

2. Indian Cattle

a. Ongole
Characteristics

It’s popular color is white.

Males have dark grey
markings on head, neck and
hump, and black points on
knees and pasterns. Head is
broad between eyes slightly
prominent. Face moderately
long, bridges of nose to
nostrils large, placid full,
bright, elliptical black eye
lashes, ring of black hair
around eyes. Horns are short
Ongle Cow and stumpy, growing
outwards and backwards.
Thick at base is firm, without
cracks. Ears are moderately
long, slightly drooping, alert,
tip of ears are black. Neck is
short and thick in bulls,
moderately long in cows.
Hump is well developed and
erect. Filled up on both sides
and not concave or leaning to
either side. Dewlap is fleshy
and hanging in fold, extending
Ongole Bull to naval flap. Chest is deep
and wide, broad between the
fore arms. legs are strong,
clean and medium in length,
well apart, firmly and squarely
set under the body, toes
pointing straight, tail head is
slopping, deeply molded and
not coarse. Long and fine with
black switch. Tip of tail
vertebrae reaches just beyond
point of hock.

Milk yield is 600 kg to 2518

kg. Lactation period is 279
days. Fat varies from 3 to 5%
Ongole Calf
and SNF 7.8 to 8.8.

11
b. Tharparkar (CCBF, Suratgar(Rajasthan))

Habitat :- Tharparkar is an
important dual purpose breed
raised primarily for its milking
potential. The name
"Tharparkar" has been derived
from the place of its origin- The
THAR desert. The home tract of
this breed is in the Tharparkar
district of southeast Sindhi in
Pakistan.
In India, these animals
are now found along the Indo-
Pak border covering western
Rajasthan and up to Rann of
Tharparkar Cow Kutch in Gujarat.

Characteristics

Animals are white or gray in

color. In bulls neck, hump and
hind quarters are also black.
forehead broad and flat and
slightly convex above eyes. Ears
are long, broad and pendulous
and switch of tail is of black
color. Body size medium.

Tharparkar Bull

Performance Parameters:-

PARAMETERS FEMALE RANGE

Average body weight
350Kg 300-400
(adult)
Average age at maturity
36 32-36
(months)
Average age at first
45 41-45
calving (months)
Average calving interval
410 400-450
(days)

12
Average milk yield in
2000 1900-2400
Kg.(305 days)
Average Lactation
280 240-377
length
Average Fat % 4.88 4.5-4.9
Average SNF 9.2 8.9-9.7

Beef Cattle Developed in the United States

1. Brahman. This breed is characterized with sweat glands enabling the

cattle to stand intense heat. The bulls are highly nervous and darker
on their front and rear quarters, have a large hump over their
shoulders, and have drooping ears and horn that are usually turned
up.

2. Santa Gertrudes. This is a crossbreed of Brahman (3/8) and

Shorthorn (5/8). The color is solid cherry red. The ears are somewhat
pendulous. The body is more compact than that of the Brahman, but
it retains the loose hide and skin folds characteristics of the Brahman.
This breed is specially adapted to subtropical climate and semi-arid
grazing conditions.

13
Beef Cattle Developed in South America

Indu-Brazil. This breed originated from India and found its way to
America by way of Brazil and Mexico. Its color is light gray to silver gray.
It has a prominent hump and loose pendulous skin under the throat and
along the dewlap.

Beef Cattle of European Origin

1. Hereford. This breed has a medium to dark cream body color and a
white face. It is noted for its foraging ability.

2. Angus. This breed is polled or hornless and is distinguished from

other breeds by its black color and smooth haircoat.

3. Shorthorn. This breed is noted for its even temperament. Its color
varies orange to red.

14
 4. Charolais. This breed of cattle has a large body that is white or
creamy white in color.

New Breeds of Beef Cattle

1. Beefmaster. This characterized with dominant red color. This

breed is about one-half Brahman, one-fourth Shorthorn, and one-
fourth Hereford.

2. Brangus. This is black in color and is part Brahman and part

Angus.

3. Charbray. This has approximately one-fourth Brahman and three-

fourth Charolais characteristics.

4. Braford. This is a crossbreed of Brahman and Hereford.

15
Selection of Stock

Selection is the process of choosing desirable animals from a herd

to become parents of the next generation. It may be done on the basis of
any of the following:

1. The animals own phenotypic merit (external features). This is

determined by visual appraisal and performance test.

2. Pedigree information and collateral relatives (brothers, sisters,

cousins, uncle, etc.) information. This is used when early selection
is desired or when a trait is limited to one sex, e.g. milk yield.

3. Progeny test. This is based on the performance of the individual’s

progeny or offspring. The accuracy depends on the number of
progeny and the heritability of the trait selected for.

In general, selecting animals as parents of the next

generation should be based on the following:

 Comparable production records

 Physical characteristics (e.g. conformation, structural,

soundness, health and freedom from hereditary defects).

 Weaning weights of calves of the respective dams

 Weaning weights and yearling weights for bulls and heifers

 Weight and size of the breeding stock at two years of age

4. Another technique on selection of stock is done through the

following score cards

16
a. Score Card for Dairy Cattle

Stu- Instruc-
Perfect
Scale of Points dent’s tor’s Score
Score
Score
GENERAL APPEARANCE - 20 points
Weight 4
Form, triangular, well-proportioned 5
Quality, hairs, fine; skin, pliable; bone, clean 4
Condition, lean, spare, indicating productiveness;
no beefiness 3
Temperament, nervous; disposition, good 4
INDICATION OF CAPACITY FOR FEED – 20 points
Face, broad between the eyes and long; muscle,
clean cut; mouth, large, lips, strong; lower jaws,
lean and sinewy 3
Body, wedge-shaped as viewed from front, side and
top; ribs, long, far apart and well-sprung;
breast, full 10
Back, straight, chine, broad and open; loin, broad
and roomy 3
Hips and thurls, wide apart and high 4
INDICATOR OF DAIRY TEMPERAMENT – 20 points
Head, clean-cut and fine in contour; eyes
prominent, full and bright 2
Neck, thin, long neatly joined to the head and
shoulders and free from throatiness and dewlap 2
Brisket, lean and light 2
Shoulders, lean, sloping, nicely laid up to body;
points, prominent; withers, sharp 3
Back, strong, prominent to tail head and open- 3
jointed 3
Hips, prominent, sharp and level with back 2
Thighs, thin and incurving 1
Tail, fine and tapering 2
Legs, straight; shanks, fine
INDICATION OF WELL-DEVELOPED MILK ORGANS –
20 points 2
Rump, long, wide and level; pelvis, roomy 2
Thighs, wide apart; twist, high and open
Udder, large, pliable extending well forward and
high up behind; quarters, full, symmetrical, 12
evenly joined and well held up to body 4
Tents, plumb, good size, symmetrical and well
placed
INDICATIONS OF STRONG CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, 2
HEALTH, VIGOR, AND MILK FLOW – 20 points 2
Eyes, bright and placid 4
Nostrils, large and open
Chest, roomy 4
Skin, pliable; hair, fine and straight; secretion,
abundant in ears, on body and at end of tail
Veins, prominent on face and udder; mammary 6
veins, large, long, crooked and branching; milk 1
wells, large and numerous
Escutcheon, wide and extending high up

TOTAL 100
(Courtesy of U.P. College of Agriculture

17
b. Score Card for Beef Cattle

Scale of Points Perfect Stud- Instruc-

Score ent’s tor’s
Score Score

GENERAL APPEARANCE - 20 points

Weight of Batangas or large type Ilocos bull, not less than 350 kilos
Form, deep, broad, low-set, blocky and well-proportioned 6
Quality, hair, fine; skin, pliable; bone. Large, dense, and clean
Action, walk, active, fast, and elastic 4
Temperament, energetic; disposition, good
Condition, fat and well-muscled through out 4
HEAD AND NECK – 10 points 6
Head, short, broad, and clean 2
Forehead, broad, and full 3
Eyes, full, bright, and clear
Ears, medium size, dense 2
Muzzle, broad; mouth, large, nostrils, large and open 1
Lower jaw, angles, wide, and clean 1
Neck, thin, muscular; windpipe, large 1
FOREQUARTERS – 25 points
Shoulders, moderately sloping, covered with muscle, and compact 1
Arms, short, and well-muscled 1
Forearms, long, wide, clean, and heavily-muscled 2
Knees, wide, straight, strong, and clean
Shanks, short, dense, and rounded 4
Fetlock joints, wide, deep, strong, and clean 2
Pasterns, short, thick, strong, and moderately sloping 4
Feet, large; heels, wide, soles, concave; hoofs, dense, and waxy 4
BODY – 10 points 2
Chest, full, deep, wide and low; girth, large 1
Ribs, broad; long and well-sprung 3
Back, broad, straight, muscular, and strong
Loins, thick with muscle, short, and wide 5
Underline, low; flanks, full
HINDQUATERS – 30 points 4
Hips, broad, smooth, level, and well-muscled 2
Rump, long, wide, and muscular; tail head smooth, not patchy 2
Pin bones, far apart, not prominent 1
Thighs, deep, broad, strong, and muscular 1
Twist, deep, wide and plump
Lower thighs, long, wide, clean, and heavily muscled 2
Hooks, large, strong, wide, deep, and well-set
Shanks, short, wide and clean; tendons, prominent 2
Fetlock joints, wide, deep, strong and clean 1
Pastern, short, strong, and clean 4
Feet, large; heels, wide; soles, concave; hoofs, dense, and waxy 2
3
6
2
1
2

5
TOTAL 100
Courtesy of U.P. College of Agriculture)

18
LET US REMEMBER

The success of a profitable cattle production depends greatly on

the proper selection of suitable stock to compose the herd and the
application of appropriate management technologies.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

Directions: Read the questions carefully and select the letter of the best
answer. Write the answers in your activity notebook.

1. A dual – purpose breed found in the Havana and the Union

territory of Delhi and West Uttar Pradesh. A good milk producer
with long and narrow face
a. Philippine cattle
b. Sahiwal
c. Brahman
d. Jersy

2. It is easy to tame, red in color and can produce an average of 5

liters of milk a day
a. Red Sindhi
b. Sahiwal
c. Jersy
d. Brahman

3. Its color varies from golden brown and light gray to light red as well
as cream _______.
a. Jersy
b. Brahman
c. Red Sindhi
d. Sahiwal

4. Which of the following breeds belongs of the dairy type of cattle ?

a. Red Sindhi
b. Brahman
c. Santa Gertrudes
d. Brangus

5. A very resistant, hardy and prolific breed which is suited for

upgrading
a. Philippine cattle
b. Brahman
c. Ongole
d. Jersy

II. Direction: Using the score cards, visit the cattle project of the school
and select at least two (2) breeds for dairy and beef purposes.

19
LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

A. If you were to select your stock for breeding purposes applying the
principles of selection, which you have learned in this lesson,
which among the breed of cattle in the herd would you choose?
Why? Explain substantially.
B. Fill up the table below with the necessary information needed.

Physical
Breed Type
Characteristics

RESOURCES:

Pictures of cattle clipped from the internet

Score Cards

REFERENCES:

THE IV – Animal Production for Beef Cattle, PCARRD, Los Baños

Laguna, 1994
Internet Clippings – Picture of Cattle
CBC and TR – Large Ruminants Production

20
LESSON 2

PHYSIOLOGICAL REPRODUCTIVE PHENOMENA AND

SYNCHRONIZED ESTRUS OF CATTLE

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with the physiological reproductive phenomena

and the natural synchronized estrus of cattle and buffaloes.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. discuss the physiological reproductive phenomena of large

cattle;
2. observe natural or synchronized estrus among heifers and cows;
and
3. explain the importance of knowing the reproductive physiology
of cattle and synchronized estrus among cows and heifers.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Puberty – age of sexual maturity

Estrus Cycle – the interval between two successive heat periods
Heat period – the period when the cow is ready to accept the service
of the bull
Ovulation – the release of egg cells from the ovary
Postpartum – breeding of cows after calving
Gestation period – the period from fertilization to birth

Estrus Cycle

Physically and reproductively healthy bull and heifer calves reach

the age of sexual maturity (puberty) at the age 6 to 8 months. Normally,
cows and sexually mature heifers undergo periodic heat cycles (estrus
cycle) which ranges from 18 to 24 days or an average of 21 days.

21
 In exotic breeds, the estrus usually lasts 14 to 18 hours while
indigenous and Zebu grades have shorter span that is 10 to 12 hours.

Ovulation or the release of oocytes (egg cells) from the ovary takes
place 10 hours after the end of estrus.

Reproductively healthy heifers are usually bred at the age of two

and expected to calve at the age of three.

Puberty (sexual maturity) is ten times associated with the

respective live weights of cattle, this is called “Target Weight” in breeding
practices. Grades should weigh at least 150-300 kgs. And 300 kgs. line
weight for exotic breeds when bred.

The calving interval of a physically and reproductively healthy cow

is one year.

Signs of Estrus

1. Isolating herself from the rest of the herd

2. Mounting on other animals irrespective of sex (mounting heat)
3. Appearing sick and lacking appetite
4. Reddening and swelling of the vulva accompanied by a clear thick
mucus discharge
5. Bellowing or mooing and feeling of restlessness
6. Urinating frequently in small amounts

Pregnancy

The average gestation period of cows is 283 days. The essential

hormone supporting pregnancy is Progesterone which is secreted by the
Corpus Luteum.

Signs of Pregnancy

1. Cessation of estrus
2. Prominence of the milk vein
3. Gradual enlargement of the udder
4. Gradual increase of the belly size

Signs of Approaching Calving

1. Relaxation of the ligaments around the tailhead and pelvis

2. Swelling of the vulva and thick mucus discharge
3. Congestion of the udder with milk

22
Postpartum Physiology

Result of studies reveals that the uterus of a newly calved cow

returns to its original size (uterine involution) about 26 days after calving.
It is recommended that a much longer interval between calving and
insemination is necessary for optimum fertility. Breeding newly-calved
(postpartum breeding) cow can be done 60 days after calving. It is
therefore, suggested that proper nutritional management with hormonal
treatment must be complimented to hasten postpartum breeding
schedule

Estrus Synchronization (ES)

This is a management tool used among cows in combination with

Artificial Insemination. This requires the expertise of a technician who
will manipulate on the physiological status of the animals for
predetermined occurrence of estrus for possible introduction of semen
through Artificial Insemination.

In general, cows should be allowed to recover from pregnancy and

parturition stress for 60 days. Within this period, a sufficient time for
uterus involution has been provided and now ready for subsequent
pregnancies. Hence, estrus synchronization can now be made possible.

Early ovarian activities can be induced through Gonodotropin-

Releasing Hormone (GnRH ) analog combined with ES agent. It has been
proven that this treatment combination is very effective as manifested by
an increased number of cows which remained anestrus after 60 days
postpartum.

LET US REMEMBER

The success in cattle raising depends on the ability of the caretaker

to observe heat or behavior of animals and his expertise to administer
recommended drugs, hormones or supplements for high conception rates.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED

1. It refers to the age of sexual maturity .

a. puberty
b. estrus
c. breeding
d. heat

23
2. Bulls and heifers usually reach sexual maturity at the age of _____.
a. 8 – 12 months
b. 13 – 15 months
c. 16 – 18 months
d. 19 – 20 months

3. The average heat cycle of normal cows and sexually matured heifer is
__________.
a. 21 hours
b. 21 days
c. 21 weeks
d. 21 months

4. Ovulation period of a cattle takes place ________ hours after the end of
estrus.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20

5. The estrus of exotic breed of cattle usually lasts for 14 to ______.

a. 18 hours
b. 20 hours
c. 22 hours
d. 24 hours

6. All the signs of estrus in cattle except _______.

a. frequent urination
b. reddening of swelling of vulva
c. bellowing or mooing
d. congestion of the udder with milk

7. The uterine involution period newly calved cow is ______.

a. 20 days
b. 22 days
c. 24 days
d. 26 days

8. The postpartum breeding schedule for normally calved cow is _____.

a. 40 days
b. 50 days
c. 60 days
d. 26 days

9. What must be complemented after calving to hasten postpartum

breeding schedule?
a. estrus synchronization
b. artificial insemination
c. hormonal treatment
d. fertility checking

24
10. A tool used among cow for possible accuracy of estrus in
combination with artificial insemination

a. estrus synchronization
b. hormonal treatment
c. nutritional management
d. postpartum management

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Solve the following problems:

1. Mr. Domingo brought his Brahman bull to the breeding chute to

breed the Indu-Brazil Cow of Mr. Atanacio on January 14, 2009.
When will be the expected calving date if the cow settled
considering the afore- stated average gestation period?
2. When will be the postpartum breeding schedule if the date of
calving is May 10, 2009?

RESOURCES:

Pictures of cattle clipped from the internet

AI Kit

REFERENCES:

The Philippine Beef Cattle Industry, 1994, PCARRD,

Los Baños, Laguna
THE –IV Animal Production, SEDP Series
Types of Breed of Farm Animals by Villegas
CBC and TR

25
LESSON 3

BREEDING OBJECTIVES AND SYSTEMS OF BREEDING

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with the breeding objectives and the breeding
systems of cattle and buffaloes.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to :

1. explain the objectives of breeding substantially;

2. practice and explain the types and systems of breeding; and
3. appreciate the importance of breeding for a successful cattle
production.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Breeding – mating and producing of offspring

Artificial Insemination (AI) –the process of injecting the bull’s semen to
the cow’s female genitalia by an instrument instead of the natural
service of the bull.
Semen – the male’s reproductive cell.

Objectives of Breeding

Breeding is the mating and producing of offspring. This process

aims to improve genetic make-up of the animals, increase the population
of the cattle herd and in some cases, the resistance of the offspring to
parasite infestation and disease infection are increased. Proper
techniques and methods must be followed to attain optimum results.

26
Types of Natural Breeding

1. Hand Mating

This type of breeding involves the complete confinement of

the bull in a separate quarter and not allowed to be mixed with the
rest of the herd. Only when a cow or heifer is “in heat” that the
bull and the cow or heifer are brought to the breeding corral where
they are mated with or without the assistance of the caretaker. As
a rule, only one service of the bull is needed to successfully mate a
cow or heifer with the following bull – cow/heifer ratio:

Yearling bull -10 – 12 cows/heifers

Two-year old bull - 25 – 36 cows/heifers
Three-year old bull - 40 – 50 cows/heifers

Hand mating has the following advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:

1. Keeping record is easier and more accurate, ensuring better

care for calving cows.
2. Bulls do not waste energy in mounting cows more than once.
3. “Settled cows “are separated from others and are not disturbed
hence, the risk of abortion is lessened if not avoided.

Disadvantages:

1. More time and effort are required in identifying cows that are in
heat so as not to miss breeding with the bull; calf crop is
considerably reduced.
2. A separate shed for the bull is required.

2. Pasture mating

This permits the bull to run with the herd throughout the
breeding season or throughout the year. This type saves labor in
the daily inspection of the herd for in heat cows or heifers and
driving them to the breeding corral for mating. It also precludes
the possibility of a cow or heifer “going by” unbred due to the
herdsman’s failure to monitor heat period. A two-year old bull can
mate 20 cows or heifer successfully.

Artificial Insemination (AI)

It is a practice of injecting the bull’s semen to the cow’s female

genitalia by an instrument instead of the natural service of the bull.
Artificial insemination is the most valuable tool for genetic improvement.
A healthy bull can breed hundreds of female cattle with only one
ejaculation.

27
Requirements for Artificial Insemination (AI)

1. Only healthy heifers weighing 250 kgs or more which have shown
at least 2 regular heat cycles must be included in the program.
2. Cows must be bred 60 days after calving.
3. Cows should be gaining not losing weight at breeding time.
4. The raiser must be skilled in detecting estrus and in recognizing
breeding observations.
5. A reliable and quick means of transmitting request for A1 services
to the center is necessary.
6. The herd must be free from reproductive diseases.
7. A breeding chute must be provided during administration of semen
and pregnancy diagnosis.
8. AI must be administered by an expert technician for high
conception rate.

Materials needed for A1

 Artificial vagina (7cm. in diameter and 15 cm. long) for semen

collection
 Microscope and a hemocytometer for semen evaluation.
 Catheter for semen deposition filled with either rubber bulb or a 2
ml. syringe.
 Speculum for opening the vagina
 Flashlight/penlight

Semen Evaluation

As soon as the semen is collected, it is evaluated for motility and

concentration. Good quality semen can be used immediately as liquid or
fresh undiluted semen or it can be diluted to serve more cows from only
one ejaculation using extenders.

Steps in Artificial Inseminations

 Place the cow in a breeding stall to hold the cow firmly and elevate
its rear quarters. In the absence of stall support the cow by the
knee just in front of her udder
 Clean the vulva and the surrounding area with ordinary tap water
 Lubricate the speculum with KY jelly-oil or Vaseline
 Insert the speculum gently not with a jerk, through the vulva into
the vagina
 The insertion usually followed by twisting motion with slight
amount of pressure. The speculum must be inserted following the
angle of the rung

28
  Using a flashlight and manipulating the speculum, locate the
cervix
 With the correct amount of semen previously loaded into the 1ml.
pipette or catheter, introduce the opened end through the
speculum into the cervix
 The catheter must be worked gently through the cervical opening.
Semen deposition must be made from 1 to 1.5 cm. inside the cervix.
Releasing the semen behind. The first fold, approximately 0.6cm.
is permissible in heifers
 Deposit 1-2ml. of semen containing 120-125 million sperm cells by
pushing the syringe plunger or pressing the rubber bulb slowly and
holding it at that position, until it is withdrawn from the cervix. If
a speculum is not available, a rubber hose 2cm. in diameter and
15cm. long may be used. Both ends must be smooth.
o To get high conception rate, make technique of semen
deposition as natural as possible use semen of high quality,
inseminate the animal at the right stage of estrus and use
only clean and sanitized equipment.

Systems of Breeding

1. Inbreeding. It involves the mating of animals that are more closely

related from the average of the population from which they belong.
This reduces animal’s vigor. It also affects the growth rate, fertility
and viability of the offspring.
2. Line breeding. It is done by cattle raisers who do not wish to
concentrate on the qualities of the superior ancestors as line
breeding involves the mating of cousins or more distantly related
cattle.
3. Crossbreeding. It is the mating of purebred animals or crossing two
superior animals of different breeds. The purpose of crossbreeding
is to obtain foundation animals for a new commercial breed. The
crossing of two superior animals usually result in an increased
growth rate, improved body conformation, and increased
fertilization and production.
4. Upgrading. It is the system of breeding bulls with unrelated cows to
upgrade the quality of the offspring. The breed composition of the
first generation is 50% exotic.
5. Out crossing. It is the mating of bulls from distantly related strains
with cows of the same breed. Out-crossing brings together the
characteristics of the two strains that produce high production.
The system may also be used either with grades or purebreds of
the same breed.

29
LET US REMEMBER

The production rate of the cattle project is increased if one would

internalize and practice the importance and application of appropriate
breeding practices coupled with the ability and diligence of the caretaker
to undertake such.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

Select the best answer. Write the letter of your answers in your
activity notebook.

1. The mating of animals to produce an offspring is called _________.

a. culling
b. breeding
c. calving
d. kidding

2. All are objectives of breeding except ________.

a. improves genetic make-up
b. increases population
c. improves the resistance of the animals to distance
d. improves fertility of cows

3. How many cows or heifer can a normally - grown bull serve?

a. 40 – 50 heads
b. 30 – 39 heads
c. 11 – 26 heads
d. 10 – 12 heads

4. Which of the following is considered being the most expensive and

laborious means of breeding?
a. hand mating
b. posture mating
c. artificial insemination
d. natural mating

5. When can we possibly inseminate cows postpartum?

a. 30 days
b. 60 days
c. 90 days
d. 120 days

6. Which system of breeding needs the expertise of technician for high

conception rate?
a. pasture mating
b. hand mating
c. artificial insemination
d. natural mating

30
7. How many milliliter of semen is used to inseminate a cow?
a. 2 ml.
b. 4 ml.
c. 6 ml.
d. 8 ml.

8. The breed composition of an upgraded offspring at first generation is

___________.
a. 10 %
b. 25 %
c. 50 %
d. 75 %

9. The mating of bull from distantly related strains with cows of the same
breed is ________.
a. Out crossing
b. inbreeding
c. crossbreeding
d. line breeding

10. This is the mating of purebred animals or crossing two superior

animals of different breeds.
a. inbreeding
b. out crossing
c. crossbreeding
d. line breeding

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Proceed to the cattle project and observe the herd. Perform or

administer the recommended system of breeding for cows/heifers that
are in estrus.

R A T I N G S

CRITERIA VERY
EXCELLENT SATISFACTORY FAIR
SATISFACTORY

100% - 94% 93% - 87% 86% - 81% 80% - 75%

[Link] timing of heat
2. Proper breeding
techniques
3. Cleanliness and
sanitation observed

Based from what you have done, how did you find the work? Why?
Explain substantially.

31
RESOURCES

AI Kit, Semen, Bull, Cow

REFERENCES

The Philippine Beef Cattle Industry, 1994,PCARRD, Los Baños

32
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL

FOURTH YEAR

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II
Unit of Competency: RAISE LARGE RUMINANTS
(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE)

Module No. 2 Module Title: PROVIDING FEED AND FEEDING

MANAGEMENT OF HERD
 MODULE 2

QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : RAISE LARGE RUMINANTS
(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE)
MODULE TITLE : PROVIDING FEEDS AND FEEDING
MANAGEMENT OF HERD
NOMINAL DURATION : 50 HOURS

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for
successful provision of feeds and feeding management of herd.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

After completion of this module, you should be able to:

1. identify feed sources of cattle at various physiological stages based

on BAI standards;
2. provide feed additives and mineral supplements;
3. ensure sound stocking rate and employ pasture management
practices to general herd according to BAI standards; and
4. employ proper management practices in rearing and breeding
cows, bulls, calves, growers and fatteners according to enterprise
requirement.

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

Read the items below and choose the best answer by writing the
letter of your choice in your answer sheet.

1. These are chemical compounds given to animals for maintenance and

reproduction.
a. feeds c. nutrients
b. additives d. biologics

2. The major source of energy in the animal ration.

a. protein c. carbohydrates
b. water d. minerals

3. Which nutrient provides 2.5 times more energy than carbohydrates?

a. protein c. water
b. fats d. vitamins

1
4. Which of this is not considered a nutrient but very important in the
animal diet for digestion and absorption?
a. minerals c. water
b. vitamins d. additives

5. Ionophores are groups of compounds incorporated with growing-

finishing rations of cattle. They constitute,
a. additives c. concentrate
b. nutrients d. roughages

6. All of the following are agro-industrial by-products with high feeding

value EXCEPT,
a. pineapple pulp c. agricultural lime
b. soya pulp d. tomato pulp

7. Which of those below contributes to an increased milk production in

cows?
a. high-level protein c. high-level fat
b. low-level protein d. low-level fat

8. What process supplements the scarcity of cattle feeds during dry

season?
a. concentrate c. silo
b. roughage d. pasture

9. A native pasture grass is not a good material for silage-making is

called _______.
a. cogon c. napier
b. carabao grass d. guinea grass

10. The only source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in the country is called
_______.
a. diammonium phosphate c. urea
b. biuret d. ammonium chloride

11. The multiplier used to convert nitrogen in urea to crude protein

equivalent.
a. 6.00 c. 6.50
b. 6.25 d. 6.75

12. All are the factors influencing the choice of feeding system by cattle
producers except
a. availability of roughage c. type of production system
b. cost of concentrates d. availability of raw materials

13. A management practice that ensures appropriate nutrition to the

different age groups of cattle.
a. herd division c. herd immunization
b. herd pasturing d. herd maintenance

2
14. Newly-delivered calves must suckle colostrums milk within _______.
a. 3 hrs. c. 7 hrs.
b. 5 hrs. d. 9 hrs.

15. The most effective means of cattle identification denoting ownership

is _______.
a. castration c. branding
b. teeth determination d. dehorning

3
LESSON 1

FEED SOURCES APPROPRIATE FOR CATTLE AT VARIOUS

PHYSIOLOGICAL STAGES

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals on the different feed sources appropriate for cattle
at various physiological stages based on Bureau of Animal Industry
Standards.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. give the nutrient contents of the different feedstuffs;
2. give the feed requirements of the different physiological stages of
cattle;
3. formulate the feed requirements for the two types of cattle; and
4. appreciate the importance of proper feeds and feeding practices
on cattle production.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Ration – the daily allowance of feeds or mixture of feedstuffs provided to

livestock.
Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) - the sum of all digestible organic
components of a forage of feedstuff; i.e., protein, fat, fiber and nitrogen
free extract (starch & sugar). Fat is multiplied by 2.25 to correct for its
higher energy density compared to the other components.
As-fed (or as-is) basis – the feedstuffs or ration as it is fed to livestock.
i.e., with the water (moisture) included.
Dry Matter (DM) - the solid (non-water) constitutes of forages and
other feedstuffs that contain the essential nutrients required by
livestock.
Crude Protein (CP) - the sum of all nitrogen-containing compounds
present in forages, and other feedstuffs. CP is calculated by multiplying
the % nitrogen, which is determined by the kjeldahl method, by the
factor 6.25

Feeding standard is the major requirement in feed formulation.

This standard states the amount of nutrients which should be provided
in the rations for farm animals to obtain desirable performance.

4
 The feeding standard or nutrient requirements depends upon body
size, level of production or growth, stress condition, temperature and sex.
Thus, no two animals have exactly the same requirements.
The feeding standard must be accompanied and used with feed
composition tables which provide information on nutritive compositions
of feedstuffs as follows:

Table 1.
NUTRIENT CONTENT OF SELECTED FEEDSTUFFS IN ASIA, DM BASIS

DM TDN CP Ca P
FEEDSTUFF
% % % % %
Bone meal, steamed 96 0 7.4 32.3 14.6
Brewers grains, wet 21 88.1 23.3 0.5 0.5
Cassava chips 93 86.0 2.6 0.1 0.1
Cotton seed 92 95.6 23.9 0.1 0.8
Cotton seed meal, 41% mech. 93 77.4 44.1 0.2 1.2
Cotton seed meal, 35% 92 72.8 42.0 0.2 1.1
Cotton seed hulls 91 45.1 4.1 0.1 0.1
Copra meal 91 74.7 23.4 0.2 0.7
Corn grain 89 86.5 10.8 0 0.3
Corn gluten meal 91 85.7 46.9 0.2 0.4
Corn gluten feed 90 83.3 25.6 0.3 0.8
Corn cobs, ground 90 50.0 3.1 0.1 0
Corn and cob meal 87 82.8 9.0 0.1 0.2
Corn stover silage 35-45 50.0- 5.0-7.0 0.3 0.3
56.0
Corn silage 30-35 65.0- 7.5-8.5 0.3 0.3
70.0
Citrus pulp, fresh 18 82.0 6.6 2.2 -
Cabbage, fresh 10 86.4 20.8 1.0 -
Limestone, ground 100 0 0 34.0 0
Meat and bone meal 93 71.0 54.2 11.1 5.5
Molasses, blackstrap 75 72.0 5.9 1.1 0.1
Oyster shell, ground 99 0 0 38.0 0.1
Poultry manure 89 66.3 24.6 3.1 1.8
Peanut hay 91 55.6 15.3 1.2 0.1
Peanut hulls 91 22.0 7.8 0.2 0.1
Phosphate, defluorinated 97 0 0 32.0 18.0

5
 DM TDN CP Ca P
FEEDSTUFF
% % % % %
Phosphate, dicalcium 97 0 0 27.1 19.3
Rice bran, D1 91 69.2 14.0 0.1 1.6
Rice hulls 92 12.0 7.3 0.1 0.1
Soybean seed 92 90.2 42.6 0.2 0.7
Soybean meal, 49% CP 90 86.7 55.2 0.3 0.7
Soybean meal, 44% CP 89 84.3 50.1 0.3 0.7
Sweet potato, fresh 31 81.7 5.6 - -
Sorghum grain, ground 90 86.7 10.1 0.1 0.3
Sudan grass, boot stage 18-23 58.0- 10.0- - -
62.0 15.0
Urea, -45% nitrogen 99 0 278.6 0 0
Wheat bran 89 70.8 17.1 0.1 1.3
Adapted from: Zamora, R.G. and S.S. Baguio. 1984 Feed Composition Tables for the
Philippines. Book Series No.13. PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. Cullison, A.E.
and R.S. [Link] & Feeding. Prentice Hall, Inc., N.J. USA

Table 2.
NUTRIENT CONTENT OF COMMON FORAGES IN ASIA, DM BASIS

DM TDN CP Ca P
FORAGE
% % % % %
Alabang X
56 days 26.7 49.2 6.0 - -
84 days 33.9 28.9 2.4 - -
Centro
42 days 18.5 64.3 27.6 - -
68 days 20.2 61.4 25.7 - -
84 days 22.3- 48.0- 20.8- 1.15 0.34
24.0 60.5 22.4
Imperata grass 32.4 39.2 4.9 0.06 0.06
Guinea grass
42 days 24.0 57.9 7.9 - -
56 days 24.6- 52.0- 6.1-10.3 0.74 0.47
25.0 54.1
Leucaena
Leaves 29.2 59.2 27.4 - -
Tops 27.8 71.2 21.9 - -
Kikuyu 20.0 63.0 24.0 - -
Kudzu
Mature 20.8 60.6 19.7 - -
Young 21.0 59.0 15.3 1.10 0.24

6
 DM TDN CP Ca P
FORAGE
% % % % %
Napier grass
42 days 20.3 58.6 9.8 - -
56 days 20.5- 55.0- 7.8-9.5 0.42 0.39
22.0 57.6
Pangola grass
56 days 23.0 51.3 6.1 - -
84 days 21.0 51.5- 3.1-6.5 0.55 0.33
58.0
Paragrass 26.0 56.0 7.9 0.35 0.33
Peanut hay 85.0 55.0 17.3 1.23 0.15
Rice Straw 90.0 47.0 3.8 0.32 0.10
Star grass 23.0 63.0 12.4 0.50 0.47
Sugarcane tops 31.0 52.0 6.4 0.20 0.17
Adapted from: Institute of Animal Science and Dairy Training and Research
Institute, UP Los Banos. 1993

Table 3.
Daily Feed Requirements of Feedlot Cattle Fed
Chopped Napier Grass and Concentrate (70 to 30 ratio) 1/

Target ADG of 0.7-0.8 kg

RATION, DM BASIS
BODY DAILY DM
WT., REQUIREMENT
Grass (70%) Conc. (30%)
kg
% B. wt Kg kg, as-fed basis
250 2.6 6.5 22.8 2.2
270 2.6 7.0 24.5 2.4
290 2.6 7.5 26.2 2.6
310 2.5 7.8 27.3 2.7
330 2.5 8.2 28.7 2.8
350 2.4 8.4 29.4 2.9
370 2.4 8.9 31.2 3.1
390 2.3 9.0 31.5 3.1
410 2.3 9.4 32.9 3.2
430 2.3 9.9 34.6 3.4
450 2.2 9.9 34.6 3.4
1/ Nutrient composition

7
 DM TDN CP 2/
FEED
%
% DM basis
Chopped napier grass 20 55 8.0
Concentrate 87 70 11-18

2/ The CP content needed in the concentrate decreases from

approximately 18 to 15 to 11% as the cattle wt. increases
from 250 to 350 to 450 kg, respectively.

Table 4.
Daily Feed Requirements of Feedlot Cattle Fed
Corn Stover Silage and Concentrate (70 to 30 ratio) 1/

TARGET ADG OF 0.7-0.8 kg

RATION, DM BASIS
BODY DAILY DM
WT., REQUIREMENT
Grass (70%) Conc. (30%)
kg
% B. wt kg kg, as-fed basis
250 2.6 6.5 11.4 2.2
270 2.6 7.0 12.3 2.4
290 2.6 7.5 13.1 2.6
310 2.5 7.8 13.7 2.7
330 2.5 8.2 14.4 2.8
350 2.4 8.4 14.7 2.9
370 2.4 8.9 15.6 3.1
390 2.3 9.0 15.8 3.1
410 2.3 9.4 16.5 3.2
430 2.3 9.9 17.3 3.4
450 2.2 9.9 17.3 3.4
1/ Nutrient composition

DM TDN CP 2/

FEED %
% DM basis
Chopped stover 40 55 6.0
silage
Concentrate 87 70 16-23

2/ The CP content needed in the concentrate decreases from

approximately 23 to 19 to 16% as the cattle wt. increases
from 250 to 350 to 450 kg, respectively.

8
 Table 5.
Daily Feed Requirements of Feedlot Cattle Fed
Corn Silage and Concentrate (80 to 20 ratio) 1/
TARGET ADG OF 0.7-0.8 kg
BODY DAILY DM RATION, DM BASIS
WT., REQUIREMENT
kg Grass (70%) Conc. (30%)

% B. wt Kg kg, as-fed basis

250 2.6 6.5 17.3 1.5

270 2.6 7.0 18.7 1.6

290 2.6 7.5 20.0 1.7

310 2.5 7.8 20.8 1.8

330 2.5 8.2 21.9 1.9

350 2.4 8.4 22.4 1.9

370 2.4 8.9 23.7 2.0

390 2.4 9.4 25.1 2.2

410 2.3 9.4 25.1 2.2

430 2.3 9.9 26.4 2.3

450 2.3 10.4 27.7 2.4

1/ Nutrient composition

DM TDN CP 2/

FEED %
% DM basis
Corn silage 30 65 8.0

Concentrate 87 70 18-26

2/ The CP content needed in the concentrate decreases from

approximately 26 to 22 to 18% as the cattle wt. increases
from 250 to 350 to 450 kg, respectively.

9
 Table 6.
16-Week Feeding Program for Feedlot Cattle
Using the PDF Feeding Guides for Corn Silage 1/

Given: Initial body wt., kg = 250

Target ADG, kg = 1.0
Feeding period, wks = 16
END ESTIMATED BODY WT. FEED REQ'T., kg, AS-FED BASIS
OF BODY WT. BRACKET
Daily Weekly
WEEK kg kg
Corn Concentrate Corn Concentrate
Silage Silage
1 257 17.3 1.5 121.1 10.5
2 264 18.0 1.55 126.0 10.8
3 271 270 18.7 1.6 130.9 11.2
4 278 19.1 1.6 133.7 11.2
5 285 19.6 1.65 137.2 11.6
Sub-Total 648.9 55.3

6 292 290 20.0 1.7 140.0 11.9

7 299 20.3 1.7 142.1 11.9
8 306 20.6 1.75 144.2 12.3
9 313 310 20.8 1.8 145.6 12.6
10 320 21.1 1.8 147.7 12.6
Sub-Total 719.6 61.3

11 327 21.5 1.84 150.5 13.0

12 334 330 21.9 1.9 153.3 13.3
13 341 22.1 1.9 154.7 13.3
14 348 22.3 1.9 156.1 13.3
15 355 350 22.4 1.9 156.8 13.3
16 362 22.7 2.0 158.9 14.0
Sub-Total 930.3 80.2

Total Feed Requirement, kg 2,298.8 196.8

Based on the daily feed req’t. for corn silage and concentrate
1/

from table 5.

10
 Table 7.
Daily Feed Requirements of Beef Cows
Last Month of Gestation (body conditioning) and First 3 Months
After Calving (lactation)

RATION, DM BASIS 1/

DAILY DM
BODY REQUIREMENT 100% 80% 80%
WT., Corn Napier 20% Corn 20%
kg Silage grass 3/ Conc. Stover Conc.
4/ Silage 5/
3/

% B. wt kg 2/ kg, as-fed basis

300 2.4 7.2 (6.5) 21.7 28.8 1.7 14.4 1.7
350 2.3 81.1(6.1) 23.0 32.4 1.9 16.2 1.9
400 2.2 8.8(7.4) 24.7 35.2 2.0 17.6 2.0
450 2.1 9.5(7.8) 26.0 38.0 2.2 19.0 2.2
500 2.0 10.0(8.3) 27.7 40.0 2.3 20.0 2.3
1/ Nutrient composition

DM TDN CP
FEED %
% DM basis
Corn silage 30 65 8.0
Chopped napier 20 55 8.0
grass
Corn Stover silage 40 55 6.0
Concentrate 4/ 87 70 8-13
Concentrate 5/ 87 70 16-21

The CP content needed in the concentrate decreases from

2/

approximately 26 to 22 to 18% as the cattle wt. increases from 250 to

350 to 450 kg, respectively.
3/ The napier grass and corn stover silage rations provide slightly

more TDN than the requirements.

4/ The CP content needed in the concentrate decreases from

approximately 13 to 8% as the cattle wt. increases from 300 to 500 kg.

5/ The CP content needed in the concentrate decreases from

approximately 21 to 16% as the cattle wt. increases from 300 to

500 kg.

11
 Table 8.
DAILY FEED REQUIREMENTS OF BEEF COWS
Last 4 Months of Nursing a Calf (lactation & pregnant)
and First 4 Months of the Dry Period (pregnant)

RATION, DM BASIS 1/

DAILY DM 100% 80% 80%

BODY REQUIREMENT Corn Napier Corn Stover
WT., Silage grass Silage
Kg
% B. wt 2/ kg 3/ kg 4/ kg, as-fed basis 5/

300 2.3 5.4 6.3 18.0 31.5 15.8

350 2.2 6.0 7.1 20.0 35.5 17.8

400 2.1 6.5 7.6 21.7 38.0 19.0

450 2.0 6.9 8.2 23.0 41.0 20.5

500 1.9 7.4 8.7 24.7 43.5 21.8

1/ Nutrient composition

DM TDN CP
FEED %
% DM basis

Corn silage 30 65 8.0

Chopped napier grass 20 55 8.0

Corn Stover silage 40 55 6.0

2/The DM requirement when the ration (forage or roughage) contains

approximately 50% TDN.
3/ The DM requirement when the ration contains 100% corn silage.
4/ The DM requirement when the ration contains 100% chopped napier
grass or 100% corn stover silage.
5/ It might be necessary to feed approximately 0.5-1.0 kg of concentrate
during the last 4 months of lactation to balance the ration for TDN, CP,
minerals and vitamins. The corn stover silage ration would need a slightly
higher level of CP in the concentrate than the corn silage or chopped napier
grass rations.

12
 Table 9.
16-MONTH FEEDING PROGRAM FOR BEEF COWS
Using the PDF Feeding Guides for Corn Stover Silage 1/

Given: Initial body wt. of an 8-month pregnant cow = 420 kg

Body wt. bracket used for each month = 400 kg

FEED REQ'T., kg, AS-FED BASIS

END STAGE
OF OF Daily Weekly
WEEK PRODUCTION
Corn Corn
Concentrate Concentrate
Silage Silage
Last month of gestation (body conditioning) and first three months after calving
(lactation)

1 9 months pregnant 17.6 2.0 528.0 60.0

2 lactation 17.6 2.0 528.0 60.0

3 -do- 17.6 2.0 528.0 60.0

4 -do- 17.6 2.0 528.0 60.0

Last 4 months nursing a calf 4/ (lactation & pregnant & first 4 months of the dry
period (pregnant)
5 lactation & pregnant 19.0 1.0 570.0 30.0

6 -do- 19.0 1.0 570.0 30.0

7 -do- 19.0 0.5 570.0 15.0

7 -do- 19.0 0.5 570.0 15.0

9 5 months pregnant 19.0 0.0 570.0 0.0

10 6 months pregnant 19.0 0.0 570.0 0.0

11 7 months pregnant 19.0 0.0 570.0 0.0

12 8 months pregnant 19.0 0.0 570.0 0.0

Total Feed Requirement, kg 6,627.0 330.0

1/ Based on the daily feed req”t. for corn stover silage and concentrate
from tables 7 and 8.

13
 Table 10.
12-MONTH FEEDING PROGRAM FOR DAIRY COWS
Using Corn Stover Silage and Chopped Napier Grass 1/

Given: 400 kg. mature cows; 6-10 liters of milk per cow per day; 3.5% fat

FEED REQ'T., kg, AS-FED BASIS

END Daily Monthly 2/

OF Corn Corn
MONTH Napier Napier
Stover Concentrate Stover Concentrate
Grass Grass
Silage silage

First 3 months of lactation; 10 liters of milk per cow per day

1 11.9 13.2 3.0 362 400 91

2 11.9 13.2 3.0 362 400 91

3 11.9 13.2 3.0 362 400 91

Middle 4 months of lactation; 8 liters of milk per cow per day

4 11.9 13.2 2.0 362 400 60

5 11.9 13.2 2.0 362 400 60

6 11.9 13.2 2.0 362 400 60

7 11.9 13.2 2.0 362 400 60

Last 3 months of lactation; 6 liters of milk per cow per day

8 11.9 13.2 1.0 362 400 30

9 11.9 13.2 1.0 362 400 30

10 11.9 13.2 1.0 362 400 30

Last 2 months of gestation

11 - 33.2 0.5 - 1,010 15

12 - 33.2 0.5 119 809 40

Total Feed Requirement, kg 3,739.0 5,819.0 658.0

1/ Based on the daily feed requirement for corn stover silage, chopped napier
grass, and concentrate.
2/ Includes feeding the “close-up” ration for 10 days prior to calving in
month12

14
 Table 11.
12-MONTH FEEDING PROGRAM FOR DAIRY COWS
Using Corn Silage and SSG Silage 1/

Given: 450 kg. mature cows; 12-20 liters of milk per cow per day; 3.5% fat

FEED REQ'T., kg, AS-FED BASIS

END Daily Monthly 2/

OF
MONTH Corn Corn
Napier Napier
Stover Concentrate Stover Concentrate
Grass Grass
silage silage
First 3 months of lactation; 12 liters of milk per cow per day

1 12.9 15.0 6.6 392 456 200

2 12.9 15.0 6.6 392 456 200

3 12.9 15.0 6.6 392 456 200

Middle 4 months of lactation; 16 liters of milk per cow per day

4 12.9 15.0 4.6 392 456 140

5 12.9 15.0 4.6 392 456 140

6 12.9 15.0 4.6 392 456 140

7 12.9 15.0 4.6 392 456 140

Last 3 months of lactation; 12 liters of milk per cow per day

8 12.9 15.0 2.6 392 456 79

9 12.9 15.0 2.6 392 456 79

10 12.9 15.0 2.6 392 456 79

Last 2 months of gestation

11 - 25.3 0.5 - 770 15

12 - 25.3 0.5 129 666 60

Total Feed Requirement, kg 4,049.0 5,996.0.0 1,502.0

1/Based on the daily feed requirement for corn stover silage,
chopped napier grass, and concentrate.
2/ Includes feeding the “close-up” ration for 10 days prior to

calving in month 12.

Adapted from: Silage Technology for Cattle Feeding, 1994, Pioneer

Development Foundation for Asia and the Pacific, Inc.

15
Cattle Ration Formulation

No single feedstuff is a complete ration. You need to formulate

nutritionally-balanced cattle ration for best results.

Steps to Follow in Cattle Ration Formulation

1. Determine the nutrient requirement.

- amount in kilogram on a dry matter basis
- % of the dry matter ration
2. List the available feedstuffs and their nutrient content (i.e., DM,
TDN, CP, Ca & P)
3. Calculate if the forage alone satisfies the TDN requirement. If
not, part of the forage will be replaced by a concentrate feed.
(i.e., rice bran, copra meal, grain, etc.)
4. Calculate if the forage alone satisfies the CP requirement. If not,
part of the forage will be replaced by concentrate feed.
5. Calculate if the forage plus concentrate satisfied the CP
requirement. If not, part of the concentrate will be replaced with
another feedstuff that contains a higher level of crude protein.
6. Calculate the final composition of the ration on an “as-fed”
basis.

Example No. 1

Formulate a beef cattle ration using chopped Napier grass for a

250 kg steer, 0.75 kg Average Daily Gain

Step 1. Nutrient Requirement, Dry Matter (DM) basis

DM TDN CP Ca P
ITEM
kg Grams
1. Amount 6.4 3.8 693.0 21.0 17.0
2. % of the Ration DM - 59.4 10.8 0.33 0.26
Basis

Calculations:
3.8 kg ÷ 6.4 kg x 100 = 59.4% TDN
693 g ÷ 6,400 g x 100 = 10.8% CP

Step 2. Available Feedstuffs and their Nutrient Composition DM basis

DM TDN CP Ca P
FEED %
% DM Basis
1. Napier grass 22 55 9.5 0.42 0.39
2. Rice bran 88 80 15.3 0.07 1.62
3. Ipil-ipil leaf 90 67 24.4 2.20 0.30

16
Step 3. Total Digestive Nutrient (TDN) content of the ration and Total
Digestive Nutrient requirement.

 6.4 kg DM requirement x 55% TDN content of Napier grass

100
= 3.52 kg available TDN

 3.8 kg TDN requirement – 3.5 kg available TDN

= 0.3 kg TDN deficit with napier grass

 To meet the TDN requirement, replace part of the napier with rice
bran. Use the Pearson Square Method to compute the proportion of
Napier and rice bran in the ration. Diagonally, subtract the lower
numbers from the larger ones.

Napier grass = 55% TDN 20.6 ÷ 25 x 100 = 82%

59.4%
TDN Req't.

4.4 ÷ 25 x 100 = 18%

Rice bran = 80% TDN Total 5.0 parts = 100%

 6.4 kg DM x 82% (proportion of napier

= 5.25 kgs of napier DM in the ration

 6.4 kgs DM x 18% (proportion of rice bran)

= 1.15 kgs of rice bran DM in the ration

Steps 4 and 5. Crude Protein, Calcium and Phosphorus Content in the

ration, nutrient requirement, and balance, DM basis
CP Balance of the ration.
DM TDN CP Ca P
FEED
kg Grams
1. Napier grass 5.25 2.89 499 22.0 20.5
2. Rice bran 1.15 .91 176 0.8 18.6
Total Ration 6.40 3.80 675 22.8 39.1
Requirement 6.40 3.80 693 21.0 17.0
Balance 0 0 -18 +1.8 +22.1

 To meet the CP requirement (18 gram deficit), replace part of

rice bran with Ipil-ipil leaf meal.
CP requirement - 693 grams
CP from Napier grass - 499 grams = to be supplied by
rice bran and
194 grams ipil-ipil leaf meal

17
  Determine the CP content of the concentrate.
= 194 gm (CP from Conc.) x 100
1,150 gm (DM from Conc.)
= 16.9% CP

 To determine the proportion of rice bran and ipil-ipil leaf meal,

use the Pearson Square Method.

Rice bran = 15.3% CP 7.5 ÷ 9.1 x 100 = 82%

16.9%
CP Req't.
1.6 ÷ 9.1 x 10 = 18%
Ipil-ipil leaf meal = 24.4% CP Total = 9.1 parts 100%

 Calculate the kilogram of Dry Matter in the concentrate

= 82% rice bran x 1.15 kg of DM = 0.94 kg of rice bran
= 18% of ipil-ipil leaf meal x 1.15 kg of DM = 0.21 kg of ipil-ipil
leaf meal

NUTRIENT BALANCE OF THE RATION, DRY MATTER BASIS

DM TDN CP Ca P
FEED
kg Grams
1. Napier grass 5.25 2.89 499 22.0 20.5
2. Rice bran 0.94 0.74 144 0.7 15.2
3. Ipil-ipil leaf meal 0.21 0.14 51 4.6 0.6
TOTAL 6.4 3.77 694 27.3 36.3
REQUIREMENT 6.4 3.80 693 21.0 17.0
BALANCE 0 -.03 +1 +6.3 +19.3

Step 6. Final Composition of the Ration, AS-FED basis

1. Napier grass - 5.25 kg DM ÷ 22% DM x 100 = 23.9 kg

2. Rice bran - 0.94 kg DM ÷ 88% DM x 100 = 1.1 kg
3. Ipil-ipil leaf meal - 0.21 kgs DM ÷ 90% DM x 100 = 0.2 kg
TOTAL = 25.2 kgs

18
Example No. 2. Dairy Cattle Formulation using Corn Silage Sorghum
– Sudan grass (SSG) Silage.
450 kg Cow; 16 liters of milk per cow per day; 3.5% fat

Step 1. Daily Nutrient Requirement, DM basis

TDN CP Ca P
ITEM
kg Gram
1. Maintenance 3.44 0.403 17 14
2. Production, per liter of milk 0.304 0.082 2.6 1.75
3. For 16 liters of milk 4.86 1.312 41.6 28.0
4. Total 8.30 0.715 58.6 42.0

Step 2. Available Forages (roughages) and their nutrient composition,

DM basis

FORAGE DM TDN CP Ca P
(roughages) %
% DM Basis
1. Corn Silage 35.0 65.0 8.0 0.30 0.30
2. SSG Silage 30.0 60.0 10.0 0.40 0.30

Step 3. Determine the amount of forage (roughage) intake DM basis

 Assure a DM intake of 2.0% of body weight

 Assume that 50% of the forage is Corn silage and 50% SSG Silage
 450 kg body wt. x 2.0% = 9.0 kg of DM intake
9.0 kg x 50% (proportion of corn silage) = 4.5 kg
9.0 kg x 90% (proportion of SSG silage) = 4.5 kg
Step 4. Determine the amount of nutrients supplied by the forages and
nutrient balance

DM TDN CP Ca P
FORAGE kg
kg DM Basis
1. Corn Silage 4.5 2.92 0.360 13.5 13.5

2. SSG Silage 4.5 2.70 0.450 18.0 13.5

Total Supplied 9.0 5.62 0.810 31.5 27.0

Requirement - 8.30 1.715 58.6 42.0

Balance - -2.68 -0.905 -27.1 -15.0

19
Step 5. Determine the amount of concentrate needed and its nutrient
content

 Assume the concentrate is 70% TDN, DM Basis

2.68 kg TDN = 3.83 kg of Concentrate

0.7 kg TDN per kg of Conc. (round-up to be 4.0 kg)

 Calculate the % CP, % Ca and % P needed in the concentrate

= 0.905 kg CP deficit x 100 = 22.6% CP

4.0 kg of concentrate

= 27.1 gram Ca deficit x 100 = 0.7% Ca

4.0 kg of concentrate

= 15 g P deficit x 100 = 0.4% P

4.0 kg of concentrate

Step 6. Final Composition of the Ration, as fed basis

1. Corn Silage = 4.5 kg DM ÷ 35% DM x 100 = 12.9 kg

2. SSG Silage = 4.5 kg DM ÷ 30% DM x 100 = 15.0 kg
3. Concentrate = 4.0 kg DM ÷ 87% DM x 100 = 4.6 kg
TOTAL = 32.5 kgs

Adapted from: Silage Technology for Cattle Feeding, 1994

Pioneer Development Foundation for Asia and the
Pacific, Inc.

20
 The following tables present the daily Nutrient requirements of the
different psychological stages of cattle:

Table 12. Daily Nutrient Requirement of Beef cattle

21
Table 12. continued

22
Table 12. continued

23
Table 12. continued

Table 13. Daily nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (DM basis)

24
Table 13. continued

25
Table 13. continued

26
 Table 14. Daily nutrient requirements of lactating Dairy Cows
(DM Basis)

Source: The Philippines recommends for Livestock Feed

Formulation, 1987, PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna

27
LET US REMEMBER

Proper feeds and feeding ensures the profitability of cattle

production. It includes the utilization of locally available grasses and
agro-industrial by-products which greatly lessens cost of production
especially if you have the knowledge and skills in feed formulation.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

TEST-I. Select and write the letter of your answer in your notebook.

1. Which of the following is the first requirement of feed formulation?

a. feeding standards c. feeding system
b. feeding requirements d. feeding schedules
2. Which of the following factors depend on the nutrient received by the
animals?
a. size of animal c. stress condition
b. type of animal d. temperature
3. The daily feed allowance of a feed or mixture of feedstuffs provided to
livestock is called _______.
a. ingredients c. concentrate
b. ration d. roughage

4. The sum of all nitrogen-containing compounds present in forages and

other feedstuffs is _______.
a. dry matter c. crude protein
b. total digestible nutrient d. ration
5. It is a process by which different feed ingredients are combined in a
proportion that will give the animals the proper amount of nutrients
needed.
a. feed identification c. feed estimation
b. feed calculation d. feed formulation

TEST-II. Supply the missing data in the table

FEEDSTUFF DM TDN CP Ca P
1. Cassava Chips 93 0.1 0.1
2. Copra Meal 74.7 0.2 0.7
3. Corn grain 89 0 0.3
4. Oyster shell, ground 0 0 38 0.1
5. Peanut hulls 22 7.8 0.2 0.1
6. Rice bran 69.2 14.0 0.1 1.6
7. Sorghum grain 90 10.1 0.1 0.3
8. Alabang X 49.2 6.0 0 0
9. Kudzu, mature 19.7 0 0
[Link] grass, 42 days 9.8 0 0

28
LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

I. Formulate a beef cattle ration using Corn Stover Silage for a 250 kg
steer; 0.75 kg ADG. Refer from the table above as to the requirements
of the problem.
II. What is the importance of formulating rations in cattle production?
Why? Explain.

RESOURCES:

Samples of feedstuffs
Learning guides/modules
Calculator
Weighing Scale

REFERENCES:

 Silage Technology for Cattle Feeding, Pioneer Development

Foundation for Asia and the Pacific, Inc., 1994.
 The Philippines Recommends for Livestock Feed Formulation,
PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna, 1987.
 The Philippines Recommends for Forage and Pasture Crops,
PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna, 2001.

29
LESSON 2

FEED ADDITIVES AND MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS:

SOURCES AND FUNCTIONS

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with the different feed additives and mineral
supplements, their sources and functions.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. classify the different feed additives and growth-promoting
implants;
2. identify feed additives and mineral supplements and explain
their functions to animals;
3. provide feed additives and mineral supplements to the animals;
and
4. explain the importance of giving appropriate feed additives and
mineral supplements to animals.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Feed Additives - an extra ingredient added in small quantity to

improve stability, flavor, performance or cost.
Mineral Supplements - substances that are added to the feeds to
supply nutrient deficiencies.

Feed Additives and Growth Promoting Implants

The most common feed additives used in feeding growing-finishing

cattle belong to a group of compounds collectively called ionophores.
Examples of these are monensin and lasalocid. These additives modify
rumen fermentation to increase the proportion of propionic acid
produced in the rumen which results in increased efficiency of feed
utilization. It also improves the feed efficiency which is realized in high-
gain diets particularly in finishing cattle.
Growth-promoting implants improve the growth and feed efficiency
of growing-finishing cattle. This is done by the slow release of a naturally

30
occurring hormone or hormone-like compound from the implant into the
blood stream. This, in turn, stimulates the release of growth- promoting
hormone in the body.
Implants can be one or more pellets deposited underneath the skin
on the back side of the ear. In terms of active ingredients, implants
contain any of the following: both estradiol benzoate and progesterone,
zeranol and estradiol-17B.
The use of growth-promoting implants must be approved for use by
proper authorities.

Mineral Supplements

Minerals are inorganic compounds in the body. Mineral elements

are generally divided into two categories: Macro-minerals (required
in relatively large amounts), and micro-minerals (required in small
amounts). Macro-minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium,
sodium, chloride, sulfur and magnesium. Micro-minerals include
copper, ion, selenium, cobalt, manganese, iodine, zinc, molybdenum, etc.
In the body, minerals function as component of bones and teeth
(particularly calcium and phosphorus); component of organic compounds
(coenzymes in metabolic reactions); and moderator of acid-base
balance and osmotic pressure.
In general, forage-based diets are good sources of calcium but poor
sources of phosphorus. Some other sources are native feeds, salt,
cottonseed meal, bone meal, limestone flour or oyster shells and grains.

Vitamins
These are organic substances given to animals in small amounts.
They play important role in maintaining vigour, health and productivity
of the animals. Vitamins are divided into two large sub-groups: Fat-
Soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) and water soluble vitamins (B-Complex).
For ruminants, vitamins A, D and E should be provided either in
the feed or injectable. Water-Soluble vitamins and vitamin K can be
synthesized by micro organisms in the rumen. Upon digestion of these
micro organisms, water-soluble vitamins are obtained by the animal.

Urea in Cattle Ration

In the Philippines, the only source of non-protein nitrogen is the

fertilizer grade urea. To calculate the crude protein content of urea,
simply multiply the percentage of nitrogen of urea which is 45% by 6.25.

Example: Urea (45% nitrogen) 45 x 6.25 = 281 crude protein equivalent

This means that 1 kg of Urea provides 2.81 kgs crude protein

equivalent.

31
Requisites in the Use of Urea Supplements

 It must be thoroughly mixed with the ration.

 The ration must be free from lumps of Urea.
 Animals below 1 year old and sick animals must not be given.
 Energy feed must be adequate.
 Urea intake must be controlled.
 Adaptation period must be provided.
 Follow strictly the procedures involved in using Urea.

Molasses

Molasses is a good source of both energy and minerals. During

summer months where molasses is readily available, water-urea-
molasses mixture with a maximum of 10% urea may be used as a lick,
with proper precaution. To regulate animal intake of water-urea-molasses
mixture, a rotary licker is recommended. The recommended mixture is as
follows: 3.0% Urea, 48.5% Molasses, and 48.5% water.

Molasses is Added to the Ration:

 to improve palatability or acceptability of the ration;

 to reduce dustiness of the ration;
 as a binder for the ration ingredient;
 as a source of energy;
 to improve microbial activity in the rumen;
 as a source of unidentified nutrient factors.

Rating Sheet in Giving Feed Additives/Minerals Supplements

R A T I N G
Excellent Very Satisfactory Fair
ACTIVITIES
Satisfactory

100% - 94% 93% - 87% 86% - 81% 80% - 75%

1. Used appropriate tools
and materials
2. Administered required
dosage
3. Maintained cleanliness
and orderliness

4. Used appropriate
technique

32
LET US REMEMBER

Introduction of the proper techniques in administering or giving

feed additives and mineral supplements make cattle raising more
profitable. This is because these substances improve feed efficiency,
lower costs of production and hastens productivity.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

I. Select the best answer by writing only the letters of your answers in
your answer notebook.

1. Ionophores is the collective term to a group of compounds that are

used in feeding growing-finishing cattle. These are called _______.
a. Feed supplements c. Feed additives
b. Feed ingredient d. Feedstuffs
2. This modifies rumen fermentation which increases efficiency in
feed utilization.
a. feedstuffs c. feed supplement
b. feed ingredient d. feed additives
3. This is generally used to improve the growth and efficiency of
growing-finishing stock.
a. growth-promoting implants c. feed supplements
b. feed additives d. feed ingredient
4. They were grouped as macro and micro inorganic compounds in
the body.
a. mineral elements c. feed additives
b. feed supplements d. growth-promoting implants
5. In general, forage-based diets are poor in
a. calcium c. magnesium
b. phosphorus d. potassium

II. Classify the different mineral elements by checking the column where
they belong.

Mineral Elements Macromineral Micromineral

1. Calcium
2. Selenium
3. Sodium
4. Zinc
5. Phosphorus
6. Magnesium
7. Copper
8. Iron
9. Potassium

33
 Mineral Elements Macromineral Micromineral
10. Iodine
11. Molybdenum
12. Chloride
13. Cobalt
14. Sulfur
15. manganese

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

I. Demonstrate the proper way of giving or administering feed

additives, growth promoting implants and mineral supplements.
You will be rated accordingly by using the rating sheet above.

RESOURCES:

Samples of feed additives/mineral supplements

Learning guides/modules

REFERENCES:

 Philippine Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, PCARRD,

Los Banos, Laguna, 1994.
 Approved Practices in Beef Cattle Production, Juergenson, E.M.
 Backyard Cattle Fattening

34
LESSON 3

PASTURE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND

SOUND STOCKING RATE

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

The lesson deals with the proper selection of site for pasture,
sound stocking rate and pasture management practices for cattle raising.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. select a suitable site for pasture;

2. provide the materials needed in pasture establishments;
3. employ proper procedures in pasture establishment and
improvement;
4. observe proper division of paddocks in the ranch;
5. compute the stocking rate of all the stages of cattle for a given
area at a given pasture condition; and
6. appreciate the importance of providing secured and improved
pastureland to a cattle herd.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Pasture - land with herbage or forage crops for grazing animals.

Site - a place where a project is established
Forage - anything suitable as feed for herbivores, usually with a
lower nutritive value and digestibility than concentrates
Herbage - grass and other herbaceous vegetables for animal feeding.

Selection of Site for Pastureland

A native pasture is a portion of a grassland that is suitable for

ruminant production. To provide the necessary factors for optimum
productivity, the following requirements must be considered.

35
 1. Location

There should be an extensive space for expansion. It must also be

accessible to transportation facilities and especially nearness to market.

2. Topography

Gently rolling and elevated land for good drainage is desirable.

Hilly lands of not more than 30 degrees may be selected but steep areas
and ravines should be avoided or fenced-out.

3. Availability of Water

Safe rivers, springs, ponds and creeks are highly desirable

for drinking. Presence of trees in the immediate vicinity for shade and to
act as water shed is important.

4. Soil and Vegetation

Soil in the ranch must be capable of growing improved grasses and

legumes all year round. The forage crops grown must not only be
palatable and nutritious but must also be free from toxic substances.
The forage crops must be drought-resistant and capable of withstanding
trampling.

Materials Needed in Pasture Establishments

Pasture establishment is quite a difficult task in cattle production.

It involves fencing so as to secure the stocks or animals in their
respective grazing areas or paddocks.

The following are some tips needed in pasture establishment:

 Fencing materials must be durable and strong. The posts may

be cut and treated or live. The examples of trees where treated
posts can be taken are molave, yakal, guijo and mangkano while
dapdap, ipil-ipil, kapok, kalumpang and kakawate are good
examples of live posts for fencing.
 Posts must be buried at 60 to 70cms deep and 1.20 m above the
ground.
 A distance between 4 to 5 meters between posts is
recommended. If the distance of the posts is more than the
recommended length, battens are needed to keep the wire
turgid.
 The wire to be used in fencing should have the necessary
strength to withstand trampling and charges of the animals.
Barbed wire is recommended because of its thorns, durability
and availability. However, a combination of barbed wire and
common wire gauge eight or nine (8” or 9”) is also recommended

36
 to reduce the cost of fencing. Three strands of wire would be
sufficient to control the animals within the paddocks at a
distance of 40cms, 40cms and 30cms downward.

Figure 1. A well-established cattle ranch

Stocking Rate of Cattle:

Efficient use of pasture is an important measure in the production

of cattle per unit of land, particularly in areas where land values are high
with intensive cattle projects. The stocking rate of cattle is measured in
terms of animal unit (a.u.) per hectare as shown in table I.

Table 1. Animal Unit (a.u.) equivalent for each class of cattle.

No. of Heads Class of Animal Animal Total Animal Approximate
Unit/Head Unit Age
20 Cows 1.00 20.00 above 3 years
1 Bull 1.25 1.25 above 3 years
2 heifer/steer 0.75 1.50 2-3 years
4 yearling steers 0.50 2.00 1-2 years
4 yearling heifers 0.50 2.00 1-2 years
2 yearling bulls 0.50 1.00 1-2 years
15 calves 0.25 3.75 1 year
48 31.50
Source: Philippine Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, 1994,
PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna

Therefore, if the feasible stocking rate of pasture is ½ a.u./ha., a

total of 63 hectares pastureland is needed to maintain 48 heads of
cattle with the herd composition above. However, the rule of thumb in the

37
Philippines in the management of cogon grass is that 3-4 hectares can
support one mature animal throughout the year.

Pasture Improvement and Renovation

Excessive stocking, grazing of the pastures when the forage crops

are most susceptible to damage, and decline in soil fertility will weaken
the desirable sown species and make them less competitive. Unwanted
plants (weeds) grow and replace desirable species thereby reducing the
amount of feed for animals.
Pastures therefore deteriorate in productivity and should be
addressed immediately through renovation or improvement through:

1. Mowing or Clipping. Mowing controls broad-leaved weeds

promotes uniform grazing. When plants become stemmy,
mowing 5-10cms close to the ground allows the growth of vigorous
tillers.

2. Disking or Plowing. Disking controls weeds and facilitates

formation of new tillers of stoloniferous species. This is best applied
to paragrass when it becomes stemmy because of prolonged
grazing interval.

3. Chemical Weed [Link] is done when broad-leaved weeds

invade the pasture. Spot spraying of herbicides and then resting for
some time restores pasture's productivity.

4. Fertilization and Liming. After mowing and disking, applying

appropriate fertilizer is needed to encourage growth of the original
planted species. Sufficient nitrogen should be applied to grasses
and phosphorus on legume or grass/legume mixture. Liming is
recommended if the soil has become acidic.

LET US REMEMBER

Knowing the principles of sound stocking and pasture management

practices help the cattlemen raise the appropriate herd number in a
given area to produce the maximum with lesser production inputs.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

I. Select the best answer by writing only the letters of your answers in
your answer notebook.

1. It’s piece of land with herbage or forage crops for grazing animals.
a. forage c. site
b. pasture d. location

38
2. This relates to the accessibility of the project to the transportation
facilities and to the market.
a. location c. soil and vegetation
b. topography d. pasture

3. Which of the following is not desirable characteristics of forage

crops?
a. palatable c. toxic
b. nutritious d. resistant

4. Which of the following secures and controls animals inside the

paddocks?
a. fence c. corral
b. shed d. chute

5. An example of a tree where caretakers can get treated posts for

fencing is _______.
a. yakal c. kapok
b. kakawate d. ipil-ipil

6. The posts for fencing must be buried at a depth of _______.

a. 40-54cms c. 60-70cms
b. 55-59cms d. 77-81cms

7. The recommended height of posts above the ground is _______.

a. 1.50 m c. 2.0cms
b. 1.80 m d. 2.50cms

8. The rule of thumb in stocking matured cattle in a 3-4 hectare

cogon pasture land in a year is _______.
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

9. It is the process applied to broadleaf weeds when they become

stemmy in the paddocks leaving 5-10cm only close to the ground.
a. disking c. chemical control
b. mowing d. liming

10. It is the chemical used to kill weeds in the pastureland.

a. insecticide c. herbicide
b. moluscicide d. fungicide

39
 II. Basing on the lesson on stocking rate, compute and fill-up the table
on sound stocking below considering the requirements aforementioned.

No. of Heads Class of Animal Animal Total Animal Approximate

Unit/Head Unit Age
25 Cows 1.00 above 3 years
2 Bull 2.50 above 3 years
4 heifer/steer .75 2-3 years
8 yearling heifer 4.0 1-2 years
30 calves .25 1 year
6 yearling steers .75 2-3 years
4 yearling bulls 2.0 1-2 years

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Visit the school's cattle pastureland. Identify a part where the fence
needs restoration. Applying the knowledge gained from the lesson
restoration. You will be graded based on the rating sheet below.

R A T I N G
Excellent Very Satisfactory Fair
CRITERIA
Satisfactory
100% - 94% 93% - 87% 86% - 81% 80% - 75%
1. Durability
2. Depth & Height of Post
3. Distance of Posts/Accuracy
4. Workmanship

RESOURCES

 Samples of fencing materials

 Pasture land
 Learning guide
 Rating sheets

REFERENCES

 Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, PCARRD,

Los Banos, Laguna, 1994
 Philippines Recommends for Forage & Pasture Crops, PCARRD,
Los Banos, Laguna, 2001
 Silage Technology for Cattle Feeding, Pioneer Development
Foundation for Asia and the Pacific, Inc., 1994

40
LESSON 4

HERD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with ways of breeding cow, bulls, calves, growers
and fatteners are reared according to enterprise requirement.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. discuss the management practices of breeding cows, bulls,
calves, growers and fatteners.
2. perform the management practices in the school's cattle project.
3. give and explain the other management practices in cattle
raising; and
4. explain the importance of applying proper management
practices to the different age groups of cattle.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Fattener - male or female cattle intended for beef production

Grower - weaners or yearlings which are not to be fattened immediately.
Management - the skillful use of means to accomplish a purpose
Colostrum - first milk of a cow after calving
Palpation – the manual examination of the reproductive tract by way of
the rectum and colon to verify pregnancy in cows/heifers.

Herd Management

The goals of herd management are to produce crop or cattle of high

quality and heavy-weight calves. The following are factors contributory
to the goal of herd management:

 early sexual maturity

 high conception rate
 high calf-crop
 early rebreeding (postpartum) after calving
 excellent milk production of cows
 availability of a year-round feed supply

41
 Quality of management, feeding and nutrition and farm
infrastructures are important determinants of profit or loss.

Herd Division

Herd division ensures the appropriate nutrition of the different age

groups of the herd knowing that each group requires different feed
requirements. If the herd consists of animals of varying ages, feeding will
always be to the disadvantage of young animals. Adults with bigger
built and higher feeding capacity will certainly deprive younger ones from
eating palatable and nutritious components of feed. One-herd
management system also creates problems on premature breeding which
seriously affect the growth of young bulls and heifers. Therefore, the herd
must be divided and managed as follows:

 Pregnant herd is composed of pregnant females. Cows are

grouped with the breeding herd during the breeding season.
 Breeding herd is consists of dry cows and heifers ready for
breeding. After the breeding season, pregnant animals are
transferred to the pregnant herd.
 Heifer herd is composed of heifers not yet ready for breeding.
Heifer calves are included in this herd after weaning.
 Steer, feeder, or fattener herd consist of growing cattle and
those to be fattened for the market.
 Bull herd consists of mature males kept mainly for servicing the
breeding cows.

Lactating and Pregnant Cows

Separate pregnant cows from the herd once they are detected so.
This management practice prevents injuries for possible abortion
caused by riding, butting and fighting with other animals.
A small-grass paddock is recommended to keep pregnant animals
especially cows that are expected to calve within two weeks. The
paddock must be near the cowboy's quarter so as to give immediate
assistance during parturition.
Palpation is also recommended at 60-90 days of pregnancy but
must be done by an expert technician for reliability tests of pregnancy.
Palpation is the manual examination of the reproductive tract by way of
the rectum and colon to verify pregnancy of cows/heifers. This is done
inside a chute where the animal is restrained. The use of appropriate
personal protective equipment (PPE) is recommended. A hand-in rubber
glove is inserted to the rectum towards the colon. The presence of fetus
can be felt beneath the floor of the colon. When gently pressed by the
hand, the fetus slips away, but returns immediately to its original
position when pressure is released.

42
 Palpation is discouraged if pregnancy is already at 5-6 months
because it can lead to abortion. Cows that fail to settle at breeding time
should be exposed to the bull for service for another three months in the
breeding herd (clean-up breeding).

Open Cows and Replacement Heifers

This age group of animals should also be given proper care in such
a way that they also consume the right feed requirement daily. Their
good body condition should be maintained to ensure that they are at the
right physiological status. Cull animals that do not settle even after
repeated breeding and animals with reproductive failures.

Calves

Calves should suckle colostrums milk from the mother cow within
3 hours after calving. If calves don't suckle 5-6 hours after calving, they
should be led to the mother's udder.
Calves born during bad weather should be brought to the barn
with the mother. Orphaned calves can be raised through cow's milk or
with the use of milk replacer.

Growers

They must be raised in such a way that maximum growth is

achieved at the lowest possible cost. The growing period starts from
weaning to fattening or even replacement stage. They are raised in
pastures with little attention with salt and mineral supplements or they
can be given sufficient concentrates in addition to roughage if they are on
confinement system.

Fatteners

This age group requires shorter feeding period to reach slaughter

weight. They are generally bigger, mature or nearing maturity which is at
1½ to 2 years of age or a weight range of 200-300kgs. They can be
fattened either on feedlot, on pasture or in both areas.

Breeding Bulls:

Purebred bulls must be selected to breed heifers or cows because

they contribute 50% of the genetic make-up of the off-spring. Bulls
must be managed well for service at the start of the breeding season. The
aggressiveness of the bull to breed is maintained through regular
exercise. They must also be used when they reach the age of 2 years. A

43
supplemental feeding of grains or concentrates 60-90 days before and
after the breeding schedule is recommended.
Breeding bulls should only be brought to the herd once observed to
be aggressive. However, bulls must be kept out of the herd 2½ -3 years
or when its offspring reach puberty to avoid inbreeding.
Selecting productive bulls is done through measurement of
testicular circumference, at least a minimum of 30 cms for a yearling
bull. This consideration would greatly contribute to the bull's fertility
index as well as that of its female progeny.

General Management Practices

Cattle Identification

This management process denotes ownership. The most common

method of cattle identification is branding with hot iron. The brand must
be registered by the owner in the right office of the municipality concern
and should be used legally. The owner's brand should be placed at the
animal's left foreleg or left hind leg depending on the municipality's
regulation. The municipality's brand should also be placed opposite the
owner's brand. As a rule, the brands must measure 6.4 cms long and 5.0
cms wide. The branding iron should be 1 cm wide and 65 cms long for
easy handling.

Dehorning

Advantages:

 Dehorned cattle requires lesser space in feedlots.

 They occupy lesser space in transit or shipment.
 They are more uniform in appearance.
 Injuries caused by fighting is avoided.
 Injuries to herdsman is lessened.

Dehorning is a sophisticated practice in cattle raising. It is

recommended only in large-scale projects to facilitate handling and
management. Dehorning instruments or chemicals for this purpose are
seldom sold in the market; therefore, they are expensive. However, it is
still worthwhile because of the advantages it brings to the cattle raisers
and to the herd.
Dehorning should be done while the animal is still young. They are
easier to handle and its after-effect to the animal would only be slight.
Dehorning should not be repeated once the first operation was not
successful.
Very young calves whose horn buttons are still small can be done
through applying caustic soda or commercial dehorning paste. When
applying, the hair around the base should be clipped first. Vaseline
should be applied around the horn to prevent the caustic soda to drip
into the eyes of the animal. However, mature cattle can be dehorned

44
with metal spoon, Barnes dehorner, a dehorning clipper or hand electric
saw. Pine tar should be applied on the horn sores to prevent maggot
infestation.
However, dehorning nowadays is not a serious problem anymore
because of the continuous upgrading of hornless cattle

Castration

Castration is the removal of the testicles of male animals. This is

preferably done when the animal is still young to avoid hemorrhage
and other related problems. The slit and the cap methods are both
effective ways of surgical operations of castration. Bloodless castration
can also be done with Burdizzo pinchers or emasculator.

Record-Keeping

Most cattle raisers don't keep records of their animals, if there are,
only few use their records efficiently. Herd records have a little value
when they are intelligently studied and used in selection and culling
operations, as well as in farm management decisions. The different
records that must be kept are located in the succeeding module.

Selection and Culling

As mentioned earlier, records are very useful in the selection and

culling of animals in the herd. Breeding stock with poor performance
must be culled for slaughter using the following as bases:

a. low milk producer despite of good management practices

b. small, weak and unhealthy animals
c. breeding stock that do not settle even for 3-4 mating
d. breeding stock that do not get in heat at right ages or time
e. heifers that cannot meet standards
f. stocks with undesirable hereditary defects

Weight Approximation

Knowledge on weight calculation is important in many aspects of

beef production. The weight of the animal at different growth stages can
be used effectively to measure feed requirement, medication and to the
advantage of the raiser during marketing and procuring animals.
Weight approximation can be done with the use of the following
equation:
Approximate Lwt = (HG)² x BL
10,840
Where : Lwt = Live weight in kilogram

45
 HG = Heart Girth in centimetres
BL = Body Length in centimetres

Figure1: Proper way of getting measurements of heart girth and body

length (PDF, 1994).

Age Determination

Age determination can be done through dentition. After four (4)

years of age, the approximate age of the animal can be determined by the
amount of wear in the masticator surface of the teeth. The age is
determined through the following:

 1 year old - All four pairs of temporary incisors have erupted

 1 ½ – 2yrs old -Permanent incisors have replaced temporary
incisors at the center.
 2–2½ yrs old - The temporary central and medial incisors are
both replaced by permanent incisors.
 3–3½ yrs old - All incisors except the corner are permanent
 4 yrs old - All four pairs of incisors are permanent
 4½yrs old and above - A table of masticatory surface of the
incisors is formed. This becomes broader as the animal gets
older.

46
Night Coralling

Generally, this practice is not recommended because animals do

most of their grazing during late afternoon, early evening and early
morning hours. This is mostly done in places where breeding bulls are
not available when needed so that breeding cows would be brought to the
night corral for the service of the bull.
Likewise, this operation is desirable in places where cattle rustling
is rampant. Confined animals in the corral at night should also be given
enough feed to eat.

LET US REMEMBER

The ultimate goal of herd management is to produce cattle,

whatever age group or type they belong, which is of high-quality with the
least setback of production.

 Pregnant Herd is composed of pregnant females. Cows are

grouped with the breeding herd during breeding season.
 Breeding Herd is consists of dry cows and heifers ready for
breeding.
 Steer, Feeder or Fattener Herd consists of growing cattle and
those to be fattened for the market
 Bull Herd consists of mature males kept mainly for servicing the
 Culling is the removal of undesirable stock from a herd.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

I. Select the best answer by writing the letter of your answer in your
notebook.

1. Which of the following is the ultimate goal of herd management?

a. to produce many calves per year
b. to wean many calves early
c. to reach market early
d. to produce high quality cattle

2. All are contributory factors to the goal of herd management except

_______.
a. early sexual maturity c. high conception rate
b. availability of water supply d. high calf crop

3. This ensures appropriate nutrition of the different age groups of

cattle.
a. herd division c. herd immunization
b. herd pasturing d. herd maintenance

47
4. Riding, butting, and fighting among animals can cause abortion.
Abortion is a reproductive failure among _______.
a. pregnant cows c. open cows
b. lactating cows d. replacement heifers

5. Palpation must be done to pregnant cows at a gestation period of

_______.
a. 40-55 days c. 95-110 days
b. 60-90 days d. 115-130 days

6. Newly delivered calves should suckle colostrum milk within _______.

a. 3 hours c. 6 hours
b. 5 hours d. 8 hours

7. Milk replaces or milk of other cows are alternative sources of milk for
a. young growers c. newly weaned yearlings
b. orphaned calves d. sick or unhealthy calves

8. These are generally bigger in size, mature or nearing maturity which

is at age range of ½ to 2 years old.
a. grower c. fattener
b. calves d. breeders

9. A breeder bull has satisfactory result in mating when it is

a. temperamental c. restless
b. aggressive d. anytime of the day

10. The most effective method in cattle identification denoting

ownership.
a. castration c. teeth determination
b. dehorning d. branding

II. Define the following:

1. Breeding Herd 4. Fattener

2. Colostrum 5. Grower
3. Culling

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

1. Proceed to the cattle project and identify the classes of the herd.
What did you observe? Is there a management practice as herd
division? If none, employ the principles of herd division.

2. Perform palpation, branding, ear tagging and weight

approximation in the herd using the different tables for
assessing students’ performance below.

48
ACTIVITY I. For possible practice of palpation in the herd, use the guide
aforementioned and you will be rated by your competent teacher using
the rating scale below:

Table 1. Suggested Rating Sheet in the Performance of Palpation

RATING S T U D E N T S
CRITERIA %
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Use of appropriate PPE 20

2. Palpation Technique 30

3. Reliability of the 40
process

4. Speed 10
T O T A L 100%

ACTIVITY 2. Proceed to the cattle project and select animals for

branding purposes. You will be rated by your competent teacher as
follows:

Table 2. Suggested Rating Sheet in Branding or Ear Tagging

RATING S T U D E N T S
CRITERIA %
1 2 3 4 5 6

1. Speed 10
2. Branding Technique 20
3. Proper placement of 30
Brands

4. Workmanship 40
T O T A L 100%

49
ACTIVITY 3. Proceed to the cattle project. Restrain an animal and get
the needed measurements and solve. Your teacher will check your work
as to the reliability of measurements and the result of the computation
with the use of the rating sheet below.

Table 3. Suggested Rating Sheet in Weight Approximation

RATING S T U D E N T S
CRITERIA %
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Speed 10

2. Reliability of Result 20

3. Use of proper tools 30

4. Accuracy of 40
measurement
T O T A L 100%

RESOURCES:

Branding Iron learning guides

Ear notcher cattle
Measuring instruments rating sheets
Medicines Tables

REFERENCE:

 The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production,

PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna, 1994

50
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL

FOURTH YEAR

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II
Unit of Competency: RAISE LARGE RUMINANTS
(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE)

Module No. 3 Module Title: HOUSING AND PROVIDING OTHER

FACILITIES FOR GENERAL HERD
 MODULE 3

QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : RAISE LARGE RUMINANTS
(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE)
MODULE TITLE : HOUSING AND PROVIDING OTHER
FACILITIES FOR GENERAL HERD
NOMINAL DURATION : 40 HOURS

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?

This module covers the knowledge, skill and attitudes required in

successful provision of housing and other facilities in raising large
ruminants.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of this module, you should be able to

1. identify housing systems and related infrastructures of the
Project; and
2. observe appropriate space requirements of barn or shed for
various stages of cattle.

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

I. Select the best answer by writing the letter of your answers in your
notebook.

1. This tool is used in administering injectable biologics to cattle:

a. vat c. Syringe and needle
b. drenching gun d. pasteurizer

2. This refers to a shelter or a cover used by animals which provides

comfort during bad weather
a. equipment c. tool
b. housing d. compartment

3. Anything that is held in the hand to accomplish a manual work is

________________.
a. equipment c. tool
b. infrastructure d. paddocks

4. Which of the following is a material used in the construction of a

semi-permanent cattle housing?
a. cogon c. ipil-ipil trunk
b. nipa d. galvanized iron sheet

1
5. A common local material that could be used in constructing a
temporary cattle shed.
a. cogon c. concrete products
b. galvanized iron sheet d. galvanized iron pipe

6. Which of the following does a good housing provide?

a. comfort of animals c. freedom from destruction
b. ease of construction d. possibilities for expansion

7. The recommended height of a cattle shed to allow good ventilation is:

___________.
a. 2 meters c. 4 meters
b. 3 meters d. 5 meters

8. The most recommended kind of flooring of a cattle shed for the

purpose of maintaining cleanliness and sanitation is:________.
a. concrete c. stony
b. mud d. Sandy

9. It is an example of an infrastructure facility that must be constructed

in a cattle house where feeds and biologics are kept.
a. trough c. storage room
b. box d. scale

10. Which of the following necessitates the construction of a loading

chute in a cattle ranch?
a. use of trucks c. marketing
b. medication reasons d. restrain animals

11. Treated posts for constructing working corral should be buried at a

depth of __________.
a. 65 cms c. 85 cms
b. 75 cms d. 95 cms

12. Which of the following facilitates the control of external parasites in

the cattle project?
a. dipping c. squeeze
b. spraying d. chute

13. The most common and inexpensive source of water for cattle is _____.
a. pressurized tank c. sea
b. stream d. hand pump

14. What management practice limits space requirements of cattle raised

under confinement system?
a. immunization c. branding
b. dehorning d. ear notching

2
15. It is an example of artificial insemination paraphernalia.
a. microscope c. dipping vat
b. weighing scale d. Shovel

LESSON 1

AREAS AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR PASTURE ESTABLISHMENT

AND MAINTENANCE, HOUSING AND INFRASTRUCTURES,
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with identification of housing systems and related

infrastructures for general herd.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to

1. identify the infrastructure facilities and their importance to
cattle raising;
2. give the tools and equipment needed and the uses of each in
cattle raising;
3. state the materials needed in constructing housing systems;
and
5. appreciate the importance of good housing in cattle production.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Equipment - anything that is needed or provided to accomplish a

certain task usually bigger in size and in monetary value than a tool.
Housing - a shelter or a cover used to provide comfort to animals.
Infrastructure - refers to buildings or any construction work.
Tool - anything which is held in the hand to accomplish a manual
work.

Housing Facilities

Housing is the second expensive item to feeds in a long-ranger

system cattle production. This involves the use of concrete products,

3
galvanized iron pipes and sheets to erect a semi-permanent housing
while locally available construction materials like ipil-ipil trunk for posts;
nipa shingles, cogon or bamboo for roofing and walling and lumber of
varied sizes for roof and wall frames are needed to construct a temporary
shelter for backyard raising.

Good housing provides:

1. comfort to animals during bad weather

2. resting place of animals during noon and night times
3. convenient place for supplemental feeding and medication
4. facilitates employment of management practices.

Simple and Inexpensive Housing For Beef Cattle

4
Figure 1. Simple and inexpensive housing for beef cattle
Adapted from: Silage Technology for cattle feeding, 1994, Philippine
Development Foundation for Asia and the Pacific,Inc.

Simple and Inexpensive Housing for Dairy Cattle

Figure 2. Simple and Inexpensive Housing for Dairy Cattle

Adapted From: The Philippines Recommends for Dairy Cattle

Production, 1981, PCARRD, Los, Banos, Laguna

5
Other Infrastructure Facilities

Storage Room

This is one of the components of cattle housing which is

constructed in a corner where almost all the pens have an access to it
with minimum labor requirement in feeding and in administration of
medicines and other veterinary products.
This a room where feeds or feedstuffs, feed additives and
supplements, veterinary supplies which includes anthelmintics,
antiseptics, vaccines, antibiotics and others are kept for safety and
security.
It must be constructed in a little bit sloping area with natural
drainage to avoid water stagnating which causes feeds to be spoiled,
drugs and biologicals to be destroyed.

Laborer's Quarter

The laborer's quarter must be situated near the pregnant cow's pen
so that the caretaker can give immediate assistance during calving. This
quarter should be provided with lighting facilities, kitchen paraphernalia
and some sort of entertainment facilities so that the caretaker feels “at
home” even if he is mixed with the cattle inside the ranch most of the
time.
Usual disinfection schedules should also be administered in this
quarter to keep the place sanitary ensuring good health for the
herdsman.

Slaughter Area

A component of housing in cattle production where animals are

placed during slaughtering.
The slaughter area must be near to water source with good
drainage and most especially provided with receptacles for farm and
animal wastes. Always keep the area clean, free from garbage and if
possible free from air pollution.

Night Corrals and Sheds

Night corrals should be constructed at the middle of the pasture

lots to lessen movements of cattle from walking from their paddocks to
the corral and vice versa.
It should be constructed in an elevated area where there is natural
drainage. It should also be near to water supply. Disposal of wastes
should also be scheduled to free the concrete flooring from piling up of
wastes which makes the area dirty and unsanitary especially if the urine
of animals aggravate the circumstances.
For economic reasons, the uses of locally available material are
recommended. Thus, construction costs are greatly reduced.

6
Handling Facilities

Working Corral

Corrals are highly specialized facilities and should be properly

planned before constructing.

Figure 1. Working Corral

The corral should be erected at the center of the ranch to minimize

movements of the herd. The sides should be well-drained, with sandy-
textured soil.
For fence boards, 5cms x 5cm un-surfaced lumber should be used
and fastened with bolts. Fences should be 168-184cms high.
Treated decay-resistant species of posts should be used and
should be set 183 cm apart, and at least 75cm deep.
Used oil, coal tar or creosote could be used as preservative. Posts
should not be set in concrete because they may not or it would be
difficult to replace once broken.
Gates must be placed in one of the corners of the corral or in a
convenient place where cattle can go and wherever possible, the gates
should be opened in the direction where the herd is driven.
Materials may not be processed lumber. For practical purposes
and economic reasons, it is advisable to use locally available materials
like wooden poles, ipil-ipil trunks, madre de cacao and other species.

7
Race

A passageway usually constructed to facilitate segregating animals

into individual pens. These are:

 Squeeze

This is constructed usually for deworming, branding, castrating,

testing for tuberculosis, vaccinating or performing minor surgical
operations.
This saves a great deal on labor in catching and throwing
animals. Cattle squeeze is a normal component of pen arrangement in
cattle corral that must be constructed durable which can thoroughly
restrain animals and convenient for the caretaker when in use.

 Dipping Vat

This is very important in the control of ticks, lice, flies and other
external parasites. It should be constructed in a side where there is
abundant supply of water, near the center of the grazing area to avoid
long travel of animals and should have approaches of hard ground.
It should also be provided with a simple roof to prevent the rain
from diluting the dipping solution and prevent excessive evaporation
which increases their concentration during sunny days.
A herd of 200 animals or more justifies the construction of a
dipping vat. However in the long run, it is more economical than
spraying method of controlling external parasites.

Figure 2. Dipping Vat

 Weighing Scale

This is used to measure the progress, attainment of production

and marketing goals, usually expressed in terms of weight. Birth
weight, weaning weights, daily weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass

8
 data are some of the important parameters in measuring the
profitability of the project. This is also important in determining the
total animal unit of the herd so that the number of animals to graze in
a given pasture lot can be determined. Thus, overstocking, which is
harmful to the growth of forage is avoided.

Figure 3. Weighing scale

 Loading Chute

The use of trucks and trailers in cattle farms necessitates the

construction of a loading chute for loading and unloading of stocks.
The essentials of loading chute are proper height for trucks commonly
served, adequate width to accommodate the animal and sufficient
slope and clearing in the platform approach should be done to prevent
slipping of the cattle's feet.

Feeding and Watering Facilities

Feeding Facilities:

Factors to consider in construction feeding facilities

1. Labor efficiency
2. Good drainage
3. Protection of both feeds and animals from bad weather

Proper management in the feed corral must be made to facilitate

feeding and hauling of manures with minimum labor. Gates must be
wide enough for tractors and trucks to go through with ease.
Feed yards should be placed on a slope with natural drainage,
away from the lot. Troughs must be placed along the sides of the feeding
corral to fill them with feeds without entering the area. Troughs should
be strong, tight and with right shapes and proportions. The animals
should have an access to only one side of the trough. The following space

9
allowance should be followed; 76cms for dehorned stocks; 107cms per
horned animal and 61cms per calf.
A concrete slab of about 3.0–3.65 meters wide may be constructed
to full length of the feeding trough to keep cattle out of the mud and to
facilitate cleaning.

Figure 4. Feeding trough made of wood with

dried sugarcane tops as roofing

Salt Boxes/ Containers

Open-top salt containers or boxes should be constructed and

provided with salt at all times. The salt is placed under the shed and
fastened to a stand high enough to prevent cattle from stepping on it. A
shed should be constructed over the salt box if left in the open to prevent
the salt from being dissolved.

Watering Facilities

Water is as essential as feed so it must be provided at all times.

The common sources of water for cattle are reservoirs, springs, rivers,
wells and lakes aside from those provided by hand pumps and
pressurized water systems.
The water troughs may be made from poured concrete, either
round or rectangular or round galvanized water tanks. Concrete watering
facilities should be provided with concrete approaches to improve
sanitation and to keep water clean.

Tools and Equipment

Artificial insemination kit and other paraphernalia:

Artificial vagina (7cms in diameter and 15cms long)

for semen collection
Microscope and haemocytometer for semen evaluation
Catheter for semen disposition filled with either rubber
bulb or 2 ml syringe

10
 Speculum for opening the vagina
Flashlight/penlight

Syringe and needles

This is used during administration of injectable drugs or when

measuring liquid biological and supplements. It is provided with
graduations to measure exactly the needed volume for an specific
task/job.

Shovels and Wheel Barrows

These are used in hauling heavy loads from place to place. They
may be used to haul feeds, feedstuffs, additives or supplements that are
heavy and also used in disposing wastes and dead animals to proper
receptacles.

Milking Pails

To contain milk during milking times.

Milk Pasteurizer

This is used to prolong lifespan of milk especially those that are to

be transported to other places.

Branding Iron/ Ear Tags

A fabricated piece of iron used to mark the skin of cattle for

identification purposes or a tag on the ear for same purpose.

LET US REMEMBER

Proper housing with the necessary other infrastructure facilities,

tools and equipment are very important in the normal operation and
success of a cattle project. Protection of animals from extreme degree of
hotness and coldness are the functions of cattle houses or barn. For
beginners, the use of locally available materials for construction are
recommended for economic reasons.

11
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

Match column B with column A by writing only the letter of your

answer on your notebook.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. Syringe a. a graduated instrument used during

injecting drugs
2. Water trough b. a shelter for animals
3. Spring c. an equipment for artificial
insemination
4. Microscope d. source of vitamins
5. Salt box e. receptacle of drinking water
6. Weighing Scale f. for weight determination
7. Storage Room g. a compartment for keeping feeds
and biologicals
8. Housing h. used during external parasite
control
9. Dipping Vat i. used during castration and
deworming
10. Squeeze j. container of mineral supplements
k. source of drinking water

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Activity No. 1.

Direction: Enumerate the different infrastructure facilities in your cattle

project and describe each by giving the materials used, sizes of the
facilities, location of the facilities in the ranch and the nature of each.

Activity No 2.

Construct or repair the lacking or destroyed facilities in your project by

using local materials. You will be rated by your competent teacher as
follows:

Table 1. Suggested rating sheet in infrastructure construction.

STUDENTS
CRITERIA Points
1 2 3 4 5
1. Uses appropriate tools and materials 30
2. Uses appropriate P P E 20
3. Uses durable materials 30
4. Observes cooperation 20
TOTAL 100%
PPE = Personal Protective Equipment

12
RESOURCES:

Construction materials
Tools
Learning Guides

REFERENCES:

The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, PCARRD,

Los Banos, 1994
The Philippines Recommends for Carabao Preoduction, PCARRD,
Los Banos Laguna, 1978

13
LESSON 2

APPROPRIATE SPACE REQUIREMENTS OF BARN OR SHED FOR THE

VARIOUS STAGES OF CATTLE

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with the appropriate space requirement of barn

or shed for the various stages of cattle.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. give the appropriate space requirements of cows, bulls, heifers

pregnant cows and calves;
2. observe the space requirements of the different classes of cattle;
and
3. explain the importance of providing appropriate space
requirements of cattle.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Space requirement - the area provided to animals which usually

correlated to the ages and body sizes.

Space Requirements

The space requirements of the animals for feeding, drinking,

loading and others is usually determined through their body sizes age
group and sometimes the behavior of the animals. The following tables
(tables 1 and 2) show the space requirements of feeding and watering
troughs and space requirements for barn or shed for beef cattle,
respectively.

14
Table 1. Space requirements of feeding and watering troughs.

Class,
Age, Feed bunk or trough for hand Self Feeder
Waterer
Size feeding concentrates Trough Length
of Herd
Water/
Width (if Width (if (If feeder
Height at Length/ Height at animal
feed from feeds is kept Water
throat animal throat /
one from two filled(cm trough
(cms) (cms) (cms) day
side(cm) sides(cm /animal
(liters)
Allow
Cows or 30.5 cms
steers 2 open
years or water
over 76 61-76 76 91-102 76 23-30.5 45 tank
space
for each
Yearlings 61 51-56 76 91-102 71 20-28 38 10 cattle;
or one
Calves, automatic
160- watering
230kgs 51 46-61 76 91-102 61 15-20 30 bowl for
each 25
cattle.
Cows in
maturity
stall - 76 - - 76 23-30.5 57

Herd
bulls 66 76 76 91-102 76 23-30.5 57

Source: The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, 1994

 Feed bunks should be about 20cms deep for calves.

With liberal grain or other concentrate feeding, half of the
recommended space is given herein.
With bunker or self-feeder silos, allow 15cms/animal.

15
Table 2. Space requirement of barn or shed for beef cattle.
Barn Width
or Area (if Area (if (if feeds Width
Class,
shed Height Shade Shade ordinary paved Length from (if feeds
Age,
Floor of per Height dirt lot) lot) per one from 2
Size of
area/ Ceiling animal (m) animal side(cm sides
Animal
animal (m) (sq.m.) (sq.m.) (sq.m.) (cm) ) (cm)
(sq.m.)
Cows or
steers- 2
years or
over 4-5 2.5-3 3-4 3-3.5 17-22 5-10 61-76 76 90-100
Yearling 3-4 2.5-3 2.5-3.5 3-3.5 15-20 4-8 51 76 90-100
Calves,
160-230
kg 2-3 2.5-3 1.5-2.5 3-3.5 13-17 - 46 76 90-100
Cows one
in hectare
maturity pasture
stall 10-15 2.5-3 3.5-4 3-3.5 paddock - 76 - 90-100
Herd
bulls 10-15 2.5-3 3.5-4 3-3.5 -do- - 76 51 90-100
Source: The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, 1994
 Allow slope of 0.6 to 1.3 cms per 30 cms in paved lots and 1.3 or
more in dirt lots.

LET US REMEMBER

Appropriate space requirements would not only reduce costs of

construction of houses and other infrastructure facilities but also
provides comfort of animals to produce to the maximum.
Too small or too wide cattle houses and infrastructure facilities
create some problems not only on the part of the animals but most
especially to the caretaker in performing the daily routinary activities in
the herd.

16
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

Test I. Fill up the table with the necessary data.

Table 3. Space requirements of feeding and watering troughs.

Class,
Feed bunk or trough for hand Self Feeder
Age,Size
Feeding concentrates Trough Length Waterer
of Herd
Water/
Height Width (if Width (if (If feeder
length/ Height at animal
at feed from feeds is kept Water
animal throat /
throat one from two filled(cm trough
(cms) (cms) day
(cms) side(cm) sides(cm /animal
(liters)

Cows or
steers 2
years or
over Allow
30.5 cms
open
Yearlings water
tank
space
Calves,
for each
160-230
10 cattle;
kgs
or one
automatic
watering
Cows in
bowl for
maturity
each 25
stall
cattle.

Herd
bulls

Source: The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, 1994

Test II. What is the importance of providing appropriate space

requirements to the different classes of cattle? Why? Explain
substantially

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Visit the school's cattle project. Observe the different

compartments /quarters or the different facilities. If the facilities do not
conform on approved practices on construction as to their sizes in
accordance with the ages of the animals, reconstruct or repair by using
the resources of the school. You will be rated accordingly:

17
Table 4. Suggested rating sheet for the activity.
STUDENTS
CRITERIA Rating
1 2 3 4 5
1. Uses durable materials 30%
2. Uses appropriate tools, materials and PPE 30%
3. Accuracy of measurements 30%
4. Speed in doing the work 10%
TOTAL 100%

RESOURCES:

Construction materials
Tools and equipment
Learning guides

REFERENCES:

The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production,

PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna, 1994
Backyard Cattle Fattening, 1999, DA, Region 2

18
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL

FOURTH YEAR

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II
Unit of Competency: RAISE LARGE RUMINANTS
(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE)

Module No. 4 Module Title: IMPLEMENTING HERD HEALTH

PROGRAM FOR THE HERD
 MODULE 4

QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : RAISE LARGE RUMINANTS
(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE)
MODULE TITLE : IMPLEMENTING HERD HEALTH
PROGRAM FOR THE HERD
NOMINAL DURATION : 40 HOURS

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for
effective implementation of herd health program for large ruminants.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:

1. identify the common parasites and diseases of cattle with their
respective characteristics, preventive and control measures;
2. adopt a sound immunization program to cattle in accordance
with BAI standards;

WHAT YOU ALREADY KNOW?

I. Select the best answer by writing only the letters of your answers on
your answer notebook.

1. These are biologicals used to increase resistance of animals against

diseases:
a. vaccines
b. drugs
c. antibiotics
d. anthelmintics

2. Any act or process of stopping or regulating infections of diseases or

parasites referrs to _______.
a. control measure
b. isolation measure
c. preventive measure
d. immunization measure

3. The skin disease of cattle caused by Sarcoptes found in body

parts with thin hairs only is _______.
a. mange
b. pediculosis
c. tick fever
d. fly worry

1
4. This disease is caused by Haematopinus spp. infesting the neck,
shoulders, withers and around the tail.
a. tick fever
b. ringworm
c. pediculosis
d. fly worry

5. The causal organism of Hush or Parasitic Bronchitis is _______.

a. internal nematode
b. Fasciola hepatica
c. Fasciola gigantica
d. Dictyocaulus spp.

6. Which of the following is the recommended control measure of

stomach and intestinal parasitism?
a. dusting
b. dipping
c. spraying
d. good pasture management

7. A viral disease that could be transmitted through dog bites with signs
of hypersensitivity and paralysis:
a. Foot and Mouth Disease
b. Rabies
c. Tetanus
d. Brucellosis

8. A disease characterized by bloody discharge in the body openings with

extreme bloating is known as _______.
a. Rabies
b. FMD
c. Tetanus
d. Anthrax

9. The major function of vaccine is to _______.

a. cause disease
b. combat infection
c. increase immunity
d. destroy parasites

10. Vaccines containing inactivated toxins are called _______.

a. toxoids
b. bacterins
c. live vaccines
d. killed vaccines

2
11. To avoid exposure of vaccines to sunlight, it must be placed inside
_______.
a. freezer
b. refrigerator
c. cabinet
d. storage room

12. What should one do to unused vaccines after administration?

a. Keep it for future use
[Link] dose to dispose all
c. Keep it in a stock room
d. Discard or dispose properly

13. Due to unpredictable colostral immunity, calves must be vaccinated

at least _______.
a. once a year
b. twice a year
c. trice per year
d. anytime of the year

14. How many months should animals be dewormed after a heavy

rainfall?
a. 1 month
b. 2 months
c. 3 months
d. 4 months

15. Any organism annoying the health of another living thing is called
_______.
a. host
b. parasite
c. disease
d. microorganism

16. These are referred to as disease-causing organism:

a. pathogens
b. host
c. parasites
d. pest

17. An example of an internal parasite is _______.

a. ringworm
b. mange
c. fluke worm
d. hornfly

3
18. Fasciola gigantica and hepatica are the causal organisms of the
disease is called _______.
a. liverfluke
b. hush
c. tick fever
d. pediculosis

19. An example of a blood-sucking parasite is _______.

a. hornfly
b. fasciola gigantica
c. tricophyton
d. bovicola bovis

20. Foot and mouth disease affects _______.

a. adult animals only
b. calves only
c. all ages of ruminants
d. any age

4
LESSON 1

COMMON PARASITES AND DISEASES:

PREVENTIVE AND CONTROL MEASURES

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with the common parasites and diseases affecting
cattle and buffaloes and observe appropriate preventive and control
measure.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. identify the common parasites and diseases of cattle with their

characteristics, preventive and control measures;
2. give and explain the preventive measures of parasites and
diseases in cattle;
3. apply the necessary preventive and control measures of the
parasites and diseases effecting the herd; and
4. explain the importance of preventing and controlling parasites
and diseases of cattle for a successful venture.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Control measure - an act of regulating or stopping infection of

diseases.
Disease - any abnormality on the health status of an animal which is
usually caused by pathogens
Parasite - any organism that annoys the health of another living
thing.
Pathogen - any disease-causing organism like fungus, virus, bacteria
and nematodes.
Preventive measure - an act of suppressing the occurrence of
parasites and diseases.

5
Common Parasites and Diseases of Cattle

Following tables present the common parasites and diseases of

cattle with their respective characteristics, preventive and control
measures. ( Tables 1, 2 and 3)

Table 1. Common Parasites of Livestock

EXTERNAL PARASITES

Parasites Cause Clinical Signs Contol/Treatment

Cattle Scab, Sarcoptes Most severe, affects regions of Spray or dip with 1%
Mange and the body where the hair is thin Lindane or Neguvon,
Itch Pyrethroids,Avermectin
Psoroptes Most common, lives on skin injection
where the hair is thick.
Skin inflammation, eruptions
and crust formation
Chorioptes Occassional, affects the skin
between the udder, scrotum
and thighs

Pediculosis Haematopinus Infest the neck, shoulder,

Dust, dip or spray with
spp. withers, heads and around the
OP compound or
(Sucking Louse) tail, itchiness and scratching or
chlorinated
rubbing into objects,
hydrocarbon,
Bovicola bovis unthriftiness
Pyrethroids
(Biting Louse)

Myiasis Two Groups: Larvae easily seen infesting Clean wound, apply fly
infestation by Flesh Flies and wounds(after castration, repellents
Dipterous Blow Flies dehorning) and wire cuts
(Maggots causing irritation and bleeding
Larvae) Obligatory Bot
Flies and Warble
Flies

Tick Fever Boophilus Tick on the body with Dust, spray or dip with
micriplus encrustation acaricides

Fly Worry Hornfly(Blood- Around the base of the horns, Spray or dip with
sucking) back, shoulder, withers all over insecticides
the stable and also the body of
the animals, irritation

Ringworm Fungus, Usual areas affected are around Isolate and thorough
Tricophyton the ears, eyes sides and neck or cleaning of lesions;
spp. root of tail; infected wound apply tincture of iodine
patched gradually increase in 5-7 days
size.

6
INTERNAL PARASITES

Parasites Cause Clinical Signs Contol/Treatment

Liverfluke Chronic in nature; wasting Control snails, good
Fasciola gigantica
Infection type(gradual loss of condition, drainage, fence
Fasciola hepatica
Liver rot or loss of weight, anemia);eggs in stagnant water, use of
Fasciolosis the feces;chronic diarrhea flukecide
Lungworm
Dictyocaulus spp. Respiratory distress, coughing,
Infestation
(more common in loss of weight, stunting,
(Hush or
young calves) diarrhea, larvae in feces
Parasitic
bronchitis)
Progressive loss of weight, loss Good pasture
Stomach and Stomach and
of condition, stunted growth, management, use
Intestinal intestinal
pot belliedness, amaciation, broad spectrum
Parasitism nematodes and
anemia, diarrhea, edema of the anthelmintics
cestodes
jaw Good pasture
management

Table 2. Common viral and arthropod-borne diseases of cattle

Age Group Transmission Clinical Control/

Disease Host Cause
Affected Pattern Signs Treatment
Foot and All cloven- All ages Virus-of Direct Blister and Vaccination,
Mouth footed the seven contact, vesicles in Hygiene,
Disease animals known ingestion of the feet topical
including serotypes contaminated mouth and application
man only 3(A,O materials teats, of strong
and C) salivation antiseptics,
exist in the and antibiotic
country lameness injection

Rabies All animals All ages, Virus Dog bites(also Hypersensit Vaccination
including reported in through other ivity and of dogs and
man adult carnivores) paralysis cattle in
cattle and enzootic
carabaos areas

Ephemeral Cattle and All ages, Virus Bites of insect Short- Control of
Fever carabaos more vectors course insect
(three-day common fever, vectors,
sickness) in adults lameness proper
and management
recumbency of sick cattle
Warts Cattle All ages, Virus (host Direct Cauliflower Self limiting
more specific) contract like growth in isolated
common contaminatio of head, growths,
in growing n neck and surgery on
cattle shoulder peduncula-
ted growths,
chemical
therapy,
vaccination
if it is a herd
problem

7
Table 3. Common bacterial diseases of cattle
Disease Host Age Group Cause Transmission Clinical Control/
Affected Pattern signs Treatment
Hemmorrhagic Cattle, All ages Pasteurella Aerosol route Variable, Vaccination,
Septicemia Carabaos spp. more contact commonly fever quarantine
(Buffalo (other serious in contaminat- and respiratory stamping out,
disease) animals) combinat-ion ion syndrome broad-
with virus spectrum
and stress antibiotics
(early stage)
Leptospirosis Cattle, all ages Several Ingestion of Young Vaccination,
Carabaos serotypes of urine Jaundice, regular blood
(including Leptospira contaminated bloody urine, test, eliminate
man) spp. materials, adults variable possible
venereal, reactors,
transplacen- antibiotics
tal
Foot Rot Cattle, More often Spheropho- Soil borne Lameness, foul Copper
(Pododermatiti carabaos in adults rus penetration odor in the feet, sulfate/formali
s) including necropho-rus through swelling of feet ne. foot dip,
small breaks in the antibiotics,
ruminants feet hygiene
Tetanus All All ages Clostrid-ium Soil-borne Stiff gaits, Antitoxin
animals tetani through deep increased injection,
including breaks in the irritability, hygiene
man skin(castrat- rigidity of legs,
ion wounds) spasm

Genital Cattle, Adults Camphylo- Natural Repeat Quarantine,an

Camphylobact carabaos bacter fetus breeding breeding, early tibiotic
eriosis Cattle, (Venereal) abortion injection cull
carabaos infected bulls
Anthrax All All ages Bacillus Soil-borne Very sudden Proper
animals anthracis ingestion of with a death disposal of
including spores biting animal on cadavers,
man. flies and other pasture, with Vaccination,
Highly insects bloody quarantine,
fatal in discharges in massive
goats, body openings, antibiotic
cattle and extreme injection in
sheep bloating very early
stage
Blackleg Catlle, Most Chlostrid- Soil-borne, Very sudden Vaccination,
carabaos common to ium ingestion with dead Quarantine
including 2-4 years chauvei through bloated procedures,
other old breaks in the animals. hygiene
ruminants skin pronounce
swelling of
shoulders,
thighs, marked
lameness,
crackling sound
on pressure
Bovine All More Mycobacteriu Inhalation, Chronic Regular
Tuberculosis animals common in m bovis ingestion character, slow tuberculin
including adults and (contamination progressive, loss test, eliminate
man in housed ) of condition, possible
animals emaciation with reactors,
respiratory sanitation
signs

8
Colibacillosis Cattle More oftern Escherichia Ingestion Yellowish-white Vaccination,
(Scours) Carabao in calves coli direct contract foul smelling hygiene,
feces, isolation,
respiratory antibiotic
signs injection
Johne’s Cattle All ages Mycobacteriu Contaminated Wasting Incurable,
Disease Carabao, common in m feeds, water, diarrhea improved
(Paratuberculo goats, below 2 paratubercul milk hygiene
sis) sheeps years old osis
Source: The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, 1994,
PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna

Preventive Measures Against Parasites and Diseases

 Strict Quarantine Program

This practice includes disinfection of vehicles, individuals and
animals; immediate isolation of sick animals to break the cycle of
the disease; proper disposal of wastes or dead animals and other
contaminated materials and rigid inspection of newly acquired
animals.
 Early Diagnosis of Disease
This principle is very important in any veterinary medical
program. Most often, cattle raisers find it hard to detect the
presence of infection in its early stage. Indigenous animals have an
inherent degree of resistance to some infections, showing no clinical
manifestations until the advance stage of the disease. A regular
thorough clinical inspection is a must especially in 100 to 200
multiple herd.
 Sanitation
Sanitation is considered the core of the health program. No
drug can substitute for proper hygienic measures. This involves
cleaning and disinfection of tools, materials, equipment, facilities
and housing including its premises.
 Good Recording System
A lifetime health record should be kept for each animal. This
will serve as basis for culling, performance of animal and especially
the herd health status. Changing of ineffective management
procedure can be done using the records as basis.
 Provision of Physical Facilities
Handling chutes and isolation corrals for cattle are necessary
to facilitate easier work-up with the animals. They lessen stress for
follow-up therapies and implementation of mass vaccination and
deworming programs.
 Judicious Use of Drugs and Biologicals
A rule-of-thumb for drug usage is to strictly follow veterinary
prescriptions and dosage rates. In using biologicals, always consider
the recommendation on the label.

9
LET US REMEMBER

Preventing and controlling parasites and diseases do not only

promote good health status of the herd but in the long run make the
project more feasible with lesser problems in production providing
therefore greater satisfaction on the part of the herdsman.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

I. Select the best answer by writing only the letter of your answer on your
notebook.

1. Any act of regulating or stopping infection of diseases is called

_______.
a. controlling
b. preventing
c. immunization
d. isolation

2. Any organism annoying the health of another living organism is

called _______.
a. host
b. parasite
c. disease
d. microorganism

3. A skin disease caused by Sarcoptes found only in body parts with

thin skin is _______.
a. cattle mange
b. pediculosis
c. tick fever
d. fly worry

4. This disease is caused by Haematopinus spp. infesting the neck,

shoulder, withers and around the tail.
a. tick fever
b. ringworm
c. pediculosis
d. fly worry

5. The causal organism of Hush or Parasitic Bronchitis is:

a. Intestinal nematode
b. Fasciola hepatica
c. Pediculosis
d. Dictyocaulus spp.

10
6. Which of the following is the recommended control measure of
stomach and intestinal parasitism?
a. dusting
b. dipping
c. good pasture management
d. spraying

7. This disease is transmitted through direct contact and can be

controlled by isolation, chemical therapy and vaccination if it is a
herd problem.
a. Warts
b. Rabies
c. Foot and Mouth Disease
d. Brucellosis

8. A viral disease infecting all cloven-footed animals including man,

transmitted through direct contact with blisters on the feet,
mouth and teats accompanied by salivation and lameness.
a. Foot and Mouth Disease
b. Brucellosis
c. Rabies
d. Tetanus

9. A viral disease that could be transmitted through dog bites with

signs of hypersensitivity and paralysis.
a. Rabies
b. Tetanus
c. Foot and Mouth Disease
d. Anthrax

10. Otherwise known as splenic fever which is caused by bacteria

characterized by bloody discharge in body openings with extreme
bloating.
a. Foot and Mouth Disease
b. Tetanus
c. Anthrax
d. Rabies

11
Activity 1

Table 3. Suggested table for Activity 1

Classify the following diseases by putting a check mark on the column
they belong:
External Internal Viral Bacterial
Disease
Parasite Parasite Disease Disease
1. Rabies
2. Pediculosis
3. Leptospirosis
4. Anthrax
5. Foot & Mouth Disease
6. Cattle Mange
7. Blackleg
8. Lungworm
9. Liverfluke
10. Warts

LET''S APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Activity 2

Proceed to the cattle project. Observe the health status of the herd
for possible abnormalities on parasite infestation and disease infection.
Get samples of parasites and identify them basing from what you have
learned earlier then recommend possible control measures. Perform the
necessary treatment using the recommended biologicals. You will be rated
as follows:

Table 4. Suggested rating sheet for biological administration

Rating STUDENTS
CRITERIA
(%) 1 2 3 4 5
1. Used appropriate biologicals 30%
2. Administered required dosage 30%
3. Used proper procedures
30%
4. Speed 10%
TOTAL 100%

12
Activity 3: Proceed to the municipality's slaughter house. Do the
following:

A. Gather parasites (External and Internal) preserve them in bottles,

label them with their names, characteristics, clinical signs and give also
theist preventive and control measures:

B. If there are sick animals in the locality, determine the kind of

disease based from what you have learned. Apply the necessary handling
methods regarding sick animals.

Table 5. Suggested rating sheet for activity number 3

STUDE NTS
CRITERI A Rating
1 2 3 4 5
1. Reliability of specimens 40%
2. Number of specimens Collected 35%
3. Preserving Techniques 25%
TOTAL 100%

RESOURCES:

Actual specimens (external and internal) parasites

Preserving materials
Learning Guide

REFERENCES:

1. The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production,

PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna., 1994
2. Internet Clippings

13
LESSON 2

IMMUNIZATION/MEDICATION PROGRAM

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with immunization and medication program to

cattle.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. follow the procedures in handling and administering vaccines;

2. adopt a sound immunization program;
3. explain the CAN and CANNOT of vaccines and vaccination;
4. perform vaccination properly; and
5. explain the importance of administering vaccines to cattle.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Immunization - the process of administering biologicals to animals so

as to temporarily or permanently able to resists disease.
Intramuscular - administering biologicals directly into the muscle of
the animals
Intranasal - administering biologicals through the nose of the animal
Vaccination - the act of administering vaccines
Vaccines - biologicals used to increase resistance of animals against
diseases.

Vaccines and Vaccination

Vaccine products contain high numbers of modified (live) or

inactivated (killed) organisms or sub-units (portions) or inactivated toxins
(waste products) of organisms known to cause or prevent a particular
disease. A vaccine containing inactivated toxins is called toxoids while a
vaccine containing killed bacteria is called bacterin.

14
Two Kinds of Vaccines

1. Non-infectious vaccines

These are vaccines that are unable to infect and replicate. They are
usually much safer to cattle than live vaccines but may be weaker in their
ability to stimulate an immune response. These vaccines are appropriate
to pregnant cows and calves nursing on pregnant cows. Non-infectious
vaccines include killed vaccines, bacterins, toxoids leukotoxoids and
chemically altered, body temperature sensitive, modified live vaccines that
are injected intramuscularly. To be effective, 2 doses of non-infectious
vaccines is administered at a 2-to 4-week interval are necessary as
follows:

First Vaccination

Priming: A sensitizing dose providing no protection or low

protection for 1-4 months

Second Vaccination

Required booster dose = recommended within 2 to 4 weeks

but acceptable within 4 months after the first dose. Immunity
following the second dose lasts from 6 to 12 months. To maintain
immunity, the vaccinated animal should receive a semi-annual or
annual boosters, depending on the stage and risk of disease.

2. Infectious Vaccine

The virulence of an organism in a live vaccine is modified or reduced

so as that it can no longer cause disease, but is able to infect or replicate.
Some live vaccines possess the ability to revert to a virulent organism and
spread disease to unvaccinated cattle. Generally, infectious vaccines are
not effective when administered after a non-infectious vaccine. However,
infectious vaccines may give properly vaccinated cattle immunity for life.
Immunity of vaccinated cattle can be ensured by administering non-
infectious vaccine booster every year or an infectious vaccine for every 3
years.

Handling Vaccines

All vaccines should be refrigerated. Remove only briefly for dose

measurement and administration. Do not expose vaccines to direct or
indirect sunlight for any extended period of time. Sanitary measures to
ensure the vaccine is free of blood, feces, hair and dirt. When handling a
live vaccine, do not use chemicals to disinfect syringes, needles, skin or
vaccine vials. The unused portion of a vial of vaccine should be properly
discarded and not stored for a later use.

15
Vaccination Procedure

The following are the steps in administering vaccines:

1. Follow label direction for proper procedures in administering
vaccine.
2. Use recommended dose of administration.
3. Use the recommended route of administration.
Subcutaneous (SQ) vaccines are administered under the skin in the
side of the neck infront of the shoulder
Intramuscular (IM) vaccines are injected deeply in the muscles in
the side of the neck infront of the shoulder.
Intranasal (IN) vaccines are introduced in the nasal passage of the
animal.
4. Do not use expired vaccines.
5. Follow the withdrawal time recommendations for slaughter printed
in the label.
6. Young calves must be vaccinated at least twice a year because the
exact time of colostral immunity loss can not be predicted.

Immunization Program

A vaccination schedule must be properly planned to prevent

outbreak of disease in the area. It must be a continuing process blending
with the other management practices to minimize labor use and avoid
undue stress to the animals. Table 2 presents the suggested immunization
program in cattle raising.

Table1. Suggested immunization schedule.

Period Particulars Remarks
A. Cow-calf operation under the range/grazing management
Evaluate breeding record. Cull unproductive animals.
Conduct rectal examination for genital Segregate animals with genital
normalcy and pregnancy. abnormalities.
Test the bulls for fertility. Precautionary measures to serve
as guides in prevention and
control

Prebreeding Test all breedable animals for Use Bacterin with identified
Season Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, serotypes for Leptospirosis.
(2months) Camphylobacteriosis
and Tricomonosis.
Vaccinate for Leptospirosis and Use killed vaccines for
Brucellosis in areas where they are Brucellosis.
known to be enzootic.
Detick and deworm all breeding If necessary, use broad-spectrum
animals. anthelmintics.
Vaccinate for FMD and Hemmorrhagic In endemic areas
septicaemia.
Vaccinate for Blackleg and Anthrax in In endemic areas
areas where they exist.
Administer Vitamins A,D,E injection. Vitamin supplementation

16
Breeding Detick once a month. If necessary
Season Observe the animals for physical Prompt treatment to ensure early
injuries healing of injuries and fasten
recovery

Administer GI parasite control on a Control chemical parasitism

selective basis (1 month after a
heavy rain)
Time vaccination and selective To reduce stress and protect
deworming during the monthly animals from infection
inventory.
Two months Administer vitamins A,D,E injection. Supplementation
before calving Vaccinate with Clostridium pertringen To prevent enterotoxemia
types B, C and D toxoids(if enzootic
in the region)
Closely monitor for parturient problems To prevent mortalities
(Dystocia, abnormal discharges, etc)

Calves at 1-30 Apply antiseptic to the navel. To prevent navel infection

days of age Make certain that the calf has suckled Calf will acquire protective
colustrum within 6 hours after birth. antibodies from the
mother
Examine for abnormalities. To ensure early return of the
mother to estrus
Examine for postpartum infection. To prevent toxocarosis
Deworm at 14 days of age.

Postpartum Tag/ear tattoo and dehorn 7 days old To identify calves and dehorn
period (Equiva- optional
lent to 1-6 Periodically check feces for parasitic Use appropriate dewormer
months) load and deworm 2-3 months based
on fecal analysis

B. Backyard Cattle Farming or a Small Cow-Calf Operation, or Fattening or

Commercial Feedlot Operation Immunization Schedules
Preconditioning Vaccinate against FMD and To prevent infection
at source (2-4 Hemmorrhagic septicaemia.
weeks before Inject vitamins A, D, E. Optional
transport)
Good nutrition To prevent spread of these
parasites to the other areas
During Provide enough feeds and water. To minimize stress
transport Observe the conditions of the animals To prevent injuries
occasionally.
Arrival at the Observe the clinical manifestations of Early diagnosis to prevent
farm the disease. infection
quarantine
period (first 300 Treat for specific disorder noted of the Isolate
days) disease.
Observe proper care and management. Build resistance
Revaccinate against FMD and Simultaneous vaccination
Hemmorrhagic septicaemia.
Detick and deworm (periodic check-up). To control endo and ectoparasites
Castrate all undesirable males. Save the best bull calf based on

17
 records
Vaccinate against Brucellosis and All heifers and calves
Leptospirosis (if enzootic in the
region).
Check for scouring and respiratory To ensure that cows are in
Infections. healthy reproductive condition
Return cows to the breeding herd after
genital inspection.
Blood test for Brucellosis and
Leptospirosis.

Weaning period Vaccinate against FMD and Simultaneous vaccination can be

Hemmorrhagic septicemia 2-3 done
weeks
before or after weaning.
Revaccinate against Leptospirosis 1-2
months after weaning.
Source: The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production,1994,
PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna

Notes:
 Thoroughly cleaned and disinfected trucks should be used when
transporting. Provide beddings and avoid overcrowding.
 Weak animals upon arrival should be given restoratives and
antibacterial drugs.
 Avoid sudden change in the feeding system. Concentrates must be
increased gradually to avoid occurrence of rumenitis, scouring and
bloating
 Animals affected by a disease should be removed from the feedlot
immediately, isolated and treated.
 Feed additives and feed supplements should be added to the ration
as needed
 Vaccinate animals against Anthrax, Blackleg and enterotoxaemia in
regions where the disease exist
 Revaccinate against hemorrhagic septicemia in regions where it has
been occasionally reported and twice a year in known enzootic
regions. It is recommended that revaccination should be timed prior
to change of climate
 Strategic deworming of animals in the herd (one month after a heavy
rain) is recommended. In liverfluke enzootic areas, give flukecide
every after three months.
 Provide mineral supplements (loose o block) free choice to prevent
mineral deficiencies.

18
Table 2. Effects of vaccines and vaccination
Vaccines and Vaccination Vaccines and Vaccination
CAN CANNOT
1. Raise the resistance to infectious agents 1. Provide effective resistance in 100% of the
and should be considered as another tool to animals vaccinated.
control, prevent and eradicate livestock
diseases. 2. Provide immunity unless the producer
reads and follows directions(e.g. give 2 shots
2. Replicate and can cause disease especially 3 weeks apart, booster annually, keep
if vaccines are contaminated, if the infectious refrigerated, do not expose to sunlight)
agent is not completely inactivated or
effectively modified. 3. Provide effective resistance in very young
animals especially if high levels of passive
3. Undergo genetic change resulting in the immunity derived from colostrum are
existence of altered serotypes or form of virus present.
that could cause disease.
4. Provide effective resistance if given to
4. Be effective if the timing of vaccination stressed animals.
occurs just before the disease challenge and
the vaccine has enough time to stimulate the 5. Provide immunity and prevent disease if
immune system. given to an animal that is already incubating
a disease.
5. Interfere with conception if given to
breeding animals within 4-8 weeks of 6. Be used to treat diseases.
breeding.
7. Be effective unless the producer has
6. Cause abortion if given to pregnant developed biosecurity measures and sound
animals. management practices to maintain the health
and viability of the herd.
7. Cause adverse reactions, suppress the
immune system.

8. Be expensive and producers must evaluate

the cost benefit before instituting a
vaccination program.

LET US REMEMBER

Vaccines are either live or killed organisms that are introduced to

the body to develop immunity of animals against diseases. Once vaccines
are not handled well they can cause disease outbreak that would give
serious problem the cattle herd. Therefore, it is a must that vaccines
should be used with utmost care or better still seek assistance of an
expert technician to administer such.

19
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

I. Select the best answer by writing only the letter of your answers in
your notebook.

1. The major use of vaccine is to _______.

a. cause disease
b. combat infection
c. develop immunity
d. destroy parasites

2. Vaccines containing inactivated toxins are called _______.

a. toxoids
b. bacterin
c. killed vaccines
d. live vaccines

3. All are examples of non-infectious vaccines EXCEPT _______.

a. toxoid
b. bacterin
c. killed vaccines
d. live vaccines

4. Generally, infectious vaccines are effective when introduced after

Non-infectious vaccines. However, it can provide immunity for _______.
a. 6 months
b. 12 months
c. 2 years
d. life

5. Do not expose vaccines to sunlight. Keep them in the _______.

a. freezer
b. refrigerator
c. cabinet
d. storage room

6. What should you do to unused vaccines after administration?

a. Keep it for future use.
b. Double dose to consume all.
c. Keep inside a safe room.
d. Discard or dispose properly.

7. What procedure should one consider first when administering

vaccines?
a. Use recommended route of administration.
b. Do not use expired vaccines.
c. Follow withdrawal time recommendation.
d. Follow directions well.

20
8. Subcutaneous injection is done _______.
a. under the skin, side of neck, infront of shoulder
b. under the skin, side of neck, back of shoulder
c. under the skin, top of neck, infront of shoulder
d. under the skin, top of neck, back of shoulder

9. Due to unpredictable colostral immunity, calves must be vaccinated

at least _______.
a. once a year
b. twice a year
c. trice a year
d. anytime

10. How many months should animals be dewormed after a heavy rain?
a. 1 month
b. 2 months
c. 3 months
d. 4 months

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Activity No. 1.

Proceed to the cattle project. Observe the herd giving attention on

their health status. Basing from your lesson on immunization, develop a
sound immunization program for your stock considering the different age
groups of the animals. Recommend and administer appropriate
biologicals or vaccines with utmost care for this purpose. You will be
rated as follows:

Table 3. Suggested rating sheet in administering biologicals.

Rating STUDENTS
CRITERIA
(%)
1 2 3 4 5
1. Used appropriate drugs/biologicals 30
2. Administered required dose 20
3. Administered on right routes 25
4. Observed timing of administration 15
5. Used appropriate PPE, tools and materials 10
TOTAL 100%

21
RESOURCES:

Cattle herd
Vaccines
Dewormers
Learning Guides

REFERENCES:

The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, PCARRD,

Los Banos, Laguna, 1994
Internet Clippings

22
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL

FOURTH YEAR

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II
Unit of Competency: RAISE LARGE RUMINANTS
(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE)

Module No. 5 Module Title: UPDATING AND KEEPING RECORDS OF

DATA GATHERED
 MODULE 5

QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : RAISE LARGE RUMINANTS
(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE)
MODULE TITLE : UPDATING AND KEEPING RECORDS OF
DATA GATHERED
NOMINAL DURATION : 30 HOURS

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in

keeping accurate and up-to-date records in raising large ruminants.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

After completion of this module, you should be able to:

1. update, keep records and analyze the economic viability of the project.

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

I. Select the best answer by writing the letters of your answers in your
answer notebook.

1. A very important thing in cattle raising in knowing the status of the

project.
a. record keeping
b. analysis of data
c. data gathering
d. cost and return analysis

2. Which ONE is NOT included in the production record of a cattle

project?
a. interest on capital
b. age
c. weight
d. blood composition

3. An account in written or other permanent form serving as a memorial

or authentic evidence of a fact or event.
a. record
b. viability
c. performance
d. report

1
4. The capacity of the project to live and develop normally: is ______.
a. performance
b. record
c. report
d. viability

5. When is the best time of the year to conduct gathering and analysis of
data on the entire cattle herd?
a. beginning of the year
b. first quarter
c. third quarter
d. end of the year

6. The daily milk production data is gathered:_________.

a. once a day
b. twice a day
c. thrice a day
d. every 2 hours

7. Which ONE is NOT a part of beef-type animal record?

a. age
b. sire
c. blood composition
d. condition

8. How is net income derived?

a. net profit minus expenses
b. gross sales minus expenses
c. gross sales minus profit
d. net profit plus expense

9. What is determined if one multiplies the quotient of net income and

expenses by 100?
a. net profit
b. gross sales
c. total expense
d. return on investment

10. Which one is considered a part of miscellaneous expense in cattle

raising?
a. honorarium
b. feeds
c. housing cost
d. biologicals

2
Directions: Proceed to the cattle project and get the following data:

Breeders
Number of Cows ____________ Average Weight (kgs) _________
Number of Bulls ____________ Average Height (m) _________
Number of Pregnant Cows ______
Yearlings, Heifers & Steers
Number of Yearlings __________ Average Weight (kgs) _________
Number of Heifers & Steers______ Average Height (m) _________
Calves
Number of Calves ____________ Average Weight (kgs)_________
Others
Feed Consumption _________________________________________
Biologicals Used (drugs and medicines) ________________________
Honorarium of Caretaker ____________________________________
Estimated Cost of Housing and Equipment ____________________

3
LESSON 1

KEEPING AND ANALYZING RECORDS AND

ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF THE PROJECT

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with the different farm records and it importance.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. collate accurate data of the herd;

2. accomplish forms record forms of the project accurately;
3. compute the Return on Investment of the herd;
4. analyze accurate and updated records; and
5. appreciate the value of accurate record keeping in cattle
production.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Record – an account in written or other permanent form serving as a

memorial or authentic evidence of a fact or event.
Viability – the capacity of a project to live and develop normally
Pedigree – parents and grandparents of animals
Progeny – offspring or calves

Keeping And Analyzing Records

Keeping and analyzing accurate records are very important in

cattle production, yet are often overlooked. Records should be simple and
easily understood by others as well as the caretaker. However, they
should include all the necessary information such as breeding and
calving dates, sales and transfer, cost of production, herd improvement
records and the like. The following are some of the approved practices in
record keeping:

a. keeping records of price trends

b. keeping records of breeding dates
c. keeping records of calving dates
4
 d. using an effective identification system
e. keeping weight records
f. keeping a proper journal (Expense & Receipts)
g. determining cost of production
h. keeping records of sales, transfer and pedigrees
i. analyzing records

Analyzing Records

At the end of the year, a careful analysis of the entire operation of

the project should be made to see the results for further analysis and
improvement of the operation. If records are not analyzed, there is
practically no reason of going to the trouble of keeping them. The
following are some of the results that should be summarized.
1. Determine the percentage of calf crop.
2. Determine the percentage of producing a kilo of beef.
3. Determine the average weight of calves at weaning.
4. Determine the average price received per head for breeding
stock, and average price received per kilo for fat or feeder cattle.
5. Determine the average rate of gain for feeder cattle.
6. Determine the number of kilo of beef produced per hectare of
farm or pasture.
7. Determine the net profit for the cattle enterprise
8. Determine percent death loss.
9. Determine the value of rent furnished by producing goods and
services.
10. Determine the amount of labor.
11. Determine the value of beginning and closing inventory.
12. Determine the percentage of miscellaneous expenses such as
veterinary, transportation, etc.

Probably no producer could figure all of these items, but will

determine as many as have a direct bearing on his particular herd.

Simple Budgetary Estimate of Five (5) Heads Cattle Feedlot

Fattening

Basic Assumptions
Type of animal - graded
Initial age - 1.5 to 2 years
Average/initial weight - 150 kgs
Average Final Weight - 240 kgs
Price per kilo beef - P160.00
Average daily gain - 0.5 kg/day
Feeding Period - 180 days

5
 Feeding Assumption
Roughage: Fresh grasses
say: 10 kilos/day/animal
@ P3.00/kilo P27,000.00
Concentrate:
say: 2 kilos/day/animal
@ P15.00/day P27,000.00

P54,000.00
Housing:
Cogon roofing, wooden feed bunk
with loafing area, concrete
flooring (4 sq.m./animal) P12,000.00

Labor/Honorarium:

1 laborer @ P100.00/day P18,000.00

Stock:
5 heads graded yearlings
@ P10,000.00/head P50,000.00
Certificate of Ownership
& Transfer P 5,000.00

P55,000.00

Feed Supplements, Drugs and Other Supplies P10,000.00

Miscellaneous P 1,000.00

TOTAL P150,000.00

Cost and Return Analysis

A. Revenue:

Sales from 5 heads fatteners,

240 kgs/head @ [Link]/kilo ....... P192,000.00

B. Expenses: ........................................ P150,000.00

NET INCOME ... P 42,000.00

Net Income
ROI = Expenses x 100

P42,000.00 x 100
= P150,000.00

= 0.28 x 100

= 28%

6
LET US REMEMBER

Timely and accurate recording provide the herdsman the necessary

information regarding the performance of animals and in the long run a
very reliable basis in determining the viability of the enterprise.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

I. Select the best answer by writing the letters of your answers in your
answer notebook.

1. It is very important thing in cattle raising serves as a basis in

determining the status of the project ?
a. record keeping c. gathering data
b. analysis of data d. cost and return analysis

2. Which of the following is NOT included in the production record of

animals?
a. interest on capital c. weight
b. age d. blood composition

3. An account in written or other permanent form serving as a

memorial or authentic evidence of a fact or event.
a. record c. performance
b. viability d. receipt

4. The capacity of the project to live and develop normally

a. record c. viability
b. performance d. receipt

5. The daily production data is gathered

a. once a day c. thrice a day
b. twice a day d. anytime

6. When is the best time of the year to conduct gathering and analysis
of data to determine the performance of the herd?
a. beginning of the year c. third quarter
b. first quarter d. end of the year

7. Which one is NOT a part of beef animal records?

a. age c. blood composition
b. sire d. condition

8. The first step to do when weaning calves

a. determine the body size c. branding for identification
b. determine the weight d. dehorning

7
 9. All of these are approved practices in record keeping except
a. keeping of records of price trends
b. keeping of records of breeding dates
c. keeping weight records
d. keeping calving time

10. Which one is an example of a miscellaneous expense in cattle

raising?
a. transportation c. biologicals
b. labor d. feeds

SUGGESTED RECORD FORMS FOR A CATTLE HERD

INVENTORY OF CATTLE PROJECT

FOR THE MONTH OF______________

Beginning Ending
CLASSIFICATION Produced Sold Purchased Mortality Remarks
inventory Inventory

Breeder Bull
Breeder Bull
Heifer
Steer
Yearling (Male)
Yearling (Female)
TOTAL

INCOME/SALES RECORD
For the Month of ____________

No. of Value of
Cost of Net
DATE Head the REMARKS
Production Income/Loss
Disposed animal

TOTAL

8
 MORTALITY RECORD

Animal Estimated
Date Sex Age Cause of death REMARKS
No. Value

9
 DAILY MILK PRODUCTION RECORD
For the Month of _______________

Good Bad
Animal
Date Time Milk Milk Amount Remarks
No.
(Kg) (Kg)
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
TOTAL

10
 DAILY BIOLOGICS/FEED CONSUMPTION REPORT
for the Month of ___________________________

Beginning of the Month/

Daily Consumption Amount REMARKS
Date Purchases
Biologics Roughage Concentrate Biologics Roughage Concentrate Biologics Roughage Concentrate Biologics Roughage Concentrate

T O T A L
LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Basing from your initial data gathering activity, determine the

status of your herd as to its productivity and viability. Fill-up the
aforementioned suggested forms to obtain a reliable result. The result of
your activity will be rated by your competent teacher as follows:

Table 1. Suggested Rating Sheet in determining the viability of the Project.

Rating S T U D E N T S
CRITERIA %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. Accuracy 40%
2. Completeness of 40%
Data
3. Posting of Data 20%
T O T A L 100%

RESOURCES

Cattle herd
Suggested forms/records
Learning Modules

REFERENCES

The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, PCARRD,

Los Banos, Laguna, 1994
The Philippines Recommends for Carabao Production, 1978,
PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna, 1994
Approved Practices in Beef Cattle Production, Juergenson

12
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL

FOURTH YEAR

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II
Unit of Competency: RAISE LARGE RUMINANTS
(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE)

Module No. 6 Module Title: MARKETING CATTLE

1
 MODULE 6

QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : RAISE LARGE RUMINANTS
(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE)
MODULE TITLE : MARKETING CATTLE
NOMINAL DURATION : 20 HOURS

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for
a profitable marketing cattle.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

After completion of this module, you should be able to:

1. discuss the marketing practices in cattle based on industry
standards.

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

I. Select the best answer by writing the letters of your answers in your
quiz notebook.

1. How is marketing channel done in areas where there is no livestock

auction market? This is done from barrio agents to _______________.
a. shippers
b. manila based buyers
c. municipal buyers
d. meat dealers

2. How are cattle moved from the ranch to the loading truck to avoid
stress?
a. Driving them with the herd.
b. Move cattle slowly and quietly.
c. Tie animals individually.
d. Load animals quickly.

3. Why should raisers be advised to sell their animals upon reaching

the marketable stage ?
a. to prevent overcrowding
b. avoid competition
c. to reduce labor costs
d. all of these

1
4. The first tip in marketing cattle is _________.
a. awareness of current market price
b. dispose animals at marketable weight
c. do not market sick animals
d. sell animals when prices are high

5. Why should one examine loading trucks before transporting

animals?
a. know the maximum load
b. free the animals from injuries
c. avoid overcrowding
d. lessen labor

6. A public sale at which cattle are sold to the highest bidder

a. auction sale
b. retailing
c. wholesaling
d. bidding

7. This ensures better footing and prevents frequent slipping or falling

of animals during transport
a. stone
b. sand
c. cement
d. lumber

8. Which one is a common serious problem of cattle before or during

transport?
a. broken leg
b. diarrhea
c. suffocation
d. paralysis

9. These are persons involved in marketing system creating a little

problem in the disposal of products in livestock auction channel.
a. retailers
b. wholesalers
c. bidders
d. middlemen

10. This can cause suffocation during transport of cattle.

a. overcrowding
b. overfeeding
c. beddings
d. bumping

2
11. An example of a good bedding for animals during transport.
a. rice hull
b. fresh leaves
c. mat
d. sacks

12. It is a common cause of crippling and death of animals on transit.

a. overfeeding
b. overcrowding
c. bumping
d. bedding

13. This facilitates loading and prevents stress of animals before

shipment.
a. crate
b. loading facilities
c. chute
d. truck

14. As a general rule, do not market animals that are _________.

a. sick
b. inferior
c. adult
d. healthy

15. It is a place where many people display and sell their products.
a. market
b. store
c. slaughter house
d. stall

3
LESSON 1

MARKETING CATTLE

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with the marketing practices in cattle and

buffaloes based on industry standards.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

After completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. explain how cattle are disposed according to industry

standards;
2. show in a chart the marketing channels of cattle;
3. practice the procedures in handling cattle before and during
transport according to industry standards;
4. discuss the marketing tips and strategies in cattle production;
and
5. appreciate the importance of proper marketing techniques in
cattle raising.

LET US STUDY

Let Us Define

Auction Sale - a sale at which cattle are sold to the highest bidder.
Market - a place where many sellers display and sell their products.
Marketing - the process of disposing or selling products.

Economics of Marketing

In areas where there is livestock auction market, the marketing

system of cattle products are now becoming efficient. (Figure 1) However,
considerable number of middlemen are still involved in this system, thus
creating a little complex marketing channel. In areas where there is no
livestock auction market, the usual distribution channel is set up in this
order: barrio agents, shippers (Municipal or City buyers), Manila-based
buyers (dealers and butcher retailers), and meat retailers.

4
 (Figure 2) Marketing efficiency can be improved by reducing the
number of stages in the marketing channels. This can be done by
encouraging direct selling from the producers to butchers-retailers or
processors. However, at present, this is not feasible because of the
producers' location relative to market and the prevalence of small-sized
farms, producing small volumes of sales. Establishing more livestock
markets near the areas of production can increase competition. (Figure
3) Slaughtering operations should be decentralized to promote direct
selling and reduce live animal transport.

Figure 1. Cattle Auction Market

Figure 2. Marketing Channels for Live Cattle and

Beef in the Philippines

5
 Figure 3. Streamlining Beef Cattle Marketing Channel

Transporting

Improper handling of cattle before and during transport may cause

serious injuries like broken legs, broken neck, etc or even death of
animals which definitely result to a big loss.

To avoid accidents among the transported animals, the following

are suggested steps in handling cattle before and during transport.
1. Provide adequate loading facilities.
2. Provide adequate bedding. Dry clean and dry straws, rice hulls,
etc. Provide a layer of sand under the straw or rice hull bedding
to ensure better footing and prevent frequent slipping and
falling of animals.
3. Examine trucks before loading animals. Make sure that there
are no sharp objects that can injure the animal.
4. Load animals quietly. Move cattle slowly and quietly to avoid
bumping and sticking against truck walls.
5. Avoid over-loading, Overloading is a common cause of crippling
and death while on transit.
6. Avoid overfeeding. Overfeeding can be a cause of suffocation
during transport.

6
Marketing Tips

The following are some tips in marketing cattle:

1. Be aware of the current market price of cattle.

2. Do NOT let buyers get into your herd and do their picking. Select
marketable animals and let the buyers choose from them.
3. Sell your animals on a per-weight basis rather than on a per-head
basis. (A weighing scale in the farm is important).
4. Sell during periods when prices are most favorable.
5. Dispose all marketable animals readily. There is no advantage of
keeping marketable animals; they will just compete with other
fatteners and feeders for available feed supply and other facilities
in the farm.
6. Do NOT market sick animals.

LET US REMEMBER

Cattle marketing in the Philippines is not yet well-organized at

which it is usually more to the advantage of the middlemen. Therefore,
there is an urgent need of investigating how our cattle products are
marketed so the producers can design the most effective marketing
channel in their locality to maximize profit from their cattle herd.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

I. Select the best answer by writing the letters of your answers in your
quiz notebook.

1. A public sale at which cattle are sold to the highest bidder.

a. retailing
b. wholesaling
c. auction selling
d. bidding

2. These are persons involved in marketing systems creating a little

problem in the disposal of products in livestock auction channels.
a. retailers
b. middlemen
c. wholesaler
d. bidders

3. Which one is a common serious problem of cattle before or during

transport?
a. broken leg
b. paralysis
c. diarrhea
d. suffocation

7
4. This ensures better footing and prevents frequent slipping and
falling of animals during transport.
a. stones
b. lumber
c. sand
d. cement

5. This can cause suffocation during transport of cattle.

a. overcrowding
b. overfeeding
c. bedding
d. bumping

6. It is a common cause of crippling and death of animals on transit.

a. overfeeding
b. bumping
c. bedding
d. overcrowding

7. As a general rule, DO NOT market

a. sick animals
b. healthy animals
c. adult animals
d. inferior animals

8. A place where many sellers display and sell their products.

a. store
b. market
c. slaughter house
d. stall

9. It facilitates loading and prevents stress of animals before

shipment.
a. crate
b. loading facilities
c. chute
d. truck

10. An example of a good bedding for animals during transport.

a. rice hull
b. fresh leaves
c. mat
d. sacks

8
LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED?

Activity No.1

Proceed to your market place and observe the people in the

livestock market system. Identify the marketing channel used. Basing
from your observation, make the corresponding chart showing the
distribution channel practice in the local market.

Activity No. 2

Actual transporting and marketing of animals.

Directions:
a. Experience the actual transporting animals from one place to
another. Be sure to follow the proper techniques in transporting an
animal for sale.

Table 1. Suggested rating sheet in transporting cattle.

Rating STUDENTS
CRITERIA
% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. Safety of animals 45%
2. Proper procedures in 35%
loading and transporting
3. Provision of sufficient 20%
beddings
TOTAL 100%

b. Basing from your experiences in transporting and marketing of

animals, what do you think is the importance of following proper
marketing techniques in cattle raising? Why? Explain
substantially.

RESOURCES:

Cattle herd
Transporting equipment
Learning Modules

REFERENCES:

The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, PCARRD,

Los Banos, Laguna, 1994
The Philippines Recommends for Carabao Production, PCARRD,
Los Banos, Laguna, 1978
Approved Practices in Beef Cattle Production, Juergenson