GEM341E Ship Hydrodynamics

İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ

Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering – B.S.

GEM341E SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS

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 GEM341E Ship Hydrodynamics

Appendage Resistance

Percentage of the appendage resistance in total resistance may

reach considerable amounts depending on the ship type and
appendage configuration and thus relatively gains importance
as compared to other components of the total resistance.
Appendages may be classified and examined in 4 groups:

Hydrofoil type Rudder, control surfaces (fins), bilge keels

Streamlined Sonar dome, side bulbs
geometries
Blunt bodies Shaft, shaft bossing , shaft brackets
Openings on the Cooling water inlet and outlets, bow and stern
hull thruster openings

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As an example, percentages of the appendages in total

resistance of a frigate is given in the following:

Percentages (appendage resistance) for various types of ships

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Basic Approaches in the Calculation of

Appendage Resistance
Since Reynolds similarity can not be satisfied by the usual model
experiments, appendage resistance values as obtained from the
model testing may not be extrapolated to full scale properly and
with high accuracy.
An alternative to model experiment is to calculate the resistances of
appendages by the use of semi-empirical and semi-analytical
formulas (for foils, cylinders, plates etc.) including interference
resistance with hull.

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The sources of appendage resistance:

• Surface friction
• Resistance which occurs due to the pressure difference between the
leading and the trailing edges of the element
• Flow separation
• Increase in boundary layer thickness due to discontinuities as a result of
hull– appendage integration
• Cross flow evolution
• Working in a non-uniform flow regime (due to upstream disturbance of
the uniform flow by other appendages generating vortex structures etc.)

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Assumptions in the calculation of appendage resistance:

 In case of 2-D calculations, appendages are assumed to have high
length/thickness and/or high length/ depth ratios.
 Additionaly, the following assumptions are valid:
• Fluid is viscous. Cavitation and ventilation are disregarded in the
calculations.
• Appendages (rudders, bilge keels etc.) are installed with zero angle of
incidence with the flow.
• Cylindrical appendages may have an angle of incidence with the flow.
• Effect of the cross flow is not considered.
• The flow velocity around the appendages is predicted by taking the
boundary layer velocity profile into account.
• The mean flow velocity on appendages is accepted as the flow velocity
at 2/3 of the boundary layer thickness if the appendage remains fully in the
boundary layer.
• Total appendage resistance is the sum of all the resistances of
appendages.
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Take water density for model 999 kg/m^3, for ship scale 1025.9
kg/m^3 and kinematic viscousity for model 1.13902 x 10- 6 m^2/s,
and for ship 1.18831 x 10 – 6 m^2/s.
Angles with the flow to be determined are shown in the following:

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For appendages having hydrofoil sections:

Note that in this type of appendages; resistance increases as the
ratio of thickness/chord length (t/c) and flow separation may be
observed for very high values of (t/c).
Resistance coefficient for laminar flow regime (Rn<5 x 10 4);
t/c = 0 ; CD= 1.46 Rn- 0.507
t/c = 0.2 ; CD= 0.466 Rn- 0.259
In the transition regime (5 x 10 4 < Rn< 5 x 10 5);
t/c = 0 ; CD= 0.172 Rn- 0.31
t/c = 0.2; CD= 0.181 Rn- 0.81
interpolation is used for intermadiate values of (t/c).

In the turbulent regime;

for 5 x 10 5 < Rn< 5 x 10 7 ; CD= 2.93 x 10 -3 {1+2 (t/c)+60 (t/c) 4}

for Rn > 10 7 ; CD= 0.03 x Rn- 0.1428 {1+2 (t/c)+60 (t/c) 4}

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In addition to the above given resistance expressions, an

interference resistance coefficient which takes into account the
interference effect of appendage with the hull, is recommended
to be employed in the calculations:

CDint= 8.63 x 10 -3 x (t2/S) x { 0.75 (t/c) – 0.003 (t/c) -2}

Therefore the total resistance of appendage is given by

RT= 0.5 ρ S V2 (CD + CDint)

S: total wetted surface area

c: chord length (if variable use an average value)
V: speed
ρ: water density
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There is also resistance formula particularly for rudders:

Drudder= 0.5 ρ S V2 CF { 1.25 (c / CF) + (S/A) + 40 (t/ca) 3}

For very thin rudders ; (S/A)=2c/t could be used.

(A is the maximum vertical cross-sectional area of the rudder)

Geometrical parameters in the formula:

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If a control surface in consideration is a surface piercing

appendage which causes spray in this case, it then results in
an additional spray resistance:
Dspray= 0.24 x 0.5 ρ V2 tw2
Here tw : maximum thickness of the profile of the control
surface at water surface.

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Resistance of Shafts, Barrels, Struts

Cylinders which are mounted vertically, with longitudinal axis
is perpendicular to the flow, are studied widely. But cylindrical
appendages such as propeller shafts have non-zero angle of
attacks with the flow, and this makes the flow around cylindrical
appendages complicated. As a consequence, by making use of
several assumptions, researchers developed empirical
expressions to obtain the related resistance coefficients. The
flow regimes defined for this purpose;
> Subcritical flow region ; Rn < 10 5
 Transitional regime; 10 5 < Rn< 5 x 10 5
 Supercritical flow regime ; Rn > 5 x 10 5 . (Relatively more
stable flow is observed in this region).
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Frictional resistance coefficient as function of Reynolds

number:
Rn < 5 x 10 5 ; CF= 1.327 Rn- 0.5
Rn > 5 x 10 5 ; CF= (3.64 log10 Rn – 5.6) – 2 – (1700/Rn)
Pressure drag coefficient (as function of Reynolds number) :
Rn < 10 5 ; CDp=1.1 sin3(α)
10 5 < Rn< 5 x 10 5 :
α > β ; CDp= - 0.7154 log10Rn + 4.677
α < β ; CDp= (- 0.7154 log10Rn + 4.677) (sin3(1.7883 log10Rn – 7.9415))
β (empirical); β = -71.54 log10Rn + 447.7
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Graphs instead of the (previous) empirical formulae:

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In supercritical regime (Rn > 5 x 10 5 );

0º < α < 40º ; CDp= 0.60 sin3(2.25 α)
40º < α < 90º ; CDp = 0.60

Typical strut-barrel ends:

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Strut-barrel ends introduce pressure difference drag

coefficients as well.
Fore end pressure drag with sharp ends;
CDfe= 0.90 cos3(α),
with faired ends;
CDfe= 0.10 cos3(α).
Aft end pressure drag;
CDae= 0.029 {CF (SW/SB)}0.5 cos3(α).
where CF frictional resistance coefficient of the cylindrical
element, SW ; wetted surface of the cylinder, SB = (π R2) is the
base area of the cylinder.

Consequently the total resistance of the shaft system;

RT= 0.5 ρ V2 SW (CF + (CDp/π) + CDfe + CDae)
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Resistance of Bilge Keels

Frictional resistance coefficient for bilge keels and flat
(retrofitted) skegs;
Rn < 5 x 10 5 ; CF= 1.327 Rn- 0.5
Rn > 5 x 10 5 ; CF= (3.64 log10 Rn – 5.6) – 2 – (1700/Rn)

Interference resistance coefficient:

CDint= 0.48 CF
Total resistance is the sum of frictional and interference
resistance components. If a wedge type bilge keel is used
instead of a flat bilge keel, the following expression for
interference resistance is recommended:
CDint= 2{1 – z / (x+y)}

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Some expressions and quantities required in the

calculations

Boundary layer thickness; δs = 1.57 (x) Rn- 0.2667

(x is the distance between F.P. and the point of consideration)
Local velocity taken in the boundary layer VL = VS (y / δs)1/n
Here the power n; n = 2.901 Rn 0.0478 (x / L) – 0.1217.

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