(16) Variation @ Direct variation Consider the tables below: yr2se In each case y is directly proportional to.x. This is written y = x. Ifany of these three tables is shown on a graph, the graph will be a straight line passing through the origin. 80. 20. 10. 10. Opa sax © For any statement where y 2 x, =k y= Gradient =3 2468 % y=25x Gradient = 2.5 246 810% where kis a constant equal to the gradient of the graph and is, called the constant of proportionality or constant of variation. Consider the tables below: x]! [2 y|2 [7Algebra and graphs In the cases above, y is directly proportional to x", where n > 0. This can be written as y 22" ‘The graphs of each of the three equations are shown below: Ya ] vail x 0 a4 x 10 * ‘The graphs above, with (x, y) plotted, are not linear. However if the graph of y = 2x*is plotted as (x2, y), then the graph is linear and passes through the origin demonstrating that y 6 x? as shown in the graph below. 70 2016 Variation Worked examples i larly, the graph of y but is linear and passes through the o Lx*is curved when plotted as (x,y), is plotted as (°..y) as shown: if2 [3 7 70 ifesf[z 60 50 40) 30 20 10 ‘The graph of y 60 00 e vx is also linear if plotted as (Vx. y). @ Inverse variation Ify is inversely proportional tox, then y and yak Ifa graph of y against 4 k x plotted, this too will be a straight line passing through the origin. a) yorx. Ify Twhen x = 2. find y when x kx kx2 so k=35Algebra and graphs Exercise 16.1 Exercise 16.2 1 3 5 y is directly proportional to x. Il y = 6 when .x = 2, find: '8) the constant of proportionaliiy b) the value of y when x ©) the value of y when x d) the value of x when y e) the value of.x when y 0. y’is direetly proportional to x2, If y = 18 when.x = 6, find: 4a) the constant of proportionality b) the value of y when ©) the value of y when x d) the value of x when y = 32 e) the value of x when y = 128, is inversely proportional tox°. [fy = 3 when x = 2, find: 1a) the constant of proportionality b) the value of y when x ¢) the value of y when x d) the value of x when y 4, yis inversely proportional tox, Ify = I when x = 0S, find: 'a) the constant of proportionality b) the value of y when x = 0.1 ©) the value of y when x = 0.25 d) the value of x when y Write each of the following in the form: i) yew ii) y= he a) yis directly proportional to x* ’b) ys inversely proportional to x ¢) tis directly proportional to P d) sis inversely proportional to 1 e) Ais direetly proportional to # 1) Tis inversely proportional to the square root of g 5. Ify «x and y = 6 when when x = 2.5 find: 2, find y when x = tty Landy a) ywhenx = 20 b) xwheny =5. Ifpecr? and p = 2when r =2. find p when r= 8. Ifm 4, and m = 1 whens = 2, find: r a) mwhenr =4 b) rwhen m = 125, Ify «x? and y = 12 when x = 2, find y when x16 Variation Exercise 16.3 1. Ita stone is dropped off the edge of a cliff, the height (& metres) of the cliff is proportional to the square of the time (tseconds) taken for the stone to reach the ground. [A stone takes 5 seconds to reach the ground when dropped off a cliff 125m high. a) Write down a relationship between h and 1, using & as the constant of variation, b) Calculate the constant of variation, ©) Find the height of a cliff ifa stone takes 3 seconds to reach the ground, ) Find the time taken for a stone to fall from a cliff 180m, high. ‘The velocity (v metres per second) of a body is known to be proportional to the square root of its kinetic ener (¢ joules). When the velocity of a body is 120m/s,, energy is 1600. a) Write down a relationship between v and e, using & as the constant of variation, b) Calculate the value of &. ¢) Ifv=21, calculate the kinetic energy of the body in joules ‘The length (Cem) of an edge of a cube is proportional to the cube root of its mass (7 grams). It is known that if = 15, then m = 125. Let k be the constant of variation. a) Write down the relationship between /, and k. b) Calculate the value of k. ©) Calculate the value of when mt = 8, ‘The power (P) generated in an electrical proporteanal fobs aquare ofthe curent ( amp). When the power is 108 watts, the current is 6amps. a) Write down a relationship between P, and the constant of variation, k. b) Calculate the value of J when P = 75 watts.Algebra and graphs Student assessment | Ly =k. Wheny = 12,4 = 8. a) Calculate the value of k. b) Calculate y when x = 10. ©) Calculate y when x d) Calculate x when y 5, ye a) Calculate the value of k. b) Calculate y when = 4. ¢) Calculate x when y = 10. d) Calculate x when y = 0.5. 2 p= kg Whenp = 9,q =3. a) Calculate the value of k. b) Caloulate p when g = 6. ©) Calculate p when q 4) Calculate q when p 4 m=. whenm vn ) Calculate the value of k. bb) Calculate m when n = 16, ©) Calculate m when n = 100 d) Calculate n when mi on y=. wheny=3.x=4, a) Calculate the value of k ) Calculate y when x = 08. ©) Caleulate both values of x when y D d) Calculate both values of x when y = 5.16 Variation Student assessment 2 L a y is inversely proportional to x. a) Copy and complete the table below xi f2y,afelefx2 y b) What is the value of x when y = 202 Copy and complete the tables below a) yo 0 7 y= o yar 7a] @]=]=]e 71s The pressure (P) ofa given mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume (V) at a constant temperature, IfP = 4 when F = 6, calculate: a) Pwhen ¥=30 b) when P = 30. The sravitational force (F) between two masses is inversely proportional to the square of the distance (d) between them. If F = 4 when d = 5, calcula a) Fwhend b) dwhen F = 25(a7) Graphs in practical situations Worked example @ Conversion graphs A straight-line graph can be used to convert one set of units to another. Examples include converting from one curreney to another, converting distance in miles to kilometres and converting temperature from degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit. ‘The graph below converts South African rand into euros bused ‘on an exchange rate of €1 = 8.80 rand. A 90 80: 4 70 60. 50 40 80 20. 10 Tes co Rand i) Using the graph estimate the number of rand equivalent to €5. A line is drawn up from €5 until it reaches the plotted line, then across to the vertical axis. From the graph it can be seen that €5 ~ 44 rand (~is the symbol for “is approximately equal to’) ii) Using the graph, what would be the cost in euros of a drink costing 25 rand? A line is drawn across from 25 rand until it reaches the plotted line, then down to the horizontal axis. From the graph it can be seen that the cost of the drink ~ €2.80. Ifa meal costs 200 rand, use the graph to estimate its cost in eur The graph does not go up to 200 rand, therefore a factor of 200 needs to be used e.g, 50 rand. From the graph 50 rand ~ €5.70, therefore it can be deduced that 200 rand ~ €22.80 (i.e. 4X €5.70).7 Graphs in practical situations Exercise 17.1 J. Given that 80 km = 50 miles, draw a conversion graph up to 100 km. Using your graph estimate: a) how many miles is 50 km, b) how many kilometres is 80 miles, ©) the speed in miles per hour (mph) equivalent to 100 kmh, d) the speed in km/h equivalent to 40 mph, 2. You can roughly convert temperature in degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit by doubling the degrees Celsius and aciding 30. Draw a conversion graph up to 50°C. Use your graph to estimate the following: a) the temperature in°F equivalent to 25°C, 'b) the temperature in°C equivalent to 10°F, ©) the temperature in°F equivalent to 0°C, d) the temperature in°C equivalent to 200°F. 3. Given that 0°C = 32°F and 50°C = 12°F, on the same graph as in question 2, draw a true conversion graph. i) Use the true graph to calculate the conversions in question 2. ii) Where would you say the rough conversion is most, useful? 4, Long-distance calls from New York to Harare are priced at 85 cents/min off peak and $1.20/min at peak times, a) Draw, on the same axes, conversion graphs for the wo different rates. b) From your graph estimate the cost of an 8 minute call made off peak. ©) Estimate the cost of the same call made at peak rate. d) A callis to be made from a telephone box. If the caller has only $4 to spend, estimate how much more time he can talk for if he rings at off peak instead of at peak times. 5. A maths exam is marked out of 120, Draw a conversion graph to change the following marks to percentages. a) 80 b) 10 ©) 54 d) 2 @ Speed, distance and time ‘You may already be aware of the following formula: distance = speed * time Rearranging the formula gives: speed = Sistanse time Where the speed is not constant: total distance average speed =Algebra and graphs Distance (m) Distance (m) Exercise 17.2 Time (9) Worked example 80 70 60 40 50 40 30 20 Orea4ase7a Time (8) Exercise 17.3 1. Find the average speed of an object moving: a) 30min5s b) 48min 12s c) 78kmin2h d) SOkmin25h ©) 400kmin2h30min — f) 110 km in 2h 12min 2. How far will an object travel during: a) 10 sat 40 ms b) 7sat26mis ©) 3 hours at 70 km/h d) 415 min at 60 km/h e) 10 min at 60 km/h 1) 1h 6 min at 20 mis? 3. How long will it take to travet a) 50 mat 10 mis b) L kmat20mis ©) 2kmat30 km/h ) Skim at 70 mis e) 200m at 0.4 mis f) 1 km at 15 km/h? © Travel graphs The graph of an object travelling at a constant speed is a straight line as shown (left) Gradient The units of the gradient are m/s, hence the gradient of a distance-time graph represents the speed at which the object is travelling. ‘The graph (left) represents an object travelling at constant speed. ’) From the graph calculate how long i took to cover a of 30m. The time taken to travel 30m is 3 seconds. ii) Calculate the gradient of the graph ‘Taking two points on the line, gradient = 42 = 10, Calculate the speed at which the object was tavelling Gradient of a distance-time graph = speed. Therefore the speed is 10 mis. 1. Draw adistane, object travell time graph for the first 10 seconds of an wat 6 mis 2. Drawa distance-time graph for the first 10 seconds of an object travelling at 5 m/s. Use your graph to estimate: a) the time taken to travel 25 m, 'b) how far the object travels in 3 seconds.W7 Graphs in practical situations a 3. Two objects A and B set off from the same point and move 80 in the same straight line. B sets olf first, whilst A sets off 2 ge seconds later. Using the distance-time graph (left) estimate: = a) the speed of each of the objects, la 'b) how far apart the objects would be 20 seconds after the Boo start, B 2 10 O123845678 Time (5) A 8 ¢ 4 Three objects A, Band C move in the same straight fine _° away from a point X. Both A and C change their speed e7 during the journey, whilst B travels at the same constant : 8 speed throughout. From the distance-time graph (left) Bi estimate Bs a) the speed of object B, Bo ') the two speeds of object A, ay ©) the average speed of object C, ¢ 4d) how far abject Cis from X 3 seconds from the start, 12945678 €) how far apart objects A and Care 4 seconds from the Time(s) start. The graphs of two or more journeys can be shown on the same axes. The shape of the graph gives a clear picture of the movement of each of the objects. Worked example The journeys of two cars, X and Y, travelling between A and € gg Bare represented on the distance-time graph (left). Car X and =100 Car Y both reach point B 100 km from A at 1100, 3 0 ‘Car X 3 00 i) Calculate the speed of Car X between 0700 and 0800. 3° a seq = ‘tstance 275 Spec time B 6709 0800 0900 1000 1166 ai Time =F km/h = 60 km/h ii) Calculate the speed of Car Y between 0900 and 1100. speed =? kmih = 50 kmh Explain what is happening to Car X between 0800 and 0900. ‘No distance has been travelled, therefore Car X is stationary,Algebra and graphs Distance (km) oS 888s Exercise 17.4 1100 1120 1140 1200 Time 0 (0900 09307000 1030 1700 Time 1 ‘Two friends Paul and Helena arrange to meet for lunch at noon, They live 50 km apart and the restaurant is 30 km from Paul's home. The travel graph (let) illustrates th journeys, a) What is Paul's average speed between 1100 and 1140? b) What is Helena’s average speed between 1100 and 12002 c) What does the line XY represent? A car travels at a speed of 60 km/h for 1 hour. It then stops for 30 minutes and then continues at 4 constant speed of 80 kin/h for a further 1.5 hours. Draw a distance-time graph for this journey. A girl cycles for 1.5 hours at 10 km/h, She then stops for an hour and then travels for a further 15 km in 1 hour. Draw a distance-time graph of the gir!’s journey. ‘Two friends leave their houses at 1600. The houses are 4 km apart and the friends travel towards each other on the same road. Fyodor walks at 7 kmvh and Yin walks at 5 km/h, a) On the same axes, draw a distance—time graph of their journeys. b) From your graph estimate the time at which they meet. c) Estimate the distance from Fyodor’s house to the point where they meet. A train leaves a station P at 1800 and travels to station Q.150 km away. Tt travels al a steady speed of 75 km/h. AL1810 another train leaves Q for P at a steady speed of 100 km/h. a) On the same axes draw a distance-time graph to show both journeys: b) From the graph estimate the time at which both tains pass each other, ©) At what distance from stati each other? d) Which train arrives at its destination first? n Q do both trains pass A train sets off from town P at 0915 and heads towards town © 250 km away. Its journey is split into the three stages a, b and c. At 0900 a second train leaves town Q heading for town P. Iis journey is split into the two stages d and e. Using the graph (left) ealeulate the following a) the speed of the first train during stages a, b and ¢, b) the speed of the second train during stages d and e.v7 Graphs in practical situations @ Speed-time graphs, acceleration and deceleration So far the graphs that have been dealt with have been similar to the one shown (left) ie. distance-time graphs. ~ 90 Ifthe graph were of a gir! walking it would indicate that aa initially she was walking at a constant speed of 1.5 mis for 5 10 seconds, then she stopped for 20 seconds and finally she Bi walked at a constant speed of 0.5 mis for 20 seconds 10 20 30 40 50 Time (s) Worked example For a distance-time graph the following is true: © astraight line represents constant speed, © a horizontal line indicates no movement, @ the gradient of a line gives the speed. ‘This section also deals with the interpretation of travel graphs, but where the vertical axis represents the object’s speed. ‘The graph shows the speed of a car over a period of 16 seconds. O24 6 we 1wIZT4T81E20 Time (8) 1) Explain the shape of the graph. For the first 8 seconds the speed of the car is increasing uniformly with time. This means itis accelerating at a constant rate. Between § and 14 seconds the car is travelling ata constant speed of 16 m/s. Between 14 and 16 secon: the speed of the car decreases uniformly. This means that it is decelerating at a constant rate ii) Calculate the rate of acceleration during the first 8 seconds. From a speed—time graph, the acceleration is found by calculating the gradient of the fine. Therefore: acceleration g =2mis* iii) Catculate the rate of deceleration between 14 and 16 seconds: 16 deceleration = — 2 msAlgebra and graphs Exercise 17.5 Usi ing the graphs below, calculate the acceleration/deceleration 1 m 7 7 sé ee gs é5 Sa x4 Be go 2 Be 1 1 Oe 4 6 8 101214161820 O24 6 8 101214161820 Time (3) Time (6) 3 4 35 70] gu 50 Es £50 20 340 Bis Boo G10 B20] 5 70 OT? 345 ° 05 i Timo (6) Time (min) 5 6 é 70 z Zoo gs E50] 34 340 Bo ¥ 20| Be &20 1 10 02 4 6 8 101214161820 Time (s) 2 8 Exercise 17.6 1. Speed (ms) 0.2 4 6 8101214161520 Time (6) © 05) “Tae (min) Sketch a graph to show an aeroplane accelerating from rest ata constant rate of 5 mis* for 10 seconds. A train travelling at 30 nvs starts to decelerate at a constant rate of 3 m/s’, Sketch a speed-time graph showing the train's motion until it stops. The graph (left) shows the speed-time graph of a boy running for 20 seconds. Calculate: a) the acceleration during the first fours ) the acceleration during the second period of four seconds, ©) the deceleration during the final twelve seconds,7 Graphs in practical situations ‘Speed (mvs) as go Bas 5 20 Bis 2 10 5 24 6 B 101214161820 Tuma (6) Op 4 6 8 101214161820 Time (rin) Worked example 2 graph (left) represents a cheetah chasing a a) Does the top graph represent the cheetah or the gazelle? b) Calculate the cheetah’s acceleration in the initial stages of the chase. ©) Calculate the gazelle’s acceleration in the initial stazes of the chase. d) Calculate the cheetah’s deceleration at the end. 3. The speed-time graph (lefl) represents a train travelling from one station to another. a) Calculate the acceleration during stage a. b) Calculate the deceleration during stage ¢ ©) Calculate the deceleration during stage 4d) Describe the train's motion during stage b. e) Describe the train’s motion 10 minutes from the start @ Area under a speed-time graph The area under a speed-time graph gives the distance travelled. ‘The table below shows the speed of a train over a 30 second period. Time @) Speed (mis) [ 20 [ 20 i). Plot.a speed-time graph for the first 30 seconds. Speed (mis) asasRer 2 4 6 8 1012 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 8 90 Time (s) Calculate the train's acceleration after the first 10 seconds. 10 _1 207 2™ Calculate the distance travelled during the 30 seconds, Acceleration = vst This is calculated by working out the area under the graph. The graph can be split into two regions as shown overleaf.Algebra and graphs 38 25 15. 10 a |_| ‘Speed (mis) 8 D4 6 & 10 12 14 16 18 20 92 24 28 28 30 Time (5) Distance represented by region A = (20 X 30) m Distance represented by region B = (x 20 X 10) m 100m. Total distance travelled = (600 + 100) m = 700m Exercise 17.7 1. The table below gives the speed of a boat over a 10 second period. Time (3) o[z,;4]«][a|[u Speed(m/s) | 5 | 6 | 7] 8 | 9 [10 a) Plota speed-time graph for the 10 second period. b) Calculate the acceleration of the boat. ©) Calculate the total distance travelled during the 10 seconds. 2. A cyclist travelling at 6 m/s applies the brakes and decelerates at a constant rate of 2 m/s’. a) Copy and complete the table below. [time To Jos[ i [is 2 T2sTs | speeds) [6 T [TT T fT te] fb) Plot a speed-time graph for the 3 seconds shown in the table above. ©) Calculate the distance travelled during the 3 seconds of deceleration. A car accelerates as shown in the graph (eft). a) Calculate the rate of acceleration in the first 40 seconds. b) Calculate the distance travelled over the 60 seconds ‘Speed (mis) Bssesa 40 shown, O10 20 a9 40 50 60” c) After what time had the motorist travelled half the Time (s) distance? 87 Graphs in practical situations 0-2 4 6 8101214161820 Time (6) “The graph (left) represents the cheetah and gazelle chase from question 2 in Exercise 17.6 a) Calculate the distance run by the cheetah during the chase 'b) Calculate the distance run by the gazelle during the chase ‘The graph (right) represents the train journey from ion 3 in ‘Speed (mis) as asese Calculate, in km, the distance travelled during the 20 minutes shown, O24 6 8 101914181820 Time (min) An aircraft accelerates uniformly from rest at a rate of 10 m/s" for 12.seconds before it takes off. Calculate the distance it travels along the runway. ‘The speed-time graph below depicts the motion of two motorbikes A and B over a 15 second period. 70 a4 60 A- 0 [tt ‘Speed (km) Ss es ra 2845678 9 101112191415 Time (8) At the start of the sraph motorbike A overtakes a stationary motorbike B. Assume they then travel in the same direction a) Calculate motorbike A’s acceleration over the 15 seconds in mis? 'b) Calculate motorbike B's acceleration over the first 9 seconds in m/s’, ©) Calculate the distance travelled by A during the 15 seconds (give your answer to the nearest metre). 4) Calculate the distance travelled by B during the 15 seconds (give your answer to the nearest metre). e) How far apart were the two motorbikes at the end of the 15 second period?Algebra and graphs Student assessment | 1. Leuro had an exchange rate of 8 Chinese yuan and 200 Pakistani rupees. a) Draw a conversion graph for yuan to rupees up to 80 yuan, b) Estimate from your graph how many rupees you would get for 50 yuan. ©) Estimate from your graph how many yuan you would get for 1600 rupees. 2A South African taxi driver has a fixed charge of 20 rand and then charges 6 rand per km. a) Draw a conversion graph to enable you to estimate the cost of the following taxi rides: i) 5km b) Ifa trip cost 80 rand, estimate from your graph the distance travelled. 3. Anelectricity account can work in two ways: account A which involves a fixed charge of $5 and then arate of 7c per unit, account B which involves no fixed charge but a rate of 9.Se per unit a) On the same axes draw a graph up to 400 units for each type of account, converting units used to cost. b) Use your graph to advise a customer on which account touse. 4. Acar travels at 60 km/h for 1 hour. The driver then takes a 30 minute break. After her break, she continues at 80 km/h for 90 minutes. a) Draw a distance—time graph for her journey. b) Calculate the total distance travelled. §. Two trains depart at the same time from cities Mand N, which are 200 km apart. One train travels from M to N, the other from N to M. The train departing irom M travels « distance of 60 km in the first hour, 120 km in the next 1.5 hours and then the rest of the journey at 40 km/h. The train departing from N travels the whole distance at a speed of 100 kin/h. Assuming all speeds are constant: a) draw a travel graph to show both journeys, b) estimate how far from city M the trains are when they pass each other, ©) estimate how long alter the start of the journey itis when the trains pass each other.7 Graphs in practical situations Student assessment 2 1. Absolute zero (0K) is equivalent to -273°C and 0 °Cis, equivalent to 273 K. Draw a conversion graph which will convert K into °C. Use your graph to estimate: a) the temperature in K equivalent to 40°C, b) the temperature in °C equivalent to LOOK. 2, A Canadian plumber has a call-out charge of 70 Canadian dollars and then charges a rate of $50 per hour a) Drawa conversion graph and estimate the cost of the following: i) ajob lasting 42 hours, ji) a job lasting 62 hours. bb) [fa job cost $245. estimate from your graph how long it took to complete. A boy lives 3.5 km from his school. He walks home at a constant speed of 9 km/h for the first 10 minutes. He then stops and talks to his friends for 5 minutes. He finally runs the rest of his journey home at a constant speed of 12 km/h. a) Ilustrate this information on a distance-time graph. 'b) Lise your graph to estimate the total time it took the boy to get home that day. 4. Below are four distance-time graphs A,B, Cand D. Two of them are not possible. a) Which two graphs are impossible? b) Explain why the two you have chosen are not possible. A B Distance Distance Time Tine Distance Distance Time TimoAlgebra and graphs Student assessment 3 1. The graph below is a speed-time graph for a car accelerating from rest. ‘Speed (mis) as asses Tis(s) a) Calculate the car's acceleration in mis. b) Calculate, in metres, the distance the 15 seconds. ¢) How long did it take the car to travel half the distance? ar travel 2. The speed-time graph below represents a 100 m sprinter during. a race. 4 ‘Speed (vs) 2 4 6 8 0 @ 14 Time (6) a) Calculate the sprinter’s acceferation during the first two seconds of the race. b) Calculate the sprinter’s deceleration at the end of the race c) Calculate the distance the sprinter ran in the first 10 seconds. 4d) Calculate the sprinter’s time for the 100 m race. Give your answer to 3 sf.W7 Graphs in practical situations A motorcyclist accelerates uniformly from rest to 50 km/h, in 8 seconds. He then accelerates to 110 km/h in a further 6 seconds. a) Draw speed-time graph for the first 14 seconds. b) Use your graph to find the total distance the motorcyclist travels. Give your answer in metres. 4. The graph shows the speed of a car over a period of 50 seconds 35 ga Es 20 15 10 5 & 5 101520259085 40.4550 Time (s) a) Calculate the car’s acceleration in the first 15 seconds. 'b) Calculate the distance travelled whilst the car moved at constant speed. ©) Calculate the total distance travelled. Student assessment 4 1. The graph below is a speed-time graph for a car decelerating to rest. A ‘Speed (m/s) asaseee NN 2 4 © 8 0 2 1 Time (8) a) Calculate the car’s deceleration in mis”. b) Calculate, in metres, the distance the car travels in 12 seconds. c) How long did it take the car to travel half the distance?Algebra and graphs 2. The graph below shows the speeds of two cars A and B over a 15 second period. sielsaiate ial leeeieielelalal, ae 12a 45 67 8 9 10111219 1415 Time (s) ‘Speed (kmh) wo SaaS Ree a) Calculate the acceleration of ear A in m/s? b) Calculate the distance travelled in metres during the 15 seconds by car A. ©) Calculate the distance travelled in metres dur 15 seconds by car B. 3. Amotor cycle accelerates uniformly from rest to 30 kmv/h in 3 seconds. It then accelerates to 150 km/h in a further 6 seconds. a) Draw a speed-time graph for the b) Use your graph to find the total dist travels, Give your answer in metres. the 9 seconds. tance the motor cycle 4, Twocars X and Y are travelling in the same direction, The speed-time graph (below) shows their speeds over 12 seconds. 45 40 aa £90 25 Boo 3 40 a ¥ 0129845678 9101112 Time (s) a) Calculate the deceleration of ¥ during the 12-seconds, b) Calculate the distance travelled by Y in the 12 seconds. c) Calculate the total distance travelled by X in the 12 seconds. e