DYNAMICS

BDA 20103 – LECTURE 8

Dr. MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
 Brief Review Lecture 7
(Important Notes)

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 2

 F =ma in coordinate systems
p p
F2
F F p

F
qt q
F1 y q 1 q 1 qr
q 1

r
p
x F q 1
qn ω
Fn

x-y method n-t method r- method

n p p

F
q1
qx  mx F qt mr  F  m(r  2r )
q 1
q
q 1

n p
p
v2
F
q 1
qy  my  Fqn m
r
 m r 2
F
q 1
qr m(r  r 2 )
q 1

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 3

 Forces to consider

Fe

W Fe
W

Ff1
Fn
Fn

N1
Ff
N2 Ff2
N
Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 4
 New Topics to Discuss
• Energy Methods
• Work – See Basic concept of work
• General Work
• Work of a Spring Force
• Work of Weight
• Kinetic Energy
• Conservative Potential Energy
• Conservative Energy
• Power and Efficiency

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 5

 Introduction Energy Methods

• Energy is developed when a particle moves from its initial position to

another location.

• Integrating unbalance forces with respect of displacement leads to the

equations of work and energy

• Conservative force: when the work done by a force in moving a

particle from a point to another is independent of the path followed by
a particle
• Nonconservative force : in contrast of conservative force

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 6

 Work, vector analysis (dot product, vector F and vector s)

U  F. s
F

 Fx   sx 
   
s F   Fy  s  sy 
F  s 
 z  z

s1 s2
U  F . s = Fx sx  Fy s y  Fz sz

Work in Nm (=J=Joule)

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 7

 Work in curvilinear

dU  F .dr
Fn
F dr ds  magnitude dr = dr
α
Ft

r r + dr
dU  Ft ds  ( F cos  ) ds

s2

O
U  F ds
s1
t

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 8

 Calculating Work from F vs s data

s2
U  F ds
s1
t

WORK = Area under the Ft vs s

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 9

 Work in Linear spring

unstretched
s1

s2 F=k s

s
F
External load to move

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 10

 Work of a spring force

s2 s2
U    F ds    ks ds
s1 s1

s2
U  k  s ds
s1

1
U   k (s2 2  s12 )
2

For both stretching and compression the spring, the

work done on the body is ALWAYS negative

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 11

 Work of Weight

s2

1 (x1, y1,z1) U  F ds
s1
s2
   mg ds
s1

2 (x2,y2,z2)

U  mg ( s2  s1 )

The work done is independent of the path motion

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 12

 Example 1- Work
The 10-kg block rest on a smooth incline. If the
spring is originally stretched 0.5 m, determine the
total work done by all forces acting on the block
when a horizontal force P = 400 N pushes the
block up the plane s = 2 m.

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 13

 Example 1
View Free Body Diagram

Horizontal Force P. Since this

force is constant, the work is
determined using

U P  400 N 2m cos 30 
 692.8 J
Spring Force Fs. The spring is stretched to its
final position s2 = 0.5 + 2 = 2.5 m. The work is
negative since force and displacement are in
opposite directions.
Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 14
 Example 1

The work of Fs is thus


U s    (30 N / M )(2.5m)  (30 N / M )(0.5m)2   90 J
1 2 1
2 2 
Weight W. Weight acts in the opposite
direction to its vertical displacement, the work is
negative.
UW  98.1N (2m sin 30 )  98.1J

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 15

 Example 1

Normal Force NB. This force does no work

since it is always perpendicular to the
displacement.
Total Work. The work of all the forces when
the block is displaced 2 m is thus
UT  692.8  90  98.1  505J

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 16

 Kinetic Energy
Application…
• the work needed to 1
accelerate a body of a
given mass from rest to its
current velocity
2
• its roots in the Greek word
for "motion" (kinesis).

Maximum kinetic
energy ???
Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 17
 Derivation Kinetic Energy from Work

s2
U  F ds
s1
t Fn
F dr
s2 s2 s2 α
dv dv ds
U   m at ds   m ds   m ds Ft
s1 s1
dt s1
dt ds
r r + dr
s2
dv ds
U  m ds
s1
ds dt

v2
1 1
U   m v dv U12  mv2  mv12  T2  T1
2

v1 2 2
1
KINETIC ENERGY T  mv2
2

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 18

 Changing in Kinetic Energy

1 1
U12  mv2 2  mv12  T2  T1
2 2

U12  T2  T1

T1  U12  T2

The particle’s kinetic energy plus the work

done by all forces acting on the particle as it
moves from its initial position to its final
position is equal to the particle’s final kinetic
energy

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 19

 Check for understanding
• Determine the kinetic energy of a 625-kg roller coaster car that
is moving with a speed of 18.3 m/s.
• If the roller coaster car in the above problem were moving with
twice the speed, then what would be its new kinetic energy?
• Missy Diwater, the former platform diver for the Ringling
Brother's Circus, had a kinetic energy of 12 000 J just prior to
hitting the bucket of water. If Missy's mass is 40 kg, then what
is her speed?
• A 900-kg compact car moving at 60 mi/hr has approximately
320 000 Joules of kinetic energy. Estimate its new kinetic
energy if it is moving at 30 mi/hr

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 20

 Potential Energy
Application………..
• Energy stored within a
physical system
• It has the potential to be
converted into other
forms of energy
• Principle of conservation
of energy …..
Hydroelectric power station
(Dinorwig, Wales..)

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 21

 Conservative Gravitational Potential Energy

In going from one level at h=h1 to a lower level at

h=h2

The change in potential energy

Vg  mg (h2  h1 )  mg h

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 22

 Practice ##
• Use this principle to determine the blanks in the following
diagram. Knowing that the potential energy at the top of the
tall platform is 50 J, what is the potential energy at the other
positions shown on the stair steps and the incline?

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 23

 Conservative Elastic Potential Energy

The work done on the spring to deform it is stored in the spring and
is called its elastic potential energy

The change in potential energy

1

Ve  k x22  x12
2


Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 24

 PROBLEM 1
The 17.5 kN automobile travels down an 10° inclined road at a speed
of 6 m/s. If the driver jams on the brakes, causing his wheels to lock,
determine how far s the tires skid on the road. The coefficient f friction
between the wheels and the road is µ = 0.5 .

PROBLEM 2
The 40 kg boy in Figure 1 below, slides down the smooth water slide.
If he starts from rest at A, determine his speeds when he reaches B
and the normal reaction the slide exerts on the boy at this position

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 25

 Non Conservative Work and Energy Equation

When a particle is acted upon by a system of both conservative and

non conservative forces, the principle of work and energy will be

U1'2  T  Vg  Ve

T1  Vg1  Ve1  U1'2  T2  Vg 2  Ve 2

U1'2 : Work of all external non conservative forces

Vg : Conservative gravitational potential energy
Ve : Conservative elastic potential energy

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 26

 Conservation of energy

From this equation T1  Vg1  Ve1  U1'2  T2  Vg 2  Ve 2

When no non-conservative forces (external forces) are

applied to the particle, there is no non-conservative works

U1'2  0

T1  Vg1  Ve1  T2  Vg 2  Ve 2

Conservation
T  V  constant of Energy

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 27

 POWER - The time rate of doing work

The capacity of a machine is measured by the time rate at

which it can do work or deliver energy.

POWER = The time rate of doing work

dU dr
P  F.
dt dt
dU
P  F .v Nm/s =J/s=Watt=W
dt
746 W = 1 HP

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 28

 Efficiency, loss of energy

In any mechanical devices involving moving parts, there will always

be some loss of energy due to negative work of kinetic friction forces.

Poutput
mechanical 
Pinput

In addition to energy loss, in which case, electrical

efficiency, ηelectrical, and thermal efficiency, ηthermal.

total  mechanical electrical thermal

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 29

 Example 2 – Work and Energy
The 17.5-kN automobile is traveling down the 10°
inclined road at a speed of 6 m/s. if the driver jams
on the brakes, causing his wheels to lock,
determine how far s his tires skid on the road. The
coefficient of the kinetic friction between the wheels
and the road is μk = 0.5

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 30

 Example 2
Work (Free-Body Diagram). The normal
force NA does no work since it never undergoes
displacement along its line of action. The weight
17.5-kN, is displaced s sin 10° and does positive
work. The frictional force FA
does both external and internal
work. This work is negative
since it is in the opposite
direction to displacement.

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 31

 Example 2
Applying equation of equilibrium normal to the road,
+  n
F  0; ; N A  17500 cos 10
N 0
N A  17234.1N
FA  0.5 N A  8617.1N

Principle of Work and Energy.

T1  U1 2  T2
1  17500 N 
 
2  9.81m / s 
( 6 m / s ) 
2
 17500 N ( s sin 10

)  (8617.1N ) s  0

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 32

 Example 2

Solving for s yields

s = 5.75 m

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 33

 Example 3 – Conservation of Energy

The gantry structure is used to test the response of

an airplane during a clash. The plane of mass 8-Mg
is hoisted back until θ = 60°, and then pull-back
cable AC is released when the plane is at rest.
Determine the speed of the plane just before
clashing into the ground, θ = 15°. Also, what is the
maximum tension developed in the supporting
cable during the motion?

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 34

 Example 3

Potential Energy. For convenience, the datum

has been established at the top of the gantry.
Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 35
 Example 3

Conservation of Energy.
TA  VA  TB  VB
0  8000(9.81)(20 cos 60 ) 
1
(8000)vB2  8000(9.81)(20 cos15 )
2
vB  13.5m / s

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 36

 Example 3

Equation of Motion. Using data tabulated on the

free-body diagram when the plane is at B,
+  Fn  man ;
2
 (13.5)
T  8000(9.81) N cos15  (8000)
20
T  149kN

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 37

 Exercise 1
The platform P is tied down so that the 0.4-m long
cords keep a 1-m long spring compressed 0.6-m
when nothing is on the platform. If a 2-kg platform
is placed on the platform and released from rest
after the platform is pushed down 0.1-m, determine
the max height h the block rises in the air, measure
from the ground.

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 38

 See you again in Lecture 9
( Impulse and Momentum )

Dynamics - Lecture 8 MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON 39