See theory. EXPT. 58, TO DETERMINE THE SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF A WIRE USING A METRE BRIDGE. ry- ‘Theory : In the arrangement as showrl tn Fig. 7.33 if X and R be the unknown and known resistances respectivelyog RE 368 . t measured. from the distance of the null point reaiaies ‘the metre bridge, then by the principle of the Wheatstone's network we get lex R* (100-0 +y . Practical Physics i a) or. X= (700-0 + \d y are end-errors. When the restsantea X and Rare interchanged, we get RL fae: anh X* (00-tey = RIMWOO=t 4 spleen or, X= RU The meat of (1) and (2), after end-corrections, give the value of the tinknown resistance. If now L be the length of the experimental wire in centimetres then é (3) 3 where p is-the specific [Link] the material of the wire and r is the radius of the. ‘cross-section of the wire, ‘Thus p may be determined after measuring X. r and L. Apparatus : Metre bridge. Leclanche's cell (E), zero- centre galyanometer (G), rheostat (Rh), commutator (kK), resistance box (R), the ‘Specimen wire (X), connecting wires, ‘Screw-gauge etc, n of the metre bridge : see Art. 7.9 mure : (i) Make connecti Before Putting tn, tat a pla ons as shown in Fig. 7.33. at each [Link] right angles to folded portion within the ier ier Tesistance in is ah anefor Degree Students 369 (i) Move the sliding contact along the bridge wire until the galvanometer deflection is almost zero, Null point 1s being approached. (iit) If the balance point seems to be far from the middle of the bridge wire, change the value’of the resistance (R) in the right gap until the null point js brought very near the middle of the wire. Rémove the. galvanometer shunt by unplugging the key K’ and find the null point accurately and note it. Reyerse the current by changing the commutator plug and note the null point again (see discussion vii, expt, 56). Take the mean of the two readings, thus eliminating thermo-electric effects. From the relation (1) calculate the vlaue of X. (When the null point is found to be very near the middle of the bridge wire, end-errors may be ignored.) (iv) Now interchange the positions of X and R with R in the left gap (see discussion viti, expt. 56). Find out the null point. Reverse the current and again find out the null point. Calculate the value of X from (2). (If the value of X comes out appreciably different from that obiained from the previous measurement, an unknoun resistarice has been introduced in~ the bridge, may be, due to loose or faulty contact. This must be detected and eliminated). (v) With two more: known: ‘resistances, repeat the operations, every time reversing the, current. Then calculate the mean value of X. (If end-errors are ignored, take care to see that the null points are within 45 and.65 cm). (vi) Carefully determine the length L of [Link] between the two bends with a metre scale. (vii) Measure the diameter (d) of the wire with a screw gauge at several places with mutually perpendicular readings at eactr place. Results (A) Length of the wire. (Ll. ©)... em. (i)... emp, (it) .,, em, Mean L=...cm (B) Diameter of the wire (d). L, C. of the screw-gauge = ... cmee ee Practical Physicy | fa) and (b) are mutually perpendicular readings at the same place. Mean diameter of the wire, d= (c) Readings for the balance point. cm. Tore [ress or [tans pon yor x [me | ‘Unktow | Kaowa 1001 | ohms} x | o resist- | Direct | Reverse | Mean ter | Rigi 100-1 ruoht_| vet 100-1 | ter | rigs right | et . Note : When X is in the left gap calculate its value from y (2) anf when X is in the right gap calculate its value from (2). Specific resistance of the material of the given. wire is Xu Xxd? ren by 81m TEs. sabe ohm-em at the room temp ii. "C. a Discussions : (i) See'that the null point 1s not far away from the middle, {i It ts essential to see that: none of the plugs in the Z resistance box R is loose, 4 Mii) Take care to determine the diameter (d) of the wire q very accurately, liv] ‘On reversing the current if the null point ‘changes appreciably, the thermo-electric effect is too large. In such @ case close ie Ealvanometer circuit keeping the’ battery cireuit open, \The deflection of the galvanometer should be taken as the zero when looking for @ null potnt. (v) Exm.f of the cell should be checked before’ starting the experiment.In C.G.S. system it 1s gm. cm * uE OF g. ACCELER- OF A COMPOUND EXPT, 18, TO DETERMINE THE VALI ATION DUE TO GRAVITY, BY MEANS PENDULUM riz01 Dea, @ 1s. the-cenice of gravity of the pendulum of mass M, which performs oscillal “G68ut_a horizontal axis through, i] 0. When the pendulum is at an Je @ to the vertical, the equ: / ation of motion of the pendulum is [fw = Mglsind where w is the ngular ‘acceleration’ produced, is the distance OG and I is the moment__of inertia of the « pendulum about the axis of ‘oscillations, For small amplitude, Fig2.22a of vibrations, sind=@, so that ~ gio Hence ‘the motion is simple harmonic, with period of vibrations, e neax Von J If K is the radius of gyration of the pendium about an axis through G parallel to the axis of oscillatién through O [from the Parallel Axes Theorem, af 1 = M(k2+/), agd so +e [Ee on \ fer Toa Vg z wy « the periodic time of a simple pendulimt is given by Sine = —ere for Degree Students 79 T= 2n the period of the rigid body (compound Pendulum) 1s the same as that of a simple pendulum of ps 9 th men 228 7 Fy Lattee a This length L is known as the length of the simple equivalent pendulum. The expréssion forte can be written oe ‘a quadratic in.(0. ‘Thus from La} i P-L k=0 o TAI Ges HE Values of Ly and ly) for. which the body has equal times of vibration, From the ‘theory of quadratic equations, Weia=[Link] ke As th ‘sum and products of,two(roots are positive. the two Toots are both positiue. This means that there are_two a sions of the centre of suspension oi the eee E56 about which she parser mee ee there wil be te marae oo seme Sima Side of the CG. about Which Ue TREES eer Be the same This, ute aa ee Gither side of the C.G.: about which the’ time periods oT pendulum are the same (1). The distance between bw such pols, assymeticalyalfated on eitce ade otic Gan be the length (L) of the simple equivalent pendulum, If the length OG in Fig. 2.22a is l) and we measure the length GS= ke along OG produced, then ‘obviously [= ly Or, OS OUT OE riage 1. the Geta of oscillation’ about éltier Qor S is the same = “The point S is called the centre of oscillation. The points O + and S are interchangeable Le., when the body oscillates about O or S. the time, period is the same, /If this perio ne of oscillation is T, thén from the expression T = 2x “V ket pax aeoer 5 ie experiment can be determined.Practical Physics 80 } small metal wedge, a beam ‘Apparatus : A bar pendulum, & ; cena a spirit \tvel. a telescope with cross-wires in the eye-plece, stop-watch, and a wooden prism with metal edge, Description of the apparatus : The I apparatus ordinarily used in the laboratory ts a rectangular bar AB of brass about 1 meter long, A series of holes is drilled along the bar at Intervals of 2-3 cm (Fig.2.22b). By Inserting the metal wedge S in one of the holes and placing the wedge on the support S;S2, the bar may be made to oscillate. Procedure : (i) Find out the centre of gravity G of the bar by balancing it on . the wooden prism. i (W) Put a chalk mark on the line AB of the bar. Insert the metal wedge in the first hole in the bar-towards A and » Place the wedge on the support SS - so that the bar can turn round S, (it) Place a telescope at a distance of about a metre from the bar and focus the cross-wires and Totate the collar of the tube till the cross-wires form a distinct cross. Next focus the ; telescope on the bar and see that the the cross- Point of inter-section of wires coincides wit Fig.2.22b, ee th the chalk mark along the line AB of the scillate taking care to see that the ns 1s not more than 5°, Note the time Jounting the oscillations when the line “ection of the eross-wires in the same amplitude of oseiliatio for 50 oscillations by AB passes the inter- . direction.7 * *. for Degree Students aye (w) In the same way, suspend the bar at holes 2.3, each time note times for 50 oscillations, Also measure distances from the end A for each hole. (vit) When the middle point of the bar ts passed, it will tum. round so that the end B {s now on the top. But continue measuring distances from the point of suspension to the end fw Now calculate the time-period T from the time recorded for 50 oscillations. (ix) On a nice and large graph |paper, plot a curve with Tength as abscissa and period T as ordinate with the origin at the middle of the paper along the abscissa. (Fig.2.22c). () Through the point on the graph paper corresponding to the centre of gravity of the bar, draw a vertical line. Draw a second line ABCD along the abscissa. AC or BD is the length rg . of the equivalent simple pendulum je., L =h+ 7-., AG = and 2 oc= i ba, C being the centre of oscillation. Similarly GD =, and GB = a ia. B being the centre of oscillation. From this, g =4n2 = can be calculated. (xi) By drawing another line A’B'C'D' calculate another value of g Alternate method of measuring the length of the pendulum. Instead of measuring length from the end A to the point of suspension, length can also be measured from the point of Suspension to the centre of gravity G of,the bar (see Fig. 2.22b). In that case also there will be two sets of readings- one with the end A at the top and again with the end B at the top. Calculate the period T with 50 oscillations at each Suspension. Now draw a graph with the centre of gravity of the bar at the origin which is put at the middle of the paper along the abscissa. Put the length measured towards the end A to the left and that measured towards the end B to the Tight of the origin (see Fig.2.22c), A line ABCD drawn parallel to the abscissa intersects the two curves at AB C and D. »Practical Physice so the length AC or BD is the length of, the equivalent Here also the @ simple pendulum, * —~Time period (1) in sec. ° G ° —Distance of knife-edge from fixed end d) in em. Fig. 2.22¢ Results: (A) Observation for the time period , point of suspension from the end.a, 4 the distance of the ef{B) Alternate method of measuring length. Use the above table only changing the third column by "Distance from G",the centre of gravity. (From graph) cm, Length BD =...cm, a AOE a om p Corresponding time-period from the graph. ) Distances are to be measured from the end A. or the point G, preferably from A. { Ai in measuring time an accurate stop-watch should be ? ‘used. ) 2 (si) Oscillations should be counted whenever the line of the | bar crosses the intersecting point of the cross- wires, in the } same direction, | () Graph paper used should have sharp lines and accurate squares and should be sufficiently large to draw smooth and { large curves. = - Amplitude of oscillations must not be more than 5* (Av) Error due to the yielding of support, air resistance, and irregular knife-edge should be avoided,a 84 Practical Physics (vii) Determination of the position of G only helps us to “iihderstand that AG=l,andGC = X =I, and is not necessary for determining the value of 'g' 2 (viii) For the lengths corresponding to the points A,B, C and D the period is the same. (ix) At the lowest points of the curves P; and P2 the centre of Suspension and the centre of oscillation coincide. It is really difficult to locate the points P, and Py in the graph and so K is calculated from the relation K=VGAGB=[Link]. EXPT .14. TO DETERMINE THE VALUE OF 'g' BY KATER'S REVERSIBLE PENDULUM. Theory : In a Kater's pendulum if 4 and ly be distances _of two points from the centre of gravity of the bar and on opposite direction from it such that the periods, of oscillations about these points are exactly equal. then period fit Se ee When a force is applied to the free end of a eptral epring suspended from a fixed support, the spring stretches in a normal maneer and obeys Hooke's law. The ratio of the sealed force and the elongation is a constant, and is known as ti oe ae > aaa we oe ts the effective mass of the spring? On the period of vibrations of a spring with a load, the effect of the mass of the spring distributed over its whole length is the same as though one-third the mass of the spring is added to the load. This one-third the mass of the spring is known as Le 9 eee eee aw the effective mass of the spring. exert AZ. TO DETERMINE THE MOMENT OF INERTIA OF AFLY-WHEEL ABOUT ITS AXIS OF ROTATION. Theory : Fig. 2.21a, shows a mass M, attached by means of a string to the axle of a fly-wheel radius r, the moment of inertia of which, about its axis of rotation, is I. The length of the string is such that it becomes detached from the axle % when the mass strikes the floor. In falling a distance h, the potential energy of the mass has been’ converted into kinetie rotatignal and translation energy. If w be the maximum 7Practical PI 74 ‘hysics f angular velocity of the wheel, F the amount of work done | i cton (per revolution andy the number of wegitions made wile the mass falls the distance h, the Teen potent enengy of Me gin in Kinele energy of te fain in KE of flywheel + work done against friction. After the mass strikes the ground the wheel executes a further ng revolutions and the angular velocity gradually decreases to zero. The rotational Kinetic energy 4 Iw? has been * used up in overcoming frictional forces, hence a Fng= 3 lu? 2) : | Fig. 2.21 If ng revolutions take a time t, then'the average angular velocity 1 is given by ty = 252 Since the angular velocity decreases uniformly from a” k maximum w to a minimum of zero, the average angular * veloc 1 i also given by wy = WO 2 2 ‘iso the motion is uniform, hence #2 = 2802. f te, w= 2 : } From equations (1), (2) and (3) 1 eR (3) At follows that Fa wll lA ’ Apparatus : Fly-wheel, weight square, metre scale and caltipers ("SOF Stop-watich, set- Deseription of the apparatus : 1, ¢ fly-Wheel is a big-sized tostly in its rim, A thick through the centre of i es pe wheel with its Mass concentrated yr rod which 1s called the axle pasesfor Degree Students 75) gravity of the wheel which rotates about the rod as axis. The rod and the wheel are rigidly connected. The wheel is omg supported horizontal axis (Fig. 2.21b). A cord whose one eid 1s fixed to a small peg on the axle, is wrapped round the axle and carries a mass M at the other end. The length of the cord is such that it becomes detached from- the axle when the mass strikes the ground. Fig. 2.21. Procedure : (i) Put the loop at one end of the cord round the peg P (Fig. 2.21a) on the axle and a weight Mg at the other end. Wrap the cord round the axle by rotating the wheel until the weight is at A just below the rim. (ii) Pul a set-square under the weight and make a mark A’ on a stand nearby or on the wall. (iti) Allow the weight to go down tll it rests on the upper rface B of the wooden block W on the ground. Adjust the th of the cord in such a way that at this position of the weight the cord just slips off the peg P. Make a mark B' on the stand at the level of B, the upper surface of the wooden’ block. Thus the weight will fall from A to B through a height hu= AB’ just before the cord gets detached from the peg P. (iv) Rotate the wheel again till the weight is raised to the position A. Put a chalk mark H on the rim of the wheel. ‘Allow the weight to fall and count the rotation n, made by the wheel by observing the mark Hon its rim while the ‘weight falls from the position A to B. (v) Wind up the thread again till the weight is at the position A and remove the wooden block W. Allow the welght to descend. Start a stop-watch just when the cord slips off the peg and count the number of rotations ng made by the wheel before it comes 'to rest and record the time ¢ taken for the purpose.(wi) Use two different masses ( aiid take three observations in each case. (vid Measure the diameter of the axle at two mutually perpendicular directions and determine the radtue r. {vilt) Use eqn. (3) for calculating w and eqn. (4) for calculating I. Resuits WW) Table for determination of ny, nz and t Table Not eve: | wp ” (B) Data for radius of the axle. 2 ‘Vernier constant of the callipers = TableDiscussions : (i) While determining the height h, the Positions of the bottom of the weight should be marked on the stand or wall in two cases, that is when the weight is at Aand at B. (ii) Length of the string should be so adjusted that the cord slips off the peg just when the weight rests on the wooden block. (iii) Care should be taken to begin counting time and rotations at the moment the cord goes off the peg. (iv) The wheel should make a good number of rotations, say 100, before stopping. If not, oil the axle to remove friction. (vyThe diameter of the cord should be negligible as compared to the, diameter of the axle. a Qral Questions and their Answers.eee wots ok cae ates sin aa nonfon ers. eme. UA HIERN Hee VepPgE aiaatk Hous angettnags wetch 1s formed at the sti more ae MartipositidaorTiius thertelesdopierwiW tks pay inert dita doager wad ionges! dietarice unit latter dCfeq repetitions of the abovestwb woperations lalternatelyisitg es focussed for infinity. The telescope and the telescope will be collimator are now adjusted, for parallel rays. \ ERE edge of the prism, “light is reflected paftly from one and partly from the other refracting face of the prism and the angle between these two feflected!Tays is twice the angle of the pris. LeLPO Grler Pig" Be pakuliel lays Hii SEP HES different Saces-Of the priams(Rigs,5,3) Let QR andQik ke the! Gorrespondifg reflected rays and when produced back wardidet thenrimeg’'! oT (9 08.8 (pit) u > v sanad bas 9nfj Io 21901 }o Ju0 2903 Jue § es brig mieitg oi} 0} 19159" hindfor Degree Students 261 at the point D. Let S and S' be points on the continuation of PQ and PQ’. Now AD and PS are Parallel lines and since RD meets them ZRDO ZRQS = 22BQS 2ZBAD. Similarly RDO =2ZCAD +. ZRDR’=2 ZBAC. Hence ZA=2D/2 + i & where A is the ° ZBAC and D is the ROR. Fig.6.31 Procedure : (i) Make’all the necessary adjustment of the spectrometer (levelling of the telescope, callfatar and the prism table, alignment’ of the source and scren, focussing of thé cross-wires, adjustment’ of the slit and focussing for parallel rays) in. the manner described in Art5.4 coutimaron (i) Determine the vernier constants of both the verniers. Now place the prism if on the prism table so that its edge coinei- des with the centre of the table. The prism is placed in such a way that the vertical plane through the axis of the collimator will cut the base BC nearly normally (Fig.5.32). (jut) Parallel rays from Fig. 5.32 the collimator now fallH eae pe f the prism and af | on bot faces AB and AC of the prism and after wh he ana 16, a those faces, With the unaided eye, find the image formed by Fefection from the face AB of the prism, Take the telescope to the position of the eye to receive the image. {w) Now move the telescope slowly by the tangent screw b until the centre of the cross-wires coincides with the image i Of the slit. The reading of both the verniers are noted and this is repeated for three independent settings of the | felescope. Determine the mean value of these three readings i corresponding to each vernier. (s) Next the image formed by the reflection of rays at the other face AC is received first by the unaided eye and then by the telescope. Repeat the entire operation described in (j} | and take the mean value of the three readings corresponding | toeach vernier. } (vi) Determipe, separately for each of the two verniers, | the difference ffetween the two, mean, readings for the two | positions of the telescope, Take) the mean of these two | differences. Half of this is the angle A. of the prism. * | Results: | (A) Vernter constant of the prsim table’ vemier No. Value of the smallest circular séale division = +-30 | 80 vernier divn, =29 main scale divn | if Pat 2aplg 2B, ' 30 VC. = (1 29) s } C= 0-30) ms.d. =3qms.4. = G5 x 3) = ey 8) Vernier constant of the prism table vernier Noll ‘Same as vernier No, JC) Table for angle of the prism (A), Note : In measuring the angle of rotation Of the telescoy m pe and the prism table, one should always note whether thefor Degree Students 263 correct angle of rotation. In that case the correct procedure is to addh 360'to the lower of the two readings obtained and then to subtract the higher reading from the sum. As for example, if the two readings are 300° and 60° with the zero in between, then the angle of ratation will be (360+60)"-300" =120". Teaaiogs for the mage were Wren (0) ef ine too rales Discussions : (i) The source must be in front of the collimator slit so that the image appears bright. (ii) The vertical cross-wire or better the centre of the corss-wires should be made coincident withthe same edge of the slit image, Care should be taken so that there ts no parallax between the cross-wires and the slit image. (iii) For the final setting,,the telescope must be rotated carefully with the tangent screw always in the same direction so as to avoid back-lash err . (iv) While measuring the angle éf the prism, the vertex of the prism should be placed at the centre of the table. () Always use both the verniers to avoid eccentri¢ error. (v) While handling a prism, never touch the-refracting faces. Always hold it betweén the thumb at the bottom andee ee 264 Practical Physics the other fingers at the top. The faces of the prism should be cleaned with a clean piece of fine linen, if necessary. (vii) If an asbestos ring is used, it must be held in the non-lumimous part of the bunsen flame; should be supplied with fresh solution of common salt from time to time. + (viii) The width of the slit image should be as narrow as } possible. A In taking reading care should be taken to ascertain hether the zero of the main circular scale has been crossed in going from one position to the other EXPT 45. TO DETERMINE THE REFACTIVE INDEX OF THE MATERIAL OF A PRISM. Theory : If A be the angle of the prism and 5m that of minimum deviation which light of a given colour undergoes by refraction through the prism in a principal section, then the refractiveindex of the material of the prism for light of the given colour iLe., wavelength is given by the relationfor Degree Students ea magnetic materials lle in the neighbourhood of the instrument. EXPT.50. TO DETERMINE THE HORIZONTAL COMPONENT: OF THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD AND THE MAGNETIC MOMENT OF A MAGNET BY EMPLOYING MAGNETO- METERS. ‘Theory : When a bar magnet of length 2Ls placed [Link] end on position with respect to the magnetometer ngedle Te., at right angles to the magnetic meridian, either to the east or west of the needle such that its axis passes through the centre of the needle) and the earth's magnetic field is at right angles to the axis of the bar magnet (Fig. 6.5), then the ‘heedle will be acted upon by two couples of force — one dug Fig. 6.5 to the earth's horizontal field H and the other due to the field F of the magnet. It can be shown that the deflection 0 of the Beedle In Lge s sali positon ts glen by the relation Het =O) where M wt A magnetic moment of the bar magnet and d the distance of the needle from the centre’of the magnet.Practical Physics same bar magnet 1s allowed t iat he ae tc th a lane nd scillate wi ail amplitude on a 1 eee ike effects of the moment of inertia of the stirrup Gunich are small quantities in any case). the period of oscillation ts given by Ae is te arVa or, MH = SE @ where Lis the moment of inertia of the bar magnet about the axis of suspension. If the magnet’ is a rectangular one and the axis of suspension is normal to the broad face’ of the magnet and passes through its centre of gravity, then es where + b and m are the geometrical length, the breadth and the mass of the magnet respectively. Finding ¥ from (1) and MH from (2) and (3). we ean calculate H or M by dividing or multiplying (2) by (1) respectively. ‘Apparatus : Deflection and vibration magnetometers, bar magnet, balance with weight box, slide callipers, stop watch etc. Description of the apparatus : See deflection and vibration magnetometers (Art. 6.1). Procedure : (j) Weigh the bar magnet and determine its mass (m). Measure its geometric length (l) and breadth (6) (of radius if the magnet is cylindrical) with slide callipers. Calculate the magnetic length 21 from the relation 2l=0.85xl and the moment of inertia from relation (3). Gi) Remove all magnets and magnetic substances from the working table and place the deflection magnetometer on the table with its two arms perpendiilar'to the magnetic meridian i.e., perpendicular to the magnetic needle as in Fig. 6.2. At this positjgn the pointer usually reads (O° -0’) of the circular scale. Level the instrument, (ii) Place theMagnet on the arm of the magnetometer at a certain distance on one side, say east, of the needle withfor Degree Students 319 its north pole towards the needle. Adjust the position of the magnet on the arm until the pointer reads about 45° on the circular scale, Note the deflections at both ends of the pointer. Tap lightly on the glass top before taking reading so that the needle may swing freely. Note the distances d, and dy corresponding to the two ends of the magnet from the needle. The distance of the needle from the centre of the magnet is then given by, d= 425-42 iv) Turn the magnet upside down without changing its position and note the deflections of the pointer at both ends as before. {*) Without altering the position of the magnet Le., keeping the distance d of the needle, from the centre of thé magnet constant, reverse the magnet in its position so that the south pole is now towards the needle. Note the deflections at both ends of the pointer as before. Again turn the magnet upside down without changing its position and note the deflections at both ends of the pointer. (i) Transfer the magnet to the other arm of the magnetometer at the west side of the magnetic needle’so that the distance of the needle from the centre of the magnet is again d. Repeat the entire operations described in (ii, Gv) and (v) when you will get another eight readings for the deflection of the needle. The mean of all these sixteen deflections gives @ (see discussion). Using relation (i), calculate M/H. (vit) Repeat the entire operation of (ti), (iv), (v) and by placing the magnet at least at three different distamites from the needle and determine the value of the ratio M in. each case. Take the mean of these values. (viii) Now place the yibration magnetometer at the samé place in such a way that the line LL, marked on the plane mirror, is along the magnetic meridian, In order to do so first of all remove all magnets and magnetic materials to a distance and then place a small compass needle in the box above the line on the floor and rotate the box until the line #sPractie: | 5R° al wea F ae . parallel to the needle. Then fétate the torkion head till the ant stirgup becomes parallel'to the line. Remove the needle and place the magnet horizontally on the stirrup. This makes sure that the magnet is parallel to the line LL and herice is along the magnetic meridian, (ix) Level the magnetometer, With the help of an extra ‘magnet from outside, deflect the magnet inside the box by a very, small angle which should not exceed 5". Watching the osclflfiigns through a slot from above, note the time of transit across the line on the oor for at least 30 oscillations. Take at least three independent readings. Determine T, the period, for each. reading, Take. the mean. Using the values of Tand T in relation (2) calculate the value of MH. (9 From the known values of Hand MH, determine H | and M in the manner mientionéd in the theory. Results *(A) Moment of inertia’) of the niagnet Length and breadth of the magnet by slide callipers: Determine the vernier constant of the slide callipers in the manner shown in No. of | Léngthin | Mean | Breadth | Mean | | obs. cm (ta) in em (b) j ‘o (b) | T 7 es 2 is : z q : - : TE Tp Ul? +b) FFG oP + 6 sn amy comnk, (B) Half the magnetic length of the magnet (V. 2l= 0.85 xl = lee em, (C) Mass of the magnet, m cm.fade nem Uh steers, ‘ype oe Mean Aebleclion ‘in degree nt for Degree Students ‘Table for determination of M/H. value a li Mean Mii * a (D) Determination of MH. AT j [Link] | Time for 40] Period | Mean | Moment | 9.8%! | obs, | oscillations | (7) | (ty fof inertia] MY" ™ of the | magnet 1 za 2 is e i 2 4 A bed olPractical Physics i 322 } Cagaintion i t of i (1) MH & as one oe \ MH ae 2d + Hence, H = + ‘tt caaprane oersted uM ‘an? (d2-A)? tan @ . ang eafMix Me AS a dyne-cm - per oersted. +: y Before the start of the experiment erials at a great distance Se iscussions Shove all magnets or magnetic mate from the working table. Nad) The deflection should be large and kept near about |. aM iM the or may be sallTe valu of shoul be } large in comparison with the length of the magnet. ‘To minimise the effect of friction at the pivot. lightly b tap’ the magnetometer box before reading the deflection. {iv) Operations (11), (Ww), () and (vi) are important as they eliminate the following three errors which are due to: f {a The pivot may not be at the centre of the circular } scale, This 1s eliminated by reading both ends of the pointer. g& The zeroes of the linear scale may not coincide with ‘the pivot. This is eliminated by repeating the readings with the magnet placed at the same scale reading along the other arm. : (©) The poles of the magnet may not be symmetrically placed wigh respect to the mid-point. This is eliminated by Fepeating al the readings with the magnet reversed end for eni ie (d) The magnetic and geometric axis of the magnet m not coincide. This tyeliminated by repeating the reading with a particular face of the magnet kept alternately up and down, without changing its position, The ratio between the ef ea arene thee eng and on the breadth of the magnet, However, the ratio 0.85 18 @ fairly good one to take for the commonty used ber masnels (length 10 cm, bigadth ~1 cm). paused DeEaneea az Ae BSrs seeooy ue ~ Gdbeing large, an error in evaluating the magnetic length will - hot appreciabl wee for Degree Students 323 (vi) Use strong bar magnet for the sake of obtaining good Frsults in this experiment. As a result 6 will be large and so can be kept large. This will reduce the érror in H. Further, ly affect the final result. vii) During the oscillation of the magnet, the amplitude of Its oscillation should not exceed 10° under any circumstances. But it is better to keep it within 5°. The oscillation of the suspension fibre should also be avoided so that there is no pendulum oscillation of the magnet. (viii) When the magnet is laid flat, the breadth entering into thie moment of inertia calculation is the actual breadth. But when it is laid edge-on, the thickness of the magnet should be regarded as its breadth for the purpose of calculating moment of inertia. Oral Questions and their Answers. 1. Define magnetic moment. What ts {ts unit? + Magnetic moment Is defined as the mechanical moment of the couple required to hold the magnet atvright. angles to a or Pe PNT GT ee a oar aT ge