ABEN 3412 - Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
CAROLYN GRACE G. SOMERA
Professor
Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering
College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University
Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Sample Problem 1
Compute the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for a given day
(December 7) in a certain area given the following data:
Parameter Value
Maximum temperature, Tmax 30.61 oC
Minimum temperature, Tmin 22.0 oC
Dewpoint temperature, Tdew 16.9 oC
Wind speed at 2 m above ground surface, u2 18.40 km/day
Daylength 11.0 hours
Sunshine duration, n 4.9 hours
Altitude, z 75.0 masl
Latitude 16.0 oN
Relative humidity, RH 56.32%
PENMAN-MONTEITH EQUATION
𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟖 ∆ 𝑹𝒏 − 𝐆 + 𝛄 𝑻 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝒖𝟐 (𝒆𝒔 − 𝒆𝒂 )
𝑬𝑻𝒐 =
∆ + 𝜸 (𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒 𝒖𝟐 )
where: Eto - reference evapotranspiration, mm day-1
Rn - net radiation at the crop surface, MJ m-2 day-1
G - soil heat flux density, MJ m-2 day-1
T - air temperature at 2 m height, °C
u2 - wind speed at 2 m height, m s-1
es - saturation vapor pressure, kPa
ea - actual vapor pressure, kPa
es-ea - saturation vapor pressure deficit, kPa
Δ - slope vapor pressure curve, kPa °C-1
γ - psychrometric constant, kPa °C-1
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Mean Temperature, Tmean Sample Excel Format:
Tmean = (30.61 + 20.0)/2 Equation
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑻𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 =
𝟐
30.61 + 22.0
𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
2
or
𝑻𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟑oC Using the AVERAGE function
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Slope of Saturation Vapor
Pressure Curve, Δ
Using Tmean and
Table B.4 (PAES 602:2016)
𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 26.3oC
By interpolation:
26.0 = 0.199
26.3 = x
26.5 = 0.204
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Interpolation continuation…
26.3 − 26.0 𝑥 − 0.199
=
26.5 − 26.0 0.204 − 0.199
26.3 − 26.0
0.204 − 0.199 = 𝑥 − 0.199
26.5 − 26.0
26.3 − 26.0
𝑥= 0.204 − 0.199 + 0.199
26.5 − 26.0
𝑥 = 0.202 𝑘𝑃𝑎/℃
∆ = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂/℃
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Using the Equation Sample Excel Format:
𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟕𝑻
𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟖 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟖𝒆𝒙𝒑
∆= 𝑻 + 𝟐𝟑𝟕. 𝟑
(𝑻 + 𝟐𝟑𝟕. 𝟑)𝟐
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 26.3℃
17.27 26.3
4098 0.6108𝑒𝑥𝑝
26.3 + 237.3
∆=
(26.3 + 237.3)2
∆ = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂/℃
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Psychrometric Constant, γ
Using z and
Table B.5 (PAES 602:2016)
𝑧 = 75.0 m
𝜸 = 0.067 ࡼࢇ/℃
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Psychrometric Constant, γ
Using Equations 𝟓.𝟐𝟔
𝟐𝟗𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟓 𝒛
𝜸 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑷 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟑
𝟐𝟗𝟑
𝛾 = 0.665 × 10−3 (100.42) 5.26
293 − 0.0065 (75)
𝜸 = 0.067 ࡼࢇ/℃ 𝑃 = 101.3
293
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Mean Saturation Vapor
Pressure, es
𝒆𝒐 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝒆𝒐 𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒆𝒔 =
𝟐
Using Tmax and Tmin
and Table B.6
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 30.6℃
𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 22.0℃
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Mean Saturation Vapor Pressure, es
By interpolation & using Table B.6:
𝒆𝒐 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟗𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝑨
𝒆𝒐 𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑷𝑨
4.391 + 2.644
𝑒𝑠 =
2
𝒆𝒔 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Mean Saturation Vapor Pressure, es
Using Equations:
𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟕 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟎
𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟕 𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝟎 𝒆 𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟖𝒆𝒙𝒑
𝒆 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟖𝒆𝒙𝒑
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐𝟑𝟕. 𝟑 𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏 + 𝟐𝟑𝟕. 𝟑
17.27 (30.6) 𝑒 0 𝑇 17.27 (22.0)
𝑒 0 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.6108𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.6108𝑒𝑥𝑝
30.6 + 237.3 22.0 + 237.3
𝒆𝟎 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟗𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂 𝒆𝟎 𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑷𝒂
4.391 + 2.644
𝑒𝑠 = 𝒆𝒔 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂
2
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Actual Vapor Pressure, ea
Using Tdew and Table B.6
𝑇𝑑𝑒𝑤 = 16.9℃
By interpolation:
𝒆𝟎 𝑻𝒅𝒆𝒘 = 𝒆𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟐𝟔 𝒌𝑷𝒂
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Actual Vapor Pressure, ea
Using Equation
𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟕 𝑻𝒅𝒆𝒘
𝒆𝒂 = 𝒆𝟎 𝑻𝒅𝒆𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟖𝒆𝒙𝒑
𝑻𝒅𝒆𝒘 + 𝟐𝟑𝟕. 𝟑
17.27 (16.9)
𝑒𝑎 = 𝑒0 𝑇𝑑𝑒𝑤 = 0.6108𝑒𝑥𝑝
16.9 + 237.3
𝒆𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Actual Vapor Pressure, ea
Using RHmax and RHmin
𝑹𝑯𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑹𝑯𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒆𝒐 𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏 + 𝒆 𝒐 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒆𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐
Using RHmax (recommended if there are errors in RHmin)
𝒐
𝑹𝑯𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒆𝒂 = 𝒆 𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝟏𝟎𝟎
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Actual Vapor Pressure, ea
Using RHmean
𝑹𝑯𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒐 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝒆𝒐 𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒆𝒂 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐
or
𝑹𝑯𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏
𝒆𝒂 = 𝒆𝒔
𝟏𝟎𝟎
56.32
𝑒𝑎 = (3.518) 𝒆𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂
100
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Vapor Pressure Deficit, es - ea
𝑒𝑎 − 𝑒𝑠 = 3.518 − 1.925
𝑒𝑠 = 3.518 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝒆𝒂 − 𝒆𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝟑 𝐤𝐏𝐚 𝑒𝑎 = 1.925 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (Using Tdew)
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Extraterrestrial Radiation, Ra
Using latitude and
Table B.7 (PAES 602:2016)
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 = 16 °𝑁
𝑹𝒂 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟗 𝑴𝑱𝒎−𝟐 𝒅𝒂𝒚−𝟏
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Mean Daylight Hours, N
Using latitude and
Table B.8 (PAES 602:2016)
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 = 16 °𝑁
𝑵 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Relative Sunshine Duration, n/N
𝑛 = 4.9 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑁 = 11.1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑛/𝑁 = 4.9/11.1
𝒏/𝑵 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Extraterrestrial Radiation, Ra
Using latitude and
Table B.7 (PAES 602:2016)
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 = 16 °𝑁
𝑹𝒂 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟗 𝑴𝑱𝒎−𝟐 𝒅𝒂𝒚−𝟏
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Solar Radiation, Rs Clear-sky Solar Radiation, Rso
𝒏 𝟐𝒛
𝑹𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝑹𝒂 𝑹𝒔𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝑹𝒂
𝑵 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑛 = 4.9 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑧 = 75.0 𝑚
𝑁 = 11.1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
2 (75.0)
𝑅𝑎 = 27.9 𝑀𝐽𝑚−2 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1 𝑅𝑠𝑜 = 0.75 + 27.9
100,000
4.9 𝑹𝒔𝒐 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟗𝟕 𝑴𝑱𝒎−𝟐 𝒅𝒂𝒚−𝟏
𝑅𝑠 = 0.25 + 0.50 27.9
11.1
𝑹𝒔 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟑 𝑴𝑱𝒎−𝟐 𝒅𝒂𝒚−𝟏
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Relative Shortwave Radiation, Net Solar Radiation, Rns
Rs/Rso
𝑹𝒏𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝑹𝒔
𝑅𝑠 = 13.13 𝑀𝐽𝑚−2 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1 𝑅𝑠 = 13.13 𝑀𝐽𝑚−2 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1
𝑅𝑠𝑜 = 20.97 𝑀𝐽𝑚−2 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1
𝑅𝑛𝑠 = 0.77(13.13)
𝑅𝑠 /𝑅𝑠𝑜 = 13.13/20.97
𝑹𝒏𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 𝑴𝑱𝒎−𝟐 𝒅𝒂𝒚−𝟏
𝑹𝒔 /𝑹𝒔𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Net Longwave Radiation, Rnl
𝝈𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙,𝑲𝟒 + 𝝈𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝑲𝟒 𝑹𝒔
𝑹𝒏𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒 𝒆𝒂 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓
𝟐 𝑹𝒔𝒐
σ = 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑛 − 𝐵𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝐾 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 24 − ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝐾 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 24 − ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Stefan-Boltzmann Law (σTK4)
at Different Temperatures (T)
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 30.6℃
𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 22.0℃
𝝈𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙,𝑲𝟒 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟕𝟒 𝑴𝑱𝒎−𝟐 𝒅𝒂𝒚−𝟏
𝝈𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝑲𝟒 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟏 𝑴𝑱𝒎−𝟐 𝒅𝒂𝒚−𝟏
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Net Longwave Radiation, Rnl
𝜎𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝐾4 + 𝜎𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝐾4 𝑅𝑠
𝑅𝑛𝑙 = 0.34 − 0.14 𝑒𝑎 1.35 − 0.35
2 𝑅𝑠𝑜
𝜎𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝐾4 = 41.74 𝑚−2 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1 𝑒𝑎 = 1.925 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝐾4 = 37.21 𝑚−2 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1 𝑅𝑠 /𝑅𝑠𝑜 = 0.63
41.74 + 37.21
𝑅𝑛𝑙 = 0.34 − 0.14 1.925 1.35(0.63) − 0.35
2
𝑹𝒏𝒍 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟗 MJ m−2 day−1
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Net Radiation, Rn
𝑹𝒏 = 𝑹𝒏𝒔 − 𝑹𝒏𝒍
𝑅𝑛𝑠 = 10.11 𝑀𝐽𝑚−2 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1
𝑅𝑛𝑙 = 2.879 MJ m−2 day−1
𝑅𝑛 = 10.11 − 2.879
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟑 MJ m−2 day−1
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Soil Heat Flux, G
For a day and ten-day periods:
𝑮𝒅𝒂𝒚 ≈ 𝟎
For monthly periods:
𝑮𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉,𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕(𝑻𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉,𝒊+𝟏 − 𝑻𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉,𝒊−𝟏 )
where: Tmonth,i+1 = mean air temperature of next month, oC
Tmonth,i -1 = mean air temperature of previous month, oC
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Soil Heat Flux, G
For monthly periods (if Tmonth,i+1 is unknown ):
𝑮𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉,𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕(𝑻𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉,𝒊 − 𝑻𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉,𝒊−𝟏 )
where: Tmonth,i = mean air temperature of month i, oC
For hourly or shorter periods:
During daylight periods During nighttime periods
𝑮𝒉𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝑹𝒏 𝑮𝒉𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝑹𝒏
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
Wind Speed, u2
For elevation other than 2 meters
𝟒. 𝟖𝟕
𝒖𝟐 = 𝒖𝒛
𝒍𝒏(𝟔𝟕. 𝟖 𝒛 − 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐)
where: u2 - wind speed at 2m above ground surface, m s-1
uz - measured wind speed at z m above ground surface, m s-1
z - height of measurement above ground surface, m
PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
900
0.408 ∆ 𝑅𝑛 − 𝐺 + 𝛾 𝑇 + 273 𝑢2 (𝑒𝑠 − 𝑒𝑎 )
𝐸𝑇𝑜 =
∆ + 𝛾 (1 + 0.34 𝑢2 )
0.408 (0.202) 7.23 − 0 + (0.067)
900
(0.21)(1.593) 𝑅𝑛 = 7.23 MJ m −2 day−1
𝐸𝑇𝑜 = 26.3 + 273
0.202 + (0.067) 1 + 0.34(0.21) 𝐺𝑑𝑎𝑦 ≈ 0
𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 26.3oC
𝑬𝑻𝒐 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟐 𝐦𝐦/𝐝𝐚𝐲 𝑢2 = 18.40 𝑘𝑚 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1
= 0.21 𝑚 𝑠 −1
𝑒𝑎 − 𝑒𝑠 = 1.593 kPa
∆ = 0.202 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ℃−1
𝛾 = 0.067𝑘𝑃𝑎 ℃−1
