CHAPTER 2 TRANSFORMATION) OF COORDINATES 8. The coordinates of a point depend upon the origin and the axes of coordinates chosen. If a point be given in Position, then its coordinates referred to one set of axes will change as soon as a new set of axes be taken. It is evident that the equation of a curve will also change by such a transformation. But if we know the equation of the curve referred to one set of axes, we can deduce the equation referred to another set of axes. When we pass from one set of axes to another, the process is known as the Transformation of Coordinates. 9. To change the origin of coordinates without changing the direction of axes (Translation) Let OX, OY be the original axes of coordinates. Let 0’X’, O'Y’ be the new axes of coordinates parallel to the original axes through the new origin O'. Let (Q, B) be the coordinates of O' referred to the original axes. Let P be any point whose coordinates referred to the old axes are (x, y) and referred to the new axes (x’, y’). Draw PM parallel to OY, cutting OX in M and O’X’ in M’. Draw O'N perpendicular to OX. Then OM = x, O'M’ = 1’, PM = y, PM from the geometry of the figure, we get, _ OM=ON+NM=ON+O'M’ and = MM’ + PM’ = O'N + PM’ (A) and (A’) are the equations of transformation from the old to the new axes and from the new to the old respectively. Coordinate Geometry & Vector Analysis—3 Scanned with CamScanner18 A TEXTBOOK ON COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND VECTOR ANALYSIS Thus when the origin is transferred to (ct, B), the transformed equation of a curve is obtained by substituting x’ + 0. for x and y+ B for y and finally suppressing the accents. That is, the result is obtained only by putting x + a for x and y +B for y in the original equation. Ex. What does the equati: 4x y+ 0)become when the ori is transferred to (2, 3})the direct SFemaining unaltered ? The transformed equation is obtained by putting x +2 for x and y +3 for y in the equation. So the transformed equation is (x4 27 + nad 10. To transform from one set of rectangular axes system to another with the same origin (Rotation) Let OX and OY be the original axes of coordinates, and OX’, OY’ be the new axes through the same origin and 0 be the angle through which they have been turned in the same sense. That is 4XOX' = ZYOY' = 6. Let P be any point whose co- ordinates are (x, y) referred to the original axes and (x’, y') referred to the new axes of coordinates. Draw PM and PM’ respectively perpendiculars to OX and OX’. Draw M'N parallel to OY cutting OX in N and M’N’ parallel to OX cutting PM in N’. Then OM =x, OM’ PM =y, PM’ =y'. Fig. 11 Again PM perpendicular to OX, and PM’ perpendicular to OX’ ZMPM' = ZXOX' = 0. Se Scanned with CamScannerTRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES Now OM = ON ~ MN = ON ~ M’N’ = OM’ cos 0 — PM’ sin or(¥=%' cos 8’ sin @ 19 "+ PN’ = M’N + PN’ = OM’ sin 0 + PM’ cos 0 Yay ce Thus x= x’ cos —y'sinO) we Ty A). and eet ee . ™ . ) Solving the equations in (B), we get x =xcosO+ysin0 | : y =—xsin 8 +y cos 0 \ . These transforming equations (B) and (B’) may be conveniently remembered from the following scheme : which may be read either horizontally oF vertically. The transformed equation of a curve, in this transformation, is then obtained by substituting x cos 6 — y sin 6 for and x sin 0 +y cos 0 for y. Cor. If the origin is first transferred to the point (c., B) and the new set of axes through this origin be inclined at an angle 0 to the original axes, the formulae of transformation will obviously be the combination of the above two sets of formulae. ie., x=a+x' cos0—y’ sin @ eee ea) ©) Ex. Transform to axes inclined at 45° to the original axes the equation ay? =a, 1 A a 1 Here 6 = 45° -. cos@=cos 45° = ygand sin @ = sin 45° = No) 7 1 ty Then x= x’ cos 0—y' sin 0 = 35 —y'. 5 “pe — and y =x’ sin 0 + y' cos 0 = Scanned with CamScanner20 ‘A TEXTBOOK ON COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND VECTOR ANALYSIS Substituting these values of x and y in the original equation, we have Leh Lara ye feof feo +s} or, (x — P= (x" + y')? = 2a? or, —4x’y' = 20? or, 2x’y +02 whence suppressing accents, 2xy +a2 = 0, and this is the required transformed equation. 11. Effect of transform inates upon the equation we . (1) { This Squatio represents the general equation of the second degree | (a) First consider the transformation —=C~*‘“‘*~* rox’ taandy=y +f. When substituted in (1), the equation is transformed to a(x + a)? + 2h(x +0) (y +B) + bly +B)? + 2g(x + a) + 2fly +B) +e =0 [omitting accents] or, ax? + Dhxy + by? + 2(ack + hB + g)x + 2(hee + BB + fy +00? + 2hoB + DB? + 2ga + 2B +c=0 = Q) We see from (1) and (2) that the terms of the highest degree are unchanged and the constant term is the result of substituting o: for x and for y in the original expression. If we write F(x, y) = ax? + Qhay + by? + gx + 2fy +e, then (ot, B) = ac? + 2haB + bB? + 2gar + 2fB +c, OF = 2a + 2h + 2g = Alan +hB +g) and ae Zhe. + 2B + 2f = 2(her + bB +f). where 9 denotes the partial derivative of F(a, ) with respect to 8. Scanned with CamScannerTRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES 21 Substituting these in (2), oo ee seats is cast in the simple form as IF ax? + Qhay + by +x So + y 9p * Flo. B) = (3) Expressing this as ax? + h’xy + Diy? + 2e'x + fy +e = (3) where a =a, b'=b,h’ =h, GT Me thB +g, f" =F Raha + WB +f ¢ = Fla, B) = a2 + 2haB + bP? + 2ga + 2B +c, (ii) a’b’ —h? = ab— he Also denoting the expression (abe + 2fgh — af — bg? — ch?) by A, that is, letting A= abe + 2fgh — af? — bg? — ch we have, vig a h aa + hB +g vel bo fla] oh b ho + bg +f sf Cl lacthB+g ha+bB+f ac? +2haf +562 + 290 +2fB +c ah aa+hB+g or, a’ = |h b ha+bp+f [taking r= 73 — (a. + B.72)] f ga+fB+c A\a hg =|h b f| [taking cj =¢3— (our + [Link])] sfe that is, (iii) A’ = ab’ + 2f' gh’ —a'f?—V'g?-c (b) Now consider the transformation or, hi? = abe + 2fgh — af? — bg? — ch?, x=x'cos0—y' sin y =x’ sin@ +y/ cos® The transformed equation in this case is a(x cos 0 — y sin 0)? + 2h(x cos © — y sin 0) (x sin @ +y cos 6) + b(x sin 0 + y cos 0)? + 2¢(x cos 0 — y sin 0) + 2f(x sin @ + y cos ®) +¢=0 4 [ omitting accents ] Scanned with CamScannernm 5B A TEXTBOOK ON COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND VECTOR ANALYSIS Let this be simplified to a’x? + Qh'xy + by? + 2g’ + 2f'y tc =0 whence from a comparison of (4) and (5), we get a’ = coefficient of x? =a cos*@ + 2h cos 6 sin 0 +b sin?0 =a (ese +608 2) +hsin 20+ (= os 2) a 1 05 20 + i sin 20 bY = coefficient of y2 =a sin20 — 2h cos® sind + b cos’0 = qb 60828 _ h sin 20 + pit 90s 20 cos 20 —h sin 26 co-efficient of xy 2h(cos? 6 — sin? 8) — 2a cos 0 sin @ + 2b cos O sin® = 2h cos 26 — (a —b) sin 20 or, I’ = cos 20 — ">" sin 20 g = coefficient of 2: f” = coefficient of 2y exc From (6), (7) and (8), vy pr eth and : a+b a+b = [Link] 0 +fsin 0, —gsin 0 +f cos 0, ie., (i) a’ +b’ = and ab’ hr? = fe + (2 cos 20 +h sin 20 + cos 20 + isin 20 oa fr cos 20 " — a 2 7 —|Z 60s 20 + h sin 26 | —| h cos 20 — " = 2 —bP ;) -(34) =H? [+ sin? 20 + cos? 20 = 1] or, (ii) a —N2 = ab — Ie? Scanned with CamScanner (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) ~(*zbeos20 + sin20)<044TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES 23 Cor. If we require that the term xy will be absent in the transformed equation, then I = 0. Hence from (8), bcos 20-2" sin 29 = 0 or, tan 20 e (10) Therefore, if the axes are rotated throu; Fw the term xy will be absent in the transformed equation. Again A! =a + 2f'g'h — af? Wg? — ch? = e(a'b’ —h?) + 2(—g sin + f cos 8) (g cos 0 +f sin 0)h’ —a'(~g sin 8 + f cos 0)? — h'(g cos 0 +f sin 0)? or, A’ = clab— fh?) + [(f2 — 92) sin 20 + 2/g cos 20] h’ = [fs (E58 cos 20 —fg sin | 2 2 -y [ese - (G# cos 20 — fy sin 2) igh an angle 2 = c(ab =f?) — (a +. mere + ((f2 —g) sin 20 + 2fg cos 26)}h" = [t5# cos 26 — fy sin 20) a’ —b/) = c(ab— 12) —(a+ nese + [G2 — 82) sin 20 + 2fg cos 29}.(t cos 20-854 sin 20 — [(f? —g?) cos 26 — 2fg sin 20] (x sin 20 +95" cos 20 —b = cab — 2) 248 p24 92) 85 ibe + 2fgh — af? — bg? — ch? = A (iii) a’ =A. The discussions raveal that if there is a translation or rotation of the axes of coordinates or a combination of both, the equation — 8?) + 2fgh ‘Scanned with CamScannerNALYSIS 24 A TEXTBOOK ON COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND VECTOR ANA\ transforms to a’x? + Qh'xy + bly? + 2g'x + 2f'y + = 0 in whicly, J. (f+ =a+b (ifa’b’ —b2 = ab —12 — “A on qt) (ia'sa on, a’b'e’ + 2f'g'h! — a'f? — b'g? — c’h? =(abe + 2fgh — af — bs’ The quantities like a+b. ab—? and A which remai transformations are the invariants. cht Fall possible ™ ' erify that when the axes are turned through an angle 4° the equation 5x? + dry + 5y?— 10 = 0 transforms to one in which the term xy is absent. Here a=5,b=Sandh=2 If the axes be tumed through an angle 2h rics 3 tare the term xy will be absent in the transformed equation. Again, if the axes are rotated through ¥, the transformed equation is obtained by substituting oo fae i x= xcos $—ysin T= y (x—y) a sie and y =x sin} +y cos ® = 45 (x + y) in the original equation. Thus the transformed equation is xy? xay)\(x+y cy 5f | a( #( V2 )93(G ) 7 10=0 or, 3 (xy)? + 200? = y?) + 3 (x+y? or, 5(x? — 2xy + y2) + A(x? — y2) + 5(x? + 2xy + y2) — 20 = 0 or, 14x? + 6y?— 20 =0 or, 7x? + 3y?— 10 =0, in which the term xy is absent. Hence the result. Scanned with CamScannerTRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES 25 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES > Transform the equation 9x2 + 24xy + 2y2— 6x + 20y + 41 = 0 in rectangular "+ 2any + 2y?— 6x + 20y + 41 coordinates s0 as to remove the terms in x, y and xy, Parallel axes through the point (ct, f). The transformed equation is then Be WK Joya 9(x'+ a? + 24Gk + a) (y's B) + 20y's By? (x's ©) + 20y'+ B) +41 =0 or, 9x4 24xy + 2y? + (1800 4 248 — 6)x + (doe + 48 + 20)y +a? + 2408 + 28? — 60 +208 + 4D=0 ve (1) The terms in x and y in (1) will be absent if 18a + 248 — 6 = 0, and 240% 48 +20 =0: that is, if =—1, and B =1, Let us first transform the equation to Hence when the given equation is transformed to Parallel axes through the point (1, 1), it becomes 9x? + 2ary + 2y2 + 54=0 5 in an (2) Now in order to remove the term in xy, let the axes be rotated throguh the angle @. Therefore, replacing x by (x cos 6 — y sin 8) and y by (x sin @ + y cos 6), we have from (2), 9(x cos 0 — y sin 8)? + 24(x cos 8 — y sin 6) (x sin @ + y cos 8) + 2x sin @ + y cos 6)? +54 =0 or, (9 cos? + 24 cos @ sin 6 + 2 sin? 6)x? +(21-7 cos @ sind + 12(cos? 0 — sin?0)} xy)+ (9 sin? — 24 sin 8 cos® +2 cos?Oy2=0 ... (3) by our assumption, —7 cos @ sin 8 + 12(cos? @ — sin? 6) = 0 Yi 24 or, —Z sin 20 + 12 cos 20 = Vie. tan 20 = 2 124 otto Te 20 = tar 7 =2tan'7 or, ao So, sind =§ 4 and cosO == Coordinate Geometry & Vector Analysis—4 Scanned with CamScannerR ANALYSIS A TEXTROOK ON COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND VECTO! and simplifying we get finally. 5 llowi move the term xy from (2), we can also proceed in the following Let 0 be the angle of rotation of the axes as before. Then, 2h way. use the formula{tan 20 = 7 3 when 0 = tant} Let the equation (2), when referred to these axes, transform to (3) ax? + by? +54=0 Then by the theorem of invariants (a’ +b’ =a +b, a’b’—h? = ab—I) we have, a’ +b’ =9+2=11 and a’b’ — 0? = 9x 2— 122 =— 126. Whence solving, a’ = 18 and b'=—7 from (3), the required transformed equation is 18x? — 7y? +54=0. EXERCISE 2 Transform the following equations : (Both sets of axes being rectangular). 3x — 25y + 41 = 0 to parallel axes through (— 3, 2). 2. x? +y?— 8x + 14y + 5 = 0 to parallel axes through (4, — 7). 1 a). 4, 3x7 + 5y*— 3 = 0 to axes turned through 45°. 3. yly—2a) = ax to parallel axes through ( 5. 7x? —2xy + y? +1 = 0 to axes turned through the angle tan} x * @® @pq 20 (Op-* #y (17 = 0 to axes through the point (— 1, 2) inclined at —— the original axes. an angle(fan @ 11x2 + 3xy + 7y? +19 = 0 s0 as to remove the term in xy. — — Scanned with CamScanner: TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES 27 Us) 9x? + 15xy + y? + 12x— 11y — 15 = 0 soas to remove the terms in x, y and xy 9. (at + by +0) (bx —ay +d) =a a 82 to axes through the point 4% (_actbd ad—be) wer (- eB gabe ) inclined at an angle tan? (- i) to thé otiginal axes. Me. x? — y? — Qax + 2by + 2 = 0 to axes through the point (a, b) inclined [Link] angle T to the original axes. ay By transforming to parallel axes through a properly chosen point (h, k), prove that the equation 3x? — Sy + y2 + 7x + Sy ~ 23 = 0 can be reduced to one containing only terms of the second degree. ANSWERS 1, 3x—25y—18=0. i_, 24 ~— +aw 2 2+y—60=0. 8 ’ = 3. ysax 4. G2 + 2xy +4y2—3=0. 5. 5x*—6xy + 3y?+1=0 6. oar? fan) 186y? — 25x + 175y + 1550 =0. n 7. To axes rotated through the angle tan? ty 23x? 13y24 3820. |! 3 8. Toaxes through (1, —2), rotated through the angle tant >; 2722 —7y?+4=0. 9. xy=1. aay Poel 1. (3,5). , : Scanned with CamScanner