Aircraft Maintenance  The fuel is quickly cut off to the nozzles

Turbine Engines and the manifolds are drained preventing

fuel boiling off as a result of residual
engine heat
 A hot start is indicated if the exhaust gas
 Allow the turbine wheel to cool before the
temperature exceeds specified limits
case contracts around it
 Turbine Blades
 Turbine inlet temperature (ultimate
 Stators
limiting factor)
 3 and 5 (wax or grease pencil & graphite
 On a time or cycle basis (hot section
lead pencil)
inspections)
 Rotor and stator (Axial-flow compressor
 Decrease the air velocity and prevent
assembly)
swirling
 Straighten and collect the exhaust gases
 The same slot (turbine blades
into a solid exhaust jet
reinstallation)
 Compressor may be contaminated or
 After the engine has reached self-
damaged
accelerating speed
 Turn off the fuel and continue engine
 Should be performed parallel to the
rotation with the starter
length of the blade using smooth
 Erosion damage to the compressor and contours to minimize stress points
turbine sections
 Every body persists in its state of rest, or
 Seek its own best operating speed (dual- of motion in a straight line unless acted
spool compressor) by some outside force (Newton’s 1st law
 Impulse, reaction, and impulse-reaction of motion)
(3 types of turbine blades)  1 and 2 (engine driven propeller and
 The total pressure at station No. 7 turbojet and turbofan)
 Impeller and diffuser (centrifugal  Across the leading or trailing edge at
compressor) aright angle to the edge length (rupture
 Single entry and double entry (types of cracks)
centrifugal compressor impeller)  Labyrinth and/or carbon rubbing
 Both No. 1 and 2 are true  Stator vanes
 Retrim the engine  Field cleaning (removing dirt deposits on
 At the compressor outlet compressor blades)
 Low-pressure compressor  Number of stages in compressor
 To straighten airflow to eliminate  Decrease the velocity of the gas flow
turbulence (stator vane assembly) (stators acts a diffuser)
 N(2) compressor  Engine main bearing distress
 Convert velocity energy into pressure  Burner pressure (automatic fuel control
energy unit)
 To extract more power from the exhaust  Drives the compressor section
gases than a single wheel can absorb  1, 2 and 4 (turbine engines exposed to
 The engine manufacturer (recommend high temperatures)
TBO)  Multiple-can, annular, and can-annular
 Neither No.1 nor No. 2 is true  Cracking (hot section damage)
 Shrouded turbine rotor blades (reduce  Decreases (pressure in convergent
bladed vibration) nozzle)
 N(2) compressor (first stage of turbine  Increases (velocity in convergent nozzle)
drives)  Stress rupture
 Starter, Ignition and Fuel (turbojet  Impulse-reaction (turbine blades
sequence) commonly used in jet engines)
 At the higher engine speeds, thrust  Creep
increases rapidly with small increases in  The engine manufacturer (replacement
RPM of critical components turbine engine)
 Pressure Cycle (Brayton Cycle)  Galling (rubbing of turbine engine
 Must be degaussed before use compressor blades)
 High peak efficiency (advantage of axial-  Vent some of the air overboard to
flow compressor) prevent a compressor stall
 Self-ionizing or shunted-gap type plug  To increase pressure and reduce velocity
 Stator and rotor (2 basic element in  Control the direction of the airflow
turbine section)  Pressure (combustion in gas turbine
 Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true (turbine engine)
engine axial-flow compressor)  Acceleration is produced when a force
 29.92” Hg (standard sea level pressure) acts on a mass. The greater the mass,
 59°F (standard sea level temperature) the greater amount of force needed
 Increase the velocity of the gas flow (Newton’s 2nd law of motion)
 Used to support the combustion and to
cool the engine
 A high angle of attack airflow through the  A lean die-out
first stages of compression (compressor  A reduced blade tip thickness
stall)  A rise in the exhaust gas temperature
 Direct the flow of gases to strike the (indication of successful start of turbine
turbine blades at desired angle engine)
 A compressor with vanes on both sides  Overtemperature condition
of the impeller  Engine bleed air ducted through the
 Turbine, compressor, and combustion (2 critical areas
main sections of gas turbine engines)  Fails to reach the idle RPM (hung start
 In the entrance of the burner section indication)
 Split-spool, axial-flow  1, 2 and 5 (TIT, Compression ratio and
 A faulty combustion chamber turbine and compressor efficiency)
 Compressor outlet (greatest gas (THERMAL EFFICIENCY)
pressure)  1,4 and 5 (speed and altitude of aircraft
 Changing the velocity of the airflow and ambient temperature) (AIR
 Impart a high velocity to the exhaust DENSITY)
gases  1 and 4 (engine overspeed and FOD)
 Double entry centrifugal compressor  A partially clogged fuel nozzle
 Increase the velocity of the heated gases  The compressor section and burner
flowing past this point section (diffuser sections)
 Pressure rise per stage (advantage of  Increases (velocity of supersonic air in
centrifugal-flow compressor) divergent nozzle)
 3 (a borescope)  Decreases (pressure in supersonic)
 Neither No.1 nor No.2 is true  Low-pressure rotor will increase in speed
 Combustion section (proper mixing of as the compressor load decreased in the
fuel and air) lower density air
 Supplies the power to turn the  Pt7 (turbine-discharged total pressure)
compressor  Exposure to high temperature
 Can (installed as one unit during  Exhaust (jet nozzle)
maintenance)  Prevent engine performance
 Reduce vibration (purposed of shroud) degradation, increased fuel costs, and
 The turbine blades are shaped so that damage or corrosion to gas path
their ends form a band or shroud surfaces
 Higher compression ratios can be
obtained
 Turbine inlet guide vanes (highest heat-
to-metal contact)
 Number of compression stages
(compression ratio of axial-flow)
 Creep (continued or excessive heat and
centrifugal force)
 Greater pressure ratio (primary
advantage of axial-flow)
 Variable guide vanes and/or compressor
bleed valves
 Malfunctioning fuel nozzles (hot spots)
 Directs the air into the first stage rotor
blades at the proper angle
 Increase and the velocity decrease
(exhaust cone pressure)
 Straighten the airflow and eliminate
turbulence
 Turbine inlet temperature (critical during
turbine operation)
Aircraft Maintenance  Wide operating temperature (main
advantages of skydrol)
Hydraulic and Pneumatic System
 A moisture separator
 A shear section on the main hydraulic
pump drive shaft (most protected against
 Four-port, closed-center valve
overpressure)
 Restriction in the pump outlet
 Landing gear system (crossflow valve)
 1, 2, and 4 (minimum maintenance,
 No air pressure in accumulator
lightweight and simple to inspect)
 Malfunctioning solenoid dump valve
 Blue dot or stripe (compatible seal to
mineral base hydraulic fluid)  Supply fluid to the auxiliary pump (small
quantity of fluid)
 Not be straightened or bent further
(Teflon hose)  All fluids readily transmit pressure

 System will be contaminated, fluids will  High pressures and high rates of fluid

not blend, and the seals will fail flow (heat exchanger units)

 Relieve the pump of its load when no  High flash point (characteristic of

actuating units are being operated synthetic base fluid)

 Shear pin (mechanical safety device on  May distort the flare (if rigid tube is too

pump) short)

 Pump drive coupling shear section  Higher pressure than the relief valve

(safety device between driving unit and (thermal relief valves)

hydraulic pump)  Fluid pressure into useful work

 Air in the system (chatter in hydraulic  Fluid flows through the valve in the OFF

system) position (open-center valve)

 Low accumulator air preload  Delivers a uniform rate of fluid flow

 Units with the highest pressure settings  Normal system power pump

are adjusted first  Water in the atmosphere

 Consult the aircraft manufacturer’s  An actuating cylinder (hydraulic pressure
service manual into linear motion)
 Packing materials made for ester base  Prevent the flaps from being lowered at
fluids (system containing skydrol) airspeeds which would impose excessive
 The output pressure reduces, but the structural loads
volume remains the same  Shuttle valve (emergency source of
power)
 By operating the various hydraulic  Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true
components through several cycles  Prevent high pressure from extruding the
 Neoprene, Buna-N (seals used in seal between the moving and stationary
petroleum base hydraulic fluids) parts
 Buna-N (seals used in petroleum base  20 (less than 20% of the tube diameter)
hydraulic fluids)  Quickly connecting and disconnecting
 Butyl rubber (seals used in phosphate hydraulic lines without lines without of
ester base hydraulic fluids) fluid or entrance of air into the system
 Hydraulic fluid flowing from the pump  2 (skydrol – affected by humidity if left
drain line unprotected)
 Blue color, vegetable base, will burn  Stoddard solvent (used to clean
natural rubber seals (MIL-H-7644) phosphate ester-base fluid)
 Light purple color, phosphate ester base,  Relieve the air pressure (removing the
fire resistant, butyl rubber seals. (MIL-H- filler cap in the reservoir)
8446 (skydrol 500 A & B)  Low viscosity, high flash point, high fire
 Red color, petroleum base, will burn, point
uses synthetic rubber seals (MIL-H-5606)  Regulates the compressor inlet air to
 Threaded section should be covered with provide a stabilized source of air for the
suitable sleeve compressor
 Air pressure regulator (unit that reduces  Red (petroleum base fluid MIL-H-5606)
air pressure in engine and reservoir)  Viscosity
 Relieve the system pressure (removing  Shuttle Valve (automatically directs fluid
accumulator in aircraft) from either normal or emergency source)
 1 and 3 (Teflon backup rings)  Flammable under normal conditions
 By physically separating the air chamber  Control the rate of the movement of
from the oil chamber with a flexible or hydraulically operated mechanisms
movable separator (restrictors)
 Prevent hydraulic pump cavitation  Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true
 Relief valves (Pneumatic system)  Both No. 1 and No. 2 are true
 3000 PSI (the pressure of the air will be  Naptha or varsol (used to flush MIL-H-
the same as the pressure of hydraulic) 5056)
 Rotary motion (hydraulic motor)  Enough bends to allow the tube to
 Leaking accumulator air valve expand and contract the with
 temperature changes and to absorb  Mineral base, and phosphate ester base
vibration (2 types of hydraulic fluid used in civil
 Thermal relief valve (highest pressure aircraft)
setting)  100 PSI (Pascal’s law, pressure is the
 Inlet of the main hydraulic system same in all parts of an enclosed system)
 Hand pump outport check valve  With the power control valve held in the
 The hand pump outlet check valve is CLOSED position
sticking open  Equal amounts of force and will move at
 The fluid level will increase when system the same rate of speed
pressure is reduced  The fluid side of the accumulator has
 There is no fire hazard if the motor is been charged
stalled  That air is entering the pump (chattering
 1, 2, and 3 (hydraulic system of the hydraulic pump)
accumulators)  Too low or no preload in the accumulator
 Pump, reservoir, selector valve, and (load hammering noise)
actuator (simple hydraulic system)  Hydraulic fuse (allow open but close if
 Eliminate the action of the unloading the fluid flow increases)
valve  Exhausted or dumped, usually overboard
 Selector (directs pressurized fluid while  The fluid level in the reservoir is low
returning fluid to the reservoir)  Discarded at regular intervals and
 Sequence valve replaced with new filtering elements
 Backup ring on the side of the O-ring  Check Valve (allow free fluid flow in one
away from the pressure direction)
 Pounds per square inch (PSI)  Orifice check valve (allow the fluid to
 Maintain system operating pressure move in one direction but restricts the
within a predetermined range and to rate at which fluid is flowing in other
unload the pump (purpose of pressure direction)
regulator)  A ruptured diaphragm or leaking seals
 O-ring seal  Selector valve (used to direct the flow of
 Packing (flexible sealing element) fluid)
 Internal leakage in the actuating unit  If the time required to operate the
mechanism deceases with successive
 operations, it indicates the air is being
worked out of the system
 Operate a hydraulic unit slowly and note
that the pressure at which a rapid
pressure drop begins at it goes toward
the zero
 1 (AN flared-tube fitting)
 Relieve the pump pressure
 Contain a built-in means of system
pressure regulation
 Reduce all hydraulic pressure then
observe the reading on the accumulator
air gauge (checking of air charge on air
accumulator)
 As damage-preventing units (relief
valves)
 Mineral base oil (neoprene rubbing
packing materials)
 Fluid manufacturer’s technical bulletins
 The internal resistance of a fluid which
tends to prevent it from flowing (viscosity)
Natural Science  Not change
 17 PSI, 5 PSI, 14.7 PSI
Physics
 Positive air pressure below wing and
 Relative wind negative pressure on above with
 Ensure that the wing root areas stall first downward deflection of air
 35 parts of dry air and 65 parts of water  40 pounds
vapor  Ambient temperature
 Increase the lift-drag ratio  Remain the same
 8000 pounds
 Temperature measures the kinetic
energy of molecules of any substance
 6000 pounds
 The actual amount of the water vapor in
a mixture of air and water
 Directly with pressure
 Every body persist in its state rest of
motion in a straight line. Unless acted
upon by something outside force
 Diffusion
 High temperature with high humidity
 Absolute humidity
 Dewpoint
 Wingspan to mean chord
 Be reduce to one-half its original value
 1, 2 and 3
 850 ft/lbs
 15 pounds
 Asymmetrical lateral control at or near
stall angles of attack
 A low stall speed
 360 ft/lbs
 Increase lateral stability
  1.63x10 to the fourth power
 16
Natural Science
 52.5 (area of trapezoid)
Mathematics  -5.20

 6 square inches (find the area of △)  6:1 (84 cubic in)

 8.0 cubic feet  4331.25

 81 Hp  4:1

 11.9  $130
 11/64 (0.17187)  15 (1111 binary to decimal)
 1020 pounds  12 (solve the equation)
 1 (alternative answer for 5.59)  14.6 amperes
 5:7 (200 gallons to 1680 lbs)  1118x15^-2
 381.7 cubic inches  200 cubic inches
 .5625 inches  20 inches x 25-9/64 inches
 .3023 (65% max RPM)  0.419
 420 RPM  0.4844 (31/64)
 The volume displayed by all pistons  -916
 8.83 (27 – ½ inches)  420 RPM
 0.4375 (round stock 7/32)  1 (scientific notation)
 32 (equation)  61.0097
 39/32 (1.21875)  259.77 cubic inches
 256 (square root 16)*  Byte
 10 square feet (trapezoid)  1/40 (0/0250)
 1-1.8 (36 teeth)  381.7 cubic inches
 -15 (solve the equation)  .4375 (7/32)
 1.2031 (77/64)  10 to the ninth power
 87.5 (7/8)  22 (solve the equation)
 62.5 (5/8)  349.24
 82 (solve the equation)  10 (solve the equation)
 315.375 sq. in (surface area of cube)  1/16 (0.0625 inches)
 32 (√ 4 ⁵)  75
 .42708x10 ² (1824)  81 percent (65 to 80)
 .000001 (10^-6)
 .000347 (3.47X10)
 0111 (binary of 7)
 36002 (solve the equation)
 41.7852 (√ 1746)
 200 (750/80)
 262,144 (64^3)
 5 (solve the equation)
 7.0686 cubic inches