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GS 3 PYQ Guide 2014-2022 (Sample)

Table of Contents
INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND ISSUES THEREIN ........................................................................................... 2
“Investment in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth.”
Discuss in the light of India’s experience. .......................................................................................... 2
What are the salient features of ‘inclusive growth’? Has India been experiencing such a growth
process? Analyze and suggest measures for inclusive growth. ........................................................ 5
GOVERNMENT BUDGETING ................................................................................................................... 8
Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget. Explain the components of both these
Budgets. .............................................................................................................................................. 8
CROPPING IRRIGATION ........................................................................................................................... 9
What are the major factors responsible for making rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this
success how has this system become bane in India? ........................................................................ 9
DISASTERS & DISASTER MANAGEMENT................................................................................................ 11
Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including
the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during
the last three decades ...................................................................................................................... 11
LINKAGES BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT & SPREAD OF EXTREMISM; LINKAGES OF ORGANIZED CRIME
AND TERRORISM ................................................................................................................................... 14
Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the
internal security of India. Also discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats. 14
Analyse the complexity and intensity of terrorism, its causes, linkages and obnoxious nexus. Also
suggest measures required to be taken to eradicate the menace of terrorism. ............................ 16
MONEY LAUNDERING & ITS PREVENTION ............................................................................................ 18
Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate
measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels.
.......................................................................................................................................................... 18
SECURITY FORCES AND THEIR MANDATES ............................................................................................ 21
Human rights activists constantly highlight the view that the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act,
1958 (AFSPA) is a draconian act leading to cases of human rights abuses by the security forces.
What sections of AFSPA are opposed by the activists? Critically evaluate the requirement with
reference to the view held by the Apex Court ................................................................................ 21

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INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND ISSUES THEREIN

1. “Investment in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive 2021

economic growth.” Discuss in the light of India’s experience.

Answer:

Investment in infrastructure is indeed crucial for more rapid and inclusive economic growth.
Infrastructure development, such as transportation, energy, communication, and basic
amenities like water and sanitation, plays a significant role in a country's overall economic
development. In the context of India, the experience has shown the importance of
infrastructure investment in promoting growth and reducing disparities among different
segments of society.

Let's discuss this in the light of India's experience:

1. Economic Growth:

Infrastructure development spurs economic growth by improving productivity and

providing a conducive environment for businesses to thrive. For instance, according to
a report by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), a 10% increase in infrastructure investment
in India could increase the country's GDP growth by approximately 1%.

Examples:

• Golden Quadrilateral Highway Network: Launched in 2001, it's the largest

highway project in India and the fifth longest in the world. A study by the
National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) found that the project increased
the GDP of districts along the highway by about 49% over a decade.

2. Job Creation:

Infrastructure projects are labor-intensive and generate substantial employment, both

directly and indirectly.

Examples:

• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY): As per a World Bank report, the
PMGSY, aimed at providing all-weather road connectivity to unconnected
villages, has generated about 50 crore person-days of employment during
2014-17.

3. Inclusivity:

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Quality infrastructure helps reduce regional disparities by connecting remote areas to

economic centers, providing access to essential services, and promoting balanced
regional development.

Examples:

• Rural Electrification: The Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY)
aimed to provide continuous power supply to rural India. As of March 2019,
2.63 crore households were electrified under the scheme, promoting
inclusivity.

• Digital Infrastructure: The BharatNet project aims to provide broadband

connectivity to all of India's gram panchayats, enhancing digital inclusivity.

1. Enhancing Trade and Investment:

Infrastructure directly impacts trade by improving connectivity, reducing costs, and

enhancing competitiveness.

Examples:

• Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs): DFCs, once operational, are expected to

transform the freight landscape in India by reducing transit time, increasing
load carrying capacity, and improving service reliability. This will lower logistics
costs, making Indian goods more competitive both domestically and
internationally.

• Sagarmala Programme: This programme aims to promote port-led

development in the country. It includes port modernization, port connectivity
enhancement, port-linked industrialization, and coastal community
development. A report from Ministry of Shipping estimated that this
programme could attract a cumulative investment of approximately $120-130
billion and create 1 crore new jobs.

2. Social Infrastructure and Human Development:

Investment in social infrastructure like health and education is crucial for human
development, which in turn drives economic growth.

Examples:

• National Health Mission (NHM): The NHM has significantly improved

healthcare infrastructure in India, especially in rural areas. Over 25,000 health
sub-centres were upgraded to Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) under
NHM.

• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA): SSA, an Indian Government programme aimed

at universalizing elementary education, has made significant strides in

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improving access to education by building over 3.6 lakh new schools as of

March 2020.

3. Digital Infrastructure and the IT Industry:

Digital infrastructure has been a key driver of India's growth, particularly in the IT
sector.

Examples:

• Information Technology Industry: Investment in digital infrastructure has

enabled the growth of the IT industry in India, which contributes to about 8%
of the country's GDP as of 2020. This industry also provides direct employment
to over 40 lakh people.

• Digital Payments: The Unified Payments Interface (UPI), an instant payment

system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), has
transformed the digital payments space in India. In February 2023, UPI
transactions crossed 500 crore in volume, amounting to over INR 9 lakh crore.

4. Boosting Manufacturing and Industrial Development:

Infrastructure development is pivotal for promoting manufacturing and industrial

growth, thereby diversifying the economy and increasing its resilience.

Examples:

• Industrial Corridors: Projects like the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC)

and the Amritsar Kolkata Industrial Corridor (AKIC) aim to develop industrial
zones and smart cities with advanced infrastructure, thereby promoting
manufacturing, job creation, and economic development. The DMIC, for
instance, is expected to increase the share of manufacturing in India's GDP to
25% by 2025.

5. Promoting Renewable Energy and Sustainability:

Investment in green infrastructure is crucial for sustainable development and
addressing climate change, which is increasingly a global economic concern.

Examples:
• Solar Parks: The Indian government's scheme for the development of solar
parks and ultra mega solar power projects envisages setting up at least 25 solar
parks with a combined capacity of 20,000 MW. This boosts the renewable
energy sector, promotes sustainable development, and creates jobs.

6. Enhancing Urban Infrastructure:

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Urban infrastructure is critical for managing rapid urbanization, promoting economic

activity, and improving living standards.

Examples:
• Smart Cities Mission: Launched in 2015, the mission aims to develop 100 cities
across the country making them citizen-friendly and sustainable. 5,151 projects
worth Rs 2.05 lakh crore have been tendered under the mission, promoting
urban development and economic activity.
• AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation): This
scheme aims to provide basic services (e.g. water supply, sewerage, urban
transport) to households and build amenities in cities to improve the quality of
life for all, especially the poor and the disadvantaged.

Conclusion

Investing in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth in India.
By addressing the challenges and prioritizing infrastructure development, India can unlock its
growth potential and ensure that the benefits of economic progress are more widely shared
among its population.

2. What are the salient features of ‘inclusive growth’? Has India been 2017
experiencing such a growth process? Analyze and suggest measures for
inclusive growth.

Answer:

Inclusive growth is an economic development model that aims to ensure the benefits
of growth are shared equitably among all segments of society, including the
marginalized and vulnerable groups.

The salient features of inclusive growth are:

1. Equitable Distribution: Inclusive growth involves a fair distribution of resources and

benefits of economic growth among all sections of society.

2. Participation: It emphasizes the participation of every individual, regardless of their

economic or social status, in the growth process.

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3. Employment Generation: It focuses on creating jobs and opportunities that are

accessible to all, particularly the most vulnerable and marginalized groups.

4. Reduction of Poverty and Inequality: Inclusive growth aims to alleviate poverty and
reduce income and wealth disparities within society.

5. Capacity Building: It involves enhancing the capabilities of individuals, particularly the

poor and disadvantaged, through education, training, and health services.

Has India Been Experiencing Such a Growth Process?

India has made some strides toward inclusive growth, but the results have been mixed.

Positive Aspects:

1. Financial Inclusion: The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), launched in 2014,
has been a significant step towards financial inclusion with over 420 million bank
accounts opened under the scheme as of 2021.

2. Direct Benefit Transfer: Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) linked with the Aadhaar program
has helped to improve the delivery of social welfare benefits and reduce leakage and
corruption.

Challenges:

1. Income Inequality: India still struggles with high levels of income inequality. According
to the World Inequality Database, the top 10% of earners in India accounted for 56%
of the national income in 2019.

2. Jobless Growth: Despite a high GDP growth rate, India has struggled with jobless
growth. According to a report by Azim Premji University, for example, about 9 million
jobs were lost in India in the year 2020.

3. Regional Disparities: Significant regional disparities persist in India, with states like
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh lagging behind others in terms of per capita
income and social development indicators.

Suggested Measures for Inclusive Growth:

1. Investment in Education and Skill Development: To increase employability and

productivity, investment in education and skills training is crucial.

2. Promote Financial Inclusion: Continue to expand access to financial services for the
unbanked and underbanked population.

3. Rural Development: Invest in rural infrastructure and promote non-agricultural rural

industries to reduce rural-urban disparities.

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4. Labour Reforms: Implement labor reforms to encourage the creation of more formal
sector jobs and improve working conditions in the informal sector.

5. Foster MSMEs: Small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are significant job creators.
They need support in terms of access to credit, technology, and markets.

6. Affordable Health Care: Universal health care can ensure that every citizen has access
to quality treatment, irrespective of their financial capabilities. Ayushman Bharat, or
the National Health Protection Scheme, aims to cover over 100 million poor and
vulnerable families in India.

7. Women Empowerment: Providing equal opportunities for women in education and

employment and initiatives to support women entrepreneurs can also contribute to
inclusive growth. The Stand-Up India Scheme, for example, provides bank loans
between 10 lakh and 1 crore for at least one Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe
(ST) borrower and at least one woman borrower per bank branch for setting up a
greenfield enterprise.

8. Promote Digital Literacy: Digital literacy can ensure people can access information,
services, and job opportunities that are increasingly available in the digital world.
Programmes such as Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA)
aim to make six crore persons in rural areas digitally literate.

9. Social Security Schemes: Schemes such as Atal Pension Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Jeevan
Jyoti Bima Yojana, and Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana provide social security to
the masses and hence promote inclusive growth.

Examples of Inclusive Growth in India:

1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): This

program guarantees 100 days of wage employment in a year to every rural household
whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. This is a crucial step
towards providing financial security and hence inclusiveness for rural families.

2. Mid-day Meal Scheme: Providing free lunches in government and government-aided

schools not only enhances enrolment and attendance but also addresses malnutrition
among children. This is a significant move towards inclusive growth through education
and health.

3. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): This scheme aims to provide affordable housing
for all by the year 2022. It is designed to cater to the housing needs of the
underprivileged sections of society.

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GOVERNMENT BUDGETING

1. Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget. Explain the 2021
components of both these Budgets.

[Link]. Capital Budget Revenue Budget

1. The Capital Budget primarily includes The Revenue Budget includes the
investments in building long-term government's revenue receipts and
assets and infrastructure (like roads, expenditure. These are short-term,
buildings, equipment) and recurring, and take place in the day-to-day
repayments of long-term liabilities. In operations of the government.
other words, the capital budget
involves funds for creating assets and
reducing liabilities.

2. Capital Receipts: These are the Revenue Receipts: These are earnings of
incomes earned by the government the government from taxes (both direct
through long-term borrowings, taxes like income tax, corporate tax, and
disinvestment, and loans from the indirect taxes like GST, customs duty) and
public. For example, proceeds from non-tax sources (like interest receipts,
the issuance of government bonds or fees, and fines).
sale of shares in public sector
undertakings fall under this category.

3. Capital Expenditure: These are the Revenue Expenditure: These are the
expenses incurred on the acquisition expenses that the government incurs in its
of assets like land, buildings, day-to-day functioning, like salaries,
machinery, and equipment, as well as pensions, subsidies, interest payments,
investments in shares, loans and and grants given to state governments and
advances granted by the central other parties. These do not result in the
government to state and union creation of any assets.
territory governments, government
companies, corporations, and other
parties.

4. The Capital Budget is used for long- The Revenue Budget, on the other hand, is
term purposes such as acquiring fixed used for short-term purposes, such as
assets, making long-term meeting the operational expenses of the
government.

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investments, or reducing long-term

liabilities.

5. Capital expenditure affects the Revenue expenditure, however, does not

financial position of the government significantly alter the financial position of
as it leads to an increase in the asset the government, as it is mostly used for
base or reduction in long-term routine operational expenses.
liabilities.

6. Capital receipts, like loans or Revenue receipts, such as taxes and fees,
proceeds from disinvestment, fund fund revenue expenditure.
capital expenditure.

7. The disinvestment of public sector Grants given by the central government to

undertakings (PSUs), i.e., selling a state governments or union territories for
portion of the government's their regular expenses or specific projects
ownership in PSUs to private entities, are part of the Revenue Budget.
is also part of the Capital Budget. The
proceeds from such disinvestments
can be used to finance other capital
projects.

8. Capital expenditure has a long-term Revenue expenditure is short-term and

impact as the benefits from the the benefits are consumed within the
expenditure spread over a period of year of spending.
more than one year.

CROPPING IRRIGATION

1. What are the major factors responsible for making rice-wheat system a 2020
success? In spite of this success how has this system become bane in
India?

Answer:

The rice-wheat cropping system is one of the most common cropping patterns in the Indo-
Gangetic Plains of India, spanning regions in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.

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Several factors have contributed to making this system successful:

1. Synergistic Growth Cycles: The growth cycles of rice and wheat align well with the
monsoon and winter seasons in India, allowing farmers to effectively utilize seasonal
rainfall.
2. High Yield Potential: Both rice and wheat have high yield potentials and respond well
to input-intensive agriculture (fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation).
3. Government Support: The government's Minimum Support Price (MSP) policy,
particularly for rice and wheat, provides a guaranteed market and price for these
crops, reducing risk for farmers.
4. Green Revolution Technologies: The introduction of high-yielding varieties of rice and
wheat during the Green Revolution significantly increased productivity, making this
cropping system even more attractive to farmers.
5. Crop Rotation Benefits: The rice-wheat cropping system enables farmers to keep the
land productive throughout the year. Rice, a kharif (monsoon) crop, is followed by
wheat, a rabi (winter) crop, enabling two harvests per year, which ensures steady
income and food security.
6. Infrastructure and Mechanization: The development of irrigation infrastructure,
especially tube wells, and the use of machinery like tractors and combine harvesters,
have made it easier for farmers to manage these crops. For example, in Punjab, the
number of tube wells grew from around 200,000 in the 1970s to over 1.3 million by
2010, facilitating the rice-wheat system.
7. Rice-Wheat Suitability: The agro-climatic conditions in North India, with a hot and wet
monsoon followed by a cool and dry winter, are ideal for the rice-wheat sequence.
8. Rice-Wheat Suitability: The agro-climatic conditions in North India, with a hot and wet
monsoon followed by a cool and dry winter, are ideal for the rice-wheat sequence.

However, despite its success, the rice-wheat system has also become a significant concern
in India for a number of reasons:

1. Water Intensive: Both rice and wheat are water-intensive crops. The widespread
adoption of this system has led to significant over-extraction of groundwater,
particularly in Punjab and Haryana. For example, according to a 2012 World Bank
report, groundwater levels in Punjab have been dropping at an alarming rate of about
one meter per year due to overuse in agriculture, primarily for the rice-wheat system.
2. Soil Health: Continuous cultivation of rice and wheat depletes soil nutrients and can
lead to soil degradation.
3. Air Pollution: The practice of burning rice stubble after harvest, before sowing wheat,
contributes significantly to air pollution, particularly in North India.
4. Pest and Disease: Continuous cropping of rice and wheat in the same field can lead to
a build-up of pests and diseases, increasing the need for chemical inputs.

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5. Lack of Diversification: Over-dependence on rice-wheat cropping reduces agricultural

biodiversity and exposes farmers to risks if the market or climatic conditions for these
two crops change.
6. Declining Water Table: The rice-wheat system is highly water-intensive. For instance,
according to a study by the International Water Management Institute, it's estimated
that cultivating one kilogram of rice in Punjab requires about 5,000 liters of water. This
has led to a severe decline in the water table in many parts of the region.
7. Soil Degradation: Continuous cropping without proper soil management practices can
lead to soil degradation. Research from the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute in
Karnal has shown significant micronutrient deficiencies in the soil in rice-wheat
cropping areas.
8. Air Pollution: The practice of burning rice stubble, particularly in Punjab and Haryana,
contributes to severe air pollution in North India. According to a 2019 report by the
International Food Policy Research Institute, crop residue burning in these regions was
responsible for 44% of Delhi's PM2.5 pollution in early November 2018.
9. Loss of Biodiversity: The rice-wheat monoculture has led to a significant reduction in
agricultural biodiversity. Traditional crops like millets, which are more resilient and
nutritious, have been sidelined.
10. Pests and Diseases: The rice-wheat system can encourage the build-up of pests and
diseases, as shown in a study by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, which found
a significant increase in pests like the brown plant hopper in rice-wheat systems.
11. Waterlogging and salinity: The irrigation of rice crops can also lead to waterlogging
and salinity, as the water table rises and the soil becomes saturated with salt.
12. Increased costs of production: The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides can
increase the costs of production for farmers.

Conclusion

Therefore, while the rice-wheat system has played a critical role in ensuring food security in
India, it's increasingly clear that a more sustainable and diversified approach to agriculture is
needed to address the long-term environmental and economic challenges. This could include
promoting less water-intensive crops, using sustainable farming practices, and reforming
agricultural policies to encourage crop diversification.

DISASTERS & DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. 2021

Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by
earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades

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Answer:

India is highly vulnerable to earthquakes. The country lies in the Indomalaya ecozone which is
a region spanning from the eastern parts of the Hindu Kush-Himalaya system to the northern
and central parts of the Indo-Burma Range. This region is the world's most seismically active
zone, and many parts of India fall under seismic zones IV (High Damage Risk Zone) and V (Very
High Damage Risk Zone).

The seismic zoning map of India (Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 1893, Part 1: 2002) divides
India into four seismic zones (Zone II, III, IV, and V) based on scientific inputs relating to
seismicity, earthquakes occurred in the past and tectonic setup of the region. Out of these,
Zone V is seismically the most active region, while Zone II is the least.

Let's look at some major earthquake incidents that have occurred in India in the last three
decades:

1. Latur Earthquake (1993): This earthquake in Maharashtra had a magnitude of 6.2 on

the Richter scale and resulted in the deaths of about 9,748 people. The district was
categorized as seismic Zone I (least vulnerable to earthquake) prior to this event.

2. Bhuj Earthquake (2001): This earthquake in Gujarat had a magnitude of 7.7 on the
Richter scale, and claimed around 20,000 lives, injuring another 167,000 and causing
extreme property damage. The town of Bhuj, Anjar and Ahmadabad suffered the
maximum damage.

3. Kashmir Earthquake (2005): While the epicenter of this 7.6 magnitude earthquake
was in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, it affected the Indian regions as well. Approximately
1,400 people lost their lives in the Indian side of the border.

4. Sikkim Earthquake (2011): The earthquake had a magnitude of 6.9 on the Richter
scale. The official death toll in India was reported to be 92, and it affected many parts
of Northeast India, Nepal, and Tibet.

Additional Significant Earthquakes:

1. Uttarkashi Earthquake (1991): This earthquake in the Uttarkashi district of

Uttarakhand had a magnitude of 6.8 on the Richter scale and resulted in the death of
around 800 people.

2. Jabalpur Earthquake (1997): The earthquake, with a magnitude of 6.0, occurred in the
state of Madhya Pradesh, killing over 30 people and injuring hundreds.

3. Manipur Earthquake (2016): This earthquake of 6.7 magnitude struck Manipur near
the India-Myanmar border, causing damage, deaths, and injuries.

Mitigation and Management Efforts:

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1. Building Code Enforcement: Efforts have been made to develop and enforce seismic-
resistant construction codes. For instance, the Bureau of Indian Standards updated the
Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design in 2002. However,
enforcement remains inconsistent.

2. Disaster Preparedness and Response Training: Programs to train both professionals

and community members in earthquake preparedness and response have been
initiated. This includes the National Institute of Disaster Management's programs on
earthquake risk mitigation.

3. Public Awareness Campaigns: Government and non-governmental organizations

conduct campaigns to raise public awareness about earthquakes, safety measures, and
preparedness.

4. Risk Assessment and Planning: Government bodies like the National Disaster
Management Authority (NDMA) and Geological Survey of India are working on
improved risk assessment and management strategies. This includes the use of
Geographical Information System (GIS) technology to map high-risk areas and plan
mitigation efforts.

Vulnerability Factors:

1. Tectonic Activity: India is located on the Indian Plate that is continuously moving
northward. This movement creates seismic pressure at the plate boundaries,
particularly with the Eurasian Plate to the north, leading to frequent seismic activity.

2. Population Density and Urbanization: Many high-risk seismic zones in India are also
densely populated, including major cities like Delhi and Guwahati. Rapid, unplanned
urbanization and poor enforcement of building codes exacerbate the risk of damage
and casualties in these areas.

3. Infrastructure Quality: Much of India's infrastructure, particularly in rural and

economically disadvantaged areas, is not built to withstand major seismic events. This
includes many schools, hospitals, and other crucial facilities.

Conclusion

Despite these efforts, significant challenges remain. Going forward, India needs to invest more
in earthquake-resistant infrastructure, enforce existing building codes, enhance disaster
preparedness and response capacities, and raise public awareness about earthquake risks and
safety measures.

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AND TERRORISM

LINKAGES BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT & SPREAD OF EXTREMISM;

LINKAGES OF ORGANIZED CRIME AND TERRORISM

1. Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non- 2021
state actors, to the internal security of India. Also discuss measures
required to be taken to combat these threats.

Answer:

India's internal security is challenged by various state and non-state actors. These pose threats
of terrorism, insurgency, cyber-attacks, and other forms of aggression, impacting the overall
stability of the country.

State Actors: Some neighbouring countries pose significant threats to India's internal security.

1. Pakistan: Pakistan's covert support for terrorist organizations operating in Jammu and
Kashmir, such as Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, has been a persistent
threat to India's security. The 2008 Mumbai attacks, orchestrated by Lashkar-e-Taiba,
is an example of such threats.
2. China: The geopolitical rivalry with China manifests in disputes over the border in the
regions of Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh. Instances like the Galwan Valley clash in
2020 exemplify this.

Non-State Actors: These include terrorist organizations, insurgents, criminal gangs, and
cybercriminals.

1. Terrorist Organizations: Apart from those supported by Pakistan, there are other
extremist groups, like the Indian Mujahideen, that pose a threat to India's internal
security.
2. Insurgents: The northeastern states have been plagued by various insurgent groups,
such as the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) and National Socialist Council of
Nagaland (NSCN), demanding independence or greater autonomy.
3. Maoist Insurgency: The left-wing extremism led by the Communist Party of India
(Maoist) affects many states, particularly those in the "Red Corridor," leading to loss
of lives and property.
4. Cyber Threats: With the rise of digital technology, cyber threats are increasingly
becoming a significant concern. Cybercriminals can disrupt critical infrastructure, steal
sensitive information, and propagate hate speech or fake news, leading to social
unrest.
5. Narco-Terrorism: The nexus between drug traffickers and terrorist groups poses a
severe threat to India's security. India's proximity to the Golden Crescent (Iran,
Afghanistan, and Pakistan) and the Golden Triangle (Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar),

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AND TERRORISM

known for illicit opium production, makes it vulnerable to such threats. The inflow of
drugs not only impacts the socio-economic fabric but also finances terror activities. An
example is the 2019 Punjab drug haul, where hundreds of kilograms of heroin were
confiscated, pointing to a potential narco-terrorism nexus.
6. Communal and Social Unrest: Communal tensions and social unrest, often fueled by
misinformation or extremist ideologies, pose a significant internal security challenge.
The 2020 Delhi riots are an example where communal tensions led to violence and loss
of lives.
7. Increasing Radicalization: The growing influence of radical ideologies, especially
through online platforms, is another concern. It can lead to the recruitment of
individuals into terror organizations, posing threats to internal security.

To combat these threats, the following measures can be taken:

1. Intelligence and Cooperation: Improving intelligence-gathering capabilities and

sharing intelligence with other nations can prevent attacks before they occur.
Cooperation with other countries, particularly in cybersecurity, can also help counter
threats.
2. Border Management: Strengthening border security and surveillance mechanisms can
prevent infiltration by terrorists and smugglers. Modern technology, such as drones
and satellite imagery, can be used to monitor border activities effectively.
3. Counterinsurgency Operations: A combination of military, political, and socio-
economic measures is needed to counter insurgencies. Addressing the grievances that
fuel these insurgencies is as important as taking military action against them.
4. Legal Measures: Enforcing existing laws and, where necessary, enacting new ones can
provide the tools to combat threats. However, it's crucial that these measures respect
human rights and the rule of law.
5. Cybersecurity Measures: India needs to upgrade its cybersecurity infrastructure and
invest in training cybersecurity professionals. Public awareness campaigns can also
help individuals protect themselves from cyber threats.
6. Strengthening the Judicial System: A robust and efficient judicial system is crucial in
ensuring speedy trials and delivering justice in cases related to internal security. It will
act as a deterrent to potential offenders.
7. Deradicalization Programs: Programs that counter extremist ideologies and promote
communal harmony can be highly effective. These could be implemented in schools
and prisons and via online platforms.
8. Control on Financing of Terror Activities: Steps should be taken to curb money
laundering and illegal financing of terror activities. The Financial Action Task Force
(FATF) guidelines can be beneficial in this regard.

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AND TERRORISM

9. Promoting Inclusive Development: Many of the security threats emerge from socio-
economic disparities and perceived injustices. Therefore, inclusive development
policies can help address the root causes of these threats.

Conclusion:

tackling India's internal security threats requires a comprehensive approach involving military,
political, economic, and social measures. The challenges are significant, but with strong
political will, effective law enforcement, and active participation of the civil society, these can
be effectively managed. The goal should be to build a secure and peaceful environment where
every citizen can live without fear and contribute to the nation's development.

2. Analyse the complexity and intensity of terrorism, its causes, linkages and 2021
obnoxious nexus. Also suggest measures required to be taken to eradicate
the menace of terrorism.

Answer:

Terrorism has emerged as one of the most serious threats to global security in the 21st
century, with its causes being intricate and multifaceted. The complexity and intensity of
terrorism can be attributed to several factors.

Complexity of Terrorism:

1. Multi-causality: Terrorism can be triggered by political, social, economic, and

psychological factors. While political oppression might breed terrorism in one context,
in another, socio-economic disparities or perceived injustices might be the leading
cause.
2. Transnational Nature: With the proliferation of the internet and advanced
communication technologies, terrorism has acquired a transnational character. ISIS,
for instance, recruits members globally, utilizing online platforms to propagate its
radical ideology.
3. State and Non-State Actors: Both state and non-state actors can be involved in acts of
terrorism. Non-state actors include organized terror groups, like Al-Qaeda, as well as
'lone wolves' inspired by radical ideologies. State-sponsored terrorism, as seen in the
case of Pakistan's covert support to groups operating in Kashmir, adds to the
complexity.
4. Diverse Forms: Terrorism can take many forms, ranging from suicide bombings and
shootings to hijackings and cyber-attacks. The 9/11 attacks and the 2008 Mumbai
attacks illustrate these diverse forms.
5. Ideological Diversity: Terrorism is not restricted to a single ideology or belief system.
It can be motivated by a range of ideologies, including political (left-wing, right-wing),

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 LINKAGES BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT & SPREAD OF EXTREMISM; LINKAGES OF ORGANIZED CRIME 17
AND TERRORISM

religious (Islamic, Christian, Hindu, Buddhist), separatist, and single-issue (eco-

terrorism, anti-abortion violence) ideologies.
6. Technological Evolution: Technological advancements have significantly altered the
nature of terrorism. The advent of cyber terrorism, for instance, presents new
challenges as it allows terrorists to disrupt critical infrastructure, spread propaganda,
and coordinate attacks without geographic constraints. Furthermore, the potential
misuse of emerging technologies, such as drones or synthetic biology, for terror
activities adds to the complexity.

Linkages and Nexus:

1. Terror-Finance Nexus: Terrorist organizations require financing to sustain their

operations. They rely on a variety of sources, such as drug trafficking, extortion, and
state sponsorship. The Taliban's opium trade in Afghanistan is a well-known example.
2. Terror-Crime Nexus: There is a growing nexus between organized crime and terrorism.
Criminal activities like drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and human trafficking often
fund terror operations.
3. Terror-Cyberspace Nexus: The use of the internet and social media platforms by
terrorist groups to spread propaganda, recruit members, and plan attacks has become
increasingly prominent. The Christchurch Mosque shootings in New Zealand, which
were livestreamed by the attacker, illustrate this dangerous trend.
4. Terror-Poverty Nexus: While poverty alone doesn't breed terrorism, it can create
conditions conducive to its spread by fuelling resentment and making extremist
narratives more appealing. Lack of education and unemployment can also push
individuals towards terrorism.
5. Terror-Conflict Nexus: Regions with ongoing conflicts or political instability often
become hotbeds for terrorism. Conflict creates power vacuums that can be exploited
by terrorist groups, as seen in Syria and Iraq with the rise of ISIS.

Measures to Eradicate Terrorism:

1. Strengthening International Cooperation: Collaborating at the international level to

share intelligence, choke terrorist financing, and enhance cybersecurity can go a long
way in combating terrorism.
2. Robust Law Enforcement and Judicial Systems: Swift and fair trials for terror-related
crimes and efficient law enforcement can act as deterrents.
3. Counter-Radicalization Programs: Implementing programs that counter extremist
ideologies and promote peace and harmony can be highly effective.
4. Inclusive Development: Addressing socio-economic disparities and perceived
injustices that often fuel terrorism is critical.
5. Regulation of Cyberspace: Monitoring and regulation of online spaces to prevent their
misuse by terrorist organizations is necessary.

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 MONEY LAUNDERING & ITS PREVENTION 18

6. Policy Coherence: There should be a coherent policy framework to fight terrorism,

which includes preventive measures, protective actions, and response strategies. The
policy should consider all aspects of terrorism, such as root causes, methods of attacks,
financing channels, and recruitment strategies.
7. Public Awareness and Engagement: The public can play a critical role in countering
terrorism by staying vigilant and reporting suspicious activities to authorities. Public
engagement can also help in preventing radicalization within communities.
8. Protecting Vulnerable Individuals: Identifying and supporting individuals who are
most susceptible to radicalization, such as youth or those living in conflict zones, can
help prevent the spread of terrorism. This can be achieved through education,
employment opportunities, and community support.
9. Enhancing Cybersecurity: Strengthening cybersecurity is essential in the digital age to
prevent cyber-attacks and online radicalization. This includes safeguarding critical
infrastructure, monitoring online platforms for extremist content, and promoting
responsible digital behaviour.

Conclusion:

Eradicating terrorism is a complex and multifaceted challenge that requires comprehensive

and collaborative efforts at both national and international levels. It's essential to strike a
balance between security measures and respect for human rights to ensure long-term peace
and stability.

MONEY LAUNDERING & ITS PREVENTION

1. Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money 2021

laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money
laundering both at national and international levels.

Answer:

Emerging Technologies, Globalisation, and Money Laundering:

1. Cryptocurrencies: With the rise of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and others,
a new avenue for money laundering has emerged. These digital currencies offer
anonymity to their users, making it difficult to trace transactions. Cryptocurrency
transactions are distributed and recorded in a blockchain, which does not require a
central authority to validate transactions. As a result, criminals can transfer money
across borders without detection.
2. Online Platforms: The digital age has led to the proliferation of various online
platforms, which can be exploited for money laundering purposes. For instance, online

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gambling sites, digital payment apps, e-commerce platforms, and others can be used
to obscure the origins of illicit funds.
3. Globalisation: The integration of world economies and the ease of cross-border
money movement has facilitated money laundering on a global scale. Offshore
banking and tax havens often have strict secrecy laws protecting the identities of
account holders, which makes detection and prosecution of money laundering more
difficult.

Measures to Tackle Money Laundering:

At the National Level:

1. Legislation: Countries around the world have implemented laws specifically targeting
money laundering. For instance, in India, the Prevention of Money Laundering Act
(PMLA), 2002, was enacted to prevent and control money laundering and to provide
for confiscation of property derived from, or involved in, money laundering.
2. Regulation of Financial Institutions: Financial institutions are often required to
implement Know Your Customer (KYC) protocols, report suspicious transactions, and
maintain records for a certain period. In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
mandates these practices for banks and other financial institutions.
3. Investigation and Enforcement Agencies: Many countries have specialized agencies to
investigate and prosecute money laundering cases. In India, the Enforcement
Directorate is responsible for enforcing the provisions of the PMLA.
4. Education and Training: The fight against money laundering must include building
awareness among those in positions that could potentially spot it early. Regular
training for financial professionals, legal professionals, and any employees who handle
money is necessary so they can recognize suspicious activity and know how to report
it.
5. Strengthening the Legal Framework: Laws against money laundering should be
updated regularly to keep up with changing techniques and technologies. The
penalties for money laundering should be sufficiently severe to deter would-be
criminals.
6. Forming Specialized Units: Specialized units within law enforcement and within banks
or other financial institutions could focus specifically on tracking, investigating, and
preventing money laundering. These units could also liaise with their international
counterparts to handle transnational money laundering cases.
7. Improving Transparency: Policies should be implemented to improve transparency in
financial transactions. This could include stricter regulations around beneficial
ownership to prevent the misuse of legal persons for money laundering.

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8. Integrating Technology: Advanced analytics, AI, and machine learning can be used to
detect patterns that might suggest money laundering. Financial institutions can
integrate such technologies into their systems to flag suspicious transactions.
9. Risk-Based Approach: A risk-based approach involves identifying the areas of highest
risk within the financial sector and applying the strongest measures in those areas. It
means that more efforts and resources are concentrated on areas where they're most
needed.
10. Audit and Compliance: Regular audits should be carried out to ensure compliance
with anti-money laundering laws and regulations. Non-compliance should be met with
penalties, which could include fines or loss of license to operate.
11. Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborative efforts between the public and private
sectors can lead to more effective anti-money laundering measures. For example, law
enforcement agencies and financial institutions can share information and resources
to detect and prevent money laundering.

At the International Level:

1. International Cooperation: Given the transnational nature of money laundering,

international cooperation is essential. Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs)
provide a means of cooperation between countries for the exchange of information
and evidence for use in criminal investigations and proceedings.
2. Global Standards: The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an inter-governmental body
that sets standards and promotes effective implementation of legal, regulatory and
operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing, and other
related threats to the integrity of the international financial system. Countries are
encouraged to align their national laws and regulations with FATF recommendations.
3. Regulation of Cryptocurrencies: Countries are also beginning to regulate
cryptocurrencies to prevent their use in money laundering. This includes
implementing KYC procedures for cryptocurrency exchanges, requiring reporting of
suspicious transactions, and using blockchain analysis tools to trace illicit transactions.
4. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Technological advancements also pose a
solution to the problem of money laundering. AI and ML technologies can help detect
unusual patterns or anomalies in financial transactions, even if they are complex or
scattered across different platforms or institutions. These technologies can analyse
vast amounts of data much faster and more accurately than human investigators.
5. Biometrics and Identity Verification: Use of biometric data like fingerprints, face
recognition, and iris scanning in financial transactions can make it harder for criminals
to use false identities for money laundering. Digital identity verification can also be
helpful in ensuring that the individuals involved in a transaction are who they claim to
be.
6. International Regulatory Bodies: International bodies like the United Nations Office
on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) work with

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 SECURITY FORCES AND THEIR MANDATES 21

countries to provide technical assistance and develop legal and regulatory frameworks
to fight money laundering. These agencies also encourage global cooperation and
information sharing among countries.
7. Cross-Border Cooperation among Financial Institutions: Money launderers often use
a network of financial institutions spread across multiple countries to make the
detection of illicit funds more difficult. Enhancing cooperation and information sharing
among financial institutions across borders can help detect and prevent such schemes.

Conclusion

While globalisation and emerging technologies have posed new challenges in the fight against
money laundering, they also offer potential solutions. A combination of stringent legislation,
proactive regulation of financial institutions, the use of advanced technologies, and enhanced
international cooperation is necessary to effectively tackle this problem. The dynamism of
money laundering techniques requires vigilance and adaptability on the part of authorities
and financial institutions alike. It is a continuous process that requires the collective effort of
nations to ensure the integrity and security of the global financial system.

SECURITY FORCES AND THEIR MANDATES

1. Human rights activists constantly highlight the view that the Armed Forces 2015
(Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) is a draconian act leading to cases of
human rights abuses by the security forces. What sections of AFSPA are
opposed by the activists? Critically evaluate the requirement with
reference to the view held by the Apex Court

Answer:

The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA), enacted in 1958, is a controversial
legislation that grants special powers to the Indian Armed Forces in "disturbed areas." Over
the years, human rights activists have indeed opposed several sections of the AFSPA for their
perceived contribution to human rights abuses.

Here are those sections and the reasons they are opposed:

1. Section 3: This section empowers the Central or State Government to declare any area
as a 'disturbed area' if it is in a dangerous or disturbed condition such that the use of
Armed Forces in aid of civil power is necessary. Critics argue that the wide discretion
granted by this section often leads to misuse and overuse of the AFSPA.

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 SECURITY FORCES AND THEIR MANDATES 22

2. Section 4: This section provides special powers to the armed forces in disturbed areas,
including the power to fire upon or use force against any person who is acting against
the law and order in the disturbed area. It also allows the arrest without a warrant of
anyone who has committed cognizable offenses or is reasonably suspected of having
done so, and the power to enter and search any premise without a warrant to make
such arrests. This is criticized as it bypasses normal law enforcement and judicial
process, increasing the risk of human rights abuses, including extrajudicial killings and
torture.
3. Section 6: This section provides protection to the personnel of armed forces from
prosecution, suit, or other legal proceedings in respect of anything done or purported
to be done in the exercise of the powers conferred by the Act, without the Central
Government's sanction. This immunity clause, activists argue, emboldens security
forces to act with impunity.

Criticism and Apex Court's Views:

1. Critics and human rights activists argue that the AFSPA has led to widespread human
rights abuses, including extrajudicial killings, torture, and enforced disappearances.
They believe it breeds an environment of fear and repression, and fails to address the
root causes of unrest. For instance, the alleged extrajudicial killing of Thangjam
Manorama in Manipur in 2004 led to widespread protests and calls for the repeal of
the AFSPA.
2. However, the Apex Court of India has upheld the constitutionality of the AFSPA. In a
1997 judgment, the Supreme Court held that the AFSPA is not unconstitutional, but
laid down strict guidelines for its implementation to prevent human rights abuses.
3. The Apex Court has also emphasized that every death caused by the armed forces
while operating in disturbed areas, whether the deceased was a common person or a
militant or a terrorist, should be thoroughly inquired into to address allegations of
arbitrary use of force.
4. In 'Naga People's Movement of Human Rights v. Union of India' (1998), the Supreme
Court upheld the constitutionality of AFSPA. However, it stressed the importance of
adhering to certain guidelines or "Do's and Don'ts" while the Act was in operation to
prevent abuses.
5. Despite this judgment, allegations of human rights abuses under the Act continue. In
response to these allegations, the Supreme Court in 'Extra Judicial Execution Victim
Families Association (EEVFAM) v. Union of India' (2016), ruled that every allegation
of use of excessive force resulting in the death of any person by the Manipur Police
or the armed forces in Manipur must be thoroughly inquired into.
6. In 2016, the Supreme Court reiterated that indefinite deployment of armed forces
under the AFSPA in the name of restoring normalcy under disturbed conditions would

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 SECURITY FORCES AND THEIR MANDATES 23

mock our democratic process. Therefore, it recommended that the Central

Government should periodically review the continuation of AFSPA in such areas.
7. Furthermore, the Supreme Court ordered an investigation into 1,528 cases of alleged
fake encounter killings in Manipur. This judgment recognized the right to life and
liberty, including the right to a fair trial, even in areas where AFSPA is in force.
8. In a landmark judgment in July 2021, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the necessity of
a probe into every case of death caused by the security forces in the disturbed areas.
9. The AFSPA is seen by many as contradicting international human rights treaties to
which India is a party, like the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(ICCPR) and the Convention Against Torture (CAT).

Conclusion

While the AFSPA has been deemed necessary for maintaining order in "disturbed areas", its
implementation has been a subject of intense scrutiny and controversy. Ensuring
accountability and minimizing human rights abuses while maintaining national security poses
a significant legal challenge. It's an issue that requires continued legal introspection and
reform. Ultimately, any legal provision, including AFSPA, needs to align with the principles of
justice, fairness, and respect for human rights, as enshrined in the Constitution and echoed in
international treaties.
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