BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY

TIRUCHIRAPPALLI- 620 024

[Link]. Physics
(For the candidates admitted from the academic year 2014 -15 onwards offered through
Centre for Distance Education)
Course Duration: 3 Years – (Non-Semester System)
Eligibility: Higher Secondary (+2) Pass with Physics, Maths

Year Paper Title of the Paper Exam Mark

Hour s
s
I Language Paper – I 3 100
English Paper –I 3 100
Major Paper I Mechanics, Properties of matter 3 100
and Acoustics
First Allied Maths 3 100
Major Paper II 3 100
Major Practical –I
500
II Language Paper II 3 100
English paper II 3 100
Major Paper III Thermal Physics and Statistical 3 100
Mechanics
Second Allied Chemistry 3 100
Theory 75
Practical 25
Major Paper IV Major Practical -II 3 100
500
III Major Paper V Electricity, Magnetism and 3 100
Electromagnetism
Major Paper VI Optics and Spectroscopy 3 100
Major Paper VII Atomic and Nuclear Physics 3 100
Major Paper –VIII Analog and Digital Electronics 3 100
Major Paper IX Major Practical -III 3 100
500
TOTAL MARKS 1500

Note: 1. FOR ALL THEORY AND PRACTICAL PAPERS passing minimum is 40%.
(50 Marks) 20 Marks
2. Compulsory Record note book should be submitted at the time of practical
examination.
3. Environmental Studies UGC paper is compulsory to study in 1st year

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 Paper I -Mechanics, Properties of Matter and acoustics

UNIT – I : Dynamics Projectile, Impulse, Impact.

Projectile – range of horizontal and inclined plane – Impulse – Impact – Impulsive force – Laws of impact
– Impact of a smooth sphere on a smooth horizontal plane – Direct and oblique impacts –Loss in kinetic
energy – Motion of two interacting bodies – reduced mass.

UNIT – II : Dynamics of rigid bodies.

Kinetic energy of rotation – Theory of compound pendulum – Equivalent simple pendulum –
Reversibility of centres of oscillation and suspension – Determination of g and radius of gyration of a bar
pendulum – period of oscillation of a Bifilar pendulum with and without parallel threads - Centre of mass
– Velocity and acceleration of centre of mass – determination of motion of individual particle – system of
variable mass – equation for a Rocket – Conservation of linear and angular momentum

UNIT –III : Elasticity :

Stress – strain diagram – Elastic Moduli, Work done per unit volume in shearing strain – Relation
between elastic constants – Poisson‟s Ratio – Expression for Poisson’s ratio in terms of elastic constants
– Twisting couple on a wire – Work done in twisting – Torsional pendulum – determination of rigidity
modulus of a wire.

UNIT – IV : Surface tension &Viscosity

Definition and dimensions of surface tension – Excess of pressure over curved surfaces – Variation of
surface tension with temperature – Jaegar’s experiment.

Streamlined motion – Turbulent motion – Coefficient of viscosity and its dimension – Rate of flow of
liquid in a capillary tube – Poiseuilles’ formula – Experiment to determine the coefficient of viscosity of
liquid.

UNIT – V : Acoustics:
Music and noise – Characteristics of musical sound, quality of tone, consonance and dissonance – musical
scale – tempered scale – decibel – noise pollution.
Source in an enclosure – reverberation and time of reverberation – Sabine’s formula – Erring Formula –
Optimum reverberation – measurement of reverberation time – absorption coefficient - acoustics design –
Ultrasonics – production , properties and applications.
Books for study and reference:
1. Properties of matter – Brijlal and Subramanian
2. Properties of matter – [Link].
3. Properties of matter – SubramaniaIyer and Jeyaraman.
4. Oscillations, waves and sound – L.P. Sharma, [Link].
5. A text book of sound – [Link].
6. A text book of sound – [Link] and Brijlal.

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 Major Practical – I
(Any 10 experiments only)
1. Non-uniform bending – Pin and Micrscope.
2. Uniform bending – Optic lever.
3. Surface tension – Capillary rise.
4. Sonometer – Verification of laws and determination of frequency
5. Melde’s Experiment – Transverse and longitudinal.
6. Compound pendulum – g and k.
7. Cantilever depression – scale and telescope.
8. Specific heat capacity of a liquid – Newton’s law of cooling.
9. Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor – Lee’s disc.
10. Long focus convex lens – f, R, µ.
11. Newton’s Rings – ‘R’ determination, µ of liquid.
12. Spectrometer – µ of solid prism.
13. Air wedge – thickness of insulation.
14. [Link] – Temperature coefficient.
15. Meter Bridge – Specific Resistance

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 Paper III - THERMAL PHYSICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS

Unit I: Thermodynamics
Zeroth law of thermodynamics – First law of thermodynamics – Heat engines – Reversible and
irreversible process of Carnot‟s theorem – Second law of thermodynamics, Thermodynamic scale of
temperature – Entropy – Change of entropy in reversible and irreversible processes – Temperature –
entropy diagram (T.S) – Law of increase of entropy – Maxwell thermo dynamical relations –
Clausius‟sClaypeyron‟s latent heat equations.

Unit II: Low Temperature

Joule – Thomson‟s effect – Porous plug experiment – Liquefaction of gases – Linde’s method –
Adiabatic demagnetization – Liquefaction of He – Practical applications of low temperature –
Refrigerating mechanism – Air conditioning machines.

Unit III Radiation

Radiation – Stefan‟s law Deduction of Newton’s law from Stefan’s law – Boltzmann law – Black body
radiation – Wein’s law – Rayleigh – Jean’s law – Planck’s law – Angstrom Pyroheliometer – Solar
constant – Surface temperature of sun Sources of solar energy –Some everyday applications.

Unit IV: Specific Heat

Specific heat of solids – Einstein’s theory of specific heat – Debye’s theory –Specific heat of gases –
Mayer’s Relation – Quantization of various contributions to energy of diatomic molecules – Specific heat
of diatomic gases – (Quantum Theory)

Unit V: Statistical Physics

Phase space – Statistical Equilibrium – Microstates and Macrostates – Maxwell – Boltzmann statistics –
Application of M.B statistics to molecular energies in an ideal gas – B-E statistics- Application of B-E
statistics to photon gases – F-D statistics – Application of F.D statistics to electron gas – Comparison of
three statistics.

Books for Study:

1. Brijlal, and Subramaniyam, Heat and Thermodynamics, [Link]& Co. (2007)
2. [Link] and C.L Arora, Heat and Thermodynamics.

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 MAJOR PRACTICAL – II
(Any 10)
1. Static Torsion – Determination of n

2. Torsional pendulum – n and I

3. Coefficient of viscosity of highly viscous liquid

4. Stoke’s method – Viscosity of highly viscous liquid

5. Characteristics of junction and Zener diodes

6. Joule’s calorimeter – Specific heat capacity of liquid (Barton’s correction)

7. Carey Foster’s Bridge – R and p

8. Potentiometer – Ammeter calibration

9. Spectrometer – I-d curve

10. CRO – Study of wave forms – Lissajous figures – f determination

16. Construction of Full wave rectifier – Using two diodes

17. Potentiometer – low range voltmeter calibration

18. Lees’ disc – Thermal conductivity of poor conductor.

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 Paper V - ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM

Unit I Electrostatics

Coulomb’s inverse square law – Gauss theorem and its applications ( Intensity at a point due to a charged
sphere & cylinder ) – Principle of a capacitor – Capacity of a spherical and cylindrical capacitors –
Energy stored in a capacitor – Loss of energy due to sharing of charges.

Unit II Current Electricity

Ampere’s circuital law and its applications - Field along the axis of a circular coil and Solenoid – Force
on a conductor in a magnetic field – Theory of Ballistic Galvanometer – Figure of merit – Damping
Correction – Wheatstone network – Carey Foster’s Bridge – Potentiometer - Measurement of current,
resistance and low voltage.

Unit III Magnetism

Intensity of magnetization - Susceptibility – Types of magnetic materials – Properties para, dia and ferro
magnetic materials – Cycle of magnetization – Hysterisis – B-H curue – application of BH curve–
Magnetic energy per unit volume.

Unit IV Electromagnetic Induction

Laws of electromagnetic induction – Self and mutual induction – Self inductance of a solenoid – Mutual
inductance of a pair of solenoids – Coefficient of coupling – Experimental determination of self and
mutual inductance (Rayleighs method) Growth decay of current in circuit containing Land R – Growth
and decay of charge in circuit containing C and R – High resistance by leakage – Charging and
discharging of capacitor through Land R.

Unit V AC Circuits

Alternating EMF – Alternating EMF applied to circuits containing L and R – C and R – Alternating EMF
applied to circuits containing L, C and R – Series and Parallel resonance circuits – Sharpness of resonance
– Q factor – Power in AC circuits – Power factor – Wattless current

Books for Study

1. Brijlal and Subramaniyam – Electricity and Magnetism – [Link]& Co.
2. [Link], Electricity and Magnetism, [Link]& Co.

Books for Reference:

1. Narayanamoorthy and Nagaratnam, Electricity and Magretism NPC, Chennai.

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 Paper VI - OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY

Unit I Interference
Air wedge – Newton’s rings – Haidinger’s fringes – Brewster’s fringes – Michelson Interferometer and
its applications – Fabryperot Interferometer – Interference filter – Stationary waves in light – colour
photography (ideas only) – Holography – Construction and reconstruction of a hologram – applications.

Unit II Diffraction

Fresnel‟s diffraction – Diffraction at a (1) circular aperture (2) Straight edge (3) narrow wire. -
Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit – Double slit – Missing orders in a Double slit, Diffraction pattern –
Grating with theory – Oblique incidence – Overlapping of spectral lines – Diffraction pattern – Grating
with theory – Oblique incidence – Overlapping of spectral lines

Unit IIIResolving power of optical instruments

Resolving power – Rayleigh’s criterion of resolution. Resolving power or a (1) Telescope (2) Grating –
Dispersive power and resolving power of a grating.

Unit IV Polarization

Nicol prism – Nicol prism as an analyzer and polarizer – Huygens’s explanation of Double refraction in
uniaxial crystals – Double Image polarizing prisms – Elliptically and circularly polarized light –
production and detection – quarter wave and half wave plate – Babinets compensator – optical activity –
Fresnel‟s explanation of optical activity – Laurent’s Half shade polarimeter.

Unit V: Spectroscopy and Lasers

Types of spectra – Emission and absorption spectra – Continuous, band and line spectra – Solar spectrum
– Fraunnoffer lines – Raman effect – Characteristics of Raman lines – Experimental verification – IR and
uv spectroscopy – sources – Detectors and applications – induced absorption – spontaneous emission –
optical pumping – Ruby laser – He – Ne Laser – Applications of lasers.

Books for Study:

[Link] by Brijlal and Subramaniam, [Link] & Co

2. Optics by Khanna and Gulati.
3. Optics – Murugeshan, [Link] & Co

Books for Reference

1. Optics – Jenkings and White, McGraw Hill.
2. Optics – AjoyChatak (TMH).

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 Paper VII - ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Unit I Cathode Rays and Positive Rays.

Cathode rays – properties – e/m of cathode rays – Milliken’s oil drop method – Positive rays – Properties
– e/m of Positive rays: Thomson‟s parabola method – Aston’s &Bain’s bridge - Determination of critical
Potential – Franck and Hertz‟s experiment – Davison’s and Germermethod.

Unit II Vector Atom model

Various quantum numbers, L-S and j-j Couplings – Pauli’s exclusion principle – electronic configuration
of elements and periodic classification – magnetic dipole moment of electron due to orbital and spin
motions – Bohr magneton, stern and Gerlach experiment.

Unit III Fine structure of special lines

Special terms and notations – selection rules- intensity rule and interval rule – Fine structure of sodium D
lines – Alkali spectra – Fine structure in Alkali spectra – spectrum of Helium – Zeeman effect - Larmor‟s
theorem – Debye’s quantum mechanical explanation of the normal Zeeman effect – Anamolous Zeeman
effect – theoretical explanation, Landeg factor.

Unit IV Particle detectors and Atom models

Review of basic properties of nuclei – mass, radius, binding energy, nuclear moments – isotopes – isobars
– radioactivity. Cyclotron – Betatron – Geiger Muller counter – cloud chamber – Q value of nuclear
reaction.
Photo electric effect – Einstein photo electric eqn – Laws of photo electric eqn – Millikan’s experiment –
Photoelectric cells. Photo voltaic cell – photo conductive cells – photo multiplier.

Unit V
Liquid Drop Model – application to fission, fission fragments, nuclear energy – Carbon – Nyrogen cycle
– atom bomb. Shell Model – magic numbers – Basic ideas of a nuclear reactor. Solar energy – hydrogen
bomb.

Books for study

1. Murughesan, R., Modern Physics [Link]& Co.,(2006).
2. Modern Physics – B.L. Theraja

Books for Reference

1. Arthus Beiser, Concept of Modern Physics: McGraw Hill Ed. V (1999).
2. Modern Physics – J.B. Rajam

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 Paper VIII - ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Unit I Semiconductors Device

PN junction diode –– V-I Characteristics of diode – Rectifiers – Half wave – full wave and bridge
rectifiers – Zener diode characteristics– Zener diode as voltage regulator.

Bipolar junction transistor – Basic configurations Relation between α and β – Characteristic curves of
transistor – CB, CE mode – h Parameters.

Unit II Amplifiers and Oscillators

Single stage CE amplifier – Power amplifiers – Efficiency of class B Power amplifier – Push – pull
amplifier - General theory of feedback – Properties of negative feedback – Criterion for oscillations –
Hartley oscillator – Colpitt‟s oscillator.

Unit III Operational Amplifiers and Special Devices

Differential amplifier - Common mode rejection ratio – Characteristics of an ideal op-amp – Virtual
ground – Inverting amplifier – Non inverting amplifier – Applications. Adder – subs tractor – Integrator –
Differentiator – Unity gain buffer.
FET – JFET – MOS FET – FET parameters – UJT – UJT relaxation oscillator

Unit IV NumberSystems, Logic Gates, Boolean Algebra and Simplification of Logic Expressions
Introduction to decimal, binary, octal, hexadecimal number systems – Interconversions – BCD code,
Excess – 3 code, Gray code – One’s and two’s complements – Simple binary arithmetic operations –
Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division – Positive and negative logic – Basic and derived logic
gates, symbols and their truth tables
– AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR.

Boolean algebra – Basic laws of Boolean algebra – De-Morgan‟s theorems Reducing Boolean
expressions using Boolean laws

Unit V Combinational and sequential digital Systems

Half and full adders – Binary address – Half and full subtractors –Multiplexer – Demultiplexer –
counters – med – 2,8,10,16

Books for study

1) Mehta V.K., Principles of Electronics, [Link] and company Ltd.
2) Chattopadhyay, D., Raxshit, P.C., Sara, [Link], New Age International (P) Ltd.
3) Digital Electronics – Vijayendran Viswananth Publishers

Books for Reference

1) Theraja .B.L., Basic electronics solid state, [Link] and Company Ltd (2002).
2) Sedha R.S., A text book of applied Electronies, [Link]& company Ltd (2002).
3) Digital Electronics – Malrino Leech.

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 MAJOR PRACTICAL – III
(Any 12 experiments only).

1. Koenig’s method – Uniform bending – Y – Determination

2. Spectrometer – i – ‘i' – curve – µ – determination
3. Spectrometer – Grating minimum deviation and dispersive power.
4. Field along the axis of a coil – determination of M.
5. M and H – Absolute determination using deflection and vibration magnetometer.
6. Potentiometer x of thermistor.
7. Ballistic Galvanometer – Figure of merit.
8. Series and Parallel resonance circuits (CRO can be used).
9. Regulated power supply using Zener, Percentage of regulation.
10. Single stage – RC coupled amplifier – Transistor.
11. Emitter follower amplifier – Frequency response.
12. Hartley oscillator using transistor.
13. FET Characteristics.
14. Logic gates – AND, OR and NOT gates using discrete components – Truth table.
15. Adder and sub tractor – Half and full

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