membrane / Notes ! Eric Log f substances across (03 - Movement of aladedton ances 1 Alecofek, f feels * Cell membrane is present in all living cells, including eukaryotic and 4 The fluid osale model othe Gen membrana * Cellmembrane is diferenilly permeable, and is made up of glagletsid ond_oratein * Phospholipid molecules: © Amangeina_fileyer _ incell membrane © Canmove_)aleraliy ‘© the membrane is described a5 “Dynamic s Page 2 (24)(Chapter 03 ~ Move + Protein molecules: sement of substances across membrane / Notes / Eric Lee © teLeeness64 among the phospholipid molecules ‘the membrane is described as * : oe sores Ad ste pomp tie, sneered ded Ialfwys-y ate bilayer and others 2 an the entire bilayer amached < ystgue cont ection [shope [or epi, (A) Phospholipids + A phospholipid molecule is structurally similar to a triglyceride molecule, sept that oe ofthe fay ald molecules ireplaced bya_Wclate group I I GX: aaa gycero fatty acid phosphate glycerol fatty acid ‘A Atrigivoeride molecule A Kphosphatipid motecile Page 3 (24)Chapter 03 - Movement of substances 2cr05S membrane / Notes I Eric Leg rose] aside th hws | \ Polee = hil | =bybephelle | fbr Folar = hie phe y Features of « phospholipid molecule: See (elu Now la Oe SI Model» m water head? CN, Is non par * Arrangement of phospholipid molecules in cell memt 2 a L meetin Oe tla ‘Hydrophobic tails point inward ‘ot being In contact with the aqueous environments. Tegal olater q00ous souion inde the cal y (copia) (sepelieny - Phossholpi bilayer Leer ne tet Page 4 (24)food Chapter 03 ~ Movement of substances across mombrane / Notes / Eric Leo ‘erview of the arrange of phospholipid molecules in the phosphiolipld hilayer of » cell: Cell membrane ~e Animal call Coll membrane Lipid (fatty acid) Gytoplasm Phospholipid Extracellular bilayer space + (8) Proteins | Type of Chatnel Prtzns ie protein 7 o Sahm pg tog ely mae 8] sa deel wn far dl sd cine’? (par Pets [* Mic nme og een tes tn os ens IS Chery Dri core obit conentrotlen ‘Baad fo ) outside cell +4 ‘The binding may tum on certain activities inside the cells Receptr sped | z La av Aexbigen AAR |. eames speaMe dupes ( AX ©. involved in the ABO blood group system jy See ‘Speedinp (ic. eatalyze) chemical react Nex Re ccc — ae ae ee dar bE exapnes Page 5 (24)Chapter 03 - Movement of substances across membrane / Notes / Eric je, ‘© There are various types of channel proteins, each responsible for specifie substances to pass through © [Extra e.g. the channel proteins for water molecules is called aquaporin, for ¢- Exiza Structure ofa channel protein: (©. Outer surface of channel protein which contacts the hydrophobic tails is usually made up of non-pola imino acids, ‘while inner surface which allows polar substances to passthrough is usually made up of polar amino acids ‘Cell membrane 10) outside the cell §@% membrane Page 6 (24)Chapter 03 - Movement of substances across membrane / Notes / Eric Lee + Development of the cell membrane model: Cell membrane model Name of the mode! a Ae ‘A. The ‘sandwich’ mode! ace: (proposed by Davson and Daniel in Spd pos NX B The fluid mosaic model ee trope fog a me B © Thebilayer model ee (proposed by Gorter and Grendel in 1925) Page 7 (24)1e / Notes / Eric Lee | — Movement af substances 2cr08S membran cf (1). Cell membraneis: S sore can Sone OI Relationship with its properties and functions This makes cel membrane Mental reer © Neepwtr aisncss en Dale Po poephoipd bilayer and move aross membrane ‘* Polat substances cannot pass through the hydrophobi tails in phospholipid bilayer ‘© Phospholipid molecules are arranged in a bilayer '* Gore of phospholipid bilayer is _h thilest,) Cat aah) 7 wacpacemaimnan fl plans |o Hane SIS wanneretly Gh “huyel prota? Guegy fgfk ) proteins phospt bilayer | | | They dissolve in the They are [Link] They, phospholipid bilayer and i op Bayer end) phosphopid bilayer but can somnmaeel Proteins orcarrier proteins, : | ‘Substance ‘Nature of substance and example I c Am | oo urge molecules (c ey: ER cee oe Bae se ts ) | ‘ BoD B_ small, polar molecules (¢g. water, urea, aminoacids, | glucose) fa A C small, non-polar molecules (cg. oxygen, carbon'dioxide, ES -@lYCETOI, fatty acids, witamin A, vitamin D) D small ions (¢¢. sodium ion, calcium ion) Page 8 (24)Chapter 03 ~ Movement of substances across membrane / Notes / Eric Lee f the cell membrane: ‘actors affecting the permeability of * Permeability of membrane 7ACr¢ases with the increasing tehiperature * Boiling can_¢S4+y the membrane, making it ally permeable * Organic solvents dtvelve the phospholipids and hence permeability of membrane cl + Eg, Alcott ean dissolve the membrane and extract chlorophyll in plant cells Relationship with ts properties and functions + cellmembraneis Pole (Ahly nature © Thisallows cell membraneto change shape _and_fus@ with ‘one another during phagocytosis and cell division ‘© Phospholipid molecules can move “a aiteseeds Cell membrane changes shape as the cell begins to divide, ‘and fuses during cell division LY] wt hore° Chapter 03 — Movement of substances across membrane / Notes / Eric Lee Sse se Four maia mechanisms of movement of substances across cell membrane gate 0a: 4 © imate a © Osmosis r 1 © jemeuvpert (a) - clare ° yr R w tof particles from a region of higher __(ofwentradflon toa region of lower GE GOWM _ the concentration gradient) until reaching equilibrium + ttigidsand 95 pares move ceshonly taall recoustod icon eiivie Coen © Equilibrium is reached when there is NO concentration. existed between to regions © Whenparctesbecone_(¥ distbued,thereis_ho Wet movementofpartclesbenwcen two regions ‘©. However, particles are still moving an deny in_g aren tine + Dilision does NOT reqie_enerae/ Gena ASC _ process) © “© depends oa spontancous and random movement of particles Page 10 (24) ayChapter 03 - Movement of substances across membrane / Notes / Eric Lee ‘+ Factors affecting the rate of diffusion across membranes: Factor How it affects the rate of diffusion + The steeper the concentration gradicnt between two regions, coh dralfon =~ me iii OM: the baler the rate of diffusion ‘© The larger the surface area over which diffusion occurs, Gurkce apa, | Mbt ee te rte of iteton ‘+ The shorter the distance between two region of diferent concentrations, Vit the Iti ge. the rate of atasion ‘© Athigher temperatures, panicles have more_Kinedic, energy, ig emgurtoce resting ina_KGWer rate o ittsion Grae ot fe pit ‘Smaller particles diffuse f, Ace than large particles « Non-polar substancce usally difuse YouLer- than polar substances pace ete oe ream tse fds ty ‘* Importance of diffusion in organisms: waste © Enables cetsio_Qthange Moferals with environment utients (69. caton dose) © Involved in many life processes «eg tb soe f20n_ of mavens inhuman smal nese, 2 chan in boman hings © Allows distribution of substances inside cytoplasm of cells, (had suroundng the cl bn Pan =" LUWWURAUUUOD Page 11 (24)Chapter 03 Movement of substances across membrane / Notes / Eric Lee % (8) Osmosis ~a special kind of diffusion © © Osmosisisthe WeT movement of water molecules froma rein f - water potent oa xin of _[@ cer water potential cqonmerosn_pyPbeecabially ostteiteh paler (© (until reaching an equilibrium) + van pnt Je (© Describes the tehidenéy of water molecules to KAA from one place to another © Dissolving substances in water__decp ease _ the tendency of water moleoules to move : 7 i.e. more solute patcles)the | gy” the tendency of © i.e. water potential deereases with increasing concentration of solution ee wes WT omaai neta ———| teteF Water molecules ———| differentially permeable watermotecule golyend oo larger te pm Sal sucrose molecule Selle ‘membrane 3% sucrose solution Page 12 (24) 1 12% sucrose solutionss Chapter 03 — M tof 2 Wane patent Pore pet ox pter, ype “eae pls cles? gate I Notes / Eric Lee ©. * water molecules in pure waierbave the highest, tendency 1 move (© All solutions have a water potential fp yet __ than that of pure water (ie. Aegodtye. value) © Simple osmometer : me. fer woter potentia| = a -capilary tube. (clamped vertically) rate of trucker ! + Votceartrator Peterestol height ofiquid level * Me #322. of dldysrs tube ae oe icra e eee «Liquid level in cafe tube __¢lgen (rises / falls) tn descabe «Osmosis stops when water potential inside dialysis tubing isthe same as that of dsiled water outside co The rise in liquid level inside dialysis tubing is taken as the relative water potential of sucrose solution ©. Rate of osmosis ~ change in liquid level per_{10. j chatted ols vee is higherthamthatof 70% teurese sla lysis tubing Watef molecules ‘the former to the latter extol permeable” Cea Ge wplin a) K Page 13 (24)= ‘Isotonie solution ie _4ahg + ie. lower _ water potential than ‘potential than cytoplasm) ‘water potential as ly. Lome iano oa hey congaatra fon + ave = the al + pave Talo thecels [+ KO net movement © Nochange + | Sutalel Foc become No change Qs Descabe and eglotnthe ft plant, calls in hypetome slaffon. ‘+ In hypotonic solutions, plait cells gain water by osmosis, © As plan cells ar surounded by angldcllvall, swelling of eyoplasm causes a PreS$M€. to build upon ell ‘wall which prevents further entryotwater © Eventually, water sp _ entering plant cells 0. latcett cme face and pres asia oe ater © imponantforthe__jappart_ofplans © Importance of osmosis: © Enables movement of__WéAa _ in and out of ells oleebel sbrerpflen of water taiunndntets ed pat ss Page 14 (24)2 Chapter 03 ~ Movement of substances across membrane / Notes / Eric Lee ‘© Investigation (o flod the water potential of plant tissue 1, Measure initial length / Initial weight of a number (e.g. 21) of potato cylinders, 2, Put three pieces of potato cylinders into EACH of a series of sucrose solution with different concentrations 3. After? hours, measure the final length / final weight of the potato eylinders 4, Calculate the percentage change in length / weight of the potato eylinders 5. Plota graph of the percentage change in length / weight against the sucrose concentration 9% change in length or weight of potato cylinders, © Relative water potential ofthe potato cells is determined by the sucrose concentration that gives 0% change in length {weight of potato cylinders ‘+ Photomicrographs of plasmolysed cells: tate solution Blodsa celsin 10% NaCl(400 %) k water (400 Bile ese ee rote; orgnees Hosted toward center of cells tore ete ase ol wale Page 15 (24)R'Typares canceatectlon Pe ete “ ‘© Activostiinsportis the transport of substances uswally from aregion of _| QJ __ concentration to a region of (52) ia concentration (Le, aaginst th concentration gradient) wih thewse of _pyera, yy Caays Hope to © Involves _Casflec. proteins ~ yy sol o tan Al proses Gennes) then © Only cccusin_[2/Wuy__cels which usually have a high cmatebalte/! Heer a tangs uamber of do thontye Coste sal) Tyner! oneatetin Sendak. ie LA ee ene ey ~ Movement of substances across membrane / Notes / Eric Lee Step 3 cf A. The carrier protein ehanges if Shape Using triergy A B The paticle i Feleated Gn the other side of the Membrane ibe C The particlebindstorarrier protein ‘Step Description of the step. 1 2 3 Page 16 (24) High concentration 1 molecules, onsPlata 16 tha te 2. AEEDASMOREE Chapter 03 ~ Movement of substances across membrane / Notes / Eric Lee a ‘Labs Wommgers tpi vee so: ° Phat rot ets have ts amr of _iHechond@a 1 petoom_ ep 6 active transport toabsorb _ nates from soll water _ te release energy for = °F usually root cells have higher concentration of minerals than soil water originally ©. As respirtion quires _{necHxy oot els Jo NOT have enough energy fr ative transport t ssh i yearly from waterlogged soil (which contains very litle exygen) X Oz 7 X pegindton ~PKerayy 5 i Dre Cuabete Ont whenls <—Yactin tmp ‘©. Some metabolic toxins (e.g, ¢yamide) stops respiration and inhibits aetive transport in plat cells + Importance of active transport: ‘0 Enables cells to take up additional useful substances which are already hgh {n concentration in cells Bes 7 © Involved in absorption of _nacfled, (eg. glucose and amino acids) in humamrsmmall intestine © Involved in absorption of _Wiineral from soi into plant roots e Involved in reabsorption of glucose and amino acids from kidney tubules into blood) Lo need FS starl Page 17 (24)Chapter 03— Movement of substances across membrane / Notes / Erie Lee + Mhagocrtos isthe uptake of_Lgeqe partes into ells by packaging them into VAcaol@ formed from eell_preulbaene_ —g Requires energy (ic.isan__@({AU# __ process & i —_ wexdo —— eee ai 1A seudo poblime formed to ind the particle to be taken in : fissous are 2 Cal membrane particle tobe hae “fuse _to orm a aan ‘ 4{eusele which membrane encloses the particle 8 @ Proogértost digested products 4 The digested products are Into + ~e cytoplasm Teall 56 bie (oh) Bidls shoot, axtbrdjes (tth/ wher) 3. The vacuole le fused with some other vacuoles which contain i zy ;. eta etal? ent oe cid cee Ste Vleeb vel Sue « Extra Diagram see type of white blood cell) engulfing a microbe by phagocytosis: 1. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte 2. Ingestion ot microbe by phagocyte 3. Formation of @ phagosome 4. Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome 5. Digestion ot ingested microbe by enzymes 6. Formation of residual body containing indigestible material 7. Discharge of waste materials, Page 18 (24)f ar Chapter 03 - Movement of substances across membrane / Notes / Eric Lee © Tavolved in_pratfin of some Allele organisms + eg. Amocha engulfs food particles by phagocytosis co Involved in body defence against diseases in humans ~ Certain types of inte Mood calls ______ cells engulf harmful microorganisms by phagocytosis Nowe ( Extra other types of transport involving cell membrane [Pregocytosis Receptor meaiaied * | troctnesia . i . e ® . * * 4 . * > Pusms entrant Gatwin Receptor | © l Coated vesice © Pinocytosis 0 non-specific uptake of fluid surrounding the cell, allowing it to take in nutrients such as ions, enzymes and hormones ‘© cell membrane invaginates, before budding off to create a vesicle known as a pinosome © Receptor-mediated endocytosis, ‘©. uptake of specific target substances, such as iron, via their receptor «receptor cluster in regions termed coated pits, as they are coated wih proteins suchas clathrin, which causes he coated pit to invaginate and become a vesicle, bringing the desired ligand into the cell © Exocytosis ‘othe release of large molecules are moved from the interior to the exterior of the cell (©. involved in neurotransmitter (#4 (W290791) release in nervous systems or release of secretions in the sweat glands Page 19 (24)