BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING:
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING
COURSE MODULE COURSE UNIT WEEK
1 1 1
Orientation to Nursing as a Profession
Read course and
unit objectives
ü Read course and unit objectives
ü Read study guide prior to class attendance
ü Read required learning resources;; refer to unit
terminologies for jargons
ü Proactively participate in classroom discussions
ü Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas)
ü Answer and submit course unit tasks
At the end of this unit, the students are expected to:
Cognitive:
1. Discuss the historical factors and nursing leaders who influenced the development of
nursing.
2. Discuss the evolution of nursing education and entry into professional nursing practice.
3. Describe the different types of educational programs for nurses.
4. Explain the importance of continuing nursing education.
5. Describe how the definition of nursing has evolved since Florence Nightingale.
6. Identify the four major areas of the nursing practice.
7. Identify the purposes of nurse practice acts and standards of professional nursing practice.
8. Describe the role of nurses.
9. Describe the expanded career roles of nurses and their functions.
10. Discuss the criteria of a profession and the professionalization of nursing.
11. Describe factors influencing contemporary nursing practice.
12. Explain the functions of national and international nurses’ associations.
Affective:
1. Inculcate the importance of the history of nursing profession to our modern practice.
2. Listen attentively during class discussions.
3. Demonstrate tact and respect when challenging other people’s opinions and ideas
4. Accept comments and reactions of the peers with their opinions, openly and graciously.
Psychomotor:
1. Actively participate during class discussions
2. Confidently express personal opinion and thoughts in front of the class
Berman, A., Snyder, S., and Frandsen, G. (2018) Kozier and Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing:
Concepts, Process, and Practice, Global Edition, 10th edition, Historical and Contemporary Nursing
Practice (pp.28-49). Singapore: Pearson Education Limited
Introduction
Nursing today is far different from nursing as it was practiced years ago, and it is expected to continue
changing during the 21st century. To comprehend present-day nursing and at the same time prepare
for the future, one must understand not only past events nut also contemporary nursing practice and
the sociologic and historical factors that affect it.
Historical Perspectives
A look at nursing’s beginnings reveals its continuing struggle for autonomy and professionalization.
• Women’s Roles
Traditional female roles of wife, mother, daughter, and sister have always included the care and
nurturing of other family members. From the beginning of time, women have cared for infants
and children;; thus nursing could be said to have its roots in “the home”.
• Religion
Although many of the world’s religions encourage benevolence;; it was the Christian value of
“love thy neighbor as thyself” and Christ’s parable of the Good Samaritan that had the
significant impact on the development on the development of Western nursing.
The Knights of Saint Lazarus dedicated themselves to the care of people with leprosy,
syphilis, and chronic skin conditions.
The Alexian Brothers organized care for victims of the Black Plague in the 14th century in
Germany.
• War
During the Crimean War (1854-1856), the inadequacy of care given to soldiers led to a public
outcry in Great Britain. The role of Florence Nightingale played in addressing this problem is
well-known. She was asked by Sir Sidney Herbert of the British War Department to recruit a
contingent of female nurses to provide care to the sick and injured in the Crimea.
During the American Civil War (1861-1865), several nurses emerged who were notable for
their contributions to a country torn by internal strife. Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth
provided care and safety to slaves fleeing to the North on the Underground Railroad.
• Societal Attitudes
Before the mid-1800s, nursing was without organization, education, or social status;; the
prevailing attitude was that a woman’s place was in the home and that no respectable woman
should have a career. Nurses in hospitals during this period were poorly educated;; some
were even incarcerated criminals.
Nursing Education
The practice of nursing is controlled from within the profession through the state boards of nursing
and professional nursing organizations. These groups also determine the content and type of
education that is required for different levels or scopes of nursing practice.
• Types of Education Programs
1. Licensed Practical (Vocational) Nursing Programs
2. Registered Nursing Programs
2.1 Diploma Programs
2.2 Associate Degree Programs
2.3 Baccalaureate Degree Programs
3. Graduate Nursing Programs
3.1 Master’s Degree Programs
3.2 Doctoral Programs
4. Continuing Education
THE NURSING LEADERS
Florence Nightingale Lillian Wald
(1820-1910) (1867-1940)
Clara Barton Lavinia Dock
(1821-1912) (1858-1956)
Linda Richards Margaret Higgins Sanger
(1841-1930) (1879-1966)
Mary Mahoney Mary Breckinridge
(1845-1926) (1881-1965)
Definitions of Nursing
Nursing is caring. Nursing is adaptive.
Nursing is an art
Nursing is concerned with health promotion,
Nursing is a science.
health maintenance, and health restoration.
Nursing is client centered.
Nursing is holistic. Nursing is a helping profession.
Contemporary Nursing Practice
• Recipients of Nursing
1. Patient – A Latin word meaning “to suffer” or “to bear”;; person who is waiting for or
undergoing medical treatment and care. Usually, people become patients when they seek
assistance because of illness or for surgery.
2. Client – a person who engages the advice or services of another who is qualified to
provide this service. The term client presents the receivers of health care as collaborators
in the care, that is, as people who are also responsible for their own health.
• Settings for Nursing – In the past, the acute care hospital was the main practice setting open
to most nurses. Today many nurses work in hospitals, but increasingly they work in clients’
homes, community agencies, ambulatory clinics, long-term care facilities, health
maintenance, organizations (HMOs), and nursing practice centers.
• Nurse Practice Acts – or legal acts for professional nursing practice, differ in various
jurisdictions, they all have a common purpose: to protect the public. Nurses are responsible
for knowing their state’s nurse practice act as it governs their practice.
• Standards of Nursing Practice – the purpose is to describe the responsibilities for which
nurses are accountable. Establishing and implementing standards of practice are major
functions of a professional organization.
Standards of Professional Performance describe behaviors expected in he professional
nursing role.
Promoting
health and
wellness Preventing
illness
SCOPE OF
NURSING
Restoring
health Caring
for
dying
CRITERIA OF A PROFESSION Ongoing Research
Specialized Education Code of Ethics
Body of Knowledge Autonomy
Service Orientation Professional Organization
Factors Influencing Contemporary Nursing Practice
Quality
and
Safety
in
Health
Care
Reform Consumer
Demands
Health
Care
Information,
Telehealth,
Family Structure Science
and
Technology
and
Telenursing
The
Current
Nursing
Legislation Demography
Shortage
Roles and Functions of the Nurse
Research
Consumer Counselor
Client
Caregiver
Advocate
Teacher
Communicator Manager
Change
Agent Leader
EXPANDED CAREER ROLES Nurse Researcher
Nurse Practitioner Nurse Administrator
Clinical Nurse Specialist Nurse Educator
Nurse Anesthetist Nurse Entrepreneur
Nurse Midwife Forensic Nurse
Nursing Organizations
As nursing has developed, an increasing number of nursing organizations have formed. These
organizations are at the local, state, national, and international levels. Participation in the activities
of nursing associations enhances the growth of involved individuals and helps nurses collectively
influence policies affecting nursing practice.
ANA
(1896) NLN
(1952) ICN (1899) NSNA
(1953)
Sigma
Theta
National
Tau
American National International
Nurses
League
for
Council
of
Student
(1922)
Association Nursing Nurses Nurses
Association
Nursing – “The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery”- as nursing
defined nearly 150 years ago (Nightingale, 1860/1969).
“The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided
if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain
independence as rapidly possible” (Henderson, 1966).
Profession – an occupation that requires extensive education or a calling that requires special
knowledge, skill, and preparation. A profession is generally distinguished from other kinds of
occupations by (a) its requirement of prolonged, specialized training to acquire a body of knowledge
pertinent to the role to be performed;; (b) an orientation of the individual toward service, either to a
community or to an organization;; (c)ongoing research;; (d) a code of ethics;; (e) autonomy;; and (f)
professional organization.
Professionalism – refers to professional character, spirit, or methods. It is a set of attributes, a way
of life that implies responsibility and commitment.
Professionalization – is the process of becoming professional, that is, of acquiring characteristics
considered to be professional.
D'Antonio, P, and Buhler-Wilkerson, K. (2019) Nursing Medical Profession. Retrieved April 26, 2020
from Encyclopaedia Britannica, Website: [Link]
Jean C. Whelan, J.C., (1949 - 2017), and Buhler-Wilkerson, K.(1944 - 2010), (2011) American
Nursing: An Introduction to the Past. Retrieved April 25, 2020 from University of Pennsylvania School
of Nursing, Website: [Link]
past/
Study Questions
• What is the most significant change in the nursing history that greatly affected our profession to
present? Provide examples and present the timeline.
• Discuss the importance and mention the different nursing organizations related to expanded
career roles of nurses.
• How do the nursing education programs be beneficial in improving the factors that influence the
contemporary nursing practice?
Berman,
A., Snyder, S., and Frandsen, G. (2018) Kozier
and
E rb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process,
and Practice, Global Edition, 10th edition, Historical and
Contemporary Nursing Practice (pp.28-49). Singapore:
Pearson Education Limited
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING:
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING
COURSE MODULE COURSE UNIT WEEK
1 2 2
Health, Illness and Filipino Culture, Values and Practices
ü Read course unit objectives
ü Read study guide prior to class attendance
ü Read required learning resources;; refer to unit
terminologies for jargons
ü Proactively participate in classroom discussions
ü Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas)
ü Answer and submit course unit tasks
At the end of this unit, the students are expected to:
Cognitive:
1. Cite factors that lead to the development and practice of nursing in Philippine setting
2. Describe the health care practices of the Filipinos
3. Enumerate the four key criteria sections of the Davies Application
4. Describe the process culture, values, and practices related to health
5. List several institutions that started nursing in the Philippines
6. Identify the common characteristics and differences of approach in health care delivery and
handling of patients with different beliefs
Affective:
1. Instill the importance of how the nursing practice begun in the Philippines
2. Heed attentively during class discussions
3. Demonstrate tact and respect when challenging other people’s opinions and ideas
4. Accept comments and reactions of classmates on one’s opinions openly and graciously.
Psychomotor:
1. Participate actively during class discussions
2. Confidently express personal opinion and thoughts in front of the class
Wayne, G, BSN, RN (2015). History of Nursing in the Philippines. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from
Nurseslabs, Website: [Link]
History of Nursing in the Philippines
Nursing in the Philippines has a deep and enigmatic history. History does matter. This
statement must have been self-evident over the years, decades, and centuries past. It
is inescapable. Far from being a ‘dull and boring’ subject, its depth excitingly connects
things through time and encourages starters to take a long view of such connections
for a better understanding of their chosen path.
Early
Beliefs
&
Practices
• Mysticism and Superstitions
These two words were the early beliefs of health and illness in the Philippines. The cause of a
disease was primarily believed to be due to either another person, whom which was an enemy, or a
witch or evil spirits. In the early times, Filipinos were very cautious not to disturb other people or the
evil spirits for the good of their health.
• Early Care of the Sick
The early Filipinos subscribed to superstitious belief and practices in relation to health and sickness.
If the birth became difficult, witches were supposed to be the cause. To disperse their influence,
gunpowder were exploded from a bamboo cane close to the head of the sufferer.
• Health Care During the Spanish Regime
The context of nursing has manifested through simple nutrition, wound care, and taking care of an
ill member of the family. Certain practices when taking care of a sick individuals entails interventions
from babaylan (priest physicians) or albularyo (herb doctor). In 1578, male nurses were
acknowledged as Spanish Friars’ assistants for caring sick individuals in the hospital. These male
nurses were referred as practicante or enfermero.
The Earliest Hospitals in the Philippines
YEAR
1577 Hospital Real de Manila
was established mainly to care for the Spanish king’s soldiers, but also admitted
Spanish civilians;; founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande
1578 San Lazaro Hospital
founded by Brother Juan Clemente and was administered for many years by the
Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios;; built exclusively for patients with leprosy
1586 Hospital de Indios
established by the Franciscan Order;; service was in general supported by alms and
contributions from charitable persons.
1590 Hospital de Aguas Santas
established in Laguna;; near a medicinal spring, founded by Brother J. Bautista of the
Franciscan Order.
1596 San Juan de Dios Hospital
founded by the Brotherhood of Misericordia and administered by the Hospitaliers of San
Juan de Dios;; support was delivered from alms and rents;; rendered general health
service to the public.
Nursing During the Philippine Revolution
In the late 1890’s, the war between Philippines and Spain emerges which resulted to significant
amount of casualties. With this, many women have assumed the role of nurses in order to assist the
wounded soldiers. The emergence of Filipina nurses brought about the development of Philippines
Red Cross.
Melchora
Aquino
or
"Tandang
Josephine Bracken
Sora"
Rosa
Sevilla
de
Alvero Capitan
Salome
Dona
Hilaria
de
Aguinaldo Agueda Kahabagan
Dona
Maria
Agoncillo
de
Trinidad
Tecson
Aguinaldo
Hospitals and Nursing Schools
Americans began training the first Filipino nursing students in 1907. Nursing students in the
Philippines studied many of the same subjects as nursing students in the U.S. However, it was
believed that the curriculum in the Philippines “was never a mirror-image reproduction of the
American nursing curriculum” and involved more than a simple transfer of knowledge from American
nurses to Filipino nurses.
Hospital School of Nursing’s Formal Training (1901 – 1911)
YEAR HOSPITALS
Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City)
1906 The first hospital in the Philippines, which trained Filipino nurses established by the
Baptist Missionaries.
Saint Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila)
The hospital was established by the Archbishop of Manila, Jeremiah Harty under the
supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres located in Intramuros. It provided
general hospital services. It opened its training school for nurses in 1908, with Mother
Melanie as superintendent and Miss Chambers as Principal.
Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (Manila)
PGH began in 1901 as a small dispensary for Civil officers and Employees in the City
of Manila and later grew as a Civil Hospital. In 1906, Mary Coleman Masters, an
educator advocated for the idea of training Filipino girls for the profession of nursing
with the approval of Government officials, she first opened a dormitory for Girls enrolled
at the Philippine Normal Hall and the University of the Philippines.
St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City)
The hospital is an Episcopalian Institution. It began as a small dispensary in 1903. In
1907 1907, the school opened with three girls admitted. These three girls had their first year
in combined classes with the PGH School of Nursing and St. Paul’s Hospital School of
Nursing. Miss Helen Hicks was the first principal. Mrs. Vitaliana Beltran was the first
Filipino superintendent of nurses and Dr. Jose Fores was the first medical director of
the hospital.
Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila)
It started as a small dispensary on Calle Cervantes (now Avenida). It was called the
Bethany Dispensary and funded by the Methodist Mission for the relief of suffering
among women and children. In 1907, Sister Rebecca Parrish together with registered
nurses Rose Dudley and Gertude Dreisbach, organized the Mary Johnston School of
Nursing. The nurses’ training course began with three Filipino young girls fresh from
elementary as their first students.
Philippine Christian Mission Institute Schools of Nursing
The United Christian Missionary Society of Indianapolis, Indiana- a Protestant
organization of the disciples of Christ operated three schools of nursing.
1903 Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing
(Laoag, Ilocos Norte)
The Start of Nursing Practice (1911- 1921)
Promulgation of Act No. 2493 which amends Medical Law (Act No. 310) allowing the regulation of nursing
practice transpired during this period. However, in 1919, the First True Nursing Law was enacted through
Act 2808. During this period the Board Examiners for Nursing was also created. The first nursing board
examination was given on 1920. The first executive officer of the Board Examiners for Nurses is a
physician.
Mary
Chilles
Hospital
School
of
Nursing
(Manila,
1911)
Frank
Dunn
Memorial Hospital
(Vigan,
Ilocos
Sur,
1912)
San
Juan
de
Dios
Hospital
School
of
Nursing (Manila,
1913)
Emmanuel
Hospital
School
of
Nursing
(Capiz,
1913)
Southern Islands
Hospital
School
of
Nursing
(Cebu,
1918)
Public Health Nursing Development: 1931 – 1941
In 1933, the nursing institution have increased their requirement. During this period, they have
implemented that to enter nursing education an applicant must be able to complete secondary
education. The first collegiate nursing graduates of the Philippines graduated from University of the
Philippines School of Public Health Nursing in 1938.
Nursing during World War II
While in the Philippines, World War II made public health nurses in Manila assigned to devastated areas
to attend the sick and the wounded. A year after, thirty-one nurses who were taken prisoners of war by
the Japanese army and confined at the Bilibid Prison in Manila were released to the Director of the Bureau
of Health. And just like in the US, a lot of public health nurses joined the guerillas or went to hide in the
mountains during this time.
The Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing: 1941 – 1951
A nursing curriculum which was based on the thesis presented by Julita V. Sotejo, graduate of the
Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing, tackles on the development of a nursing education within
a University-based College of Nursing. This dissertation was the beginning of nursing curriculum that
have made the Nursing Institution of the country as a baccalaureate course. During this period, College
of Nursing was also created. When the Japanese occupied the Philippines in 1942, training and practice
at the hospital schools of nursing in Manila was “violently disrupted.” However, U.S. colonial patterns in
Philippine nursing education soon returned after the U.S. reclaimed the country in 1945 and even after
the Philippines gained independence from the U.S. July 4, 1946.
THE FIRST
COLLEGES
OF
University
of
Sto.
Tomas (1877)
NURSING
IN
THE
Manila
Central
University
(1947)
PHILIPPINES
University
of
the
Philippines
(1948)
Far
Eastern
University
(1955)
University
of
the
East
(1958)
Filipino Nurses’ Health Beliefs, Behaviors, and Practices
Based in the article of Ordonez and Gandeza (2004), understanding the culture, health care beliefs,
and practices of Filipino nurses is important, as it affects the way they assess the needs and provide
care for their clients. This article provided a general profile of the health care beliefs, behaviors, and
practices of Filipino nurses in the United States within the context of the general Filipino culture. Like
any other ethnic group, Filipinos have become acculturated at various levels after coming to work
and live in this country over the years. It is the integration of their cultural beliefs, values, and
behaviors that affects their caregiving attitudes and practices.
GENERAL VALUES OF FILIPINO NURSES
The cultural background of Filipino nurses may have a strong influence on their selection of nursing
as a profession, because caring for others is emphasized and valued, especially among females.
• WORK ETHIC
As a group, Filipino nurses are well liked because they are hardworking. They place high value on
responsibility and seldom complain. Joyce and Hunt (1982) commented, “Many [Filipino nurses]
work nights, holidays and/or overtime. So, during this time of nursing shortage, one can rely on a
Filipino nurse to volunteer to cover the shift”
• SPIRITUALITY
Filipino nurses are very religious people. There is a deep faith in God that is reflected in the
expression of “bahala na” — “it is up to God” or “leave it to God.” Although it is an indication of
acceptance of the nature of things including one’s own inherent limitations, bahala na operates
psychologically to elevate one’s courage and conviction to persist in the face of adversity and
improve one’s situation (Okamura & Agbayani, 1991).
• SENSITIVITY
Filipinos are generally sensitive and equally sensitive to the feelings of others, so they try to find a
way to say things diplomatically. Being sensitive to the feelings of others is also reflected in the way
Filipino nurses conduct patient teaching, especially with the elderly, immigrants, and the less
fortunate.
• INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Filipinos are generally quiet. Very conservative families do not allow their younger members to join
the conversation of adults without an invitation. Engaging in arguments, especially with someone
who is older or holds an authority position, is considered uncivilized. Filipinos also have difficulty
turning down requests from supervisors to whom they feel obligated.
• RESPECT and REVERENCE
One’s position in society, professional achievements, and age carry a lot of weight in the Philippine
society. Physicians, lawyers, priests, engineers, teachers, and nurses are among the well-respected
professionals in the Philippines. Hence, their opinion is generally accepted without question. Filipino
nurses highly value their elderly clients. Elderly individuals are given high respect and revered.
Family commitment fosters a sense of pride, and therefore, caring for others is embedded in the
culture.
• MODESTY
Filipino nurses find it uncomfortable to accept even a well-deserved compliment. Filipino nurses are
less likely to use I to express what they have achieved. More than likely, they will use we to
acknowledge others’ contributions no matter how insignificant the contributions might be. This may
explain why they work well with others. This may come from the practice of Bayanihan. In the
Philippines, if you want something done, it is easy to get a group together to work on a project so
that it will get done faster and better.
• LANGUAGE
Respect is integrated in the Filipino language. Reference to the elderly is the use of the third person.
• CLOSE FAMILY TIES
Filipino nurses have strong family ties. They tend to eat the same food and mingle with individuals
of the same ethnic background. Hence, the old health beliefs and practices continue.
HEALTH BELIEFS
• CULTURE
-is defined as the “totality of socially transmitted pattern of thoughts, values, meanings, and beliefs”
(Purnell 2005). It is not limited to any specific ethnic group, geographical area, language, religious
belief, manner of clothing, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status (Fisher 1996).
In Revisiting usog, pasma, and kulam, Tan explains that “culture is inscribed in our bodies and in our
minds” (Tan 2008). As such, the relationship of culture and health is important to understand as it
impacts an individual’s worldview and decision-making process (Purnell 2005). Like in other fields of
medicine, the impact of cultural beliefs is increasingly being recognized as an essential component
in the genetic counseling process (Cohen et al. 1998;; Edwards et al. 2008;; Penn et al. 2010).
FILIPINO CULTURAL BELIEFS
Filipino word depicting cultural beliefs English translation
Namamana Inheritance
Lihi Conception or maternal cravings
Sumpa and gaba Curse
Pasma Hot and cold syndrome
Namaligno Mystical and supernatural causes
Kaloob ng Diyos God’s will
Once cultural health beliefs and practices are known, interventions can be properly instituted so that
despite these beliefs, genetic counselors can ensure that surveillance, management, and other medical
recommendations are done.
The selected Filipino cultural beliefs discussed in this paper can guide in the provision of psychosocial
support as it provides clues on the coping mechanisms of Filipino patients and their families. It is also
important to recognize that some of these Filipino beliefs are embodied in larger sociological and
economic factors. Tan (2008) emphasized that bahala na (and, by extension, kaloob ng Diyos) are not
just forms of fatalism or passive acceptance.
Herbolarios – It was believed that evil spirits could be driven away by persons with power to banish
demons. Belief in special gods of healing, with the priest -physician (called “word doctors”) as
intermediary. If they used leaves or roots, they were called herb doctors (“herbolarios”) Filipinos who
became sick were usually cared for by the female family members or friends in the home.
Herbicheros - Herb men, meaning one who practiced witchcraft.
Mangkukulam – (manggagaway) Persons suffering from diseases without any identified cause were
believed bewitched by these people.
Pamao – or difficult childbirth, and some diseases were attributed to “nunos”. Midwives assisted in
childbirth. During labor, the “mabuting hilot” (good midwife) was called in.
Filipino values - are, for the most part, centered at maintaining social harmony, motivated primarily
by the desire to be accepted within a group. The main sanction against diverging from these values
are the concepts of "Hiya", roughly translated as 'a sense of shame', and "Amor propio" or 'self-
esteem'.
Folk beliefs - otherwise known as "superstitious beliefs" (pamahiin), form part of a people's value
system and culture. They basically reflect the customs, traditions, and mores of a group, which may
be based on religious beliefs, opinions, old or popular practices.
Joyce, R., & Hunt, C. (1982). Philippine nurses and the brain drain. Social Science Medicine, 16,
1223-1233.
Okamura, J., & Agbayani, A. (1991). Philippines culture, Filipinos, values, Philippine beliefs.
Retrieved April 27, 2020, from www. [Link]/[Link]
Purnell L (2005) The purnell model for cultural competence. J. Multicult. Nurs. Health 11(2):7-15.
[Link]
Fisher N. Cultural and ethnic diversity: a guide for genetic professionals. London: John Hopkins
University Press;; 1996.
Tan M. Revisiting usog, pasma, kulam. Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Press;; 2008.
Cohen L, Fine B, Pergament E. An assessment of ethnocultural beliefs regarding the causes of
birth defects and genetic disorders. J Genet Couns. 1998;;7(1):15–29. doi:
10.1023/A:1022812027511.
Study Questions
• Based on the cultural diversity, explain how nursing could create changes on how Filipinos
perceive health necessity.
• What are the importance of knowing where nurses in the Philippines started and what are the
future challenges that they must overcome to achieve a more productive health care delivery?
Ordonez, R.V., and Gandeza, N. (2004) HOME HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT & PRACTICE /
December 2004, Integrating Traditional Beliefs and Modern Medicine: Filipino Nurses’ Health
Beliefs, Behaviors, and Practices (pp.22-27). Retrieved from [Link] at PENNSYLVANIA
STATE UNIV on March 4, 2016
Wayne, G, BSN, RN (2015). History of Nursing in the Philippines. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from
Nurseslabs, Website: [Link]
Abad, P.J.,Tan, (et al, 2014). Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge
and implications in genetic counseling. April 27, 2020. Journal of Community Genetics on October
2014 Website: [Link]
