INVESTIGATION OF STRESS RESULTANT ON

VARIATION OF SLENDERNESS EFFECT ON

STEEL PORTAL FRAME (UDL)

ST4212 STRUCTURAL DESIGN STUDIO

Submitted by

T. JAYABHARATHI
(821621413006)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING
In

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

SEMBODAI R.V ENGINEERING COLLEGE- SEMBODAI

ANNA UNIVERSITY: : CHENNAI-600 025

OCT - 2022
1
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: : CHENNAI- 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICAT

Certify that this project report Certified that this Report titled
“INVESTICATION OF STRESS RESULTANT ON VARIATION OF
SLENDERNESS EFFECT ON STEEL PORTAL FRAME (UDL)” is the
bonafide work of [Link] (821621413006) who carried out the
work under my supervision. Certified further that to the best of my knowledge
the work reported herein does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on
the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this
or any other candidate.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

[Link] ,M.E [Link],M.E

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Department of Civil Engineering Department of civil engineering
Sembodai Rukmani Varadharajan SembodaiRukmani Varadharajan
Engineering College, Sembodai- Engineering College, Sembodai-
614809 614809

Examined on:

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would to like to thank to god for giving me this strength and health to
complete the thesis successfully.

We are thankful to our chairman

[Link],[Link].,[Link].,[Link]., Sembodai R.V group of
institutions, for providing large facilities for our progress.

We are grateful to our secretary

[Link],M.E.,MBA.,MISTE., for giving as pleasant
environment to successfully carry out my project.

We are grateful to our principal [Link]

VELAN.,[Link].,Ph.D.,[Link].,M.I.R.E.D:M.I.S.R.D., for his kind
support in bringing our thesis.

We are grateful to our vice principal [Link] FAISAL,M.E.,

for his kind support in bringing our thesis.

We take the opportunity to express our sincere thanks to our head of the
department [Link],M.E., Head of the department who extended
her encouragement of appreciation and support throughout the venture.

We are thankful our project co-coordinator [Link], M.E.,

Head of the department, Department of Civil Engineering, for her encouragement
and support.

We thank our project guide [Link],M.E.,Assistant

professor, department of Civil Engineering, for her valuable suggestions,
guidance and her kind co-operation. Without them this thesis could not have been
successful

We are extremely thankful to our parents, frients, well-wishers and all

teaching faculities of the department of Civil Engineering, for their
encouragement and valuable suggestions.

i
 INDEX

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT xi

LIST OF TABLES Iv

LIST OF FIGURES V

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 GENERAL 1

1.2 OBJECTIVE 2

1.3 SCOPE 2

1.4 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT 2

1.5 THE SPECIFICATION OF PORTAL 3

FRAME BUILDING
1.6 THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF THE 5
PORTAL FRAME BUILDING
1.7 TYPES OF PORTAL FRAME 8

2 DESIGN DATA 11

2.1 DESIGN DATA 11

2.2 FORMULA USED 11
3 DESIGN OF STEEL PORTAL FRAME 12
AND FIXED BASE
3.1 DESIGN OF PORTAL FRAME 12
3.2 LOADS ON FRAME 12
3.3 RELATIVE STIFFNESS 13
3.4 FIXED END MOMENT 14
3.5 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION 14
3.6 SERVICE MOMENT & SHEAR FORCE 15
3.7 DISTRIBUTION FACTOR, SHEAR FORCE 17
& MOMENT GRAPH
3.8 MOMENT @ B, SHEAR FORCE& 18
DEFLECTION

ii
 3.9 DESIGN OF BEAM 19
3.10 DESIGN OF COLUMN 22
3.11 DESIGN OF FOUNDATION 26
4 CONCLUSION 28

REFERENCE 29

iii
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO CONTENT PAGE

NO
1 FINAL TEST RESULTS 14
IN THE PORTAL FRAME

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES
[Link] CONTENT PAGE NO

1 PORTAL FRAME 1

2 COMPOSITION OF PORTAL 3
STEEL FRAME

3 COMPONENTS OF STEEL 4
STRUCTURES

4 TRANSVERSE PORTAL 5
STEEL FRAME

5 LONGITUDINAL FRAME 6
STRUCTURE

6 RIGID FRAME BEAM 6

7 WALL STRUCTURE 7

8 PITCHED ROOF SYMMETRICAL 10

PORTAL FRAME

9 PORTAL FRAME WITH INTERNAL 10

MEZZANINE FLOOR

10 CRANE PORTAL FRAME WITH 10

COLUMN BRACKETS

11 MONO – PITCH PORTAL FRAME 10

12 PROPPED PORTAL FRAME 10

13 MANSARD PORTAL FRAME 10

14 CURVED RAFTER PORTAL FRAME 10

v
15 CELLULAR BEAM PORTAL FRAME 10

16 PORTAL FRAME 13

17 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM 15

18 DF(BC),SF,M 17

19 MC,D@C,SF 18

20 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM 19

21 DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM 21

22 AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM 22

vi
 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVATION

A - Area of cross section; surface area of cladding

Ae - Effective cross- sectional area; effective frontal area in wind
Af - Total flange area of the smaller connected column; floor area;
required area of flange plates
Ag - Gross cross – sectional area
Aw - Effective cross – sectional area of weld; window area; effective
area of walls; area of web
a, b - Larger and smaller projection of the slab base beyond the
the rectangle considering the column, respectively
B - Breadth of flange of I – section; length of side of cap or base plate
of the column
be - Effective width of flange between pair of bolts
bf - Breadth or width of the flange
C - Centre – to – centre longitudinal distance of battens; coefficient
related to thermal properties of wall, floor, etc,... spacing of
transverse stiffener; moisture content of insulation
Cpe - External pressure coefficient
Cpi - internal pressure coefficient
D - Overall depth/ diameter of the cross- section
d - Depth of web; nominal diameter; grain size of crystals; diagonal
length; depth of snow; base dimension of the building
Fbr - Strength of lateral bracing
Fqd - Design buckling resistance of stiffener
Fz - Along- wind equivalent static load at height Z
f - Actual normal stress range for the detail category, uniaxial stress,
frequency of vortex shedding
vii
fb - Actual bending stress; bending stress at service load
fbc - Actual bending stress in compression
fbd - Design bending compressive stress corresponding to lateral
buckling
fcc,cr - Elastic buckling stress of a column or plate; Euler’s
2
buckling stress = 𝜋 𝐸⁄(𝐾𝐿/𝑟)2

fck - Characteristic compressive strength of concrete

fcr,b - Extreme fibre compressive elastic lateral buckling stress
fcd - Design compressive stress
H - Height of section; transverse load
h - Depth of the section; story height
I - Moment of the inertia of the member about in axis perpendicular
To the plane of the frame; impact factor fraction; importance
Factor.
Iq - Moment of inertia of a pair of stiffener about the Centre of the
Web, or a single stiffener about the face of the web
Iy - Moment of inertia about the minor axis
Iz - Moment of inertia about the major axis
KL - Effective length of the member
KL/r - Appropriate effective slenderness ratio of the section
KL/ry - Effective slenderness ratio of the section about the minor axis
KL/rz - Effective slenderness ratio of the section about the major axis
L - Actual length; unsupported length; centre-to-centre distance of
The intersecting members; length of the end connection;
Cantilever length; land in weld
Mbr - Required flexural strength of torsional bracing
Mcr -Elastic critical moment corresponding to lateral torsional buckling

viii
Md - Design flexural or bending strength
Mdv - Design bending strength of the section under high shear
Mdy - Design bending strength as governed by over all buckling about
Minor axis
Mdz - Design bending strength as governed by over all buckling about
Major axis
Mp - Plastic moment capacity of the section
Mpb - Moment in the beam at the inter- section of the beam and column
Centre line
Mpc - Moment in the column above and below the beam surface
Mpd - Plastic design strength
Mpf - Plastic design strength of flanges only
Mu - Second order elastic moment; factored moment; required ultimate
Flexural strength of a section
P - Factored applied axial force; point load
Pbf - Design strength of column web to resist the force transmitted by
Beam flange
Pd - Design axial compressive strength
Pdy,Pdz - Design compression strength as governed by flexural buckling
About the respective axis
tf - Thickness of flange; required fire rating time
Vd - Design shear strength; design mean wind velocity
Vdb - Shear capacity of outstanding leg of cleat
W - Appropriate load; width; seismic weight; ventilation factor
w - Uniform pressure from below on the slab base due to axial
compression under factored load; intensity of uniformly
distributed load

ix
Zp - Plastic section modulus
α - Coefficient of linear expansion; imperfection factor; power law
coefficient; included angle in groove weld
αLT - Imperfection factor
β - Reliability index; the ratio of structural damping to critical of a
structure
𝜀 - yield stress ratio; strain corresponding to stress f
𝜙 - Strength or resistance reduction factor; cumulative distribution
Function; solidity ratio; inclination of the tension field stress in
Web; configuration factor; angle of twist
γm0 - Partial safety factor against yield stress and buckling
γmb - Partial safety factor for bolt connection with bearing type bolts
γmi - Partial safety factor depending upon the type of failure as
prescribed in IS: 800

x
 ABSTRACT

In this project behavior of portal frame was investigated by varying

the slenderness ratio between slanders of beam and column the ratio
was varied from 0.25 to 4.

The ratio less than 1 and greater than 1. Where considered for strong
column weak beam and weak column strong beam concept.

Profiles are drawn for MB, Mid span of the Centre, Deflection,
Distribution factor and Shear force was designed for each ratio of
variation to investigated both of the curve to know maximum and
minimum value.

Portal frame slenderness ratio of the frame as due to lowest mid span
deflection of the beam.

Using IS 800-2007 structural steel member like beam, column,

foundation where design.

In this project will be useful above the signification of variation of

slenderness ratio of the portal frame.

xi
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Developed during second world war, but now the most common form of
enclosure for spans of 20 to 60 m. Driven by the need to achieve low-cost building
envelope. They are usually made from steel, but can also be made from concrete
or timber. Portal frames can be defined as two-dimensional rigid frames that have
the basic characteristics of a rigid joint between column and beam. The main
objective of this form of design is to reduce bending moment in the beam, which
allows the frame to act as one structural unit. Portal frames are generally used for
single story construction which require a large unobstructed floor space. i.e.,
A. Factories B. Shopping Centers C. Warehouses

Fig.1. portal frame

Portal frames are generally low-rise structures, comprising columns and

horizontal or pitched rafters, connected by moment-resisting connections.
Resistance to lateral and vertical actions is provided by the rigidity of the
connections and the bending stiffness of the members, which is increased by a
suitable haunch or deepening of the rafter sections. This form of continuous
frame structure is stable in its plane and provides a clear span that is unobstructed
by bracing. Portal frames are very common, in fact 50% of constructional steel
used in the UK is in portal frame construction. They are very efficient for
enclosing large volumes, therefore they are often used for industrial,
storage, retail and commercial applications as well as for agricultural purposes.
This article describes the anatomy and various types of portal frame and key
design considerations.
1
1.2 OBJECTIVES:

1. To investigate the variation of joint member in the beam.

2. To investigate the variation of mid span moment.
3. To investigate the variation of shear force.
4. To investigate the variation of deflection.
5. Design of beam, column and foundation.
1.3 SCOPE:
Investigation of stress resultant and variation of slenderness effect on
steel portal frame (UDL)

1.4 OVER VIEW OF THE PROJECT:

Chapter 2 – deals with study on the effect of variation of slenderness ratio

Beam and Column.
Chapter 3 – deals with design of portal frame
Chapter 4 – deals with conclusion

2
1.5 THE SPECIFICATION OF PORTAL STEEL FRAME
BUILDINGS
Portal Steel Frame Buildings is the most common structure system. It widely
used in light steel buildings such as warehouses, workshops, sheds, garages.

Portal steel frame refers to the use of welded or hot rolled H-section steel as the
main load-bearing framework, and cold-formed thin-wall steel (C/Z section
steel or channel steel) as purlins and wall girt. It is a light-weight building
structure that uses corrugated single colour sheet as the roof, wall panel. Rock
wool and glass wool as thermal insulation materials, and round steel or angle
steel as the roof and wall bracing.

Compared with the reinforced concrete structure. The portal steel frame has the
advantages of a lightweight, high rigidity, flexible design, reasonable force, and
convenient construction.

1.5.1 THE COMPOSITION OF PORTAL STEEL FRAME BUILDINGS

1. Primary framing: transverse rigid frames (including middle and end rigid
framing), floor beams, crane beams, support systems, etc.
2. Secondary framing: roof purlin and wall girt, etc.
3. Envelope structure: roof and wall panels;
4. Auxiliary structures: stairs, platforms, handrails, etc.
5. Foundation.

Fig.1.5.1(a) Composition of portal steel frame

❖ Steel columns, roof beams, and bracing systems constitute the primary
force skeleton of the portal steel frame. It is the primary framing.

3
 ❖ Roof purlins and wall girt not only support the roof and walls but also
provide lateral support for the main structural beams and columns, which
form the secondary framing of portal steel frame buildings.

The roof and wall panel serve as envelope and closure of the entire structure,
while also increasing the overall stiffness of the steel buildings.

Fig.1.5.1 (b) Components of steel structure

❖ The span of the portal frame usually is 9～36m. When the widths of the
side columns are not equal, their outer sides should be aligned.

❖ The average height of the portal frame should be 4.5～9.0mm. When

there is an overhead crane, it should not be greater than 12m.

❖ The spacing of the portal frame, that is, the longitudinal distance between
the axis of the column grid, should be 6-9m.

❖ The length of the overhang can be determined according to the

application requirements and should be 0.5~1.2m.

4
1.6 THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF THE PORTAL FRAME
BUILDINGS

1. Transverse load-bearing structure:

❖ The composition of the transverse load-bearing structure includes steel

roof beams, steel columns, and foundation);

❖ Transverse load-bearing structure supports and transfers vertical and

horizontal loads.

2. Longitudinal Frame Structure:

❖ Composition of longitudinal frame structure includes longitudinal
columns, crane beams, wall bracing, rigid tie beam and foundation)

❖ Ensure the longitudinal rigidity and stability of the buildings;

❖ Transmit and bear the longitudinal wind load, the longitudinal horizontal
loading of the crane, the thermal stress, and the seismic acting on the
gable at the end of the building and roof.

5
3. Roof structure
Roof panel:

❖ It can bear the vertical load and horizontal wind load acting on the roof
panel. Generally, it uses a single colour metal sheet or sandwich panel.

Purlin:

❖ Support structure of roof panel, which can bear the vertical load and
horizontal wind load transmitted from the roof panel.

Rigid frame beam:

❖ The primary load-bearing members mainly bear the self-weight of the

roof structure and the live load transmitted from the roof panel.

Fig.1.6 Rigid frame beam

6
4. Wall structure
Exterior wall panels:

❖ vertical and gable wall. Mainly bear wind load. It uses a single colour
metal sheet or sandwich panel.

Wall girt:

❖ bearing the vertical and horizontal wind load transmitted by the wall
panel.

Fig.1.6.4 Wall Structure

7
5. TYPES OF PORTAL FRAME
1) Pitched roof symmetric portal frame:

❖ Generally fabricated from UB sections with a substantial eave’s haunch

section, which may be cut from a rolled section or fabricated from plate.
❖ 25 to 35 m are the most efficient spans.

2) Portal frame with internal mezzanine floor:

❖ office accommodation is often provided within a portal frame structure

using a partial width mezzanine floor.
❖ The assessment of frame stability must include the effect of the
mezzanine;

3) Crane portal frame with column brackets:

❖ where a travelling crane of relatively low capacity (up to say 20 tonnes) is

required, brackets can be fixed to the columns to support the crane rails.
❖ Use of a tie member or rigid column bases may be necessary to reduce the
eaves deflection.
❖ The spread of the frame at crane rail level may be of critical importance to
the functioning of the crane; requirements should be agreed with the client
and with the crane manufacturer.

4) Tied portal frame:

❖ In a tied portal frame the horizontal movement of the eaves and the bending
moments in the columns and rafters are reduced.
❖ A tie may be useful to limit spread in a crane-supporting structure.
❖ The high axial forces introduced in the frame when a tie is used necessitate
the use of second-order software when analyzing this form of frame.

5) Mono-pitch portal frame:

❖ A mono pitch portal frame is usually chosen for small spans or because of
its proximity to other buildings.
❖ It is a simple variation of the pitched roof portal frame, and tends to be used
for smaller buildings (up to 15m span).

8
6) Propped portal frame:

❖ where the span of a portal frame is large and there is no requirement to the
provide a clear span, a propped portal frame can be used to reduce the rafter
size and also the horizontal shear at the foundations.

7) Mansard portal frame:

❖ A mansard portal frame may be used where a large clear height at mid-span
is required but the eaves height of the building has to be minimized.

8) Curved rafter portal frame:

❖ portal frames may be constructed using curved rafters, mainly for

architectural reasons.
❖ Because of transport limitations rafters longer than 20m may require
splices, which should be carefully detailed for architectural reasons.
❖ The curved member is often modelled for analysis as a series of straight
elements. Guidance on the stability of curved rafters in portal frames is
given in SCI P281.
❖ Alternatively, the rafter can be fabricated as a series of straight elements. It
will be necessary to provide purlin cleats of varying height to achieve the
curved external profile.

9) Cellular beam portal frame:

❖ Rafters may be fabricated from cellular beams for aesthetic reasons or

reasons or when providing long spans.
❖ Where transport limitations impose requirement for splices, they should be
carefully detailed, to preserve the architectural features.
❖ The sections used cannot develop plastic hinges at a cross-section, so only
elastic design is used.

9
1) PITCHED ROOF SYMMETRIC 2) PORTAL FRAME WITH INTERNAL
PORTAL FRAME MEZZANINE FLOOR

Fig.5.1 Fig.5.2

3) CRANE PORTAL FRAME 4) MONO-PITCH

WITH COLUMN BRACKETS PORTAL FRAME

Fig. 5.3 Fig. 5.4

5) PROPPED PORTAL 6) MANSARD PORTAL

FRAME FRAME

Fig.5.5 Fig. 5.5

7) CURVED RAFTER 8) CELLULAR BEAM PORTAL

PORTAL FRAME FRAME

Fig. 5.6 Fig. 5.7

TYPES OF PORTAL FRAME

10
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 DESIGN DATA

Spacing of portal frame = 4 m

Span of portal frame =8m

Height of columns =4m

Live load on roof = 1.5 KN/m2

The continuous slab = 120 mm thick

SBC of soil at side = 150 KN/m2

Characteristic strength of steel Fy = 250 N/mm2

Assume, Fe 250 grade steel.

2.2 Formula used

Slenderness ratio in beam
Relative stiffness K =
Slenderness ratio in column

(I⁄L)
Beam
K = I
( ⁄L)
Column

𝑍𝑝 ×𝑓𝑦
Moment capacity Md =
𝛾𝑚0
W𝐿2
FBC = +( )
12
W𝐿2
FBC =− ( )
12
𝑊𝑙 2
Mmax at Centre =
8
𝑓𝑦
Vd = 𝛾 × ℎ × 𝑡𝑤
𝑚0 ×√3

11
 CHAPTER 3

DESIGN OF STEEL PORTAL FRAME AND FIXED BASE

SOLUTION:

3.1 DESIGN OF PORTAL FRAME

Effective span of beam = 8m

8000
Effective depth d =
12

= 666.67 mm

3.2 LOADS ON FRAME

Self-weight of slab = 0.12 × 25

= 3 KN/m2

Roof finishes = 0.5 KN/m2

Live load = 1.5 KN/m2

Total load = 5 KN/m2

Load from slab = (5 × 4)

= 20 KN/m2

Unexpected load = 5.8 KN/m2

Total live load = 25.8 KN/m2

The moments in the portal frame fixed at the base and loaded as shown in
fig. are analyzed by moment distribution.

12
 portal frame

3.4 RELATIVE STIFFNESS

AB = 4m, BC = 8m

Column = ISMB 600, Beam = ISMB 500

IAB : IBC

45218.3×104 91813×104
:
4000 8000

113045.75 : 114766.25

KBA = 113045.75

KBC = 114766.25

DISTRIBUTION FACTORS

113045.75
DBA = ( ) = 0.5
113045.75+114766.25

13
 114766.25
DBC = ( ) = 0.5
113045.75+114766.25

3.4 FIXED END MOMENT

W𝐿2
FBC = +( )
12

25.8×82
= ( 12
) = 137.6 KNm

W𝐿2
FBC =− ( )
12

25.8×82
=−( ) = −137.6 KNm
12

FCD = FBA = 0

3.5 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

The moments distribution (KN m) in the portal frame are obtained by the
moment distribution procedure outlined below.

Table 3.5 Final test results in the portal frame

14
3.6 SERVICE MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCE

MB = 110.61 KNm MA = 43.97 KNm

Maximum positive moment at Centre of span BC

W𝐿2
= ( − 110.61)
8
27×82
= ( − 110.61)
8
= 105.29 kNm

The bending moment diagram for the portal frame is shown in fig.

Fig. 3.6 BM diagram

Moments in the portal frame (bending moment diagram)

Area of I – section = 156.21×100 mm2

DL = [156.21 × 102 × 10−6 ] × 78.5

= 1.22KN/m
L.L = 25.8 KN/m

15
 𝑊𝑙 2
Mmax at Centre =
8
(𝑊𝐷 + 𝑊𝐿)𝑙 2
=
8
(1.22 + 25.8)82
=
8

= 216 kNm
Maximum moment of beam = 110.61
= 216−110.61
= 105.39kNm

16
6. DISTRIBUTION FACTOR, SHEAR FORCE AND MOMENT
GRAPH

❖ The graph of curve is drawn for the moment at joint B of the member BC.

Slenderness ratio in Beam

❖ Relative stiffness K =
Slenderness ratio in Column

❖ It is found that the moment values are goes on decreasing while increasing
the relative slenderness ratio (k) increasing.

❖ The reason for decreasing in moments is due to the increased values of

distribution factors in the member BA at joint B. It is also inferred that the
distribution of moments and distribution factors are inversely proportional
to each other. But on the contrary, there is no any signification changes in
the values of shear force in relation to distribution factor.

❖ The reason is due to the shear force of a member is mainly depends on

gravity loads which are acting on the member.

Fig.3.6. DF(BC),SF,M

17
7. MOMENT @ B, SHEAR FORCE AND DEFLECTION
GRAPH

❖ Graph 2, shows the variation of BM at B, shear force and deflection in

response to the effect of increasing slenderness ratio.

❖ The profile of deflection curve goes in increasing up to k = 0.25, but

beyond 2.5 it charges randomly up to k = 4

❖ Maximum deflection was found as 194.261 mm when k = 2.5.

❖ Hence, it is advisable to consider relative stiffness ratio of hence up to 1.5

least deflection is found @ k = 1.

❖ Hence, from is to be designed the stiffness ratio k = 1.

Fig.3.7. MC,D@C,SF

18
3.7 DESIGN OF BEAM
Factored load calculation
Factored uniformly distributed load = 1.5 × 27
= 40.5 kN/m
The bending moment and shear force distribution are shown in fig.3.7
Maximum bending moment = 110.61 kN m
Maximum reaction = 110.61 kN
Shear force = w l = 27 × 8 = 216 kN
Beam section of ISMB 600 @ 1.22 kN/m.
Overall depth (h) = 600 mm
Width of flange (b) = 210 mm
Thickness of flange (tf) = 20.8 mm
Thickness of web (tw) = 12 mm
Depth of web (d) = h− 2(tf +R)
= 600 – 2(20.8 + 20)
= 518.4 mm
Moment of inertia about major axis Iz = 91813 × 104 mm4
Elastic section modulus (Ze) = 3060.4 × 103 mm3
Plastic section modulus (Zp) = 3510.63 × 103mm3

19
 Fig 3.7 a) Shear force diagram

Section classification
𝑏 105
= 20.8 = 5.05 < 9.4
𝑡𝑓

𝑑 518.4
= = 43.2 < 84
𝑡𝑤 12

Hence the section is plastic.

Check for shear capacity of section
𝑓𝑦
Vd = 𝛾 × ℎ × 𝑡𝑤
𝑚0 ×√3

250
= 1.1×√3 × 600 × 12

= 944 kN > 216 kN

But 0.6Vd = 566.4 KN > 110.61 kN
(For maximum shear, the load has to be very close to the support and not at the
support).
Check for moment capacity of the section assuming high shear condition with
V = 216.

20
 Mdv = Md − 𝛽(𝑀𝑑 − 𝑀𝑓𝑑 ) ≤ 1.09 × 𝑍𝑒 × 𝑓𝑦
Where Mfd is the plastic design strength of the area of cross section excluding the
shear area.
𝑉 2
𝛽 = [2 × ( ) − 1]
𝑉 𝑑

216 2
= [2 × ( ) − 1]
944

𝛽 = 0.29
Calculation of section modulus of flange
Zfd = Zp – Awyw
600
= 3510.63 × 103 − (600 × 12 × )
8

= 297.06 × 103 mm3

𝑍𝑓𝑑 ×𝑓𝑦
Mfd =
𝛾𝑚0
297.06 × 103 × 250
=
1.1
= 675.13 kN m
Moment capacity of the section
𝑍𝑝 × 𝑓𝑦
Md =
𝛾𝑚0
3510.63 × 103 × 250
=
1.1
= 797.87 kN m
Mdv = 797.87 – 0.29 (797.87 − 675.13)
1.2× 𝑍𝑒 × 𝑓𝑦
= 762.27 kN m <
𝛾𝑚0

1.2× 3060.4 × 103 × 250

=
1.1

= 834.65 kN m> 110.61 kN m

Hence the section is safe.

21
Fig 3.7 b) Displacement diagram

22
3.8 DESIGN OF COLUMN
Factored axial load = 112.71 kN from analysis under combination of loads.
or design purpose it is assumed that factored axial load is taken as = 500 kN

Fig 3.8 Axial force diagram

Factored moment Mz:
At top of column = 110.61 kN m
At bottom of column = 43.97 kN m
Column section = ISMB 500 @ 0.86 kN m
A = 11074 mm2, ry = 35 mm, H = 500 mm, b = 500 mm and tf = 17.2 mm.
KL = 0.8L
= 0.8× 4000
= 3200 mm
3200
KL/ry = = 91.43
35
Peq = P +2Mz/d = 500 + 2(110610/500)
= 942.44 kN
From table 10 of the code for h/bf < 1.2 and tf < 40 mm, using curve ‘c’ for minor
axis buckling, we have
For KL/ry = 91.43 and fy = 250 MPa, from table 9c of the code, fcd = 121 N/mm2

23
 Hence capacity = 121 × 11074/1000
= 1339.95 kN > 942.44 kN
SECTION PROPERTIES
ISMB 500 has the following cross- sectional properties:
H = 500 mm, A = 11074 mm2, Iz = 45200 × 104 mm4, bf = 180 mm, rz = 202 mm,
Iy = 45200 × 104 mm4, tf = 17.2 mm, ry = 35.2 mm, tw = 10.2, Ze = 1810 × 103mm3
Zz = 152 × 103 mm3, R = 17 mm
Zpz = 2 bf tf (H−tf)/2 + tw (H−2 tf)2/4
= 2 × 180 ×17.2 (500 – 17.2)/2 + 10.2 (500 −2 ×17.2)2/4
= 2047 × 103 mm3
CROSS - SECTION CLASSIFICATION
𝜀 = √250/𝑓𝑦 = √250/250
=1
Out stand flanges (Table 2 of the code)
b/tf = (180/2)/17.2 = 5.23 < 15.7𝜀
Hence, the flange is semi- compact.
Web
d = H – 2 tf −2R = 500 –2 × 17.2 – 2 × 17
= 431.6 mm
d/tw = 431.6/10.2 = 42 < 42
Hence, the cross- section is semi – compact.
CHECK FOR RESISTANCE OF CROSS SECTION TO THE COMBINED
EFFECTS (clause [Link])
The interaction equation is
(N/Nd) + (Mz /Mdz ) ≤ 1.0
Nd = Ag fy/ 𝛾𝑚0 = 11074 × 250/(1.1× 1000)
= 2516.81 kN
Mdz = 𝛽 Zpfy/𝛾𝑚0

24
Where 𝛽b = Ze/Zp for a semi – compact section. Hence,
Mdz = Zefy/𝛾𝑚0 = 1810 × 103 × 250/(1.1 × 106)
= 411.36 kN m
Thus,
(500/2516.81) + (110.61/411.36) = 0.19 + 0.268
= 0.458 < 1.0
Hence the section is safe.
MEMBER BUCKLING RESISTANCE IN COMPRESSION (clause 7.1.2)
Effective length = 0.8L = 0.8 × 4000 = 3200 mm
KLz/rz = 3200/202 = 15.84
KLy/ry = 3200/ 35.2 = 90.9
From Table 10 of the code,
h/b = 500/180 = 2.78 and tf < 40 mm
Major axis buckling, use curve b
Minor axis buckling, use curve c
fcr,z = 𝜋 2 × 2 × 105/(15.84)2 = 7867.18 N/mm2
𝜆𝑧 = √250/7867.18 = 0.18
From Table 9c of the code, for KL/r = 91.43 and fy = 250 N/mm2,
Fcd = 121 N/mm2 and
Pd,y = 121 × 11074/1000 = 1339.95 kN > 500 kN.
From Table 9b of the code, for KL/r = 15.84 and fy = 250 N/mm2,
Fcd = 225 N/mm2
Pd,z = 225 × 11074/1000 = 2491.65 kN > 500 kN.
Hence, the section is safe.

25
MEMBER BUCKLING RESISTANCE IN BENDING (clause 8.2.2)
Md = 𝛽𝑏 𝑍𝑝 𝑓𝑏𝑑
𝛽𝑏 = Ze/Zp for semi – compact section = 1810/2047 = 0.88
Hence Md = Zefbd
From Table 42 of the code (assuming k = 1)
For k = 1, C1 = 1.285, k = 0.5, C1 = 1.070. Hence, for k = 0.75, C1 = 1.177,
Ly = 4 m, h/tf = 500/17.2 = 29.06
Determination of Mcr
2 0.5
1 𝐾𝐿 ℎ
fcr,b = C1 [1473.5/(𝐾𝐿/𝑟𝑦 )]2 {1 + ( ) [( )/( )] }
20 𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑓

1 0.5
= 1.177 [1473.5/(90.9 )]2 {1 + ( )[90.9/29.06]2 }
20

= 377.4 N/mm2
Mcr = 377.4 × 1810 × 103/106
= 683 kN m
Non- dimensional lateral- torsional slenderness ratio
𝛽𝑏 𝑍𝑝𝑧 𝑓𝑦
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = √( )
𝑀𝑐𝑟

0.88 ×2047 ×103 ×250

= √( )
683 ×106

= 0.81
αLT = 0.05 for fixed sections
Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling
0.5
𝜒𝐿𝑇 = 1/[𝜙𝐿𝑇 + (𝜙 2 𝐿𝑇 − 𝜆2 𝐿𝑇 ) ]

Where 𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼𝐿𝑇 (𝜆𝐿𝑇 − 0.2) + 𝜆2 𝐿𝑇 ]

= 0.5[1 + 0.05(0.81 − 0.2) + (0.81)2 ]
= 0.8433
Thus 𝜒𝐿𝑇 = 1/ [0.8433 + (0.84332 − 0.81 2 )0.5 ]

26
 = 0.9277
Lateral torsional buckling resistance
𝑓𝑦
= 𝜒𝐿𝑇 ( )𝑍𝑒 = 0.9277 × (250/1.1) × 1810 × 103/106
𝛾𝑚0

= 381.62 kN m > 110.61 kN m

Hence, the section is safe.
MEMBER BUCLING RESISTANCE IN COMBINED BENDING AND
AXIAL COMPRESSION DETERMINATION OF MOMENT
AMPLIFICATION FACTORS
Kz = 1+ (𝜆𝑧 − 0.2)P/Pdz ≤ 1 + 0.8P/Pdz
= 1+ (0.18 − 0.2)500/2491.65 ≤ 1 + 0.8P/Pdz
= 0.9959 < 1 + 0.8 × 500/2491.65 = 1.16
𝜑𝑧 = M2/M1 = 110.61/ 43.97 = 2.5,
Cmz = 0.6 + 0.4 𝜑
= 0.6 + 0.4 × 2.5 = 1.6 > 0.4
Check with interaction formula (Clause [Link])
𝐾𝑧 𝐶𝑚𝑧 𝑀𝑧
p/pz + [( )] < 1
𝑀𝑑𝑧

Thus, (500/2491.65) + (0.9959 × 1.6 × 110.61)/381.62

= 0.2 + 0.461 = 0.661 < 1.0
Hence section is safe against combined axial force and bending moment.

27
3.9 DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
Design of base plate in column section
Column size is ISMB 500
Size of the base plate
e = 43.97 × 103/500
= 87.94 mm
If the base plate is made 6e in length there will be compressive pressure over the
whole of the base.
6e = 6 × 87.94 = 528 mm
The required breadth to limit the bearing pressure to (0.45fck =11.25 N/.mm2) is
B = 2P/(L× 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘) = (2 × 500 ×103)/(530× 0.45× 25) = 167.71 mm
Provide a rectangular base plate of size 530 × 400 mm. The arrangement of the
base plate is shown in fig.
Area = 530 × 400 = 212 × 103 mm2
Modulus Z = 400 × 5302/6 = 18.72 × 106 mm3
Maximum pressure:
Pmax = 500 × 103/(212×103) + 43.97 × 106/(18.72 × 106)
= 2.35 + 2.35
= 4.7 N/mm2
Pmin = 2.35 – 2.35 = 0

THICKNESS OF BASE PLATE

Consider a 1- mm wide strip as shown in fig. This act as a cantilever from face of
the column with the loading caused by pressure on the base. This method gives a
conservative design for the thickness of base plate, since the plate action due to
bending in two directions at right angles is not considered.
Base pressure at section XX = [(530 − 175)/530] × 4.7
= 3.148 N/mm2

28
For the trapezoidal pressure loading on the cantilever strip as shown in the figure,
the moment at XX is calculated as follows
Mx = (3.148 × 1752/2) + (4.7 − 3.148) × 175/2 × 2/3 × 175
= 64.126 × 103 N mm
Moment capacity of plate = 1.2fyZe/𝛾𝑚0
Where Ze = t2/6
Hence 64.126 × 103 = 1.2 × 250× t2/(6× 1.1)
= 45.45 t2

(64.126×103 )
Thickness of plate t = √
45.45

= 37.56 mm
Hence, use a 40-mm thick plate.
WELD CONNECTING BEAM- COLUMN TO BASE PLATE
The base plate has been designed on the basis of liner distribution of pressure,
For consistency the weld will be designed on the same basis.
Beam-Column size: ISMB 500; A = 11074 mm2; Zz = 1810 × 103 mm3
Axial stress = 500 × 103/ 11074 = 45.15 N/mm2
Bending stress = 43.97 × 106/ 1810 × 103 = 24.29 N/mm2
On the basis of elastic stress distribution, there is compressive stress over the
whole of the base. The base plate and column are to be machined for tight contact
so that the weld is required only to hold the base plate in position. Use a 8 mm
continuous fillet weld around the column profile.

29
 CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis Moment @ joint B in the beam Member goes
on decreasing while increasing the ratio of slenderness of the portal
frame.

The reason for decreasing moment is due to the increase the

distribution factor in the beam joint.

The lowest deflection was found as 3 mm @ slenderness ratio k = 1.

There is known variation the shear forces for varying slenderness

ratio.
It was found that the part of the shear force almost linear horizontally
as no any impact in the variation of slenderness ratio in the shear
forces.
Size of Beam = ISMB 600 @ 1.22 KN/m
Size of Column = ISMB 500 @ 0.86 KN/m
Size of Base plate = 530×400
Hence, this project is useful for the research student as well as
civil engineering profession to design steel portal frame economically.

30
REFERENCE:

Steel structures design and practice by [Link]

Design of steel structure: By Limit State Method as per IS 800-2007 by

S.S. Bhavikatti.

Structural steel design 5th Edition by Jack c.

Structural Steel Design 5th Edition by Jack C. Mccormac and Stephen F.

Csernak

Structural Steel Design to Eurocode 3 and AISC Specifications By Claudio

Bernuzzi and Benedetto Cordova

Design of Steel Structures to Eurocodes by Ioannis Vayas, John

Ermopoulos and George Ioannidis

Steel structures practical design studies by Hasan [Link]. Nageim,

T. J. Macginley

Structural steel design by Jack [Link]. Cormac and Stephen Fcsernak

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
buildings/

[Link]

[Link]
design

[Link]

31
32