Yu Chen

HP 170
Chapter 2 Review

Complete each statement.

    1.(LO 2-1) Pharmacokinetics is the study of a drug during absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
    2.(LO 2-1) The physical changes that occur because of the drug action are called the drug _Effect.
    3.(LO 2-1) Absorption is the passage of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream.
    4.(LO 2-1) Distribution is The systemic circulation distributes drugs to various body tissues or target sites.
    5.(LO 2-1) Metabolism/biotransformation is also called "biotransformation", is the process by which the body changes a drug to a
more or less active form that can be excreted.
    6.(LO 2-1) Excretion is the elimination of drugs from the body called "excretion"
7.(LO 2-3) Drug effects that result from a drug circulating through the body are called _systemic effects.
8.(LO 2-3) Drug effects that are confined to the area where the drug was administered are called local effects.
    9.(LO 2-4) Drugs act by interacting with receptors interacting with receptors, inhibiting the action of a specific enzyme, or altering
metabolic chemical processes the work of the cells.
10.(LO 2-1) Drugs also act by replacing substances that the body fails to produce.
11.(LO 2-1) Drug action is affected by four bodily processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism/bio-transformation, and excretion.
12.(LO 2-1) The organs that excrete waste are the liquid through the kidneys, solid waste through the large intestine.
  13.(LO 2-3) Drugs used in therapy have two kinds of effects: Local and Systemic.
  14.(LO 2-4) Three symptoms of a drug allergy include skin rash, nasal drainage, and wheezing.
  15.(LO 2-2) A placebo is an inactive substance that has no pharmacological effect. The placebo effect relates to physiological
changes related to emotions or beliefs.
  16.(LO 2-5) Drug abuse refers to self-administration of a drug in chronically excessive quantities, resulting in a psychological or
physical dependence.
  17.(LO 2-5) Drug misuse refers to the use of a drug for purposes for which it was not intended or using a drug in excessive
quantities.
  18.(LO 2-4) Idiosyncrasy is a term used to describe any unusual or abnormal reaction to a drug.
  19.(LO 2-5) Five groups of drugs that are often abused are alcohol; nicotine; anabolic steroids; barbiturates (“downers”), sedatives or
hypnotics, and depressants; marijuana (pot, dope, grass); amphetamines and other stimulants (“uppers,” “speed”); LSD and other
hallucinogens; narcotics and opium; and cocaine.
  20.(LO 2-5) If you suspect drug abuse, your obligation is to consult the nurse in charge. 
  21.(LO 2-4) Physical drug dependence is habitual use of a drug, in which negative physical withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt
discontinue.
Yu Chen
HP 170
  22.(LO 2-4) Psychological drug dependence is a compulsion or craving to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience; it is the
mind's desire for the repeated administration of a drug.
Answer the questions in the space provided.
  23.(LO 2-4) What is an overdose? A dose that is too large for his/her age, size and/or physical condition.
  24.(LO 2-4) What is the basis for treatment of drug overdose? Antidote.  
  25.(LO 2-5) List four over-the-counter drugs that are commonly abused: Laxatives, Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Nicotine, and Alcohol. 
  26.(LO 2-5) What two critical symptoms may occur when a patient takes an overdose of central nervous system depressants? Can
create both serious physical as well as psychological which interfere with health and daily living. 
  27.(LO 2-5) What does alcohol do to a patient who has taken an overdose? Alcohol heightens the effects of the medications. 
  28.(LO 2-4) What is an antidote? A drug that has the opposite effect and can reverse the overdose symptoms.

The following is a list of patient characteristics. Place a check mark by those that you think might influence drug action.
__________  29.(LO 2-2) Physical strength
_____x_____  30.(LO 2-2) Kidney disease
__________  31.(LO 2-2) Hearing impairment
_____x_____  32.(LO 2-2) Aging
_____x____  33.(LO 2-2) Genes
_____x____  34.(LO 2-2) Sex
_____x____  35.(LO 2-2) Diet
__________  36.(LO 2-2) Popularity
_____x____  37.(LO 2-2) Infancy
_________  38.(LO 2-2) Anger
_____x____  39.(LO 2-2) Obesity
_____x____  40.(LO 2-2) Poor circulation
__________  41.(LO 2-2) Nervousness
__________  42.(LO 2-2) Height
_____x____  43.(LO 2-2) Cheerful mood
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HP 170
__________  44.(LO 2-2) Political affiliation
_____x____  45.(LO 2-2) Drug-taking history
__________  46.(LO 2-2) Hair color
__________  47.(LO 2-2) Oral hygiene

Multiple Choice—Circle the correct letter.

  48.(LO 2-2) Which condition relaxes the blood vessels and speeds up the circulation so that drugs act faster?
a. Cold temperatures
b. Heat
c. High altitude
d. Disease
  49.(LO 2-3) A drug produces what type of effect when it has to travel through the bloodstream to affect cells or tissues in
various parts of the body?
a. Local
b. Palliative
c. Systemic
d. Side
  50.(LO 2-4) What is responsible for a drug allergy?
a. Histamine
b. Noncompliance with drug times
c. Disease
d. Gastrointestinal symptoms
  51.(LO 2-4) Which of the following occurs when the body cannot metabolize and excrete one dose of a drug completely before
the next dose is given?
a. Cumulative effect
b. Tolerance
c. Toxicity
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HP 170
d. Idiosyncrasy
  52.(LO 2-4) As a healthcare worker, you know that drugs are generally detoxified by which organ?
a. Gallbladder
b. Pancreas
c. Lungs
d. Liver

Chapter 2 Case Studies

  53.(LO 2-1) You have been assigned to administer insulin subcutaneously because of its absorption. What does absorption mean?
How is a subcutaneous drug administered? Is it absorbed quickly or slowly?

The passage of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream is known as absorption. Subcutaneous drugs that are
injected just below the skin are absorbed more slowly than intramuscular (IM) drugs, which are injected into the muscle.

 
  54.(LO 2-2) A patient asks you what things affect the excretion of drugs. What should you tell this patient?

When a person is an older adult, is pediatric, or has kidney disease may affect the excretion of drugs because excretion is the body’s
way of removing the waste products of ordinary cell processes most through the kidneys.

Critical Thinking

Select the term that best completes each sentence and write it in the blank.

antagonism drug dependence potentiation cumulative effect

drug allergy drug interaction tolerance Idiosyncrasy
Toxicity
Yu Chen
HP 170
  55.(LOs 2-4, 2-5) After taking several doses of medicine, Bill no longer seems to be affected by the drug. This may be a
symptom of _ tolerance _______________________.
  56.(LOs 2-4, 2-5) Mrs. Jones gets a stronger drug effect with each additional dose of her medication. She may be showing
signs of cumulative effect.
  57.(LOs 2-4, 2-5) Two drugs producing a greater effect than the sum of their individual effects is referred to as _ potentiation.
  58.(LOs 2-4, 2-5) The provider has just canceled Ms. Williams’s order for a narcotic pain medication. She has been taking the
pain medication regularly since her hip operation. As the usual time for her medication approaches, Ms. Williams expresses the
worry that she will not be able to sleep without her medication. You see this as a possible sign of ____ drug dependence ___.
  59.(LOs 2-4, 2-5) A drug interaction wherein two drugs inhibit or cancel the action of the other is called _____
antagonism___.
  60.(LOs 2-4, 2-5) Annie Peterson is reacting in an abnormal or peculiar way to her medication. You have never seen a person
react this way to the medication she is taking. Drug allergy has been ruled out. Annie’s response to the drug will probably be
classified as a(n) ___ idiosyncrasy ________________.
  61.(LOs 2-4, 2-5) An adverse reaction resulting from an antibody attacking an antigen is called a(n) ___ drug allergy.
  62.(LOs 2-4, 2-5) You have recently given Mr. Smith a medication ordered by his provider. Mr. Smith is not reacting to the
drug the way you expected. In talking with him, you discover that he has also been taking medication he brought with him from
home. You suspect that his adverse reaction is due to a(n) __ drug interaction _______.
  63.(LOs 2-4, 2-5) Ms. Grimes seems very sleepy and confused after receiving her medication. You check her records and
discover that someone misread the provider’s order and gave Ms. Grimes a dose that was much too large. You notify the
supervisor immediately because you think Ms. Grimes is showing signs of __ Toxicity __________.