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Keal Nunbers
CH 1 Maths | Class 10
Notes + 10 Years Integrated PYQ's
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Wh Reac Nuneers
What is Lemma. 2
>A lemma is a statement which is altwady proved and is
wed fpr proving other Statements .
Evcid’s Division Lemma
> Tor cock pate of Das eosttive inte a and b, there extel” unique
whole number gq and vy which Sallis the relation +
a= by +, OsrA rumber ts called valimal if tt con be expressed in the
jmp whee p and q are integers (4> 0).
%
xi 2,5 .4,1 dh.
3°37
Lrrattonal Number
~A number is called ational i it connot be expressed fn the fore
“p. whee p anda ave integers (4>0).
te: lF, {2 > ta etc.
Eucltd’s Division Agari
"This concept ig based on Euclid’s division (emma.
‘This fs the technique to calculate the HCE (Highest Common
Facor) of given two positive ‘inlegers a and b.
“To Caloutate” the HCF { two positive Wleges’ a and b with a>b,
‘the following — Steps ane ollowed
Step 4:
~Appy Euclid's division (emma to find qand + whee a= by +r,
Ocr I} the temainden fe. r=O,then the HCF will be ‘b! bul i r¢O then
we hove to apply Euclid's division (emma to b and y.
ster 3:
Continue with this process until we gel the vemainder as zero.
Now +the divisor at thts stage ill be HCF (a,b).
- Also, HCF (a,b) = HF (b,x), where " HCF(a,b) means HCF of a and b. Iu short 2 m1 bow t & Gort ay RE @ divide Gt, HZ wir
ite iat 3G, 3 quotient aaah sz divisor “ar dividend.
Repeat thts vi A remainder Q af aT ver)
> E> Use Euctid's division algorttnn 40 find the CF of :
135 and 225
135 D226 225 = 135x%1+ 0
5 135 = 90 x14 49
40 iss (4 99 = 45 x2
4540 (2 Fence HCF be 45
—490__
0
‘The Fundamental Theoven Of Arithmetic
¢ Every composite number can be written as the product of pow
% prima and this factorization ts unique Composite number = froduct
Ui primes
(yp &e.@ GS A Composite number at Bz Prime —faxtors $ Product
& torm # war ca)
bu: RO= 2x2x 5
(a the fadors being pulpted heve ave prime numbers)
bx 3x 7x Wx 23 = 5313
HE and LOM by Prime Factorization Method
Q- Find the ZOM and HOF & 6 and 20 by the prime {aciorisation,
muhod.
Ans. \e hove 6= 2' x 3° and 20=2x2x5= 2x5" 1. If xy = 180 and HCF(x,y) = 3, then find the LCM(x.y).
[1M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A1. (LCM)(3) = 180
LCM = 60
2..
The decimal representation of
14587 :
Fist Will terminate after how many decimal
places?
[1M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A2. Four decimal places
3. Find the largest number that will divide 398, 436 and 542
leaving remainders 7, 11, and 15 respectively.
[1M, 2019] A3. Algorithm
398 — 7 = 391, 436 — 11 = 425, 542 - 15 = 527
HCF of 391, 425, 527 = 17
4. Express 98 as a product of its primes.
[1M, 2017]
A4. 2x 7?
5. If the HCF of 408 and 1032 is expressible in the form 1032
* 2 + 408 ~ p, then find the value of p.
[1M, 2015]
AS. HCF of 408 and 1032 is 24.
1032 x 2 + 408 x (p) = 24
408p = 24 - 2064 6. Write the decimal form of
129
a5r7
A6. Non-terminating non-repeating.
7. IF HCF (336, 54) = 6, find LCM (336, 54)
[1M, 2019]
AT. Given, HCF (336, 54) = 6
We know,
HCF x LCM = one number * other number
=> 6 x LCM = 336 x 54
=> LCM = (336x54)/6 = 336 x 9 = 3024
8. What is the HCF of the smallest prime number and the
smallest composite number?
[1M, 2018]
A8. Smallest prime number = 2
Smallest composite number = 4
Prime factorisation of 2 is 1 * 2 Prime factorisation of 4 is 1 x 2?
HCF (2, 4) = 2
9. For some integer m, every even integer is of the form
[NCERT Exemplar]
a)m
b)m+1
c) 2m
d) 2m +1
AQ. c) 2m
10. For some integer q, every odd integer is of the form
[NCERT Exemplar]
a)q
b)q+1
c) 2q
d) 2q +1
A10. d) 2q +1 11. n?—1 is divisible by 8, if nis
[NCERT Exemplar]
a) an integer
b) a natural number
c) an odd integer
d) an even integer
A11. c) an odd integer
12. If the HCF of 65 and 117 is expressible in the form 65m
— 117, then the value of m is
[NCERT Exemplar]
a)4
b)2
c)1
d)3
A12. b) 2 13. The largest number which divides 70 and 125, leaving
remainders 5 and 8, respectively, is
[NCERT Exemplar]
a) 13
b) 65
c) 875
d) 1750
A13. a) 13
14. If two positive integers a and b are written as a =
x*y? and b = xy?; x, y are prime numbers, then HCF (a, b)
is
[NCERT Exemplar]
a) xy
b) xy?
c) xy?
d) x°y?
A14. b) xy? 15. The product of a non-zero rational and an irrational
number is
[NCERT Exemplar]
a) always irrational
b) always rational
¢) rational or irrational
d) one
A15. a) always irrational
16. The least number that is divisible by all the numbers
from 1 to 10 (both inclusive) is
[NCERT Exemplar]
a) 10
b) 100
c) 504
d) 2520
A16. d) 2520 17. The decimal expansion of the rational number
will 14587/1250 terminate after
[NCERT Exemplar]
a) one decimal place
b) two decimal places
c) three decimal places
d) four decimal places
A17. d) four decimal places
18. 3 bells ring at an interval of 4,7 and 14 minutes. All three
bell rang at 6 am, when the three balls will the ring
together next?
[2M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A18. 4=2X2
7=7X1
14=2X7
LOM=2X2X7=28 The three bells will ring together again at 6:28 am
19. Write the smallest number which is divisible by both 306
and 657.
[2M, 2019]
A19. Smallest number which is divisible by 306 and 657 is,
LCM (657, 306)
657 =3x 3x73
306=3x3x2x17
LCM =3 x 3 x 73 « 2 x 17 = 22338
20. Find the HCF of 1260 and 7344 using Euclid’s algorithm
[2M, 2019]
A20. Two numbers are 1260 and 7344
Since 7344 > 1260, we apply the Euclid division lemma to
7344 and 1260, we get
7344 = 1260 x 5+ 1044
Also, 1260 = 1044 x 1+ 216
1044 = 216 x 4 + 180
216 = 180 x 1+ 36
180 =36x5+0 Now, remainder is 0, hence our procedure stops here.
H.C.F. of 7344 and 1260 is 36.
21. HCF and LCM of two numbers is 9 and 459 respectively.
If one of the numbers is 27, find the other number
[2M, 2017]
A21. We know,
(st number x 2nd number = HCF x LCM
= 27 x 2nd number = 9 x 459
=> 2nd number = (9x459)/27 = 153
22. Find the LCM of 96 and 360 by using fundamental
theorem of arithmetic.
[2M, 2016]
A22. 96 = 25x 3
360 = 2° x 32x 5 LCM = 25x 3?x 5=32* 9x5 = 1440
wahoo fof
Ip
oo Be BIS
23. Find the HCF (865, 255) using Euclid’s division lemma.
[2M, 2013]
A23. 865 > 255
865 = 255 x 3+ 100
255 = 100 x 2+55
100 = 55x 1+45
55=45x1+10
45=10x4+5
10=5x2+0
The remainder is 0.
HCF =5
255) 865 (3
765 24. Find the largest number which divides 70 and 125
leaving remainder 5 and 8 respectively.
[2M, 2015]
A24. It is given that on dividing 70 by the required number,
there is a remainder 5.
This means that 70 — 5 = 65 is exactly divisible by the
required number.
Similarly, 125 - 8 = 117 is also exactly divisible by the
required number.
S=5 x 13
117 = 32x 13
HCF = 13
Required number = 13
25. Find two consecutive odd positive integers, sum of whose
squares is 290.
[3M, 2021 Sample Paper] A25. Then, according to question
x?-+ (x+2)?= 290
2x? + 4x — 286 = 0
x?+ 2x — 143 = 0
x?+ 13x- 11x- 143 =0
(x+13)(x-11)=0
x=11 as x is positive
Hence required integers are 11 and 13
26. Given that V5 is irrational, prove that 2/5 - 3is an
irrational number.
[3M, 2020]
A26. Let us assume, to the contrary, that 2V5 - 3 is a rational
number -. 2V5 - 3 = p/q , where p and q are integers and
q#0
= \5 = (p + 3q)/2q ....(1)
Since p and q are integers -.(p + 3q)/2q is a rational number
«V6 is a rational number which is a contradiction as V5 is an
irrational number.
Hence our assumption is wrong and hence 2V5 - 3 is an
irrational number. 27. \f HCF of 144 and 180 is expressed in the form 13m-16.
Find the value of m.
[3M, 2020]
A27. 180 = 144 x 1+ 36
144 = 36 x4 +0
+ HCF(180, 144) = 36
36 = 13m - 16
Solving, we getm=4
28. Prove that 2 + 5V3 is an irrational number, given that v3
is an irrational number.
[3M, 2019]
A28. Let 2 + 53 = r, where, ris rational.
= (2+ 5V3P =P?
34+75+20V3=P
379 + 2013 =?
= 203 =? -79
= V3 = (?--799/20
Now, (1?-79)/20 is a rational number. So, V3 must also
be a rational number.
But V3 is an irrational number (Given).
So, our assumption is wrong.
2 + 5V3 is an irrational number.
Hence Proved. 29. Using Euclid's Algorithm, find the HCF of 2048 and 960
[3M, 2019]
A29. Step |:
Here 2048 > 960 so, On applying Euclid’s algorithm, we
get
2048 = 960 x 2+ 128
Step II:
Because remainder 128 # 0, so, On applying Euclid’s
algorithm between 960 and 128, we get
960 = 128 x7 +64
Step Ill:
Again remainder 64 # 0, so
128 =64x2+0
Here remainder is 0. So, the process ends here. And the
dividend is 64 so, required HCF is 64.
30. Two tankers contain 850 litres and 680 litres of petrol.
Find the maximum capacity of a container which can
measure the petrol of each tanker in the exact number of
times.
[3M, 2015] A30. To find the maximum capacity of a container which can
measure the petrol of each tanker in the exact number of
times, we find the HCF of 850 and 680.
850 =2 x 52x17
680 = 23x 5x17
HCF =2x5x17=170
Maximum capacity of the container = 170 litres.
2 |850
5 [425°
5 [85
17
31. Prove that 3 + 25 is irrational
[4M, 2017]
A31. Let us assume, to the contrary, that 3 + 25 is rational
So that we can find integers a and b (b # 0), such that
3 +2 \5 = alb, where a and b are coprime.
Rearranging this equation, we get
= 2b Since a and b are integers, we get that a2b — 32 is
rational and so 5 is rational.
But this contradicts the fact that V5 is irrational.
So we conclude that 3 + 25 is irrational.
32. Dudhnath has two vessels containing 720 ml and 405 ml
of milk respectively. Milk from these containers is poured
into glasses of equal capacity to their brim. Find the
minimum number of glasses that can be filled.
[4M, 2014]
A32. 1st vessel = 720 ml; 2nd vessel = 405 ml
We find the HCF of 720 and 405 to find the
quantity of milk to be filled in one glass.
405 = 34 x5
720 = 24x 32x5
HCF = 3? x 5 = 45 ml = Capacity of glass
No. of glasses filled from 1st vessel = 720/45 = 16
No. of glasses filled from 2nd vessel = 405/45 = 9
Total number of glasses = 25
33. Find HCF of numbers 134791, 6341 and 6339 by
Euclid’s division algorithm.
[4M, 2015] A33. First, we find HCF of 6339 and 6341 by Euclid’s division
method.
6339) 6341 (1
6339
2) 6339 ( 3169
6
3
2
13
12
19
18
1)2(2
2
0
6341 > 6339
6341 = 6339x 1+2
6339 =2x 3169 +1
2=1x2+0
HCF of 6341 and 6339 is 1.
Now, we find the HCF of 134791 and 1
134791 =1 x 134791+0
HCF of 134791 and 1 is 1.
Hence, the HCF of the given three numbers is 1.
34, Show that one and only one out of n, (n + 1) and (n + 2)
is divisible by 3, where n is any positive integer
[4M, 2015] A34. Letn,n+1,n + 2 be three consecutive positive
integers.
We know that n is of the form 3q, 3q + 1, or 3q + 2.
Case |. When n =
In this case, n is divisible by 3,
butn +1 and n + 2 are not divisible by 3.
Case II. When n = 3q + 1,
In this case n + 2 = (3q+1)+2
=3q+3
= 3(q +1), (n + 2) is divisible by 3,
but n and n + 1 are not divisible by 3.
Case Ill.
When n = 3q + 2, in this case,
n+1=(3q+2)+1
=3q+3=3(q+1), (n+ 1) is divisible by 3,
but n and n + 2 are not divisible by 3.
Hence, one and only one out of n,n +1 andn+2is
divisible by 3. Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion
(A) is followed by a statement of reason (R) . Mark the correct
choice as:
[Link] assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct and
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct but
reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
c. Assertion (A) is correct, reason (R) is incorrect
d. Assertion (A) is incorrect, reason (R) is correct
35. Assertion : 2 is a rational number
Reason : The square roots of all positive integers are
irrational.
A35. Assertion (A) is correct, reason (R) is incorrect.
36. Assertion : 6" ends with the digit zero, where nis a
natural number.
Reason : Any number ends with digit zero, if it's prime
factor is of the form 2” * 5" , where m, n are natural
numbers.
A386. Assertion (A) is incorrect, reason (R) is correct.
