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Understanding Disaster Management

The document discusses disasters, their types and management. It defines disaster and describes two main types - natural disasters caused by environmental hazards like earthquakes, floods etc. and man-made disasters caused by human factors like accidents, terrorism etc. It then provides examples and details of specific natural disasters. The key stages of disaster management are preparedness, response, recovery and prevention/mitigation. Case studies of major disasters in India like the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and 2015 Nepal earthquake are also summarized to illustrate disaster impact and management.

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305 views8 pages

Understanding Disaster Management

The document discusses disasters, their types and management. It defines disaster and describes two main types - natural disasters caused by environmental hazards like earthquakes, floods etc. and man-made disasters caused by human factors like accidents, terrorism etc. It then provides examples and details of specific natural disasters. The key stages of disaster management are preparedness, response, recovery and prevention/mitigation. Case studies of major disasters in India like the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and 2015 Nepal earthquake are also summarized to illustrate disaster impact and management.

Uploaded by

INSTAGRAM USER
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Disaster and management D.

Pharm II Year
Disaster Management

Disaster is defined as a crisis situation causing wide spread damage which far exceeds our
ability to recover. It has been established there is a definite pattern in their occurrences and hence
we can to some extent reduce the impact of damage though we cannot reduce the extent of
damage itself.

Environmental hazard is the state of events which has the potential to threaten the surrounding
natural environment and adversely affect people's health. Continuous hazard convert in
disaster. E.g. - eruption of soil from dam into river cause of flood (natural disaster).

Types of Disaster
1. Natural disasters Example – Earthquakes, Floods, Tsunami, Cyclone, Landslides, Volcano,
Avalanches etc.
2. Man made disasters Example – War, Bomb Blasts, Chemical Leaks, etc.

1. Natural disasters- A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural
processes of the Earth; examples include floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis,
and other geologic processes.
A. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates
seismic waves. The vibrations may vary in magnitude. Earthquakes are caused mostly by
slippage within geological faults
B. The effects of volcanic eruption itself that may cause harm following the explosion of
the volcano or the fall of rock. Second, lava may be produced during the eruption of a
volcano.
C. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land. it is not a significant
flood unless the water covers land used by man like a village, city or other inhabited area,
roads, expanses of farmland, etc.
D. Tsunami can be caused by undersea earthquakes. The 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake
created the Boxing Day Tsunami.
E. Cyclone, tropical cyclone, hurricane, and typhoon are different names for the same
phenomenon a cyclonic storm system that forms over the oceans.
F. Drought is unusual dryness of soil, resulting in crop failure and shortage of water for
other uses, caused by significantly lower rainfall than average over a prolonged period.

Amit Kr. Shukla KIPM


Disaster and management D. Pharm II Year
G. An epidemic is an outbreak of a contractible disease that spreads through a human
population. A pandemic is an epidemic whose spread is global.
2. Man made disasters- In this case human intent, negligence, or error; or involving a failure
of a human-made system.
A. War is a conflict between relatively large groups of people, which involves physical

force inflicted by the use of weapons. Warfare has destroyed entire cultures,

countries, economies and inflicted great suffering on humanity.

B. Industrial disasters occur in a commercial context, such as mining accidents. They

often have an environmental impact. Chemical hazards are systems where chemical

accidents occur, such events include fires, explosions, leakages or releases of toxic

that can cause people illness, injury, disability or death.

C. Structural collapses are often caused by engineering failures. Bridge failures may be

caused in several ways.

D. Accidents railroad disaster is an occurrence associated with the operation of a

passenger train which results in substantial loss of life. Traffic collisions are the

leading cause of death, Airplane also include in accidents, loss of life and economical

E. Arson is the criminal intent of setting a fire with intent to cause damage, but was later

expanded to include other objects, such as bridges, vehicles, and private property.

F. Terrorism is threatened use of violence for the purpose of creating fear in order to

achieve a political, religious, or ideological goal.

G. Fires, forest fires, and mine fires are generally started by lightning, but They can burn

thousands of square kilometers.

H. Radiation contamination nuclear weapons are detonated or nuclear containment

systems are otherwise compromised, airborne radioactive particles (nuclear fallout)

can scatter and irradiate large areas.

Amit Kr. Shukla KIPM


Disaster and management D. Pharm II Year
DISASTER MANAGEMENT Disaster/emergency management is the discipline of dealing
with and avoiding risks. It involves preparing for a disaster before it happens, disaster response
(e.g. emergency evacuation, quarantine, mass decontamination, etc.), as well as supporting, and
rebuilding society after natural or human-made disasters have occurred.
Disaster management includes the following stages/ phases
1. Preparedness phase
2. Response phase
3. Recovery/ Rehabilitation phase
4. Prevention and Planning / Mitigation phase

1. Preparedness phase- In the preparedness phase, emergency managers develop plans of


action for when the disaster strikes. Common preparedness points-
 Communication plans with easily understandable
 Development and practice of multi-agency coordination.
 Proper maintenance and training of emergency services.
 Development and exercise of emergency population warning methods combined.
 With emergency shelters and evacuation plans.
 Maintenance of supplies and equipment.

2. Response phase-
 The response phase includes the mobilization of the necessary emergency services
and first responders in the disaster area.
 This is likely to include a first wave of core emergency services, such as firefighters,
police and ambulance crews.
 In addition volunteers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the local
Red cross branch may provide immediate practical assistance.

3. Recovery/ Rehabilitation phase-


 The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the affected area to its previous state.
 Recovery efforts are primarily concerned with actions that involve rebuilding
destroyed property, re-employment and the repair of other essential infrastructure.
 Citizens of the affected area are more likely to accept more mitigative changes.

Amit Kr. Shukla KIPM


Disaster and management D. Pharm II Year
4. Planning and Mitigation phase-
 Mitigation involves Structural and Non-structural measures taken to limit the impact
of disasters.
Structural Mitigation:-
 This involves proper layout of building, particularly to make it resistant to disasters.
Non Structural Mitigation:-
 This involves measures taken other than improving the structure of building.

Case study of Tsunami


The Indian Ocean was struck by a massive earthquake and Tsunami made landfall on 26th
December 2004. It was unprecedented in its scale. The earthquake magnitude was 9.3 on reactor
scale, and generated from below 30 Km. of sea surface. The waves height 24-30 meter was hitted
the coasts. It destroyed parts of Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia and Thailand and resulting in over
250,000 deaths within the region. Near about 42, 883 are missing. tourism and fishing industry
suffered huge economical loss.

Case study of earthquake (Bhuj earthquake)


The 2001 Gujarat earthquake, also known as the Bhuj earthquake, occurred on 26 January,
at 08:46 am. The epicentre was about 9 km south-southwest of the village
of Chobari in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District of Gujarat, India.
The death count in the Kutch region was 12,300. Bhuj, Considerable damage also occurred
in Bhachau and Anjar with hundreds of villages flattened in Taluka of Anjar, Bhuj and Bhachau.

Case study of earthquake (Nepal earthquake)


A deadly earthquake shook Nepal and sent tremors through Indian subcontinent. On 25th April
and 12th May 2015. The quake measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale, which was followed by 97
aftershocks of magnitudes 3.0-6.9 on Richter scale,
The earthquakes had its epicentre at Lumjung, district. Over 22,000 people injured and killing
over 80,000 in addition to causing significant infrastructure damage.

Case study of earthquake (Bhopal gas disaster)


Bhopal gas disaster was in the night of 2-3 December 1984, a leak of some 40 tons of methyl
isocyanate (MIC) gas mixed with unknown other gasses from a chemical plant owned and
Amit Kr. Shukla KIPM
Disaster and management D. Pharm II Year
operated by Union Carbide (India) Limited. At least 2000 people died immediately and another
200,000 to 300,000 suffered respiratory and other injuries of varying severity.

National Disaster Management Framework

Government of India made reallocation of Ministries as per different categories of Disasters.


Accordingly, all natural disasters except, Drought, have been allotted to Ministry of Home
Affairs.

The following Ministries are directly responsible for different type of Natural and Man made
Disasters:

S.N. Disaster Nodal Ministry

1 Air Accidents Ministry of Civil Aviation


2 Civil strife Ministry of Home Affairs
3 Railway Accidents Ministry of Railways
4 Chemical Disasters Ministry of Environment and Forests
5 Biological Disasters Ministry of Health
6 Nuclear disasters Atomic Energy Department
7 Natural Disasters (except drought Ministry of Home Affairs
8 Drought
Ministry of Agriculture

National Crisis Management Committee

The other members include the secretary to the Prime Minister, secretaries to the Ministries of
Home, Defence, Research and Analysis wing and Agriculture with the director of the
Intelligence Bureau.

1 Cabinet Secretary Chairman


2 Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs Member
3 Secretary, Ministry of Defence Member
4 Secretary, Ministry of Health Member
5 Railway Board Secretary, Member
6 Secretary, Ministry Petroleum & Natural Gas Member
7 Secretary, Department of Roads Transport and Highways Member
8 Secretary, Department of Rural Development Member
9 Secretary, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation Member
10 Secretary, Department of Drinking Water Supply Member
11 Secretary, Department of Food & Public Distribution Member

Amit Kr. Shukla KIPM


Disaster and management D. Pharm II Year
Crisis Management Group

It is formed under the Central Relief Commissioner comprising the senior officials from the
various ministries and other department to

• Review each year the contingency plan formulated by the Central Ministry / Department.
• Review measures required in dealing with a disaster.
• Co·ordinate activities of the central ministries and state govemment in relation to disaster
preparedness.
Control Rooms: Central and State

Control Rooms: These are intended to be the nerve centre of all emergencies therefore they are
one of the important components for the disaster management programme at various levels.

It is responsible for:

• Collection and transmission of information conceming natural calamity and relief


• Keeping in contact with govemment of the states affected by the causality
• Interaction with various others central ministries/ Departments
• Maintaining records with regards action points and contact points in the central Ministries and
the state government.
• Keeping up-to-date details of all concerned at State and Central Level

Role of Armed Forces:

The Defence forces have been assigned and called upon to help the civil administration in
meeting any emergency caused by disaster other than foreign aggression or militancy. Their
service is sought during flood, earthquake, cyclone, landslides and avalanches.

a) Evacuation: This is the most common contingency where Armed Forces are called upon to
help evacuate people from the marooned villages from the areas affected by Cyclones, Floods,
earthquakes, Landslides etc.

b) Maintain Essential Supplies: People in marooned areas could be without food medicines and
safe drinking water for days.

c) Transportation of Relief Material: Maintain regular supply and building up stocks


expecially in hilly and difficult terrain for further supplying it to the needy with the help of
aircraft, boats and helicopters.

Amit Kr. Shukla KIPM


Disaster and management D. Pharm II Year

d) Maintain essential Services: Disasters disrupt all type of communication road, telephones,
and electricity.

e) Medical Aid: Provision of medical aid by constituting small teams is another area where they
are called upon to provide assistance especially in remote and difficult areas.

Human Resource Development

Human resource refers to the talents and energies of people that are available to an organization
as potential contributors to the creation and realization of the organization’s mission, vision,
values, and goals.

Features of Human Resource Development (HRD)

1. Systematic approach:

HRD is a systematic and planned approach through which the efficiency of employees is

improved. The future goals and objectives are set by the entire organization, which are well

planned at individual and organizational levels.

2. Continuous process:

HRD is a continuous process for the development of all types of skills of employees such as

technical, managerial, behavioural, and conceptual. Till the retirement of an employee

sharpening of all these skills is required.

3. Multi-disciplinary subject:

HRD is a Multi-disciplinary subject which draws inputs from behavioural science, engineering,

commerce, management, economics, medicine, etc.

4. Techniques:

HRD embodies with techniques and processes such as performance appraisal, training,

management development, career planning, counselling, workers’ participation and quality

circles.

Amit Kr. Shukla KIPM


Disaster and management D. Pharm II Year

Human Resource Development (HRD) functions include the following:

1. Employee training and development,

2. Career planning and development,

3. Succession planning,

4. Performance appraisal,

5. Employee’s participation in management

6. Quality circles,

7. Organization change and organization development.

Difference between Human resource management (HRM) and Human resource

development (HRD)

Amit Kr. Shukla KIPM

Common questions

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Both natural and man-made disasters cause widespread damage, but their origins differ. Natural disasters arise from Earth's natural processes, such as earthquakes and tsunamis, while man-made disasters result from human actions, like industrial accidents and warfare. Management strategies converge on preparedness and response phases, yet diverge in mitigation; natural disasters require environmental and infrastructural strategies, whereas man-made disasters demand strict regulatory laws and enforcement. Effective management combines elements from both to minimize overall impacts .

A phase-based approach, which includes preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation phases, ensures that each stage of a disaster is systematically addressed. Preparedness involves developing action plans and conducting training, improving the effectiveness of immediate response by mobilizing necessary services quickly. Recovery focuses on restoring normalcy, and mitigation reduces future risks. This structured approach is more efficient than ad-hoc measures, which may lead to uncoordinated efforts and insufficient resource allocation .

Human-induced factors such as negligence, poor infrastructure, and lack of preparedness can transform environmental hazards into disasters by exacerbating their impact. For instance, inadequate urban planning may enhance the vulnerability of an area to flooding. Disaster management strategies, such as proper planning and mitigation, aim to reduce these impacts by implementing structural measures like resilient infrastructure and non-structural measures such as community education and early warning systems .

In India, different ministries are responsible for coordinating responses to various types of disasters, ensuring specialized and efficient management. For natural disasters (except drought), the Ministry of Home Affairs takes the lead, while the Ministry of Agriculture handles drought. The Ministry of Civil Aviation coordinates air accident responses, and the Ministry of Environment and Forests addresses chemical disasters. This division ensures focused expertise and streamlined response efforts tailored to specific disaster types .

The armed forces enhance disaster management by providing well-organized, rapid response capabilities. Their ability to conduct evacuations, maintain essential supplies, and transport relief materials in challenging environments ensures continuity of life-saving operations. By swiftly restoring communication and essential services, they stabilize affected areas. Their disciplined approach and logistical expertise are invaluable in the aftermath of disasters, significantly improving recovery and stabilization efforts .

HRD enhances organizational resilience to disasters by systematically developing technical, managerial, behavioral, and conceptual skills. This continuous process equips employees to manage crises effectively, promoting quick recovery and adaptation. By embedding techniques such as training and quality circles, HRD fosters a proactive culture that anticipates risks and improves organizational response capabilities, thereby mitigating the impact of disasters on operations .

The Bhopal gas disaster exemplifies the devastating impact of industrial disasters on communities. The leak of methyl isocyanate gas resulted in immediate casualties exceeding 2,000 and long-term health consequences for over 200,000 people. Such disasters expose systemic issues in industrial safety regulations and emergency preparedness. They often lead to widespread health problems, displacement, and economic decline while highlighting the urgent need for stronger regulatory frameworks and disaster preparedness plans to prevent and mitigate future incidents .

Control rooms are critical to efficient disaster management, serving as the nerve center for emergency coordination. They facilitate the collection and transmission of information about the calamity, maintain communication with state governments, and interact with central ministries. This centralized approach helps ensure a coordinated response, quick dissemination of crucial information, and effective allocation of resources during disaster scenarios, enhancing overall management efficacy at both central and state levels .

The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami highlighted the catastrophic impact of inadequate early warning systems, as it resulted in over 250,000 deaths and significant economic losses across the region. Lessons learned include the critical need for comprehensive early warning infrastructure and effective communication plans. Implementing robust mitigation strategies, such as coastal management and public awareness programs, can reduce vulnerability and enhance preparedness against similar future events .

Structural mitigation measures, such as constructing disaster-resistant buildings, physically lower vulnerability to disasters. Non-structural measures, including community education and emergency drills, enhance readiness and risk awareness. Together, they form a comprehensive approach that addresses both the physical and behavioral aspects of disaster risk reduction, creating resilient communities capable of withstanding and swiftly recovering from adverse events .

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