IEAS I FOr{},ilJLAS

GEAS FORMULAS
Compiled by: W.R., ECE, ECT

. Eng'g Economy
. Physics and Mechanics
o Chemistry
. Thermodynamics
. Strength of Materials
o Electrostatics
o M9292: Summary
. Units, Conversions, Constants

llll |l, iCE, EITI I

?
 EilElilffRUt8 tG0tf0trfY A. Nominal Rate -basic annual rate
NR=interestxperiod

B. Effective Rate *exact rate

ER:(1+i)m_1
A. capitat Recovery r""toffi
r NRr-
ER=11+-l
\ m./ -1
B. Sinking Fund Facto---l-
(1+i)n-1 ER = er - 1 (kapag confinuous compounding)

c. Single Payment Compound Factor(1+ i)n

D. Single Payment Present Worth Factor(1 + i)-n
E. Uniform Series Compound Amount Factor A. Ordinary
(1+i)n-1 B. Annuity Due * nagbayad at the beginning
i c. Deferred * late nagbayad
D. Perpetuity - "forevef', F= infinite
F. Uniform Series Present Worth Factor end-1
(1+i)"-1 F=A L'\-a
i(1 + i)n
) (1 +i)x
x=0

end
\-a
P:A ) (1+i)-x
?_*
A. ORDINARY w=0 kapag annuity due
l=Pin w=1 kapag ordinary annuity
F=P+l=p(1+in)
no. of davs
n= (banker's year)
- :oo--
B. EXACT Kapag nag-input ng values sa calcu, start at 0
F=P*l=P(1+in) Year
A. Straight Line Method MODE 3 2
no. of davs B. Declining Balance Method /
n= --S65 - (kapag normal year)
ConstanUFixed Percentage Method
/Matheson Formula
no. of davs MODE 3 6
n= --s6-- (kapag leap year)
-pag-input ng values sa MODE 3 6, gamitin ang
salvage value
c. Double Declining Balance Method MODE 3 6
-Pag input ng values, wag gamitin ang salvage
value. tn$ead, FClr - -3-l
/ i \-*n Iife)
F=PlL+-l
\ m./ D. Sum of the Years Method MODE 3 3
E. Sinking Fund Method MODE 1
, FC_SV
-- u..e ftll Ii fc 1

D= F- P (parang interest)
t
lr
(1 +i)"
i
rate ofdiscount -
D-:d t+
1+i
) (1+i)x
5. CONTINUOUS COMPOUNDING MODE 3 5
LI

F=Ped BV-=FC- D,n

w |l, E[E, r[Tl 2

 EEAS I FO|iM|JLAS

A. Arithmetic Gradient MODE 3 2

END
\-a A*Bx
'P- /-,
) r-'---\
'(1 + i)*/ Perfect Competition
Seller Buyer
x=START
many manv
Monopoly one many
B. Geometric Gradient MODE 3 6 Monopsony many one
END
Bilateral monopolv one one
P- L .-.r
) r.{1A (B)x
[a Duopoly two many
+i)*/
x=START Duopsony many two
Olisopolv few many
CAPITALIZED COST& ANNUAL COST
Oligopsony manv few
Bilateral Oliqopolv few few
A FC_SV
CC=FC+-+- |
Repair Cost
i (1 +i)n-1 (1 + i;intu.u.l ofrePair - 1
46 = (CC) xi
END

BV = FV (r)
I,'
START
+ i)*x + C(1 + 1;-'na

Quick Assets
Acid Test Ratio or Quick Ratio = Current O=FV(r)
Liabilities \trdhere:
Total Srockholder's Equity BV = Bond Falue I Price of Bond
EquityRatio: FV = Fave Value
ffi r = bond rate
Total Liabilities i = investor's rate of return
Debt Ratio = C = Redemption value
Total Assets
D = dividend
Current Assets
Current Ratio =
Current Liabilities DEPLETTON' {CAP|TAL RECOVERYI

Cost ofgoods sold

Inventory Turnover = - sv)i rtrr
Average inventcry D:FC(r)+#
(1+i)n-1
Net sales on credit \fy'here:
Accounts Receivable Turnover = D = Annual Dividend
Average receivables
r = inyestor's rate of return
Annual Sales
i = reinvestment rate
Asset Turnover : FC - price of investment / first cost
Ave. of assets use in producing these sales
SV = salvage value
Market Price per share
Price Earnings Ratio = Earnings per share

Dividend per share

Dividend Yield =
Market price per share

Operating Expense
Operating Expense Ratio =
Net Sales

\tll |l, E[8, E[Tl 3

PlfY$lG$ g Htg'g ilmilil8$ A. Rectilinear Translation
1. Uniform Motion
, distance
sP€eo = ti-"
2. Uniform Accelerated Motion
zas: (Vr)z _ (Vo)t
at=Vr-V,
s= vot+jatz
ororal : {(axonnaal)t * (araxcrnrw)z

V=-ds
dt
A. Law of Acceleration dv
- Force dt
acceleration = Mass
vdv = ads
B. Law of Universal Gravitation .
G (M1XM2)
- = ___;z_ B. Curvilinear Translation
" 1. Projectile / Trajectory
where, G=CONS39
At anv time:
c. Coulomb's Law x: Vort
-F =_ k (Q1xQ2) x: (Vocos0)t
-d2
Y=Voy-0'5gtz
where, k=9x1otN#=, t y=(Vosin0)-0.5gtt
Cz 4fi€osr
€o = coNs 32
(v*), + (vr)z
D. Centripetal & Centrifugal Force
Centrifugal -outward force At hishest point:
Centripetal - inward force
,omax (Vosin0)z
F(inN)=- r
mvz = ZS

mvz ,
fmax =
(Vosin0)
F (in lbf) = g
irZl
E. Friction force Vozsin20
x=-
F = FN F
o?
where: P = coefficient of static friction
N = normal force
[Link] 't1-/-v =xtano - =g*'
2voz(coso)z
G. Normal Force BMax p411ss : 45
H. Weight B7{5y orsa= 60
L Pressure $uex rmtera = 55.6
Force
P
- =_Area
2. Rotational
Pabs= Pe+ Patm
P* = pgh
J. Buoyant Force
Fu = P Vsun,rrRcnn

K. Torque Power = Torque x N(radian/s)

ill|.|l., E[E. E[rl4
 EIAS I FIIII,|ULAS

LINEAR ROTATIONAL RELATIONSHIP

Kinetic Energy
VELOCITY v (t) V=TOJ
DISPLACEMENT s g s=r0 - KE=1 a
t^u-
ACCELERATION a a a=ra KEnoretroNa ,:|r.'
MASS m l(lnertia) where: I :rotationalinertia
FORCE F T (toroue) o = angular velocity
3. I'SPI'LSE & MEHTUH 3. Mechanical Energy = PE+KE
4. Rest Energy
A. Momentum (P) - amount of motion. E:mcz
'P=massxvelocity c. Power
work/Energy_ Ioule-
B. lmpulse - change in momentum Power =
time second
= wa*s
=AP
= Force x time Power = Force xvelocitv
= Amv
D. Conservation of Energy
lmpulse-Momentum Theorem: Ft = mvz - rnvr PE=KE V = \E[
Law of Conservation of Momentum:
Psnronn rMpAcr
Work = KE Forcexd = 1mv2
= PanreR tJr,Ipacr
m1vl + lllzVz : m1V1 + m2V2
E. Gravitational Potential Energy of two masses
C. Collision t'E=---c (M1)(M2)
d
where. G=CONS39
e CONSERVE After collision
Elastic 1 KE. P Maqhihiwalav
inelastic 0 P Magsasama

D. Coefficient of Restitution (e) A. AMA (Actual Mechanical Advantage)

Varrrnr - VaprsRz FORCEouTPU,T
e= AMA = rb-ffi
VssF'onnr - VgeroRnz

B. IMA (ldeal Mechanical Advantage)

PEgNal tan01 DISTANCEOUTPUT
hrNrual PElNrrral=-tanA, IMA =
DISTA

C. Efficiency
WORK. ENERGY & POWER n_
\$ORKourpur: AMA
' WORKlxprJl IMA

A. Work - almost similar sa Energy

Work = Forcexdisplacement
6. LIGHT & ILLUMINATION
Work = Fd cosO A. Wavelength of light in a mediumL = b
n
B. Energy B. De Broglie Wavelength tr = Imv
C. Photon
1. Potential Energy Photon Energy:E = hf
PE = mgh
E=-13,61
fr 1l
"t-;ln|l
Lni
PhotonMomentum:P=i

y{ tt, E[E, EITI 5

 0EAS I FI|{t,|IJLAS

D. Refractive Index
Cvacuuu c B. Power of a lens
fl =;--
UMEDIUM
-
=: V = V€.
PDtoptER = fMeren
E. Prism
sin (A * D-) c. Total Power:P=P1 +P2
r,=J,in6-
D. Series lenses
F. Dispersive Power of the material of a prism
11.
*---l--
1
f-f7'f2
(r)=-Fv - ltn
p-1
G. Snell'[Link] E. Effective Focal length
0t =
1. 11S
n1 sin n2 sin 02 -=-
f \fzfJ,
H. Brewster angle
tan0 = n where n=refractive index F. Radius of curvature: R = 2f

Space/Height Ratio G. Mirror Equation

_ horizontal distance between lamps
. 11, 1
R* mounting height of lamps llo
Linear magnification
J. Malus Law
H.
-d, h,
I = Io(cos0)z M=-=-=:-
oo hs

FORMULA UNIT
M (+) erect
Luminous M (-) inverted
F= 4nl lumen
Flux {F}
FIUX
M=1 same size
I_
t-
lumen
M<1 smaller
Luminous -
(o
I
------------::--
= candela M>1 larger
Intensity (l) steradlan
: In(cos0)2
MIRROR LENSE
lumen f (+) Concave CONVex CoNVeroino
orlux or m*cd
n, f {-t Convex Concave Diveroino
lumen di {+} Real Real
llluminationl ------;- = Phot
Flux lcos0 cm' di(-| Virtual Virtual
llluminance
Area rz do is always positive
(E) lumen
-=- = footcandle
ft,
1 phot = 10,000 lux
8. RELATIVITY
Luminance (B)
Area
Solid Angle o= -;t- steradian
f-:
7. MIRRORS & LENSES
Lorentz Factor =
J'- o'
Divergent lens - use to conect Myopia
A. Len's Maker Formula

+=(m-')(+-*)
11' |t., E[8, EITI 6
 GEAS I FIr{I4ULAS

A. Time Dilation
*- to
-LF
v2
B. Length Contraction tan0 =
L=LoxLF -gr
v2
tan(9*4)=
c. Relativistic Mass *
mo v2
IIl =;= = impact factor or centrifugal ratio
LT
D. Relativistic Energy
-
tanQ = p
^F.=-
-LF
iloc2
u: JVfr
v2
dsrcrortw, lrrvar sunrecrl = 2^
E. Relativistic velocity of two bodies
17:-
v4 *vs dsx,oo,w" lsLoet sunrncel
v2
' = 2g(fcosO
{r -r'vAvB
---=- * sinO)

F. Relativistic Momentum
m^v
P--:_
LF

Maximum Permissin-le Dose : 5 (Age - 18)

A. SHM (Simple Harmonic Motion|
r
f = zn-li where k=force constant (N/m)
\I K

[Link] Pendulum
SOLID HOLLOl'\' ti
T = Zn /: where g=gravity
!c
Cylinder/
lloop I Ring r = z" l=!- kapag nakasabit sa elevator
{ g+/-a
[Link] Pendulum
Sphere r
Ir
r=Znl!
t= i,^qa2+bzl where l= moment of inertia
{K
Rectangular
Flate I = ]mb' ?
rc: torsional constant
[Link] Pendulum
tan8 =
gr-
w
Ten'
SIOll =
r- -;
lh
time = 2n l-
tg
1D
E. Hooke's Law
F= kx where x= elongation

F. Spfing Acceleration
-lo(
m

T{.|.{., t[E, E[Tl 7

!I
 EEAS I F0I{MULAS

where Wo : 1x 10-12W
G. Elastic Potential Energy stored in a spring (U)
4. Sound Pressure Level
U = ilolz
z zPr
SPL= 20log{;)
\rol
where Po = 20 x 10-6 Pa

5. Speed of sound
A. Mechanical Wave a. ln air
B. Electromagnetic Wave
v = 331 + 0.6T (note: T in C)
Surface Wave = Transverse Wave + Longitudinal
Wave b.

c. Transverse Wave - (e.g. waves on string)

r
lr
v: l-
lju c. In idealgas
where v = velocity of transverse wave
T = tension
u = mass per unit length of string (kg/m)
v= l-lrRv :,
-lI m
where T - absolute temperature
D. Longitudinal Wave - parallel (e.9. sound wave)
ft= coNs 27
y= ratio of specific heats (1.4 for
air)
v= F m = molecular mass
Jp
where v = velocity of longitudinal d. In other materials
f= modulus of elasticity r
p= density V= 13
i . IP
E. Intensity of Wave
Doppler Effect
I : ZnzupfzA2
6.
+/- voesnRven\
Ic - c
rsouRcE /v
Where v = velocity \ v +i-\touRcE /
f = frequency F-F'-' - /t-ur"*"'u)
r-rsouRcE\rc+u-
P = density
A = amplitude fc+u ("[Link])
f = fsouRcn
F. Wave Number {" _ u
f.
,K:'TZtt
L
7. Velocity 6f a transverse \ryave on a stretched
string
G. Sound Waves
1. Sound lntensity v=
Energy Power
sound Intensity - Area x time
=-Time
8. Fundamental frequency of stretched string
2. Sound lntensity Level
v l jrl
.I
= 10log{;l
zlr '^ 2L
t:_=_

[Link]
._

\rol
where Io:1x10-Lz
v
for a closed pipei f : 4L
3. Sound PowerLevel L Laws of vibrating string
rW' Law of Length
p\a/l: lolos(w")

lt|.|l., ECE, E[rl8

't
 EEAS I F0R]',|[JLAS

tt=t,
Fz Lt
Law of Tension Moment of Inertia WRT base:
F1 lt' I1
n=Jt' Ib
bh3
Law of Diameter
Rectangle =- 3
&=p,
Fz D1 I6
bh3
Triangle =- 12
Law of Density
F1 lp,
12 l-P,
=-= Transfer Formula:
..|
I= I"m *Adz
Where: I",o= centroidal moment of inertia
. A=area
d = shortest distance between the
two parallel axis
:'

Centroidal Moment of lnertia (WRT axis passing through the

centroid): Parallel Axis Theorem/ Huygens-steiner Theorem:

lr Iv
Ix
f=fu*mdz
Rectangle : Where: Iu= mass moment of inertia
m = area
Ix d - shortest distance between the two
parallelaxis
Triangle

Ix f;
k= l-=
Gircle {m
=
Ix Iv
Ix
Ellipse :
Fuex _
Furr "le

T=(Fuax-Fr,,rrN)r

GMpr-eNer
VsATgLLttn =

lT.|i.. E[E, E[Tl g

\
 EEAS I FORI,IULAS

vnscAPE_sAT = vESCAps: 1ER

Nrop=m(a-g)
R3
[Link]=m(a*g)
GMPLANET

|I *,
-:-- -------
"ABLES
A. Parabolic - horizontal
1 8. RADIUS [Link]
Tension:
Radius ofCurvature =
At the support (symmetricatl r:
JHz
* (+)'
Where: A = first derivative
At the support (unsymmetrical) T, = Jif + H,
B = second derivative
At the lowest point H = IL'Z

19, TORRICELLI'S LAW Length of Cable:

s=L+ 8d2
-
32d4
v=,fz{i 3L slt

B. Catenary
Tension:
At the support (symmetrical & unsymmetrical)
happ = h"..,.,(il) Tt = wlt
T1 = /(wS1)z +Hz

21. FLOW RATE

At the lowest point H = wc
FIow rate = Flow speed x Area
Distance between two support:
x. = g1nUJ1
c
- voBtFcT
Mach Number ""'"
= vsouno S,y&crelationship
Ytz=stz+cz

23. ATWOOD'S MACINE ACCELERATION

27. KEPLER'S LAW
lTlr- IIlz
a = --:-xg
ml+m2 I. First Law (Law of Ellipses)
2. Second Law {Law of Equal Areas)
3. Third Law (Law of Harmonies)
24. ELEVATOR SCALE READING (Period)z
k* (Mean Distance)g
Ng,rvRroRup=m(g+a)

Nslsvaronoowr.r = m(g - a)

\l/ |1, E[E, EITI IN

 EEAS I FII{}i|ULAS

GIIETTI$TRY 3. PH SCALE
pH = -log [H+]
pOH :
-log [OH-]
pH +pOH = dissociation = 14
mass (g)
n :
*ol"a *"r* (;F 4 KINETIC EHERGY OF GAS
1-3
KE -;mvz
4Z =;kT

A. I 3RT I 3kT
Mole Fraction
no. of mole of substance
vnus=$m=J*
{= no. of mole of solution
Where : k = Bol?mann constant (cons 25)
v-Il4 : T = temperature in Kelvin
^A-nA+n"
B. Normality
equivalent weight (g)
Normality =
volume (liter)
RATEB i''*^ = MA
RATEA MB
JMw"
C. Formality
molecular weight (g)
Formality =
volume (liter)
Boyle's Law
D. Molarity (M)
mole of solute (mole)
P1V1 = PrVt
[/[ =
volume (liter) Gharle's Law
E. Molality (m)
,r:r,
mole of solute (mole)
T1 Tz
.l.l_---:---------;;--=-

mass [KgJ Gay-Lussac's Law

Pt
F. Percent of Volume
Volume of solute
T1=&
Tz
o/oY
= Volume of solution x'J.004/a
Combined Gas Law
P1Vt
G. Parts per million _P2V2
solute in mg T1 Tz
ppm = ?
solution in liter Avogadro's Law
H. No. of equivalents
Vt-V,
g fl1 ll2
[Link]
' =[Link].
MW'_massr_Rr
For acids:eq.
molecular wt.
wt = [Link] MWz mass2 R2
H+
ldeal Gas Laur PV = nRT
molecular wt.
For bases: eQ. wt = [Link] OH-

molecular wt. nefffR :

For salts:eq. wt. = IIBEF6RE
[Link] positive/negative charges

[Link]., E[E, ECT|rl

 EEAS I FIIiMULAS

= 14.7 psi
Til[Ril0ltYtuilru$ = 101,325Pa
= 1.013 bar, dynes/cm^2
= 29.92 inHg

A. Fahrenheit to Celsius 4. HEAT HECHA'{ISU

coNV 37
5 duction
9' -
=:(F a
C 32) kAAr AAT
tLR
-=+:

c. Gelsius to Fahrenheit
coNV 38 Where :Qlt = rate of heat conduction
(power of conduction)
D. Gelsius to Kelvin :k = thermal conductivity
K=C+273 :AT = change in temperature
:L = thickness of slab/material
E. Fahrenheit to Rankine :A = Area
R=F+460 : AT/L = temperature gradient
:R = thermal resistance
DEr{Srw' voLtfiilE, sPEctFtc thickness Ad?
GRAVITY R- thermal conductivity
A. Density
mass
B. Gonvection
' = -----
p
volume o
-: = hAAT
Weight Density / Specific Weight:
\A/here : Q/t = rate of heat convection
mass x gravify
(power of convection)
'
y_--------=-
volume :h = convection coefficient
:AT = change in temperature
:A = Area
B. Specific Volume
volume 1
c. Radiation
v =-:-
mass p o
-: = creATa
C. Specific gravity I Relative Density
p
P = oeATa
' p standard Pnet = oeA(T! - Tt*)

Pwarrn ?
1g /cm^3 = 1000 kglm^3 Vfhere : Q/t = rate of heat radiation
= 62.4lbm / fi^3 (power of radiation)
= 1 g/ml = Stefan-Boltzmann const.
= 9810 Nlm^3 = CONS 31
'A
= emissivity (0 to 1)

p=_Force e = 0 (perfect reflector; body don't radiate)

- Area e = 1 (blackbody)

PAns=Peru* PCauce
5. LATEHT HEAT
PA3S=Paru-PvaCuuv Ql = */-mHzusrox
Ql : */- mHvapoRrzRrrow
1 atm = 760 mmHg, torr

[Link]., E[I. EETI12

 EEAS I FI|i},||JLAS

FUSTON VAPORIZATION SUBLIMATION

tsolrD To {LTQUTDTO TGASTO
LIQUID} GASI * soLtDt 13. EFFICIENCY
kJ/kg 334 2257 2838
cal/g 80 540 667.8 A. Carnot Cycle Efficiency
BTU/Ibm 144 970 122A
Wxnt Tsor-Tcolp _.,, _Tcor.o(n
n
' - Qanneo
- THor ^ THor(x)
B. Rankine Cycle Efficiency

WNrr Qnnnen - QneJncrrn

Qs = mcAT -' _
Qnnoeo Qnooeo
7. TOTAL HEAT
C. Otto Cycle Efficiency
Qroral = QLarsNr * QseNsrsl.e
WNer 1
'' --:1Qnooeo * _- r[-t
n

where: ro= isentropic compression ratio

Cp=CvtR
D. Diesel Cycle Efficiency
KR WNer - 1. [.5-t I
"p- kJ ''
n:_=!__l_l
'
Qaoreo rK-1 lk(r. - 1)J
R
'v-f,= where : r = isentropiccompression ratio
: L= cut-off ratio
Molar specific heat Cu : filwx c
E. Brayton Cycle Efficiency
Where : C, = specific heat at constant pressure
'. Cv : specific heat at constant volume _ Wrver _ WtuRarnE-WcoupRrssoR
-,'-Qooo*-
:R = gas constant a^""*
.: k = specific ratio (1.4 for air)

For water, = '1 cali g-C 14. COEFFICIENT OF PERFORIHA}{CE

= 1 BTU ilbm-F
= 4.186 kJlkg-C
QllFcrre Tuor(x)
Qrx
wNsr - THorlx; - Tcolu(x) Qour - Qrrv
coP- =
For ice, = 0.5 cal/ g-C

CoPpsFql6gR{ao*
'*""'#"""" = =-&!lgl-
Tsor($ - Tcolr(x)
e* Q
"-T* THorlx;
COPHs6lpu[ap = Tnorlq
- Tcolp(x)

15. EI'IERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO

AU=m(Uz-U.)
: Qtn lnru per hrl
trEl{
11. FLOW ENERGY / FLOW WORK rlN(WATTS)

AWr = P2Vz-PtVr EER = 3.42 COP

12. ENTHALPY 16, PASCAL'S PRINCIPLE

H=U+PV F, F.
Pz;=:t'
Pr = fl1 A2

l''I |t, E[r. r[Tl t3

 GEAS I FORMULAS

aonen*ncl
sErr*ofrcl

a
:: *?ff:
ffirruffilf/

EU:Q au=e-w Q=W

W=0 AU=Q-pY AU:0
FrVrk : Pelf*k PlVto = p,\fat
P. Fo V. V.
Tr T3 Tr-T- P1V1 : QVl &:191tr,, & = 1\'-o
Tr 'vl" T! 'vl'
=(il *
p. k-l
.-4--
:(f)-
n-l
P.

AU mCAT mCAT 0 rnCAT mCAT

AE. mC&T mCAT 0 mCAT mCAT
ln(fr) P:V:*FrVr P:V:--?rll
q mCAT mCAT e1r! 'r-L 1-n

s$ mc"h(f) rncn ln(fi) mnln(f,) a a

Psyr *Prvr
o P {V: .- Vr}
erVr ln(fr) 1-lr a
v {Fr - Pr) o ntvl ln{ff) k(ry+}) nWuaN Fr.$w
(, Cy Cp ff
il. cn o ? K = Cp/Cy *m to so

W.4., E[8, EIT I ra

lr
 GEAS I FORMUTAS

D. Thin-walled Cylinder
$Intilfiffi0rilfrrmn$ 1. Tangential / Circumferentiat / Hoop / Girth
pd
o= ut
where :p=pressure
A. Normal / Axial Stress :d=insidediameter
Force : t = thickness
o= -:-
Area 2. Longitudinal Stress (pwede rin sa thin-walled
sphere)
B. Shearing Stress Pd
1. Single Shear O: ::-
4t
Force
O= E. Thermal Stress
Area
-
o: ATaE
2. Double Shear Where : a= coefficient of linear expansion
Force
-
ft:
2(Area) DEFORMATION' ELONGATION
3. Punching
- Shear
Force A. Deformation
O=
rrdt PL:- mgl
*. EA
- zAE
4. Shear Stress for Shaft
167 B. Deformation due to gravity
Tsoltp :
,aDa . pglz
o = -;=-
z17
16 TD
THoLLow : c. Spring Deformation
,,. (pn:fD
64PR3n
Tr
6- Gd4
_
TMAX
T where :P=forceapplied
: L = length
where :T=Torque :A=area
- :r=radius : E = modulus of elasticity
' J = polar moment of inertia : G = modulus of rigidity
:D=outsidediameter : g = gravity
: Di = inside diameter :R=meanradius
: n = no. of turns
5. Max. Shear Stress for Spring : d = diameter
: P = density
Exact Formula/ A.M. WahlFormula:
L6 PR r4m
rMAX= -1
0.615r
|.4*_4t rn J
"4a nDa
Approximate Formula: l=E(Solidshaft)
16PRr dr
(t * */
= n fo4 lf)
= -T -
'MAX
"dr | (Hollowshaft)
where :P=force
. :R=meanradius
POWER TRANSMITTED BY SHAFT
: d = diameter
:m=springindex=2R/d [Link]
P=2nTn
c. Bearing Stress where : f = frequency
Force
: T = torque
o = ---=:--
dt : n = angular speed in rps

|{.R., E[E, EIT I Ts

 GEAS IFORMULAS

1r$
At Ad
-€larenaL _t_d
_AL_AL
tr- ELONGUTUDINAL
L;

Ultimate Strength 1I. H@KE'S LAW

Factor ofSafety = Allowable or Working Strength
o0(€
o= E€

A. Linear Expansion
AL = gLAT F6 FtLo
_22AF.
=_
B. Volumetric Expansion
6y = pVAT
F=3s {3. STTFFNESS r SPRtilG COt{STAitT
where AL = change in length F
AY = change in volume k:U (Generalform)
Af = change in temperature
F = coeff . of volume expansion AE
a = coeff. of linear expansion U = (Normal stress form)
I;

A. Young's Modulus / Tensile Modulus / Modulus

of Elasticity
Stress o
F-_=_
Strain €

B. Shear Modulus / Modulus of Rigidity

F
c=-
- 2(1+p)
where: p = poisson's ratio

c. Bulk Modulus
_
E
E v(aP)
- -_:____:__
3(L-2D AV
where: AP =change in pressure
Ar = change in volume

AL
c.-
-

\'J.I{., E[t, EIT I ro

 GEAS I FORMULA5

ntGrR0$r[il$
F: QE

-
r.
.K-fI-
QrQz
=
-
F =;-X----;-
1 QrQz Coulomb
+Tt€otr t second

Where
CurrentDensity{I):i=Y
sl cGs
Force NeMon dyne
Charge Electrostatic unit
Coulomb (esu). Statcoulomb
r meter cm
v:9€o = Coulomb
t- _
Constant, k "-G%t 1 (in vacuum) where: Y = electricflux
k = l$*z.z

ceo
= permittivity in free space (CONS 32)
I
= relative permittivity

8. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY {W

1 QrQz
F V t Newton Volt I
E:_=_l_or_l
w =:--x-
llfitotr r
- a r \Coulomb "' meter,/
1- QrQz
'E=
n----=- kQz 7. E|-ECTR|C pOTEf{TtAL DTFFERENCE (V}
Qt
= -;-
r.
v
W oule f

a Coulomb
--

Point of
interest Electric Field l QKQ
v=-x_=_
Charge Q Outside 10
-:-x 4nto r r
distributed on sphere; r>R E= -i
4fito fz
the surface of a
conducting lnside V=Er
sphere sphere; r<R E=0
Long wire, with
Ata g. MAGNETIC FIELD / FLUX DENSITY (B}
uniform
distribution
distance r
F=_=
1 ko,
__--
charge per unit
from the - 4Qt 12 B=
u^O v sinO
_#: Tesla
wire +Tt r"
lensth L
Infinite plane
p: QvB
At any
sheet, with a distance o
F=_
" 2eo
charge per unit from the [Link] FORCE
area 6 plate
Two conducting At any poinl
plates oppositely between
charged, with the tr-_ o
cao
densities o and - conducting 12. PERMEABILITY
0 plate
B Henry
lr=F=
ll1l |t, E[8, [[T r rz
 GEAS I FORMULAS

Formula Unit (Sl) Unit (cga)

lrrelative : l.r
Gilbert
I i*rf mmf: Nl Ampre' 1At=1.257Gb
tum
Fo = coNS 33
l['&netic rtr
mmf NI
Weber
ldaxwell
lWb = 108ldx
Flux rl 9l 1Mx = 1 LOF
FII
ilfagnetic
Field H:T Ay'm
Oersted
lAlm=.01257Oe
Srerstr
FlUX DEN$ITY FORCE Itilagnetic tiauss
{Tesla} {Newton} Flux Tesla 1T = 10aG

S:S F: IxBxl Dansitu

Long Straight
Conductor zTr Rduc{ane
t :ur
$l: u-tt-A 0hms
1ft{
A
Between two
cunent carryrng
F 1r"ll2 w: o'
I 2nr
|m
condusto€ ' Energy

Current carrying
B=# Stored
w:|aexLut
Ioop
= $*N (with N loops)

=#(gen'eq')
r, ,)
Solenoid = ${,r.
: $Ji,r,.. ,)

Toroidal B=F=oNl
Solenoid zEr

Fnn*s*V's LAw

do
e=N--:-
clt

e-BLv
o
e=-t

W.R' E[E, EIT r re

 GEAS I FORMULAS

ARTICLE 2: PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY BOARD OF

R[ 0202: $UililfiRY ELEGTRONICS ENGINEERING {Sec. 6 to 12f

RA 9292: Summary Section 6: Composition of the Board

Repealing RA 5734 . Composed of one (1) chairman and two (2)
House Bill No. :5224 members who shall be appointed by RP President.
Senate Bill No.:2683 r (There are 3 recommendees per position ranked by
Passed by House of Rep and Senate on Feb. 2,2A04 the Commision which came from 5 nominees per
position submitted by APO)
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A MORE RESPONSIVE AND
COMPREHENSIVE REGULATION FOR THE CHAIRMAN: ALNAR L. DETALLA
REGISTRATION, LICENSING AND PRACTICE OF MEMBER: HERMINIO J. ORBE
PROFESSIONAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS, MEMBER: ENRICO CLARO R. DELMORO
ELECTRONICS TECHNICIANS, REPEALING REPUBLIC
ACT NO. 5734, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE PRC ACTING CHAIRPERSON: HON. ANGELINE T. CHUA
"ELECTRONICS AND COMMUN ICATIONS cHtAco
ENGINEERING ACT OF THE PHILIPPINES'. AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES Section 7: Powers & Functions of the Board
a. Administeriimplement provisions
ARTICLE 1: GENERAL PROVISION {Sec.l to 5) b. Administer oaths
c. Adopt official seal of the board
Section 1: Short Title "Electronics Engineering Law of d. lssue, suspend or revoke Certificate of
2004" Registration, PRC lD, Suspend the holder from
practice of profession
Section 2: Statement of Policy e Maintain roster of PECE, ECE and ECT.
r The State recogniz'es the importance of electronics T. lssue, suspend special permits to foreign
engineering in nation-building and development. PECE, ECE and ECT.
The State shall therefore develop and nurture g. Prescribe, amend or revise requirements for
competent, virtuous, productive and well-rounded licensing of PECE, ECE & ECT. Create syllabi
PECE, ECE and ECT .... of the subject and create questions.
h Full computerization of exam.
Section 3: Definition & lnterpretation of terms i. Grant registration without examination.
a. Electronics j Coordinate with CHED, TESDA and APO to
'[Link] Electronics Engineer revise curriculum of ECE.
c. ElectronicsEngineer k. lnspect educational institutions offering ECE.
d. Electronics Technician l. Adopt and administer a Code of Ethics and a
e. Electronics & Communications Engineer Code of Technical Standards.
f. Computer m. Promulgate rules and regulations on the scope
g lnformation and Communications Technology of PECE, ECE & ECT.
h. Communications n. Promulgate program for CPE (Continuing
i. Telecommunications Professional Education).
j. Broadcast,Broadcasting o. Prescribgthe minimum manning and manpower
k. lndustrial Plant requirements for PECE, ECE & ECT.
l. CommercialEstablishment p Formulate, prescribe and adopt rules and
m. Consulting Services regulations for electronic installations.
n. Accredited Professional Organization q. Conduct ocular inspection or visit industrial
plants and commercial establishments where
Section 4: Categories of Practice PECE, ECE & ECT are employed.
a. PECE r. Hear and decide violations of this act. lssue
b. -EcE subpoena ad testificandum and/or subpoena
c. ECT duces tecum.
Section 5: Nature & Scope of Practice of ECE and ECT s. Delegate the h'earing or investigation of
administrative cases filed.
t. Promulgate resolutions, orders ancllor decisions
on such administrative cases.
u. Submit an annual action plan
and
corresponding report.

lt{ t{, t[E, EII t rg

 GEAS IFORMULAS

v. Discharge such other powers and functions of d. For ECT, must be a graduate of vocational,
the Board and the Commission. associate or technician course in electronics or at
least 3'd year BSECE.
Section 8: Qualifications of Board memOeri
a. Resident of the Philippines for at least five (5) Section 15: Scope of Examination of ECE & EGT
consecutive years prior to the appointment.
b. Good moral character and integrity. Section 16: Ratings
c. Holder of Certification of Registration and a
valid PRC lD as PECE. Section 17: Release of Results of Examination
d. Member of APO. o 15 days after the exam.
e. Be in active practice of EGE profession for at
least 10 years prior to the appointment (self- Section 18: Qualifications & Schedule of Registration
praetice or employment in government or for PECE
private sector). a. Valid Certification & PRC lD as ECE.
f. Not affiliated to any academic institution or b. Valid lD/ current membership from APO.
review centers. c. Seven (7) year work experience as immediate
g. Not have been convicted of an offense involving ' supervisor, 2 years of which is a significant
moralturpitude. engineering work.
d. Three (3) certifications signed by 3 PECE.
Section 9: Term of Ofiice
. Three (3) years from the date of appointment or Section 19: lssuance of the Certificate of'Registration
untilthey successor have been appointed. and Professional ldentifi cation Card.
. May be reappointed once for another term.
. Any vacancy within the term of a member shall be Section 20: Registration without examination for EGT.
filled with the unexpired portion only and the r Within 5 years after the effectivity of this act the
member may be re-appointed more than once for board will issue certificate of registration & PRC lD
as long as his tenure will not exceed six (6) years. Mo examination, provided:
a. Must be graduate of at least two-year associate,
Section 10: Gompensation & Allowances of the Board technician, trade or vocational course in electronics
. Provided in GeneralAppropriations Act. as certified by TESDA or at least 3'd year BSECE
according to CHED guidelines.
Section 11: Removal of Board Members b. Seven (7) years of practice (self-practice, employee
o RP President, upon recommendation of the in private or government sector).
"Commission, may suspend or remove any member. e Submittals mist be accompanied by certification
from three (3) PECE.
Section 12: Custodian of Board Records, Secretariat
and Support Services Section 21: Non-issuance of a Certificate of
o All records of the board including application for Registration and/or PRC lD for certain grounds
examinations, administrative shallbe kept by PRC.
Section 22: Professional Oath.

3: EXAMlNArloN, REGlsrRArloN & LTGENSURE (sec. Section 23: Revocation and $uspension of Certificate
ifffiH of Registration, PRC lD and Cancellation of Special
Permits.

Section 13: Licensure Examination Section 24: Reinstatement, Re-issuance or

o ln accordance with the provision of RA 8981. Replacement of Certificate of Registration & PRC lD.
. The board after two (2) years after the revocation,
Section 14: Qualifications of examinations may reinstate the validity of a revoked certificate of
a. He/she must be a resident of the Philippines or registration and PRC lD.
foreign country as provided by Section 33.
b. Of good moral character and had not been Section 25: Roster of PECE,.ECE & ECT.
convicted of criminal offense involving moral
turpitude. Section 26: Exemption from Examination &
c. For ECE, must be a degree holder. Registration.

\ry.R., E[E, EET IZO

 GEAS I FORMULAS

No examination and registration shall be required by foreign . lmprisonment of not less than 6 months but not
PECE, ECE & ECT who are temporarily employed in the more than 6 years.
Philippines in the following cases:
a. No qualified equivalent Filipino professional is Section 36: Assistance of Law Enforcement and Other
available for the specific item of work as attested by Government Agencies
APO.
b. Temporary employment of foreign professional.
c. As defined in the General Agreement on Trade in ARTICLE 7: TRANSITORY PROVISIONS (Sec. 37 to 38)
Services, the ASEAN and APEC Engineer
Registry:
Section 37: Transitory Provision

ARTICLE 4: PRAGTIGEOF PECE, ECE & ECT (Sec. 27 to 30) Section 38: Vested Rights: Electronics &
Gommunications Engineers when this law is
passed.
Section 27: Practice of Profession
r No person shall offer himselfiherself or use the title
PECE, ECE, ECT without holding a valid Certificate
ARTICLE 8: FINAL PROVISION (Sec. 39 to 43)
of Registration and PRC lD.

Section 28: Prohibitions and Limitations on the Practice Section 39: lmplementing Rules & Regulations
of ECE and ECT Professions.
Section 40: Appropriations.
Section 29: Seal of the PECE.
Section 41: Separability Clause
Section 30: Code of Ethics and Code of Technical . lf any provisions of this Act or any portion hereof is
Standards of Practice. declared unconstitutional by any competent court,
the other provisions hereof shall not be affected
ARTICLE 5: SUNDRY PROVISION (Sec. 31 to 34) thereby.

Section 42: Repealing Clause

Section 31: Continuing Professional Education {CPE} o RA 5734 is hereby repealed"
and/or Development Programs
Section 43: Effectivity
Section 32: Integrated & Accredited Professional o 15 days following its full publication in the Official
Organization Gazette or any newspaper of general circulation.
. There shall be one integrated APO which shall be
registered with SEC as non-stock, non-profit Approved: April 17, 2004
organization.
FRANKLIN M. DRILON
Section 33; Foreign Reciprocity President, Senatgof the Philippines
. No foreigner shall be admitted for registration as
PECE, ECE or ECT in the Philippines unless a JOSE DE VENECIA JR.
Filipino is allowed to practice PECE, ECE or ECT in Speaker, House of Representatives
his/her country helshe belongs.
OSCAR G. YABES
Section 34: Positions in Govemment Requiring the Secretary, Senate of the Philippines
Services of Registered and Licensed PECE, ECE and
ECT. ROBERTO P. NAZARENO
Secretary General, House of Representatives
ARTICLE 6: PENALPRAVI$ION &A$SISTANGE OF l-AW
ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES [$ec. 35:to 36] GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
President, RP

Section 35: Penal Provision

o Not less than Php100,000 but not more than P1M.
$tl.|l., E[E, EIT tzr
 GEAS I FORMULAS

RA TITLE APPROVED ON...

RA 10535 THE PHIL. STANDARD TIME ACT OF 2013 MAY 15 2013
RA 10175 CYBERCRIME PREVENTION ACT OF 2AN sEP. Q2A12

RA 9292 ELECTRONICS ENG'G LAW OF 2OO4 APR|L 17 2004 43 SEC.

8 ARTICLES
RA 8792 E-COMMERCE ACT OF 2OOO JUNE 14 2OOO 42 SEC
RA 8981 PRC MODERNIZATION ACT OF 2OOO DEC. 5 2000 21 SEC
RA 8370 CHILDREN'S TELEVISION ACT OF 1997 ocT. 28 1997 16 SEC
PUBLIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY ACT OF THE
RA 7925 PHILS. MARCH 1 ,1995
RA 6849 MUNICIPAL TELEPHONE ACT OF 1989 FEB. 8 1990
RA 6541 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES AUG.261972
RA 5734 ECE LAW OF THE PHILIPPINES JUNE 21 1969
RA 3846 RADIO CONTROL LAW OF THE PHILIPPINES AUG. 101963
RA 1476 ABOLISHMENT OF RADIO CONTROL BOARD JUNE 15 1956
AN ACT DECLARING BAR & BOARD EXAM AS CIVIL
RA 1080 SERVICE EXAM JUNE 15 1954

E.O. TITLE APPROVED ON...

NATIONAL'POLICY ON OPERATION OF INTL SATELLITE
E.O.467 COMM. MARCH 171998
CREATION OF NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR PROMOTION
E.O.468 OF [Link] FEB. 23 1998
E.O.436 POLICY GUIDELINES IN OPERATION OF CATV sEP. 9 1997
E.O.266 CPE PROGMMS UNDER PRC JULY 25 1995
POLICY TO IMPROVE LOCAL EXCHANGE CARRIER
E.O. 109 SERVICES JULY 12 1993 1B SEC
E.O. 125 CREATION OF MINISTRY OF TRANSPO. & COMM. JAN. 30 1987
E.O. 125-A CREATION OF DOTC APRTL 13 1987
E.O. 255 4 OPM SONGS PER HOUR JULY 25 1987 4 SEC
E.O.205 REGULATION OF CATV IN THE PHILS. JUNE 30 1987 I SEC
E.O. 196 [Link]. SATELLITE CORP. WITH NTC JUNE 17 1987
E.O.546 CREATION OF NTC JULY 23 1979
E.O.469 AMMENDING E.O. 109

lil I{, E[E. [[T r zz

 GEAS I FORMULAS

SECTION 1: TITLE
SECTION 2: STATEMENT OF POLICY
SECTION 3: DEFINITION OF TERMS
SECTION 4: CATEGORIES OF PRACTICE
SECTION 5: NATURE & SCOPE OF PECE. ECE & ECT
SECTION 6: COMPOSITION OF THE BOARD
SECTION 7: POWERS & FUNCTION OF THE BOARD
SECTION 8: QUALIFICATIONS OF THE BOARD MEMBERS
SECTION 9:TERM OF OFFICE
SECTION 10: COMPESATION &ALLOWANCES OF THE BOARD
SECTION 11: REMOVAL OF BOARD MEMBERS
SECTION 12: CUSTODIAN OF BOARD RECORDS, SECRETARIAT & SUPPORT SERVICES
SECTION 13: LICENSURE EXAM
SECTION 14: QUALIFICATIONS FOR EXAM
SECTION 15: SCOPE OF EXAM FOR ECE & ECT
SECTION 16: RATINGS
SECTION 17: RELEASE OF RESULTS
SECTION 18: QUALIFICATIONS & REGISTRATION FOR PECE
SECTION 19: ISSUANCE OF CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION & PROFESSIONAL lD CARD
SECTION 20: REGISTRATION WITHOUT EXAMII{ATION FOR ECT
SECTION 21: NON-ISSUANCE OF A CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION &iOR PROFESSIONAL lD FOR CERTAIN
GROUNDS
SECTION 22: PROFESSIONAL OATH
SECTION 23: REVOCATION & SUSPENSION OF CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION, PRC lD & CANCELLATION
OF SPECIAL PERMIT
SECTION 24: REINSTATEMENT, RE-ISSUANCE OR REPLACEMENT OF CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION &
PROFESSIONAL ID CARD
SECTION 25: ROSTER OF PECE, ECE & ECT
SECTION 26: EXCEMPTION FROM EXAMINATIONS & REGISTRATION
SECTION 27: PRACTICE OF PROFESSION
SECTION 28: PROHIBITIONS & LIMITATIONS lN THE PRACTICE OF ECE & ECT
SECTION 29: SEAL OF PECE
SECTION 30: CODE OF ETHICS & CODE OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS OF PRACTICE
SECTION 31: CPE PROGRAMS
SECTION 32: INTEGRATED & ACCREDITED PROFFESIONAL ORGANIZATION
2
SECTION 33: FOREIGN RECIPROCITY
SECTION 34: POSITION lN GOVERNMENT AS PECE. ECE. ECT
SECTION 35: PENAL PROVISION
SECTION 36: ASSISTANCE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT & OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
SECTION 37: TRANSITORY PROVISION
SECTION 38: VESTED RIGHTS
SECTION 39: IMPLEMENTING RULES & REGULATIONS
SECTION 40: APPROPRIATIONS
SECTION 41: SEPARABILIfi CLAUSE
SECTION 42: REPEALING CLAUSE
SECTION 43: EFFECTIVITY

|Y.|1.. t[E, [[T tza

 GEAS I FORMULAS

4. ENERGY
uiltffi, G0ilutn$I0il$ E c0il$Ifftl$
1. INTENSTVE & EXTEI{SIVE PROPERTIES 1 Joule = 10^7 ergs
= 0.293 cal
A. lNtensive = lNdependent on the amount of
substance/matter being studied 1 cal = 4.186 J
B. Extensive = Dependent = 3.969 x 10^-3

EXTENSIVE INTENSIVE 1ft-tb = 1.356 J

Mass Boilino Point 1 BTU = 1055 J
Volume Freezino Point = 252 cal
Lenoth Densitv = 778ft-lb
1k\/h = 3.600 x 10^6 J
Weioht Temoerature 1eV = 1.642 x 10^-19
Area Pressure
width Meltino Point 5. POWER
Enerov Color W =1Jls
thp =746W
2. SUBATOMIC PARTICLES = 550 ft{b /s

lBTU ih = 0.293W
1 amu = 1.66A54 x |1-za giam.s = 1 Da

MASS 6. ASTROPHYSICS
ks amu
Radius (ml Mass {kq}
Electron coNS 03 5.4858 x l0-a
Earth 6.38 x 10^6 5.98 x 10^24
Proton coNs 01 1.0073
Moon 1.74 x 10^6 7.35 x 10 22
Neutron CONS 02 1.0087
Sun 6.96 x 10^8 1 .99 x 10^30

CHARGE Earth orbitalspeed = 30 km/s

Charqe Charse Unit Earth-moon distance = 3.84 x10^8 m
1 light year = 9.45 x 10^15 m
Electron -coNs 23 1 1 Astronomicalyear =1.5x10^11m
Proton +coNS 23 TI

Neutron 0 0 7. R#RACTIVE INDEX (N}

uum -1
3. PRESSURE Air = 1.003
Water = 1.33
EthylAlcohol = 1.36
@ srP, Temperature = 0 deg0 Fused Quartz = 1.46
Pressure = 1 atm Acrylic 1.4938
=
Glass Fiber = 1.5 to 1.9
1 atm = 760 mmHg, torr Sapphire 1.77 =
= 14.7 psi Diamond -- 2.0 to 2.42
= 101,325 Pa Gallium Arsenide = 2.6
= 1.013 bar, dynes/cm^2 Silicon = 3.4
= 29.92 inHg

t#.|1,, E[t, EII r z+

 GEAS I FORMULAS

Yotta 10^24
1 Curie = 3.7 x 10^10 decaylsec Zetla 10^21
= 3.7 x 10^'10 Bq Exa 10^18
Peta 10^15
9. YOUIfG'S rcDULUS Tera 10 12
Giga 1 0^9
Mega 1 0^6
Steel = 200 GPa Kilo 10^3
Aluminum = 69 GPa Hec{o 1A^2
Copper = 120 GPa Deka 1 0^1

Deci 10^-1
10. DEHSITY OF WATER @ 4deoC Centi 10^-2
Miili 1 0^-3
1 g /cm^3
Micro 10^-6
= 1000 kglm^3
Nano 10^-9
= 62.4lbm / ft^3
= 1 g/ml Fico 1A^-12
= 9810 Nim^3 Femto 1 0^-1 5
Atto 1 0^-1 I
10. DENSITY OF AIR Zepto 10^-21
Yocto 10^-24
@ 0 degG, 1.28 kg/m^3
@ 20degC, 1.2O4kglm^3

,'t. LATENT HEAT OF FUSION & VAPORIZATION

Fusion (water) Vaporization (water)

= 80 callg = 540 cal/g
= 144 BTU llb = 970 BTU /lb
= 334 kJ/kg = 2257 kJlkg

12. SPECIFIC HEAT {c}

For water, = 1 cal/ g-C

= '1 BTU llbm-F
= 4.186 J/g-C
For ice, = 0.5 cal/ g-C
13. GAS CONSTANTS {RT

= 8.314 J/ mol-K
= 1545 J/ mol-R
= 1.986 BTUI mol-R
= 0.0821 L-atm/ mol-R
= O.287 m^3-Pa/ mol-C

16.7 gl UiltT$,
Meter Ampere Mole
Kilogram Candela
Second Kelvin

W It, E[8, EIT r zs

'.!