Cerebral Cortese

Introduction :

Cerebral cortex also called pallidum and consists

is
of two
•

hemispheres .

Surface area
= 2.2
sqm
° .

°
Both cerebral
hemispheres are
separated by a
deep vertical
fissure .

Corpus callosum is the broad band

of commissary
fibres ,

two hemispheres
connecting .

Surface has sulcus ( depression ) &

gyrus ( ridge )
Histology
Layers Cerebral Cortex
of :
• -

T
x

consists matter that

of gray
surrounds matter
the
deeper white .

•
There are 6
layers :

( is Molecular or
Plexiform layer
External
Iiis
granular layer
ciii , Outer Pyramidal layer
Internal
civi
granular layer
H
Ganglionic layer or Internal Pyramidal Layer .

His Fusiform Cell layer

Parts cerebral Cortese

of : -

Divided
• into two
phylogeny
parts based on :

Neocortex / Is ten / Neo structure

ca ) pallium Phylogenetically
our =
new

part forms the major portion of Cerebral

This -
cortex -

-
The
part with all 6 layers in neocortex .

b, All ten
phylogenetically oldest
( our
which form
-

(
.

-
It has less than 6 layers -

-
Two Parts -
cis Archi cont en dit Paleo cortex limbic System) .
 Lobes of cerebral Cortese

•
Neocortex
of each cerebral
hemisphere consists of four lobes -

( 11 Frontal
(2) Parietal

③
Occipital
41
Temporal
lnlith 4 main
¥
fissures & sulci :

(a) Cents Rolan chic fissure or :

Between
frontal & Parietal

b,
Pariep
°

( cus .

Btw Parietal &

Occipital lobe .

Sylvian fissure lateral Sulcus btw Parietal

(c)
-
or : &
Temporal
(di Coello so
-
marginal fissure : btw
temporal & limbic area .

Frontal lobe
of Cerebral Cortese :

T
Pre central
''

Two
parts : ca ) Cortese ( Posterior )
( bi Prefrontal Cortex ( Anterior )

Primary Motor Area

functional
}
1- Premotor Three
(a) Pre central Cortese ( posterior ) -

Area area
l
-

T
-

Motor
supplementary
-

•
forms the
posterior part Area .

lobe
of frontal .

It includes the central whole central

•

lip of sulcus
, of pre gyrus
and
posterior portions of superior middle & inferior frontal gyri ,
.

. This
part of cerebral cortex is also called Excito motor cortex .

PRIMARYMOTORAR.tt#
Extends throughout the
pre
central
gyrus
and
adjoining lip of
•

Central Sulcus .

•
Area 4 a 4s are present here .
 motor
Primary area is concerned
°

with initiation
of Voluntary
movements &
speech .

Area 4 in the center for movement ,

it sends all
as
efferent fibres
motor
of primary area .

Effect of stimulation of Area g

e-
Cannes discrete isolated movements side
in
opposite of body .

Ana 4 called It the extra

s vis
suppressor impulses
°
area .

suppresses
produced by inhibits movements
ana 4 &
exaggeration of .

PREMOTOR
A
AREA
°
Includes areas 6,8 ,
44 & 45 .

• The
premotor area is anterior to
primary
motor area in central cortex
pre
.

°
Ana 6 has two functions :

( is concerned with coordination movements

og
.

initiated 4 and accurate movements

by area
for smooth -

ciisgt in believed to be the cortical center

for extra
pyramidal
system .

°
Function of Areas :

( is
Conjugate movement
of eyeballs
til Also responsible for opening &
closing of eyelids .

dilatation lacrimation
pupillary & .

• Broca Ana
-
-
Motor area
of speech . It in area 44245 .

Ruttponsible for movements

of tongue lips ,
and larynx ,
which
are involved in
speech .

°
Lesion in Broca area leads to Aphasia .
 SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA

situated Medial lobe rostral to

It in in
surface of frontal
°

motor
primary area .

Exact function not understood

•
of this area is
clearly .

• It is concerned with Coordinated skilled movements .

(
b,
Prefrontal Cortese / Orbitofrontal Cortese :

Prefrontal cortex in the anterior

part of frontal lobe
of
°

cerebral cortex .
in
front of areas 8 & 44 .

•
Areas
present in
prefrontal cortex are 9
-1
,
to .
I ,
12 ,

1-,
13 ,
14 ,
23
, 24,29
and 32
Lateral medial surface
.

Surface
°
Functions :
-

Earlier this area was considered as

in excitable to electrical stimulation .

-
Hence called silent Area or

Association Area .

cis 9T forms the center for higher functions like emotion .

learning .

& social behavior

memory
.

short term memories

registered here
-
-

are .

ciii gt in center for planned actions .

the seat it called

ciiis This area in
of intelligence ,
so ,
is also
Organ of
mind .

ein Gt is
responsible for personality of individuals .

As it has connections with hypothalamus & brainstem it

!
I " in
resp
,
on

for various autonomic

changes during emotional conditions .

Lesion will lack initiation alertness

* cause
of & loss
of mental .
 Applied Physiology [ Frontal Lobe Syndrome ]

Parietal Lobe #
:

divided three
° It in into
functional :
areas
Somes the tic
Htt Ana z
LB ) som esthetic Area I

( c , Somes the tic Association area .

addition to these motor

•
In
,
a
part of sensory
area is also

situated in Parietal lobe .

 SOM ESTHETIC AREA I
-

°
gt is also called
somatosensory area I
/ Primary som esthetic /
Primary sensory
area -

Functions Som esthetic

Area
°

of I
°
.

(a) Perception and

integration of cutaneous & kinesthetic sensations

lbs sends
sensory feedback to premotor area .

Also concerned with movements Head

(c)
of &
Eyeballs .

cd , Also responsible for recognizing the discriminative features

sensations
of .

So µEsTAR I
°
Also known as
Secondary som esthetic Area
/ Somatosensory area It .

• Functions :

(a) Receives
sensory impulses from
som esthetic area I & thalamus .

(
b, concerned with perception of sensation .

SOMESTHETlctATIONAR.LA
o Gt consists of two areas 5 I 7 .

o functions :

concerned with
( as
synthesis of
sensations
various
perceived
by som esthetic area I .

this
Astereognosis I the
Lesion inability to identify an
of
•
area causes -

object by active touch of the

hands without other sensory
Applied Physiology input, such as visual or
sensory information. )
°
Lesion
of Parietal lobe will cause :

Contralateral disturbance cutaneous sensations

⑨
of .

(b) Disturbances in kinesthetic sensations cc ) Astereognosis .

 Temporal Lobe

Temporal lobe cerebral cortex includes

of three
functional
°
areas :

( As
Primary Auditory Area .

113 ,
secondary Auditory Area / Audi to psychic area .

(c) Area g Equilibrium .

Primary ORY AREA

o gt includes -

cat Ana 41

(b) Area 42
( Cl Wernicke Area
Functions :

Concerned with
perception of auditory impulses analysis of pitch ,

and determination sound

of intensity y
& source .

( bi Ana 41 42 concerned with Perception of sound

& are .

lol later niche is

responsible for interpretation of sound
area .

SECONDARY AUDITORY AREA

-

o Gt is also called Audi to psychic area / Auditory Association Area

o
gt includes area 22 .

o functions :
-

la, concerned with interpretation of

sensation Herridge
Auditory along with
area .

do gt concerned
, is also with
storage y
words
memories
of spoken .

AREA OF EQUI UBRIUM

-

°
Concerned with maintenance og
equilibrium of body .

stimulation og this dizziness

o area causes
,
swaying ,
falling &

feeling of rotation .
 Applied Physiology

Occipital Lobe

° It is also called Visual Cortex .

• It has 3
functional Areas :

Visual Area (
( as
Primary area 17 )

( bi
Secondary visual area
/ Hisao
psychic area
( area 18 )

(c)
Occipital eye field ( area is )

Functions :

l 's
Primary Visual ( area area 171 Perception of Visual sensation .

( 21
Secondary Visual ( area area 18 )
Interpretation og Visual Sensation .

and
storage of memories
of visual symbols .

(3)
Occipital eye field ( area Is )
Reflex movement
og eyeballs .

↳ Also concerned with associated movements eyeballs

og
following moving object
while a .

Applied
Lesion the lower cortex results in
• in
upper
or
part g
visual

hemianopsia ( blindness over half field og

vision ) .
⑨ Med Notes
-
( med notes .
in )