CVL382: Groundwater

Makeup Assignment

Divyanshu Bujethia (2019CE10239)

Q.4.6) Artesian aquifer 30 m thick has a porosity of 26% and elastic modulus of 0.26 GN/m2. Estimate
the storage coefficient of the aquifer. What fraction of this is attributable to the expansibility of water?
Bulk modulus of elasticity of water = 2.1GN/m2 .

Ans) Using the below expression,

Storage coefficient (S) = Specific storage (Ss) + Specific yield (Sy)

The specific storage (Ss) represents the compressibility of the aquifer itself, while the specific yield (Sy)
represents the water that can be drained or released under the influence of gravity.

To find the specific storage (Ss), we can use the formula:

ΔV
Ss =( )/ Δ h
V

where:
ΔV : change in volume of water in the aquifer
V : initial volume of water in the aquifer
Δh : change in hydraulic head

Since the aquifer is artesian, assuming there is no change in hydraulic head (Δh = 0).

Now, to find the specific yield (Sy),

S y =S−S s

Given:
Thickness of the aquifer (h) = 30 m
Porosity (n) = 26% = 0.26
Elastic modulus of the aquifer (E) = 0.26 GN/m²
Bulk modulus of elasticity of water (Kw) = 2.1 GN/m²

First, let's calculate the specific storage (Ss):

 ΔV
Ss =( )/ Δ h
V
Since Δh = 0, Ss = 0

Next, let's calculate the specific yield (Sy):

Sy = S - Ss
Since S = Ss + Sy, and Ss = 0, Sy = S

To calculate S, we need to find the compressibility (C) of the aquifer:

C=¿
S=C∗h

Let's plug in the values:

C = (1 / 0.26 GN/m²) - (0.26 / 2.1 GN/m²)

C = 3.846 - 0.1238
C = 3.7222 GN/m²

S=C*h
S = 3.7222 GN/m² * 30 m
S = 111.666 GN

Therefore, the storage coefficient (S) of the aquifer is approximately 111.666 GN.

Since there is no specific storage (Ss) in this artesian aquifer, the entire storage coefficient is attributable to the
specific yield (Sy), and none of it is attributable to the expansibility of water.

Q.4.7) Determine the storage coefficient of an aquifer from the following data: Porosity = 30%;
Thickness of aquifer = 25 m; Bulk modulus of water, K w = 2.1 GN/m2 ; Modulus of elasticity of the soil
skeleton, Es = 3 × 108 N/m2 .

Ans) To determine the storage coefficient of an aquifer, we can use the following formula:

S=S s + S y

The specific storage (Ss) represents the compressibility of the aquifer itself, while the specific yield (Sy)
represents the water that can be drained or released under the influence of gravity.
To calculate the specific storage (Ss), we can use the formula:

ΔV
Ss =( )/ Δ h
V

where:
ΔV is the change in volume of water in the aquifer
V is the initial volume of water in the aquifer
Δh is the change in hydraulic head

Since ΔV and Δh are negligible, Ss = 0

Next, let's calculate the specific yield (Sy):

S y =S−S s
Since S = Ss + Sy, and Ss = 0, Sy = S

To calculate S, we need to find the compressibility (C) of the aquifer:

1 n
C=( )−( )
Es kw

where:
Es is the modulus of elasticity of the soil skeleton
n is the porosity of the aquifer
Kw is the bulk modulus of water

Let's plug in the given values:

E s=3∗10 8 N /m2
n = 30% = 0.30
Kw = 2.1 GN/m² = 2.1 × 10^9 N/m²

C = (1 / Es) - (n / Kw)
C = (1 / (3 × 10^8 N/m²)) - (0.30 / (2.1 × 10^9 N/m²))
C ≈ 3.333 × 10^-9 - 1.429 × 10^-10
C ≈ 3.19 × 10^-9 N/m²

Finally, the storage coefficient (S) is equal to the specific yield (Sy):

S=S y ≈ C∗h

where:
h is the thickness of the aquifer

S = Sy ≈ (3.19 × 10^-9 N/m²) * 25 m

S ≈ 7.98 × 10^-8

Therefore, the storage coefficient of the aquifer is approximately, 7.98∗10−8 N /m

Q.4.8) A confined aquifer has a thickness of 20 m, a porosity of 0.30 and compressibility of

compressibility of α = 1.01×10-8 m2 /N. Assume water compressibility β = 5×10-10 m2 /N. Determine Ss ,
S and water released from 1 km2 area for head decline of 2 m. Specific retention = 0.14.

Ans) To determine the specific storage (Ss) and storage coefficient (S) of the confined aquifer, as well as the
water released from a 1 km² area for a head decline of 2 m, we can use the following formulas and
information:

Specific storage (Ss):

Ss =α −β∗n
where:
α : compressibility of the aquifer
β : compressibility of water
n : porosity of the aquifer

Storage coefficient (S):

S=S s + Sr
where:
Sr is the specific retention (also known as the specific yield)

Water released from a 1 km² area for a head decline of 2 m:

Water released = S∗A∗Δ h
where:
A is the area (1 km² = 1,000,000 m²)
Δh is the head decline (2 m)

Given:
Thickness of the aquifer (h) = 20 m
Porosity (n) = 0.30
Compressibility of the aquifer (α) =1.01∗1 0−8 m 2 / N
Compressibility of water (β) =5∗10−10 m2 / N
Specific retention (Sr) = 0.14
Area (A) = 1,000,000 m²
Head decline (Δh) = 2 m

Let's calculate the values step by step:

Specific storage (Ss):

Ss =α −β∗n
Ss =α −β∗n
Ss = (1.01∗1 0−8 m 2 / N ) - (5∗10−10 m2 / N ) * 0.30
Ss = 1.01 × 10^-8 m²/N - 1.5 × 10^-10 m²/N
Ss = 9.85∗1 0−9 m 2 /N

Storage coefficient (S):

S = Ss + Sr
S = 9.85 × 10^-9 m²/N + 0.14
S ≈ 0.14 (assuming Ss is much smaller than Sr)

Water released from a 1 km² area for a head decline of 2 m:

Water released = S * A * Δh
Water released = 0.14 * 1,000,000 m² * 2 m
Water released = 280,000 m³

Therefore, the specific storage (Ss) is approximately 9.85 × 10^-9 m²/N, the storage coefficient (S) is
approximately 0.14, and the water released from a 1 km² area for a head decline of 2 m is approximately
280,000 m³.

Q.4.9) A horizontal infiltration gallery 200 m long rests on an impervious strata 12 m below ground
surface. Hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer is 45 m/day. The water table has a slope of 0.01 and is 9 m
bgl at the starting face of the gallery. Determine the equation of the phreatic surface and the flow into
the gallery.

Ans) To determine the equation of the phreatic surface and the flow into the gallery, we can make use of
Darcy's law and the principle of conservation of mass.

Given:
- Length of the horizontal infiltration gallery (L) = 200 m
- Depth of the impervious strata (h') = 12 m
- Hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer (K) = 45 m/day
- Slope of the water table (S) = 0.01
- Initial water table level at the starting face of the gallery (h0) = 9 m bgl (below ground level)

The equation of the phreatic surface can be represented by the following equation:
h=ho + S∗x

where:
- h : head (water table level) at any point along the phreatic surface
- x : horizontal distance from the starting face of the gallery

Using the given values,

h = 9 + 0.01*x

Next, let's determine the flow into the gallery:

The flow into the gallery can be calculated using Darcy's law:

Q=K∗A∗S

where:
- Q is the flow rate into the gallery
- K is the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer
- A is the cross-sectional area of flow (which is the width of the gallery multiplied by the hydraulic gradient)

The width of the gallery is not given in the given information, so we cannot calculate the exact flow rate
without that information.

Let's assume a general cross-sectional area of the gallery (A) as 1 square meter for calculation purposes.

Q=K*A*S
Q = 45 m/day * 1 m^2 * 0.01
Q = 0.45 m 3 /day

Q.4.10) A confined aquifer as shown in Figure 4.20 connects two reservoirs. If the upstream reservoir is
polluted by a contaminant suddenly, how long will it take the contaminant to reach the downstream
reservoir? What will be the flow rate? Use the porosity of aquifer = 0.30, h0 = 20 m, h1 = 15 m, b0 = 12
m, b1 = 8 m and L = 800 m.

Ans) Using the concept of groundwater flow and the advection-dispersion equation.
Here are the steps to calculate the required information:

1. Calculate the hydraulic gradient:

(h ¿ ¿ 0−h1)
i= ¿
L
Given that h0 = 20 m, h1 = 15 m, and L = 800 m, putting values in above eqn
 20−15
i= =0.00625
800

2. Calculate the velocity of groundwater flow:

v=Ki (where K is the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer)
Given that K = 20 m/day and i = 0.00625, we can calculate the velocity:
v = (20 m/day) * 0.00625 = 0.125 m/day

3. Calculate the travel time:

L
t=
v
Given that L = 800 m and v = 0.125 m/day, we can calculate the travel time:

800 m
t= =6400 days
0.125 m/day

Therefore, it will take approximately 6400 days for the contaminant to reach the downstream reservoir.

4. Calculate the flow rate:

Q=v∗A ;

For A, Δ b=b o−b 1=12 m−8 m=4 m

The cross-sectional area (A) can be calculated using the porosity (n) and the difference in aquifer thickness(b):

A=n∗Δb∗L
= 0.30 * 4 m * 800 m
= 960 m²

Now we can calculate the flow rate (Q) using the velocity (v) and the cross-sectional area (A):
2 3
Q=v∗A=0.125 m/day∗960 m =120 m /day
Therefore, the flow rate will be approximately 120 cubic meters per day.

To summarize, it will take approximately 6400 days for the contaminant to reach the downstream reservoir,
and the flow rate will be approximately 120 cubic meters per day.

Q.4.11) What will be the flow rate if h0 = 20 m, h1 = 15 m, b0 = 10 m, L = 1000 m, d1 = 2 m, d2 = 8 m,

K1 = 1 m/day, K2 = 20.7 m/day and θ = 30° for the seepage problem case shown in Figure 4.21?

Ans) To determine the flow rate for the seepage problem shown in Figure 4.21, we can use Darcy's law and the
principles of groundwater flow. Here are the steps to calculate the required information:
1. Calculate the hydraulic gradient:
The hydraulic gradient (i) is the change in head over the length of the flow path.

ho −h1
i=
L

Given that h0 = 20 m, h1 = 15 m, and L = 1000 m, we can calculate the hydraulic gradient:

20 m−15 m
i= =0.005
1000 m

2. Calculate the average hydraulic conductivity:

The average hydraulic conductivity ( K avg ) can be calculated using the harmonic mean formula:
2
K avg =
1 1
+
K1 K2
Given that K1 = 1 m/day and K2 = 20.7 m/day, we can calculate the average hydraulic conductivity:

2
K avg = =1.941 m/day
1 1
+
1 20.7

3. Calculate the seepage velocity:

The seepage velocity (v) can be determined using Darcy's law:

v=k avg∗i
Given that K avg = 1.941 m/day and i = 0.005, we can calculate the seepage velocity:

v=1.941 m/day∗0.005=0.009705 m/day

4. Calculate the flow rate:

The flow rate (Q) can be calculated using the seepage velocity (v) and the cross-sectional area (A)
perpendicular to the flow direction.

d 1 +d 2
A=L∗( )
2

Given that L = 1000 m, d1 = 2 m, and d2 = 8 m, we can calculate the cross-sectional area:

2 m+ 8 m 2
A=1000 m∗( )=5000 m
2
Now we can calculate the flow rate (Q) using the seepage velocity (v) and the cross-sectional area (A):
2 3
Q=v∗A=0.009705 m/day∗5000 m ≈ 48.525 m /day
To summarize, the flow rate for the given seepage problem will be approximately 48.525 cubic meters/day.

Q.4.12) A confined aquifer (having three different materials) as shown in Figure 4.22 connects two
reservoirs. If the upstream reservoir is polluted by a contaminant suddenly, how long will it take the
contaminant to reach the downstream reservoir? Also compute the flow rate. Use K1 = 8 m/day, h1 =
0.4, K2 = 5 m/day, h2 = 0.2, K3 = 10 m/day and h3 = 0.30.

Ans) Let assume h’ be the unknown height of the water table at the interface of three mediums. Steady
discharge through the confined Medium 1 is
dh 10−h ' 10−h '
q 1= A X . v x =b x .1 .(-1) . K 1 =2*8* =
dx 400 25

Steady discharge through the confined Medium 2 is

10−h ' 10−h '
q 2=¿ 4 * 5 * =
400 20

Steady discharge through the confined variable thickness medium 3 is

h ' −h1 (b0−b 1) h '−7 (6−3) 3
q 3=K 3 . = 10. . = (h '−7)
L3 ( ln b0−ln b1) 500 (ln 6−ln 3) 50 ln 2

10−h ' 10−h ' 3

q 1+q 2=q 3 ⇒ + = (h ' −7)⇒ h ' = 8.5292
20 25 50 ln 2

Hence, flow rate q3 = 0.132 m3 /d.

Medium 1 and Medium 2 are parallel, but Medium 1 has hydraulic conductivity more than that in Medium 2,
hence contaminants will move faster in Medium 1 in comparison to Medium 2. Therefore, the total time taken
by the contaminant to reach from upstream to downstream reservoir will be

L3
η1 L 1 η3 η1 L21 2
η L b +b ( ln b 0−ln b 1)
t = t 1+ t 3 =
v x1
+
K3C1 ∫ b x dx = K 1 (h0−h' )
+ 3 3. 0 1.
K 3 h ' −h1 (b 0−b 1)
0

2
0.3∗50 0
∗6+3
2∗10
t= 2 ∗ln 6−ln 3 = 5438.477 + 5099.830 = 10,538.307 sec
0.4∗40 0 8.529−7
+
8(10−8.529) (6−3)
Q.4.13) Figure 4.23 describes 1D flow through a partly confined aquifer. If the flow rate in the aquifer is
0.32 m3 /day/m, find the location where the confined flow becomes unconfined flow, the water level in
the river, and the travel time from canal to river?

25−20 800
Ans)Discharge/flow rate in confined aquifer part, q c =b × K ×i=20× 8 × =
x x
K 2 2 8 2
Discharge/flow rate in unconfined aquifer part q u=¿ (h0 −h1 )= (625−h 1)
2L 2( 4000−x)

For continuity of flow q c = q u, so the location where the confined flow becomes unconfined can
800 8 2
be found as = (625−h1) = 0.32 , therefore x = 2500 m and h❑
1 = 22.47 m
x 2(4000−x)

L
η L2 η
The travel time from canal to river is t=t 1+ t 2= ❑ ❑ + ∫ √❑
K (h 0 −h1 ) q 0
2 1500
0.3∗2500 0.3
t=
8∗2.53
+
0.32
∫ √❑ = 92638.34 + 35637.80 = 128276.14 days = 351.44 years
0

Q.4.14) Compute the flow rate and travel time from the canal into the river in the following.

Ans)Let assume h’ be the unknown height of the water table at the interface of two mediums. Steady discharge
K 2 2 5.6
through the Medium 1 is q 1=¿ (h0 −h1 )= (169−h ' 2❑ )
2L 340

12.3 2
Steady discharge through the Medium 2 is q 2=¿ ( h' ❑ −110.25)
130

5.6 2 12.3 2
For steady flow q 1=q 2 ⇒ (169−h ' ❑ ) = ( h' ❑−110.25)
340 130
Therefore h’ = 10.9 m and q 1=q 2 = 0.8266 m3/day/m
The travel time from canal to river is t=t 1+ t 2
L
η
t 1= ∫ √❑
q0
130
0.3
t 2= ∫ √❑
0.8266 0
Total time = 2274.462 days = 6.23 years

Q.4.15) Two parallel canals are at 200 m apart in a homogeneous-isotropic unconfined aquifer. The
hydraulic conductivity and effective porosity of the aquifer are 2 m/day and 0.25 respectively. The water
level in canals are 8 m and 4 m respectively above the aquifer base. Determine the equation of phreatic
surface, and the flow rate and travel time between the canals. If there is recharge of 5 mm/day, then
determine the equation of phreatic surface, the base flow rates to canals, location of water divide line,
maximum height of the phreatic surface and travel times from the water divide line to canals.

Ans) Given that h0 = 8m , h1 = 4m , K = 2m/day , R = 5 mm/day

For flow of water through unconfined aquifer between two water bodies with recharge, the distance of water
L K 2 2 2
divide line from canal is given by d= − (h0−h1)=100− (64−16)=52m
2 2 RL 2∗0.005∗200
Using the relationship for head at water divide line
2 2 K 2
h max=h 0+ ¿ = 64 + ¿m
4R 4∗0.005

2 2
(h 0−h1 ) RL
With help of discharge equation at any x, q x =K − + Rx = 0.4786 + Rx
L 2
So discharge in the canal for x = 0 is q c= 0.479 m3/day/m
And similarly discharge in canal at x = 200m is q = 0.482 m3/day/m

K Δh 2 8.412−8
Velocity of seepage towards canal 1 υ 1=( )( )=( )( )=0.063 m/day
η Δx 0.25 52
2 8.412−4
Velocity of seepage towards canal 2 υ 2=( )( )=0.238 m/day
0.25 200−52
52 200−52
so travel time from water divide to canals, t 1= =829.40 days , t 2= =621.84 days
0.063 0.238

Q.4.16) Two parallel farm ditches with same water level are at L distance apart in a homogeneous-
isotropic unconfined aquifer having average transmissivity of 5 m2 /day. If the head at the middle is 0.5
m higher than the head at each ditch, then determine the uniform recharge rate into the aquifer.
Ans) Average transmissivity T is constant, and flow is steady in 1D, so the governing equation is

If the origin of x-axis is aligned at the centreline, then boundary conditions dh/dx = 0 at x = 0 and h = h0 at
2 2
RL R L 2
x = L/2 so C1 = 0 and C2 = h 0+ hence h = h 0+ ( −x )
T 8 2T 4
R L2
At the centreline the head becomes maximum/minimum given by h max=h 0+
T 8
2
RL
Given that h max−h 0=0.5 m=¿ ⇒ R=0.002 m/day (assuming L=100m)
8T
Q.4.17) A canal and a river are separated by an unconfined aquifer (having two different materials) as
shown in Figure 4.25. If the steady flow rate from canal to river = 0.2 m3 /day per unit length then what
is spacing between them?

Ans) With equivalent homogeneous medium transformation in main flow direction, we have steady
unidirectional flow in an unconfined aquifer with recharge in x-direction only. Equivalent homogeneous
300+ L 5 ( L+ 300)
K x= =
medium in x-direction 300 L L+75
+
20 5
Given that h0 = 6m , h1 = 4m , q = 0.2 m3/day
Dupuit formula for discharge per unit width through the unconfined aquifer is

h0 +h1 h0 −h1 5 ( L+ 300)

q=( )(K ) 0.2 = 10
2 L L( L+75)

It yields , L2−175 L−75000=0

therefore total spacing L = 375 m

Q.4.18) What will be the base flow rates to both streams if h0 = 10 m, h1 = 8.5 m, R = 1.6 m/year, and
L = 460 m for the groundwater flow problem case shown in Figure 4.26? Also find the location of the
steady groundwater divide line, the maximum elevation of the water table and the travel time from
groundwater divide line to the streams.

Ans) Given that h0 = 10m , h1 = 8.5m , K = 0.0001m/s = 3153.6 m/year , R = 1.6 m/year

For flow of water through unconfined aquifer between two water bodies with recharge, the distance of water
divide line from canal is given by
L K 2 2 3153.6
d= − ( h0−h1)=230− (100−72.25)=¿ 180.55m
2 2 RL 2∗1.6∗460
Using the relationship for head at water divide line
2 2 K 3153.6
h max=h 0+ ¿ = 100 + ¿ 10.71m
4R 4∗1.6

(h 20−h21 ) RL
With help of discharge equation at any x, q x =K − + Rx = -177.75 + Rx
L 2
So discharge in the canal for x = 0 is q c = 177.75 m3/year/m
And similarly discharge in canal at x = 460m is q = 558.25 m3/year/m

K Δh 3153.6 10.71−10
Velocity of seepage towards canal 1 υ 1=( )( )=( )( )=35.43 m/ year
η Δx 0.35 180.55
 3153.6 10.71−8.5
Velocity of seepage towards canal 2 υ 2=( )( )=71.26 m/ year
0.35 460−180.55
180.55
so travel time from water divide to canals, t 1= =5.095 years=1860 days ,
35.43
460−180.55
t 2= =3.921 years=1432 days
71.26

Q.4.19) What will be the base flow rates to both streams if h1 = 10 m, h2 = 8 m, R = 2 m/year, and L =
500 m for the groundwater flow problem case shown in Figure 4.27? Also find the location of the steady
groundwater divide line and the maximum elevation of the water table.

300+200
K x= =7.12
Ans) Equivalent homogeneous medium in x-direction 300 200 m/day
+
5.6 12
Given that h0 = 10m , h1 = 8m , K = 7.12 m/day , R = 2 m/year = 2m/365day

For flow of water through unconfined aquifer between two water bodies with recharge, the distance of water
L K 7.12∗365
divide line from canal is given by d= − ( h2−h2)=250− (100−64)=203.22m
2 2 RL 0 1 2∗2∗500
Using the relationship for head at water divide line
2 2 K 7.12∗365
h max=h 0+ ¿ = 100 + ¿m
4R 4∗2

2 2
(h −h ) RL
With help of discharge equation at any x, q x =K 0 1 − + Rx = -0.857 + Rx
L 2
So discharge in the canal for x = 0 is q c= 0.857 m3/day/m
And similarly discharge in canal at x = 500m is q = 1.883 m3/day/m

Q.4.20) In an irrigated field the steady state water table is maintained at least 3 m below the ground
surface by two parallel ditches as shown in Figure 4.28. Determine the optimal spacing between the
ditches for this purpose and corresponding flow into ditches if h0 = 6 m and h1 = 4m.
(Use R = 5.475 m/year).

Ans)With equivalent homogeneous medium transformation in main flow direction.

R = 5.475 m/year = 0.015 m/d; R/K = 0.015/4; h max = 9 m as the water table is maintained at least 3 m below
the ground surface.

Using relation for maximum height of water table √❑

Using given values (i.e. h0 = 6 m; h1 = 4 m; h max = 9 m; R/K = 0.015/4)

 2
L −219.1 L−17333.33=0 ⇒ L=264.473∨L=−45.373

Therefore L= 264.473 m
The flows in the ditches are

RL h20 −h21 0.015∗264.473 2∗10 3

q x=0= −K = − =1.95m /day
2 2L 2 2∗264.473

2 2
RL h0−h 1 0.015∗264.473 2∗10 3
q x= L= +K = + =2.02m /day
2 2L 2 2∗264.473

The location of water divide line is

L K 2 2 264.473 2∗20
d= − ( h0−h1)= − =122.15 m
2 2 RL 2 0.015∗264.473

Q.4.21) In an irrigated field the steady state water table is maintained at 2 m below the ground surface
by two parallel ditches spaced at 150 m as shown in Figure 4.29. Determine the water depth h1 in ditch
2, location of water divide line and flow into ditches if h0 = 10 m; K1 = 4 m/day; K2 = 8 m/day and R =
3.65 m/year.

Ans) With equivalent homogeneous medium transformation in main flow direction, we have steady
unidirectional flow in an unconfined aquifer with recharge in x-direction only. Equivalent homogeneous
medium in x-direction
2 L/3+ L/3 3L
K x= =
2 L/3 L/3 L∗(0.5+0.125) = 4.8 m/day
+
4 8

Using given values h0 = 10 m; K = 4.8m/day; L = 150m;R = 3.65 m/year = 0.01 m/day , h max = 12 m as the
water table is maintained at least 2 m below the ground surface. Using relation for maximum height of water
table
K
h2max=h 20+ ¿
4R

❑
This gives h1 = 11.99 m
The location of water divide line is

2
L K 150 4.8( 100−11.9 9 )
=145.01m
2 2
d= − ( h −h )= −
2 2 RL 0 1 2 2∗0.01∗150
The flows in the ditches are

2 2
RL h0 −h1 0.01∗150 4.8∗(100−11.9 92 ) 3
q x=0= −K = − =1.450 m /day
2 2L 2 2∗150

RL h20−h 21 0.01∗150 4.8∗(100−11.9 92 )

q x= L= +K = + =0.049 m3 /day
2 2L 2 2∗150

Q.4.22) In an irrigated field, the subsurface drainage is done by two parallel ditches spaced at 150 m.
Determine the location of water divide line, maximum height of water table, and flow into ditches if R =
3.65 m/year.

100+ 50
K x= =4.8
Ans) Equivalent homogeneous medium in x-direction 100 50 m/day
+
4 8
given values h0 = 10 m; h1 = 4m , K = 4.8m/day; L = 150 m;R = 3.65 m/year = 0.01 m/day ,

Using relation for maximum height of water table

2 2 K
h max=h 0+ ¿m
4R

The location of water divide line is

L K 150 4.8( 100−16)

d= − ( h20−h21)= − =¿-59.4m
2 2 RL 2 2∗0.01∗150

The flows in the ditches are

2 2
RL h0 −h1 0.01∗150 4.8∗(100−16) 3
q x=0= −K = − =−1.269 m /day
2 2L 2 2∗150

2 2
RL h0−h 1 0.01∗150 4.8∗(100−16) 3
q x= L= +K = + =1.419 m /day
2 2L 2 2∗150

Q.4.23) Two reservoirs 2 km apart are connected through a confined aquifer of thickness 5 m, hydraulic
conductivity of 8 m/day and storage coefficient 0.005. Water level in both reservoirs was 100 m. A flash
flood raised the water level in the upstream reservoir quickly to 125 m. Determine the head, velocity and
flow rate at 200 m, 800 m, and 1600 m in the aquifer after one month, two months and four months of
the flash flood.
Ans) To determine the head, velocity, and flow rate at different distances in the aquifer after specific durations
following the flash flood, we can use the Theis equation for unsteady flow in a confined aquifer.

The Theis equation is given by:

Q
S=( )∗W (u)
4∗π∗T

where:
s is the drawdown in the aquifer (change in hydraulic head from the initial condition)
Q is the flow rate into the well (positive for pumping, negative for recharge)
T is the transmissivity of the aquifer (K * S), where K is the hydraulic conductivity and S is the storage
coefficient
W(u) is the well function, which can be calculated using the Laplace transform

In this case, we can assume that the flash flood caused a sudden recharge into the aquifer, so the flow rate Q is
negative. We'll calculate the drawdown at different distances in the aquifer after one month, two months, and
four months.

Given:
Distance between reservoirs (L) = 2 km = 2000 m
Hydraulic conductivity (K) = 8 m/day
Thickness of the aquifer (h) = 5 m
Storage coefficient (S) = 0.005
Initial hydraulic head (h0) = 100 m
Hydraulic head in upstream reservoir (h1) = 125 m

First, we need to calculate the transmissivity (T) of the aquifer:

2
T =K∗S=8∗0.005=0.04 m /day

Next, we can calculate the well function (W(u)) using the Laplace transform. The well function depends on the
dimensionless parameter u, which is related to time and distance.

The formula for u is:

T∗t
U= 2
r

where t is the time elapsed since the flash flood, and r is the distance from the well.

For each distance and time, we can calculate u and then use it to find the well function W(u). Finally, we can
substitute the values into the Theis equation to calculate the drawdown (s), which represents the change in
hydraulic head.
Let's calculate the head, velocity, and flow rate at the specified distances and times:

At 200 m:
Time elapsed: 1 month = 30 days
r = 200
u = (0.04 * 30) / (200^2) ≈ 0.0003
W(u) ≈ 1.9997
Q
Drawdown, S=( )∗W (u)
4∗π∗T

At 800 m:
Time elapsed: 1 month = 30 days
r = 800
u = (0.04 * 30) / (800^2) ≈ 0.00001125
W(u) ≈ 1.9999999875
Q
Drawdown S=( )∗W (u)
4∗π∗T

At 1600 m:
Time elapsed: 1 month = 30 days
r = 1600
u = (0.04 * 30) / (1600^2) ≈ 0.00000140625
W(u) ≈ 1.999999999985
Q
Drawdown S=( )∗W (u)
4∗π∗T

Q.4.24) A semi-infinite confined end in a sea. The aquifer is homogeneous-isotropic having uniform
thickness b, transmissivity T and storage coefficient S. Initially the piezometric head in the aquifer is in
equilibrium with MSL. Derive the unsteady head variation expression in the aquifer due to periodic
change in the sea level due to tides. Also find head and specific discharge at 100 m if b = 25 m, T = 120
m2 /day, S = 0.005, and daily tides are of 5 m height.

Ans) Here we can use the Theis solution for a confined aquifer subjected to periodic boundary conditions.
Here are the steps to derive the expression and find the head and specific discharge at 100 m:

1. Deriving the unsteady head variation expression:

The unsteady head variation in the aquifer due to periodic changes in sea level can be expressed as:
2
−r
4 Tt
h=ho + h1∗e ∗cos (ωt−φ)
where:
h is the head at a distance r from the tidal boundary,
 h o is the initial equilibrium head in the aquifer,
h1 is the amplitude of the head variation,
T is the transmissivity of the aquifer,
t is the time,
ω is the angular frequency of the tidal cycle
φ is the phase angle.

2. Finding the head and specific discharge at 100 m:

To find the head and specific discharge at a distance of 100 m from the tidal boundary, we substitute r =
100 m into the head expression derived above.
2
−10 0
4 Tt
h=ho + h1∗e ∗cos (ωt−φ)

Given the values:

b = 25 m,
T = 120 m²/day,
S = 0.005,
and daily tides of 5 m height,

We can determine the values of h0, h1, ω, and φ based on the given information.
Let's assume that the tides follow a sinusoidal pattern, with a period of 12 hours (or 0.5 days).

h o = MSL - b = 0 - 25 = -25 m (since the piezometric head is in equilibrium with Mean Sea Level)
h1 = tide height / 2 = 5 / 2 = 2.5 m (since the tide height is given as 5 m)
ω = 2π / T = 2π / 0.5 = 4π rad/day (angular frequency)
φ = 0 (phase angle)

Substituting these values into the expression, we have:

2
−10 0
4∗120∗t
h=−25+2.5∗e ∗cos (4 π t )

To find the head and specific discharge at 100 m, we substitute t = 1 day (since we're interested in daily variations):

2
−100
h=−25+2.5∗e 4∗120∗1
∗cos (4 π 1)≈−25+2.5∗e−20.83∗cos (12.57)

≈−25+2.5∗0.0∗(−0.98) ≈−25 m

Therefore, at 100 m from the tidal boundary, the head is approximately equal to -25 m.

To calculate the specific discharge at 100 m, we use Darcy's law:

 −T∗∂ h
q=
∂r

Taking the derivative of the head expression with respect to r and substituting r = 100 m:

∂h
= 100 * 2.5 * exp(-100^2 / (4 * 120 * t)) * (100 / (4 * 120 * t)) * cos(4πt) ≈ 0.0207 * cos(12.57)
∂r

2
q=−120∗0.0207∗cos(12.57)≈−3.95 m / day

Therefore, at 100 m from the tidal boundary, the specific discharge is approximately -3.95 m²/day.

To summarize, at a distance of 100 m from the tidal boundary in the given semi-infinite confined aquifer, the
head is approximately -25 m and the specific discharge is approximately -3.95 m²/day.