98288-22277 Agriculture Current Affairs Part-2Agri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 India ranks in Fish production: 3" (annual Report of Fisheries) and 2" by Economic survey 2021-22 India accounts for 7.96% of global fish production. Area of the country: 3.29 million sq Km Coastal length (km): A&N > Gujrat > Tamil Nadu Total fish production in FY 2020-21: 14.73 million metric tonnes.(Inland- 11.25 MMT and Marine: 3.48 MMT) % Share of Inland fishery and marine fishery is 74% & 26 % respectively Marine fish Production state wise rank: Gujrat > Tamilnadu > Andhra Pradesh Inland Fish Production state wise rank: Andhra Pradesh > West Bengal > UP Percentage share of Item-wise Export of Fisheries Products (Value) 2019-20: Frozen Shrimp > Frozen Fish Percentage share of Item-wise Export of Fisheries Products (Quantity) 2019-20: Frozen Shrimp > Frozen Fish Area under reservoirs: 3.15 mi Length of coastline: 8118 km. ha Area under ponds and tanks: 2.41 Exclusive Economic Zone: 2.02 million million hectares square km Area under brackish water: 1.24 Continental shelf: 0.53 million sq km million hac Length of River and canals: 0.19 million km Flood plain lake VVYV vvvy ¥ .8 million hactare “ Preserved and Processed Commodities by states/Union Territories: 2019-20 (In Lakh Tonnes) Marine Fish Frozen 4.11 Fish Dried, Unsalted 2.64 Fish Dried & Salted or smoked 2.14 Shark fins, Dried, Salted ete 0.07 Frozen Whole cooked Lobster 0.21 Shrimp & Prawn Frozen 6.32 Dried Prawn/ Shrimp 0.05 Frozen Cuttlefish fillets 0.16 Fish meals soluble 0.06 vAgri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 Overall Total 17.76 + Inland Fisheries Resources by States and Union Territories of Indi Rivers and Canals UP> Mal tra Tanks and Ponds (Ha) Maharashtra> Telangana Brackish Water (Ha) Odisha> WB> Gujrat is the largest consumer and the secon the world. > FRP: 290 rupees/quintal argest producer of sugar > India is the world’s second largest consumer and number one importer of vegetable oil. > The share of the agriculture & allied sector in total GVA, however, improved to 20.2 per cent in the year 2020-21 and 18.8 per cent in 2021-22. > Growth of agriculture and allied sector: 3.6 % (2020-21) and 3.9 % (2021-22) cee Wer eek (at current prices) ¥ Crops: 10.7 v Livestock: 5.2 v Forestry and Logging: 1.3 ¥ Fishing and aquaculture: 1.2 » ‘The share of net irrigated area accounts for about 49 per cent of the total net sown area in the country and out of the net irrigated area, about 40 per cent is irrigated through canal systems and 60 per cent through groundwater. > The overall stage of ground water development (ratio of annual ground water draft and net annual ground water availability) in the country is 63%. > This ratio which signifies the rate of extraction of ground water, is very high (more than 100 per cent) in the states of Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan. Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and UTs of Chandigarh and Puducherry falls in the medium category with the ratio ranging between 70-100 per cent, > All loans under the AIF have interest subvention of 3 per cent per annum up to a limit of & 2 crores. This subvention is available for a maximum period of 7 years. > During 2014-15 to 2020-21, a total of 27828 CHC and during 2020-21 alone, 94 CHC were established under the SMAM scheme. ‘The Government has also developed and launched Multilingual Mobile App called Farm Machinery Solutions (FARMS) which helps the farmers in getting rented farm machinery and implements through CHC in their area. > Indian tractor industry is the largest in the world accounting for one-third of the total global production, 100% FDI is allowed in- Cold storage, warehouses and Food Processing sector v 7Agri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 vvv ov Vv As per DAC&FW till 31-03-2021 CHC establishment is highest in Punjab (22,800)>UP (10,392)>Telangana (9,360) As per Economic survey 2021-22, The penetration of powered machines in various farm activities is assessed in the range of 40 to 45 per cent (NABARD, 2018). Mechanization in farm operations for major crops in India in 2019-20 has been 70, 38, 31 and 32 percent in seed bed preparation, sowing/planting/transplanting, weeding- interculture & plant protection and harvesting & threshing, respectively. The share of mechanical power is 74.42 per cent of total available power of 386.576 million KW in year 2020-21. Mobile power plays significant role in increasing food grain productivity in the country. The power availability per ha in year 2020- 21 is 2.761 kW. OF this power availability per ha from tractor, power tiller, diesel engine, electric motor, animal and human is 1.64kW (59.38%), 0.03kW (1.02%), 0.39kW (14.028%), 0.54kW (19.57%), 0.084kW (3.025%) and 0.080kW (2.98%), respectively. ‘The share of mechanical power is 74.42 per cent of total available power of 386.576 million KW in year 2020-21. Mobile power plays significant role in increasing food grain productivity in the country. The power availability per ha in year 2020- 21 is 2.761 kW. Of this power availability per ha from tractor, power tiller, diesel engine, electric motor, animal and human is 1.64kW (59.38%), 0.03kW (1.02%), 0.39kW (14.028%), 0.54kW_ (19.57%), 0.084kW (3.025%) and 0.080kW (2.98%), respectively. The share of mechanical power is 74.42 per cent of total available power of 386.576 million KW in year 2020-21. Mobile power plays si role in increasing food grain productivity in the country. The power availability per ha in year 2020- 21 is 2.761 kW. OF this power availability per ha from tractor, power tiller, diesel engine, electric motor, animal and human is 1.64kW (59.38%), 0.03kW (1.02%), 0.39kW (14.028%), 0.54kW (19.57%), 0.084kW (3.025%) and 0.080kW (2.98%), respectively. ‘The share of mechanical power is 74.42 per cent of total available power of 386.576 million KW in year 2020-21. Mobile power plays significant role in increasing ificantAgri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 ® food grain productivity in the country. The power availability per ha in year 2020- 21 is 2.761 kW. OF > this power availability per ha from tractor, power tiller, diesel engine, electric motor, animal and > human is 1.64kW (59.38%), 0.03kW (1.02%), 0.39kW (14.028%), 0.54kW. (19.57%), 0.084kW > (3.025%) and 0.080kW (2.98%), respectively. > As pera recent journal released by IARI, the share of mechanical power is 74.42 per cent of total available power of 386.576 million KW in year 2020-21. The power availability per ha in year 2020-21 is 2.761 kW. Of this power availability per ha from tractor, power tiller, diesel engine, electric motor, animal and human is 1.64kW (59.38%), 0.03kW (1.02%), 0.39kW (14.028%), O.54kW. (19.57%), 0,084kW (3.025%) and 0.080kW (2.98%), respectively. » Area in Ha covered in 2021-22 under Micro Irrigation PDMC-PMKSY is highest in Karnataka (134520 Ha)> Tamilnadu (102328 Ha)> Gujrat (67954 Ha) > As per PMKSY, Area covered in 2021-2: Drip : 3.58 Lakh Ha Sprinkler : 6.57 Lakh Ha Total : 10.15 Lakh Ha Other Interventions Potential Created For Protective Irrigation : 0.06 Lakh Ha * Policy and act: Poliey/Act od Come on) Eyer ‘Land Leasing Act 2016 To permit and facilitate leasing of agricultural land to improve access to land by the landless and marginal farmers. Agriculture Produce & 2017 To create a single agriculture Livestock Marketing Act market with a single license in which agriculture produce and livestock would be traded. There are no separate fees allocated for individual markets v v v v v Contract Farming Act/Model 2018 To provide adequate confidence Contract Farming bill to farmers and incentives to sponsors to enter into contract farming. Agri Export Policy 2018 To double Agri exports to 60 billion $ by 2022Agri Coaching Chandigarh Pesticide management Bill The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance’ & Farm Services Ordinance The Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Ordinance Amendment to — Essential Commodities Act 2020 17 Sep 2020 17 Sep 2020 17 Sep 2020 98288-22277 Regulate the business of pesticides and — compensate farmers in case of losses from the use of agro chemicals, Government to form and Promote 10,000 new FPOs and to promote Contract Farming To remove barriers in inter-state trade and give farmers the choice of sale. Deregulation of cereals, edible oils, oilseeds, pulses, onions and potato from essential commodities Stock limit exceptional imposed under Err PT ee Peni Prevention of food adulteration Food product order (FPO) Meat product order (MPO) Food safety and standard act (F Milk and milk products order Edible oil packaging order Vegetable oil products order + Important days of last one year: cn WTO Foundation Day National Girl Child Day ‘act (PFA) SSA) International Day Women and Girls in Science National Productivity Day International Women’s Day International Day of Forests World Water Day World Meteorological Day National Panchayati Raj Day 1954 1955 1973 2006 1992 1998 1947 L 1* January 24 January 11 February a 12 February 8 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 AprilAgri Coaching Chandigarh World Tuna Day International Tea Day World Milk Day World Environment Day World food safety day World Day to Combat Desertification National Fish Husbandry Day NABARD Foundation Day ICAR Foundation Day International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem World Honey Day World Coconut Day World Bamboo Day World Coffee Day World Egg Day World Animal Day International Day of. Rural ‘Women/national Women Farmer Day World Food Day World Fish Day National Milk Day National Agriculture Education Day (Dr Rajendra prasad Birthday) Agriculture Women Day World Soil Day Kisan Divas (Farmer’s Day) > Difference between FSSAI and AGMARK 98288-22277 2 May 21 May 1 June 5 June 7 June 17 June 10 July 12 July 16 July 26 July 20 August 2 September 18 September 1 October 2™ Friday of October (8 October 2021) 4 October 15 October 16 October 21 November 26 November 3 December 4 December 5 December 23 December 1 AGMARK is an acronym for FSSAI stands for the Food Safety and Agricultural Mark Standards Authority of IndiaAgri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 2 AGMARK is a certification FSSA1 is an autonomous body established given by DMI under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare 3 It is legally enforced by FSSAI is an Independent Authority Agricultural Produce created in 2008 under the Food Safety and (Grading and Marking) Act of Standards Act, 2006 1937 4 AGMARK is a certification FSSAI primary objective is to certify or to provided for all agricultural provide for a base covering all food items products by DMI and also ensures that the food items are safe 5 AGMARK isa certification _ FSSAL is a government agency. 6 AGMARK is an inspection FSSAI Licensing covers every food item seal provided for quality of whether agricultural or non-agricultural Agricultural Products. * AGMARK is a certification FSSAI License is allotted based on for DMI products and does turnover and activity but for a particular not provide any license. Establishment. “* Procurement agenci > Wheat & Rice: FCT > Oilseeds & Pulses: NAFED > Cotton: CCL > Jute: ICI ‘+ Implementing agency for National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP)- APEDA > Nodal Agency for Promoting export-oriented production and development of the Scheduled produets- APEDA (1985) > Items excluded (0%) from GST: Fresh or chilled vegetables, roots and tubers, Fresh fruits and nuts + Definition of MSME: > The new definition of MSMEs is based on two criteria: i. Investment in the plant /machinery /equipment ii, Turnover of the enterprise > As part of the new definition, Exports will not be counted in turnover for any enterprise whether micro, small or medium.Agri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 Nie en mn am Oe re Te SCC ESE Coe To een ened ‘Small Enterprises Enterprises with investment up to Rs 10 crore and turnover up to Rs 50 crore are classified as Small Enterprises Medium Enterprises with investment up to Rs 50 crore and turnover Enterprises up to Rs 250 crore are classified as medium enterprises. + GI Tags: > Gl status is an indication that identifies goods as produced from a particular area, which has special quality or reputation attributable to its geographical origin. > The first product to get a GI tag in India was the Darjeeling Tea in 2004. > Under Paris Convention for the Protection of Indusitial Property, Gls are covered as an element of IPRs. GI is governed by WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). > In India, Gl tag is governed by Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection Act), 1999 with effect from 15th September 2003. > Gls have great potential to play a major role in trade between countries. > Darjeeling Tea was the first Indian product to get the geographical indication tag In 2004, the famous beverage got the recognition. >» 09 new items from various states of India such as Gamosa of Assam, Tandur Redgram of Telangana, RaktseyKarpo Apricot of Ladakh, Alibag White Onion of Maharashtra etc. have been given the coveted GI Tags. > Total number of GI Tags of India comes to 432. (Till December 2022) > The top 5 states holding maximum number of Gls are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala, > Recent Given GI tag Geographical Indication (Gl) Tag 2022- 2023 Name of the product Category of the product State or Union Territory Khola Chilli Agricultural Goa Kaji Nemu Agricultural Assam Kandangi Saree Handicraft Tamil Nadu Kashmir Saffron. Agriculture Jammu & Kashmir Kandhamal Haladi Agricultural OdishaAgri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 Manipuri Black Rice Food Stuff Manipur Kodaikanal Malai Poondu Agricultural Tamil Nadu Rasagola Food Stuff Odisha Palani Panchamirtham Food Stuff Tamil Nadu Tirur Betel Leaf (Tirur Agricultural Kerala Vettila) Gulbarga Tur Dal Agricultural Kamataka PS se ee a aving got tap for 3 pros, Karta has the mest umber of rept, flowed by Maharastra) and Osh (2) sauna ano east Asa ‘Stenson Senses macnn. panes ncn bara tae (eee ta > ter roundsotveeaton, reseraton and meetings eit satis, “pplication goes ot exist wat > iappliatinvcavesne ‘pposton within fo ‘months gets the tagAgri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 Reimers Degraded land area - 120.4 mha (37%) includes, > Water and wind erosion - 94.9 mha > Water logging - 0.9 mha > Soil alkalinity/ sodicity - 3.7 mha > Soil acidity - 17.9 mha > Soil salinity - 2.7 mha > Mining and industrial waste - 0.3 mha ICAR ini Gates > The ICAR has supplemented the Government's "Soil Health Card” initiative and has developed a mini-Lab "Mridaparikshak" for soil testing. > “Mera Gaon — Mera Gaurav” have helped connect farmers with scientists to provide agriculture related advice and information. > 60 agricultural universities have been accredited by the National Agricultural Education Accreditation Board (NAEAB). Ranking of 57 Agricultural Universities has been done in an effort to improve their status in the World University Rankings. > Livestock Disease Forewarning —Mobile Application (LDF-Mobile App), developed by ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, > Farmer FIRST: It is an ICAR initiative to enhance farmers-scientists contact with multi stake holders-participation. > The ICAR observed the year 2016 as the International Year of Pulses as declared by the United Nations. To this effect, we established 150 seed hubs for pulses to help increase the availability of quality seeds. > ICAR launched a new initiative “Pandit DeenDayal Upadhyay Unnat Krishi Shiksha Yojana” for training of farmers in organic farming and sustainable farming. > ICAR launched the Agricultural Education Portal for Centralised uniform solution called- EKTA portal (Ekikrit Krishi Shiksha TankiAyaam) > ICAR has launched Rs 1100 crore ambitious National Agricultural Higher Education Project (NAHEP) to aitract talent and strengthen higher agricultural education in the country. > This project will be funded by the World Bank and the Indian Government on a 50:50 basis. > In order to promote the participation of students in agricultural business, Student READY (Rural Entrepreneurship Awareness Development Yojana) scheme is being run, under which practical experience of agriculture and entrepreneurship is provided to undergraduate students. iAgri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 > English Wee aerate 2. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (Monthly) 3. Indian F Trem AC Ag) Be UCCUBS MUCH em OLA) > Hindi 2. Phal Phool(Bi Monthly) RA Oe Me TILey > Wheat-Pusa Kiran (HS 542-semi dwarf variety), Nilgirikhapli (HW 1098), HDSCW 18 (first variety of the country bred specifically for Conservation Agricultue), HD 3117, PusaMalvi (HD 4728), HS 562 > Pearl Millet-Pusa Composite 701 > Mustard —Pusa Double Zero Mustard 31-First canola type, erucic acid less than 2% and glucosinolates< 30 pp > Pigeon pea -PUSA Arhar 16 (determinate, extra early maturity) > Sugarcane -C0-0238 (Wonder variety of sugarcane) > BT cotton: F1861, PAU Bt | and RS2013 for cultivation in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan Quality Protein Maize (QPM) -PUSA Breakfast Cereal World’s first cytoplasmic male sterility-based pigeon pea hybrid-GTH 1 Low neuro toxin varieties of grass pea-rattan, nirmal, prateek Marigold-PusaBahar High zine rice variety-DRR Dhan 45 (By ICAR- Indian Institute of Rice Research) High protein rice variety-CR Dhan 310 (By ICAR- Rice Research Institute, Cuttak )Agri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 vv v First ever short duration Moong (< 60 days)-Virat (IPM 205-7) BLB of rice disease resistant variety-PUSA 1592, Punjab Basmati-3 Blast disease resistant rice variety-PUSA 109 PusaBetakesari variety of cauliflower- Ist indigenous bred bio-fortified for beta carotene developed by IARI New variety of pigeon pea developed by IARI is Pusa arhar-16 (120 days maturity and determinate in growth) World earliest maturity variety of cotton genotype was identified by CICR scientist (2017) - variety name: Yugank 13 'R Dhan 310 (protein rich variety with 10.3% protein), ¥ DRR Dhan 45 (zine rich variety with 22.6 ppm zine normally 12.0-16.0 ppm) Wheat: WB 02:Rich in zinc (42.0 ppm) and iron (40.0 ppm) in comparisonto 32.0 ppm zinc and 28.0-32.0 ppm iron in popular varieties ¥ HPBW 01: Contains high iron (40.0 ppm) and zine (40.6 ppm) incomparison to 28.0-32.0ppm iron and 32.0 ppm zine inpopular varieties. Maize: Pusa Vivek QPM9 Improved: Country’s first provitamin-A rich maize, High provitamin-A (8.15 ppm), lysine (2.67%) and tryptophan(0.74%) as compared to 1.0-2.0 ppm provitamin-A, 1.5-2.0%lysine and 0,3-0.4% tryptophan content in popular hybrids ¥ Pusa HM4 Improved: Contains 0.91% tryptophan and 3.62% lysine whichis significantlyhigher than popular hybrids (0.3-0.4% tryptophan and 1.5-2.0% lysine) ¥ Pusa HM8 Improved: Rich in tryptophan (1.06%) and lysine (4.18%) ascompared to 0.0.4% tryptophan and 1.5-2.0%lysine in popular hybrids ¥ Pusa HM9 Improved: Contains 0.68% tryptophan and 2.97% lysinecompared to 0.3-0.4% tryptophan and 1.5-2.0%lysine in popular hybrids Pearl millet: HHB 299: High iron (73.0 ppm) and zinc (41.0 ppm) as comparedto 45,0-50,0 ppm iron and 30,0-35.0 ppm zine in popularvarieties/hybrids ¥ ABB 1200: Rich in iron (73.0 ppm) in comparison to 45.0-50.0 ppm inpopular varieties/hybrids Lentil: PusaAgeti Masoor: Contains 65.0 ppm iron as compared to 55.0 ppmiron in popular varieties Mustard: Pusa Mustard 30: Contains low erucic acid (<2.0%) in oil as comparedto >40% erucic acid in popular varieties ¥ Pusa Double Zero Mustard 31: Country’s first Canola Quality Indian mustard variety, Low erucic acid (< 2.0%) in oil and glucosinolates (<30.0 ppm) inseed meal as compared to > 40.0% erucie acid and >120.0ppm glucosinolates in popular varietiesAgri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 > Cauliflower: Pusa Beta Kesari 1: Country’s first biofortified cauliflower, Contains high B-carotene (8.0-10.0 ppm) in comparison to negligible f-carotene content in popular varieties. > Sweet Potato: Bhu Sona: High B-carotene (14.0 mg/100 g) content as compared to 2.0-3.0 mg/100 g - carotene in popular varieties Y Bhu Krishna: High anthocyanin (90.0 mg/100g) content in comparison to popular varieties which have negligible anthocyanin content > Pomegranate: Solapur Lal: High iron (5.6-6.1 mg/100g), zine (0,64-0.69 mg/100g) and vitamin C (19.4 -19.8 mg/100 g) in fresh arils in comparison to 2.7- 3.2 mg/ 100g, 0,50-0.54 mg/100g and 14.2-14.6 mg/100g, respectively in popular variety Ganesh. + Some another variet > Crop varieties: A. Vegetables/Spices: 1. Chilli: Kashi Surkh, Pusalwala, ArkaK yathi; 2. Cowpea: Kashi Kanchan 3. Okra: IHR-385-5-1, ITHR-386-7-2, OKMHS-3, Kashi Bhairo, Kashi; Satdhari, and Kashi Vibhuti Onion: Pusa Red Pepper: Arka Coorg Excel. ‘Tomato: Kashi Adarsh and Kashi Aman; and . Turmeric: ISR Pragati. B, Fruit/Flowers: 1. Guava: Arka Kiran and Arka Rashmi; 2. Marigold: Arka Agni and ArkaBangara- C. Food Crops: I. Rice: PB 1637. 2. Wheat: HDCSW 18 and HD 3086. +» During 2018-19, IARI had released these high yielding verities: 1, Non-basmati, medium slender grain, blast resistant rice variety named “Pusa Sambha 1850” for Chhattisgarh and Odisha. 2. Two new wheat varieties “HI 1612” and “HD 8777” were developed by ICAR- IARI 3. Maize hybrid “Pusa Super Sweet Corn 1” with enhanced sweetness with a good grain (9.3 Vha) and fodder (16.2 tha) yield. 4, Grape hybrid “Pusa Aditi” was released by the Delhi State Variety Tomato: Pusa Cherry Tomato-1 6. Onion: Pusa Sobha Baws ” 14Agri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 7. The two varieties —- ‘Pusa Chickpea 10216” and ‘Super Annigeri I’ — have been developed jointly by ICAR and University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur in Karnataka in collaboration with International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics through genomic interventions in breeding called molecular breeding. 8. Ten new varieties, viz. Longmelon ‘Pusa Utkarsh’, round melon ‘Pusa Raunak’, cucumber (parthenocarpic, gynoecious) “Pusa Seedless Cucumber-6”, muskmelon *Pusa Madhurima’ & ‘Pusa Sunahari’, brinjal “Pusa Safed Baingan-I’ & ‘Pusa Hara Baingan-1’, okra (resistant to YVMV) “Pusa Bhindi-5, garden pea ‘Pusa Prabal’ and chenopodium ‘Pusa Green’ and two hybrids viz. sponge gourd ‘Pusa Shrestha’ and bitter gourd ‘Pusa Hybrid-4” have been released for cultivation in Delhi NCR region. % Developed at NRRI (2019) > CR Dhan 309: It is resistant to stem borer (dead heart & white ear head), leaf folder and whorl maggot , yield 5.8 tha > CR Dhan 801: Moderately resistant to leaf blast, neck blast, bacterial blight, stem: borer (both dead heart and white ear heads) and leaf folder. 6.3t/ha » CR Dhan 802 (Subhas): Resistant to stem borer (both dead heart and white ear heads), leaf folder, plant hopper and ease worm while moderately resistant to bacterial blight, sheath rot and rice tungro virus. 6.5 vha > CR Dhan $11; Moderately resistant to leaf blast, neck blast and bacterial blight diseases, stem borer (both dead heart and white ear heads), white backed plant hopper and leaf folder. + Revised names of ICAR institutes: 1. Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI), Andaman and Nicobar Islands New Name: Central Island Agricultural Research Institute(CIART) Directorate of Maize Research (DMR), Pusa, New Delhi New Name: Indian Institute of Maize Research (IIMR),Ludhiana (Shifted to Ludhiana on 13 November 2014) (It was located at New Delhi but now shifted to PAU campus, Ludhiana) 3. Directorate of Rice Research (DRR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad New Name: Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR) 4. Directorate of Wheat Research (DWR), Karnal, Haryana New Name: Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research(LWBR) 5. Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar New Name: Indian Institute of Water Management (IIWM) 6. Directorate of Research on Women in Agriculture, Bhubaneswar New Name: Central Institute for Women in Agriculture (CIWA) 7. Directorate of Oil Palm Research (DOPR), Pedavegi, WestGodavari, Andhra Pradesh v 15Agri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 New Name: Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research 8. Directorate of Ollseeds Research (DOR) Rajendranagar, Hyderabad New Name: Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (IIOR) 9. Directorate of Sorghum Research (DSR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad New Name: Indian Institute of Millets Research (IIMR) 10. Central soil and water conservation research and training institute, Dehradun New Name: ICAR- Indian Institute of soil and water conservation (ICAR- IISWC) 11. National Research Centre for Citrus (NRCC), Nagpur New Name: Central Citrus Research Institute (CCRI) 12. ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Goa New Name: Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute(CCARI) 13. ICAR-Project Directorate for Farming Systems Research (ICARPDFSR), Meerut, UP New Name: Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research + Food grain estimate of 2021-22 (Final Estimate): > The production of Foodgrains in the country is estimated at 315.72 million tonnes which is higher by 4.98 million tonnes than the production of foodgrain during 2020-21 > Foodgrains 315.72 million tonnes, > Rice 130.29 million tonnes (record), > Wheat 106.84 million tonnes, > Nutri / Coarse Cereals 50.90 million tonnes, > Maize 33.62 million tonnes (record), > Pulses 27.69 million tonnes (record), » Tur 4.34 million tonnes, > Gram 13.75 million tonnes (record), > Oilseeds 37.70 million tonnes (record), > Groundnut 10.11 million tonnes, > Soyabean 12.99 million tonnes, > Rapeseed and Mustard 11.75 million tonnes (record), > Sugarcane 431.81 million tonnes (record), > Cotton 31.20 million bales (each of 170 kg), > Jute & Mesta 10.32 million bales (each of 180 k; & Foodgrains — 149.92 million tonnes. > Rice — 104.99 million tonnes > Nutri / Coarse Cereals — 36.56 million tonnes. > Maize — 23.10 million tonnes. (record) 16Agri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 Pulses — 8.37 million tonnes. Tur — 3.89 million tonnes. Oilseeds — 23.57 million tonnes. Groundnut — 8.37 million tonnes. Soyabean — 12.89 million tonnes. Cotton — 34.19 million bales (of 170 kg each) Jute & Mesta 10.09 million bales (of 180 kg each) Sugarcane — 465.05 million tonnes (record) VVVVVYVY PRU ede) 2021-22 (Second Advance (3rd Advance Estimate) Estimate) Reo m niet] hectares) ern ay Million Tonnes) % Production of horticulture commodities: pha tery Total horticulture 334,60 million tonnes __ 342.33 million tonnes Fruits 102.48 million tonnes 107.24 million tonnes Vegetables 200.45 million tonnes 204.84 million tonnes Onion 26.64 Million Tonnes 31.27 Million Tonnes Potatoes 56.17 million tonnes 53.39 million tonnes Tomato 21.18 million tonnes 20.33 million tonnes ‘ea, production and productivity of horticulture crops > Area: vegetables > fruits >Spices > Plantations > Aromatic and Medicinal > Flowers > Productions: Vegetables > Fruits > Plantations > Spices > Flowers > Aromatic and Medicinal > Honey > Productivity: Vegetables > Fruits > Flowers >Plantations > Spices > Aromatic and Medicinal. Moreno ers > Area: Mango > Total citrus > Banana > Production: Banana > Mango > Citrus 17Agri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 » Area: Potato > onion > Tomato » Production: Potato > onion > Tomato PNcosow Une eA ee OD > Cropping Intensity: 141.6% > State-wise Per Hectare Consumption of Fertiliser (N+-P-+K): Puducherry> Punjab> Haryana > All India Consumption of Fertiliser (N+P+K) Avg: 137.15 Kg/Ha TOOL UR SLAP tb) » Production: Gm im Rice West Bengal > UP > Punjab Wheat UP > MP > Punjab Coarse cereals Rajasthan > Kamnatka > Maharashtra Pulses MP > Maharashtra > Rajasthan Total Food Production UP > MP > Punjab Oilseed Rajasthan > Maharshtra > MP Cotton (Lint) Bales Maharshtra > Gujrat > Telangana Sugarcane UP> Maharashtra > Karnatka Raw Jute & Mesta West Bengal > Assam > Bihar Total Fruits (2021-22) ‘Andhra Pradesh > Maharashtra > UP Total Vegetables (2021-22) UP > West Bengal > MP Meat Production Mh>UP > WB Milk Production UP > Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh Egg Production (Lakh No.s) Andhra Pradesh > Tamil Nadu > Telangana Fish Production (Lakh Tonnes) ‘Andhra Pradesh > WB > Gujrat Wool Production (Thousand Kgs) Rajasthan > J& K > Telangana laenites evs Rice UP > WB > Odisha Wheat UP > MP > Punjab Coarse Cereal Rajasthan > Maharashtra > Karnataka Pulses Rajasthan > MP > Maharashtra Total Food Grain UP > Rajasthan > MP- Total Fruits (2021-22) Maharashtra > Andhra Pradesh > UP Total Vegetables (2021-22) West Bengal > UP > Maharashtra 18Agri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 Oilseeds MP> Rajasthan> Maharashtra Cotton Maharashtra > Telangana > Gujrat Sugarcane UP > Maharashtra > Karnataka Raw Jute and Mesta West Bengal > Assam > Bihar > APEDA Act passed by the Parliament in December 1985. The Act (2 of 1986) came into effect from 13th February 1986. > Agri export zones of APEDA: S.No. State AEZ Project 1. West Bengal (6) 1 Pineapple 2 Lychee 3 Potatoes 4 5 Mango Vegetables 6 Darjeeling Tea 2 Karnataka (4) 7 Gherkins 8 Rose Onion 9 Flowers 10 Vanilla 3 Uttarakhand (4) 11 Lychees 12 Flowers 13 Basmati Rice 14 Medicinal & Aromatic Plants 4 Punjab (3) 15 Vegetables (Cabbage Broccoli, Okra, Peas, Carrot, Baby Corn, Green Chillies, Green Beans, Tomato) 16 Potatoes 17 Basmati Rice 5 Uttar Pradesh(4) 18 Potatoes 19 — Mangoes and Vegetables 20 Mangoes 21 Basmati Rice 6 — Maharashtra(8) 22 Grape & Grapevine 23. Mangoes 24 Kesar mango 25 Flowers 26 Onion 27 PomegranateAgri Coaching Chandigarh it 12 13 15 16 17 19 20 Andhra Pradesh(5) Jammu & Kashmir (2) Tripura (1) Madhya Pradesh 6) Tamil Nadu (4) Bihar(1) Gujarat 3) Sikkim (2) Himachal Pradesh (1) Orissa (1) Jharkhand(1) Kerala (2) Assam (1) Rajasthan (2) 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 40 4 a2 4B 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 98288-22277 Banana Oranges Mango Pulp & Fresh Vegetables Mango & Grapes Mangoes Gherkins Chilli Apples Walnut Pineapple Potatoes, Onion and Garlic Seed Spices Wheat (including sharbati_ wheat for Bhopal Zone) Lentil and Grams Oranges Cut Flowers Flowers Mangoes Cashewnut Lychee, Vegetables & Honey Mangoes & Vegetables Value Added Onion Sesame Seeds Flowers (Orchids)& Cherry Pepper Ginger Apples Ginger and Turmeric Vegetables Horticulture Products Medicinal Plant Fresh and Processed Ginger Coriander CuminAgri Coaching Chandigarh 98288-22277 > Maximum value earned among all exported products: Non Basmati Rice > Maximum value eared from (Country): Bangladesh >U Arab Emts > Maximum flowers exported to: US A > Netherland > Maximum Fruits & Vegetables Seeds exported to (Value): Netherland > Maximum Fruits & Vegetables Seeds exported to (Quantity): Bangladesh > Maximum Fresh Onions, Dairy Products, Non Basmati Rice, Wheat, Maize exported to: Bangladesh v Maximum Walnuts, Fresh mango, Pulses, Sheep/Goat Meat, Alcoholic Beverages, Millet exported to: U Arab Emts > Maximum Fresh Grapes exported to (Value): Netherland > Maximum Buffalo Meat exported to: Egypt > Maximum Natural Honey exported to: USA > Maximum Basmati Rice exported to: Iran bi22 ‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh : 9828822277 /9023284483 NABARD ORMS‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©: 9828822277/9023284483 2: [email protected] ION STORAGE STRUCTURES “> The onion bulbs are generally stored from May to November for a period of four to six months. However, 50-90 per cent storage losses are recorded depending upon genotype and storage conditions. The total storage losses are comprised of physiological loss in weight (PLW) i.e. moisture loss and shrinkage (30-40%), rotting (20-30%) and sprouting (20-40%). For storage, high temperature dormaney of onion bulbs and maintaining storage temperature at around 30°C need to be exploited. Ventilation is needed to maintain humidity between 65-70% and lack of this often adversely affects the quality and quantity by increase in water loss and respiration. For effective long storage of onion the parameters essential to be looked after are the bulb size, choice of cultivars, cultivation practices, time of harvest, field curing, removal of tops, drying, grading, packing, storage conditions (optimum storage range of relative humidity 65% to 70% with the temperature ranging between 25°C to 30°C). *» The onion storage structure should be oriented in the North - South direction i.e., length facing the East-West direction. * * WATER PUMPSET MODEL > The discharge ofa solar pump with array area of 2-4m varies from 6-8 lit/s at a head of 15- 50 m. This could irrigate about 1.5 - 4 ha of land. > The cost and economics details are as under: BC Cy are) Cost Doig BCR a1i:3 costof (netof (incremental system subsidy) incomel) Ls (Rs. 1. Model-I 308320184992 39587 1.00 15.04 (1800 Wp ~ 1.5HP) 2. Model — IT 347200 = 208320 44833 1.00 15.20 (2200 Wp-2 HP) 3. Model-III 558400 335040 72019 1.00 115.14 (3000 Wp —3 HP) 23VVvV Vv v ‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh (©: 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] 4. Model-IV 767200 460320 98729 1.00 15.06 (5000 Wp —4 HP) TYPES OF STRUCTURES OTT RL SLA * Benefitting Area (ha.): 1.0 stot ALLA Benefiting Area (ha.): 1.6 SoA) TOCCATA a «Benefitting Area (ha.): 2.0 Cetus icg Ont iggy Any perennial freshwater pond/tank retaining water depth of 2 meters can be used for fish culture purpose. The minimum level should not fall below one meter. Even seasonal ponds can also be utilized for short duration fish culture. Depending on the compatibility and type of feeding habits of the fishes, are recommended for Composite Fish Culture. The area under tanks and ponds available for warm fresh water aquaculture -2.41 million ha, The area under swamps, beels, etc. - 1.31 million ha i PaO Feeding Zone Indian Major Carp Catla Zoo plankton feeder Surface feeder Rohu Omnivorous Column feeder Mrigal Detrivorous Bottom Feeder Exotic carps Silver carp Phytoplankton feeder Surface feeder Grass carp Herbivorous Surface, column and marginal areas Common Carp Detrivorous/Omnivorous Bottom feeder 24‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] Eligible Borrow The following category of borrowers are eligible to avail credit. An Individual Acompany APartnership firm Aco-operativesocety | Agroup of fish farmers | > Training in fish farming is being provided by the FFDA's to the eligible borrowers and it is essential that the borrower has prior knowledge of fish farming before availment of bank loan. > Repayment: Repayment of bank loan is possible in 8 years with 1-year moratorium (temporary prohibition of an activity) Technical parameters that needs to be considered for Composite Fish Culture: 1. Selection of Pond: Soil should be water retentive, adequate supply of water is assured and that the pond is not in a flood prone area. Pond Management: > Pre-stocking: In case of new ponds, pre stocking operations starts with liming and filling of the pond with water. However, the first step for existing pond requiring development deals with clearing the pond of unwanted weeds and fishes either by manual, mechanical or chemical means. Different methods are employed for this. i) Removal of weeds by Manual/Mechanical or through Chemical means. ii) Removal of unwanted and predatory fishes and other animals by repeated netting or using mahua oil cake @ 2500 kg/ha meter or by sun drying the pond bed. iii) Liming: The soils/ tanks which are acidic in nature are less productive than alkaline ponds. In addition, lime also has the following effects — a) Increases the pH b) Acts as buffer and avoids fluctuations of pH, ¢) It increases the resistance of soil to parasites, 4) Its toxic effect kills the parasites; and 25‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] e) It hastens organic decomposition. The normal doses of the lime desired ranges from 200 to 250 Kg/ha. However, the actual dose has to be calculated based on pH of the soil and water as follows: Son 4.5-5.0 2,000 5.1-6.5 1,000 6.6-7.5 500 7.6-8.5 200 8.6-9.5 Nill iv) Fertilization / Manuring: Fertilization of the pond is an important means for intensifying fish culture by increasing the natural productivity of the pond. A combination of both Organic and Inorganic fertilizers may be used for best results. Organic manure to be applied after a gap of 3 days from the date of liming. Cow dung @ 5000 kg/ha or any other organic manure inequivalent manurial value. b) Inorganic Inorganic fertilization to be undertaken after 15 days of organic manuring, * STOCKING: The pond will be ready for stocking after 15 days of application of fertilizers. Fish fingerlings of 50- 100 gm size (approx) should be used for stocking @ 5000 nos. per hectare. The present model envisages stocking of advanced fingerlings and rearing for 10-12 months. % POST STOCKING > Supplementary feeding: Fishes need much more food than what is available naturally in the pond. Fishes can be fed with a mixture of rice bran and oilcakes in the ratio 4:1. > The recommended feeding rate is 5 - 6 % of the body weight up to 500gmsize of fish and then reduce to 3.5% of body weight from 500- 1000gm size. + Manuring i) Organic manuring may be done in monthly instalments @ 1000 kg/ha. ii) Inorganic fertilization may be done at monthly intervals alternating with organic manuring. However, the monthly rate of fertilization will depend on pond productivity and the growth of the fishes. It should be ensured that excess fertilization does not take place 26‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] which may result in eutrophication. + Harvesting > Harvesting is generally done at the end of Ist year, when the fishes attain average weight of 800 gm to 1.25 kg. > With Proper management a production of 4 to 5 tons/ha can be obtained in a year > Harvesting is done by partial dewatering and repeated netting. & Vertical expansion of fish culture: > Important measures adopted are stocking of advanced fingerlings / yearlings by stunning the growth of fish seed during first year, heavy stocking and multiple harvesting after the fishes attain a size of 500 gms., multiple stocking and multiple harvesting, use of aerators, integrated fish farming with animal husbandry activities like dairy, poultry, piggery or duckery to get daily organic manuring to the pond thus increasing its fertility. > It is possible to increase the per hectare production of fish to 7 to 10 tones per ha per year by employing different methods as indicated above. “+ Subsidy for Fisheries (NFDB) > The fish production levels have increased from about 500 kg/ ha/yr to about 2200 ky/ ha/yr. > Indian major carps (IMC) and exotic carps (silver carp, grass carp and common carp) form the mainstay of Indian freshwater aquaculture and contribute over 90 percent of the total freshwater aquaculture production. > Fast growing species, which include minor carps (Labeo calbasu, L. bata), catfishes (singhi, magur) and murrels Channa species) i tance COs The NFDB will assist the following five components to support intensive aquaculture in ponds and tanks: 27‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] Intensive aquaculture in existing ponds and tanks Intensive aquaculture in new ponds and tanks area ee Coe eens cet Ee NERC ce TORO MEO SC eer SO Ta production of fish fingerlings. Training and Conteris + Intensive aquaculture in existing tanks and ponds: » The NFDB proposes to bring about one-third (33 %) of this area i.e. about 8.0 lakh hectares under intensive aquaculture in the next six years. > Generally, the Board will not provide subsidy for the programme. > However, in areas where potential for freshwater aquaculture exists but the activity has not picked up due to various reasons, 25 percent of the estimated 8.0lakh hectare will be covered with subsidy during a span of six years. *% Intensive aquaculture in new ponds and tanks: > Itis proposed to bring in an additional area of 50 000 ha under intensive aquaculture in the country ina span of 5-6 years. > To promote this development, subsidy would be extended to cover 50 percent of the area i.e. 25 000 hectares in the next 5-6 years. “> First-year inputs: > In intensive aquaculture, the inputs constitute almost 60 percent of the total expenditure. > To enable the farmer to adopt scientific farming practices and optimize the per hectare yield, it is essential to provide partial support for input costs during the first-year of operation. + Establishment of hatcheries for production of fish seed: » Availability of quality seed of cultivable freshwater fish species has been a limiting factor for intensification of fish farming and also for coverage of additional area under aquaculture. > To meet the requirements of farmers in seed-deficit and new areas of aquaculture, it is proposed to support entrepreneurs/farmers in setting up of about 500 hatcheries for production of quality fish seed. 28‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©: 9828822277/9023284483 2: [email protected] > The subsidy provided to the entrepreneur/ farmer shall be back-ended. + Establishment of Fish seed rearing units for production of fish fingerlings: > Requirement of quality fingerlings size of 100 mm and above is a prerequisite for reservoir development. coi Piha LOTT Or ames ITS Ch Rem 1. Intensive —_(i)Reclamation/ Rs 30 i Farmers- Subsidy aquaculture Renovation of 000/ha 20% ofthe — shall be in ponds and tanks. Unit Cost provided existing (Rs.6,000/) to cover ponds and ii, SC/ST& 2.0 tanks NE States- lakh ha 25% of the out of Unit Cost eight lakh (Rs. 7,500/-) ha under existing ponds and tanks 2. Intensive (i) Construction Rs IFarmers- Subsidy aquaculture Of ponds and 2,00,000 20% ofthe shall be in tanks. Jha Unit Cost available new ponds (Rs.40,000/-) for and ii, SC/ST & — developm tanks NE States— ent of 25% ofthe — 25000ha Unit Cost new area (Rs. 50,000/- out of the ) proposed total of 50000ha. 3. First-year i. Input costs for Rs 60 i.Farmers- Input inputs reclamation/renoy 000/ ha 20% of the — subsidy ation of Unit Cost available tanks/ponds and (Rs. for both construction of 12,000/-) existing new ponds ii, SC/ST & and NE States— new tanks 25% of the and ponds Unit Cost —_ develope (Rs. 13,000/- d under ) NEDB program me. 2930 ‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh Establishm Setting up of a ent of hatchery with hatchery production for capacity production of 8-10 million of fish seed fry per annum, Fish seed (i) Construction rearing of fish unitsto _seed rearing units produce quality fish fingerlings (ii) Repairs to the existing fish seed rearing units (iii) Input costs for new/renovated fish seed rearing units. Rs 10 00000/uni t10 Rs.3.00 lakhs Rs50,000 Rs 60,000/- ha ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] 20 % of the Unit Cost (Rs200000) i, Farmers - 20% of the Unit Cost (Rs.60,000/-) ii, SC/ST and NE States - 25% of the Unit Cost(Rs.75,0 00/) i. Farmers - 20% of the Unit Cost (Rs.10,000/-) ii. SC/ST and NE States — 25% of the UnitCost (Rs. 12,500/- ) i. Farmers — 20% of the Unit Cost(Rs.12,0 00/) ii. SC/ST and NE States — 25% of the Unit Cost 500 freshwate r fish hatcheries to be set up Subsidy shall be available for developm ent of fish seed rearing units for productio nof quality advanced fish fingerling s. Subsidy shall be provided to farmers having ponds and willing to take up fingerling productio n Input subsidy available for new fish seed rearing units develope dunder31 ‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh Training and Demonstrat ion (i) Assistance to farmers for participation in 10 days training programme (batch of 25 - 30). (ii) Honorarium to Resource Persons. (iii) Assistance to implementing agency for training and demonstration ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] (Rs, 15000/-) NFDB program me. (i) Daily allowance of Rs 125/ day /trainee and reimbursement of actual to and fro travel, subject to a maximum of Rs 500 per trainee. (ii) Honorarium of Rs 1250 and actual to and fro travel expenses, subject to a maximum of Rs 1000. (iii) Rs 75/ trainee/ day to the Implementing Agency towards identification, mobilization of beneficiaries, supply of training material, etc. (iv) Development of existing fish farm @ Rs 1 00 000/- (one time grant) to the Implementing Agency (State Govt.) to conduct regular training/ demonstration activities. (vy) In absence of own facility, grant of Rs 50 000/- shall be available to the State Government to lease village Panchayat pond(s) and its development for conduct of training/demonstration, ete (vi) In the absence of (iv) and (v) above, Rs 5 000/- per training program for hiring suitable facility from private farmer (vii) ICAR Fisheries Institutes! Colleges of Fisheries under State Agriculture Universities/Othe Agencies using their own facilities will get a lump sum amount of Rs 5 000/-per training programme for this purpose.‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] Mae ad > Shrimp farming in India, till 2009, was synonymous with the mono culture of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Biology: » L. vannamei is native of pacific coast of Mexico and Central and South America. > It is mainly found on mud bottoms, down to a depth of 75 m. It is commonly known as white legged shrimp or Mexican white shrimp. The maximum weight of the females in the wild is about120 g. The males are smaller at 60-80g. It lives in the column and prefers clayey loam soil For L. vannamei the growth at 30°C is much higher than at 25°C. The optimal range of temperature for the species is between 30 and 34°C. At 20°C growth virtually stops. It can tolerate salinity levels of 0 to 50 ppt. Growth is uniform within 10-40 ppt. They can grow in freshwater also but the growth is slower below 10ppt. pH range of 7 to 9 is tolerated with optimal growth at pH 8.0. Dissolved oxygen levels above 4.5 ppm are required for optimal growth. L. vannamei is an omnivorous scavenger and is less aggressive and less carnivorous than P. monodon. The shrimps attained the size of 20g within a period of 100-120 days depending on the stocking density. v VVVVVVVVV Vv “+ Advantages of L. vannamei: 1. It grows as fast as P. monodon up to 20 g. 2. It is easier to culture in very high stocking densities of up to 150/sqm due to their less aggressive nature. 3. It is tolerant to wide range of salinities of 0.5 to 45 ppt 4. It is very tolerant to low temperatures of up to 15 degree centigrade 5. It requires comparatively low protein feed (20-35%) 6. Higher survival rates in hatchery (50-60%). * Disadvantages of L. vannamei: 1. L. vannamei is highly susceptible to and a carrier of TSV, WSSV, YHV, IHHNV and LOVV. 2. L. vannamei is being cultured in very high densities under intensive management, which might lead to environment problems like nutrient loading. 3. L. vannamei is highly susceptible to hypoxic conditions and hence there is a need for 32‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] continuous aeration during high density farming. 4, Handling, processing and transporting are more difficult in L. vannamei compared Penaeus monodon. + Financial Outlay: » The capital cost for development of one-hectare pond works out to be Rs 8.48 lakh and the recurring cost as Rs 15.04 lakh. » Vannamei shrimp, black tiger shrimp, cuttlefish, lobster, clams, fish fillets and squid are the major products for export. » Once fish is frozen, it must be stored at a constant temperature of -23 °C (-10°F) or below in order to maintain a long shelf life and ensure quality. > The free water in fish freezes over a wide range of temperature, beginning at approximately -2 °C (28 °F). > The amount of remaining free water decreases until the product reaches a temperature of approximately 40 °C. » Fish are therefore normally stored at 18 to -29 °C (0 to —20 °F), resulting in a variable shelf life ranging from a few weeks to almost one year. » The International Institute of Refrigeration recommends a storage temperature of -18°C for lean fish such as cod and haddock and -24°C for fatty species such as herring and mackerel. > Capacity of cold stores normally ranges between 1,000 MT and 10000 MT. “+ Types of cold stores » Stores with unit coolers: The most widely used method of cooling modern cold stores is by means of unit coolers with fan designed with good circulation of the air. However, the main disadvantage is that many designs using this type of cooling unit do not allow for uniform distribution of the air within the store. > Multiple w » Financial Viability and Bankability % Project Cost > The main costs involved are preparation of the site, construction of the building, engine room equipment’s, machinery, electrical installation, other equipment’s and services » These costs will depend to a great extent on the location of the site. The cost of construction of 1000 MT, 2000 MT and 3000 MT capacity including land cost and 33‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] machinery and other equipment’s works out to Rs.175 lakh, Rs.395 lakh and Rs.600.50 lakh respectively. > The above costs are average indicative costs. Banks may adopt higher or lower than the average costs depending on local conditions and viability of the units. ** MODEL SCHEME ON FISH FARMING IN WETLANDS > The inland fisheries and aquaculture contribute about 65 per cent of the total fish production of the country, > The average productivity from culture ponds is presently only 2800 kg per hectare as against the potential yield of 4000 to 5000 kg per hectare with scientific fish culture practices. o WATER: > Adequate and good quality of water, free from pollution is required for fish culture. The water depth of 1.2 m should be maintained throughout the culture period, The optimum water quality parameters for culture of IMC and exotic craps are as under: Dissolved © 5-7 ppm (5-7 me oxyeen OO te ‘of water) Visibility Ce Cry Salinity 34‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] Total atalinty ellen Ammonia Peed 0.1 ppm * Pond Construction: » A convenient width of 30 to 50 m is recommended. » Normally a size of 0.4 to 1.5 ha is found suitable. » The average depth of the pond should be minimum | m and maximum of 1.5 m. > Dyke slope may be kept at 1.5:1 outside and at 2.1 inside. The minimum top width of dyke should be about 1 m. » The embankments must have a free board of atleast 60 cm above the high water level in the pond. + Farm Management: » The culture period in wet lands would be maximum of 7-8 months. » The advanced fingerlings upto 50 g size should be stocked and average growth of 600 to 700 gram would be possible in the culture period. > The stocking of fingerlings should be done at the rate of 5000 numbers per ha after acclimatization in the pond » The growth of fish is higher in summer and rainy seasons. The traditional fish feeds like oil cake (Groundnut oil cake/Mustard oil cake) and rice bran are to be provided in perforated sacks tied to bamboo poles under the water or hung from rope/wire lines. > The trial netting should be done every month to monitor growth, health of fish and also assess the feed requirement. Financial Outlay > The capital cost for one ha of pond development in wet lands has been estimated at Rs.2.70 lakh and the operational cost for one crop cycle has been estimated at Rs.1.235 lakh and capitalized. Margin Money and Bank loan » Asper the guidelines of RBI, borrowers are required to contribute for the development of the activity from their own resources, at the rate of minimum 5 percent to 15 per cent based on the type of borrower. > The margin money of 25 percent is assumed in the model scheme prepared. 35‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] “+ Subsidy » Under Blue Revolution scheme of the Gol, the subsidy assistance is available for development of water logged areas at the rate of 50 per cent of the unit cost. + FINANCIAL VIABILITY > The financial viability of the model has been assessed with the assumptions. mentioned below: SERN CRM cle unre rats Dy A. Unit size Tha 2. Grow out period 7-8 months 3. Stocking density 5000 4. Stocking size 50g 3: Survival 90% 6. Expected production per ha 2500 kg first year and 3000 kg second year 7. Farm gate price Rs. 100.00 per ke > Tilapia has been considered as the Food Fish of the 2Istcentury and is popularly known as aquatic chicken, > Margin: The margin money may be considered @ 5,10 & 15% for small, medium and large farmer respectively and 25% for companies and partnership firms. + Advantages of Tilapia Culture: > Fast growing. 36‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] High demand in local market. Prefer all kind of supplementary feeds. Can be profitably cultured in seasonal ponds. Can be cultured at high stocking densities. High disease resistance ability. Can be cultured in saline water (salinity 12 — 15 ppt) Three crops are possible in perennial ponds. Growing export potential due to the easiness to fillet the fish. 50-75 fry may be reared in one sqm. A production of 8-10 tons/ha can be obtained in one crop of 6 months. VVVVVVVVYYVY > The cattle dung contains 14 per cent organic matter, 0.3per cent nitrogen, 0.2per cent phosphorous and 0.1 per cent potash, WATER: > Adequate and good quality of water, free from pollution is required for integrated fish culture, The water depth of 1.2 m should be maintained throughout the culture period. The optimum water quality parameters for culture of IMC and exotic craps are as under: Visibility” (nt coy 40 cm Salinity 0-Sppt 37‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©: 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] Total alkalinity 59-100 ppm LD Cet + Financial Outlay » The capital cost for one ha of fish pond along with five CB cows has been estimated at Rs.6.53 lakh and the operational cost for one cycle has been estimated at Rs.1.87 lakh and capitalized. “+ Margin Money and Bank loan > Asper the guidelines of RBI, borrowers are required to contribute for the development of the activity from their own resources, at the rate of minimum 5 percent to 15 per cent based on the type of borrower. The margin money of 25 percent is assumed in the model scheme prepared. Subsidy » Under Blue Revolution scheme of GOI, the subsidy assistance is available for development of new ponds @40% of the cost for general category and 60% of the unit cost for the category of SC/ST/women and their cooperatives. > Under Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS) of Gol implemented through NABARD, the subsidy assistance @25% for general category and 33.33% for SC/ST category is available for milch cattle rearing of 2 to 10 animals. “+ FINANCIAL VIABILITY > The financial viability of integrated fish farming with dairy has been assessed with the assumptions mentioned below: NCH aritons As: OS Me Unit size Tha 2. Grow out period of fish 11 months 3. Stocking density of fish 5000 nos. 4. Grow out period - Dairy Throughout the year 5: Total no. of CB cows 5 6. Purchase of cows On first calving in two phases. a ‘Average milk yield per cow 8 litres 8 Stocking size of fish 502-608 9. Production - Fish 3000 ke first year and 3500 kg second year 38 onwardsVv Vv Vv ‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] 10. Farm gate price - Fish Rs. 125.00 per kg, I. Farm gate price - Milk Rs. 25.00 per litre OO INSa ana ice ed fish cum Poultr Poultry litter contains 1 6per cent nitrogen, 1.5 per cent phosphorous, 0.9 per cent potassium and 2.4 per cent calcium In the integrated fish cum poultry farming system, approximately 500 to 600 birds are required to fertilize one ha of pond area. The litters can be applied daily @ 30 to 35 kg per ha or in weekly basis. Application of litter is stopped when algal bloom appears on the pond. Marketing of broilers should start from 4-5 weeks of rearing during which birds weight 1.2 to 1.5 kg. > Financial Outlay » The capital cost for one ha has been estimated at Rs.3.98 lakh and the operational cost for one cycle has been estimated at Rs.3.03 lakh and capitalized. + Margin Money and Bank loan > Asperthe guidelines of RBI, borrowers are required to contribute for the development of the activity from their own resources, at the rate of minimum 5 percent to 15 per cent based on the type of borrower. The margin money of 25 percent is assumed in the model scheme prepared. Subsidy > Under Blue Revolution scheme of the Gol, the subsidy assistance is available for development of new ponds 40 per cent of the unit cost for general category and 60 per cent of the unit cost for the category of SC/ST/women and their cooperatives. FINANCIAL VIABILITY > The financial viability of integrated fish farming with poultry has been assessed with the assumptions mentioned below: Parameters Unit size Tha Grow out period of fish 11 months Stocking density of fish 5000 nos. Grow out period — Broiler per batch 4-6 weeks‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] 5. No. of poultry batches per year 4 (all in all out system) 6. No. of birds per batch 250 a Survival of birds and fish 95% 8. Average weight of birds at harvest 13kg 9. Stocking size of fish 502-608 10. Production - Fish 2500 kg first year and 3000 kg second year onwards 1, Farm gate price - Fish Rs. 125.00 per kg 12. Farm gate price - Broiler Rs. 75.00 per litre INTENSIVE FISH CULTU > Out of the total inland fish production around 60% is contributed by the aquaculture sector. The average productivity from ponds at present is to the tune of 2160 kg/ha/year. Financial Outlay » The capital cost for excavation of 1 Ha pond works out to be Rs 3,02,500/- and the recurring cost as Rs 2,88,075/-. + Supplementary feeding » Fishes need much more food than what is available in the pond. Fishes can be fed with the mixture of bran and oilcake in equal quantities daily. The feed should be placed on a bamboo tray the fishes will get used this type of feeding and aggregate at the same place at particular time. The average requirement of feed rate is as under: resi Rice Bran 80 9600 Ground Nut oil Cake 10 1200 Cotton seed cake 10 1200 Total 100 12000‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] “+ Manuring: > Organic manuring may be done in monthly instalments @ 1000 kg/ha. Meee Oe OU > Pangassius species is commonly called as river or silver stripped catfish, Siamese shark, sutchi catfish, or swai catfish. > Pangassius is being farmed in about 40,000 ha with an expected production of 1.80 to 2.20 lakh tons, + Margin > The margin money may be considered @ 5, 10 & 15% for small, medium and large farmer tespectively and 25% for companies and partnership firms. + Financial Outlay » The capital cost for excavation of one hectare pond works out to be Rs.8.97 lakh and the recurring cost as Rs.23.86 lakh. > The fish has rapid growth rate and attains 1.0 to 1.5 kg in 8 -10 months culture period in ponds. > Pangassius spp. can tolerate pH ranging from 5 -7.5. + Size of Culture Pond & Depth of water > The ideal pond size | ha area » The ideal water depth is 1.5 - 2 meters. > Pangassius hypophthalamus should not be more than 10,000/ha with a target production of 12-14 tons/ha. Pangassius sp. can be stocked at a rate of 12500 per ha depending on the culture environment. > Pangassius spp. can be fed with kitchen waste, rice bran or pelleted feeds (recommended for faster growth and better flesh quality) at a rate of 2.5 -3% of the Average Body Weight (ABW) and will be monitored and adjusted bi-weekly. > Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) averages to 2.35:1, which makes it a suitable for culture. Pangassius is omnivorous (cat both plants and animals) during their first year and become herbivorous for the following years. > Pangassius spp. is an air breathing fish thus, they don’t need to have a much higher Dissolved Oxygen in the water. FOOD AND V + Canned fruit pulp and vegetables: a1‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] » Canning a method of preservation in which a cooked or uncooked food is sealed in tin plated and lacquered steel cans. The sealed cans are sterilized by heat treatment under high pressure > The temperature required for effective sterilization varies with the pH of the product and is generally higher than boiling point of water (100°C or 212°F). ® Fruits are also canned in slices, rings and cubes etc. along with sugar syrup of desired brix, > The vegetable canning is similar to fruit canning except that the filling materials in case of vegetables is brine solution. » Pickling is a process of preservation by fermentation. The fruits and vegetables are immersed in 5-10 per cent salt solution (brine) leading to lactic acid fermentation. > The natural sugars present in fruits and vegetables are converted to lactic acid at 25°Cs > Fresh fiuits contain more than 80 per cent water and 10 to 15 per cent sugars. Jam, jelly and marmalade: > Jam, jelly and marmalade are based on preservation by high sugar concentration All fruits can be converted to jam by mashing or slicing it fine, adding an approximately equal amount of sugar, and simmering until it reaches proper concentration orgel at 218° to 22°F (103°-105°C). Squash: > Squashes are sweetened juice of fruits containing minimum prescribed quantity of pulp. > As per Indian Standards, squash should contain at least 25 per cent (by volume) of fruit juice. > The squashes are consumed after dilution by drinking water in 1:3 ratio. » These beverages contain added flavors and permitted class II preservatives. The processed products should follow the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI) act 2006. FSSAI Act is applicable pan India for all food products. A project cost of Rs.74.78 Lakh has been estimated . For a small scale fruit and vegetable processing unit, a plot of land measuring 0.5 acre, with built-up area of 3850 sq ft is considered sufficient. The processing hall and other utilities would require construction of around 3850 sq ft. of building at a total cost of Rs.23.10 Lakh. ¢ The construction cost is assumed as Rs. 600 per sq ft. The building consists of 1000 square feet of processing hall, 1000 square feet of finished product storage area, 1000 square feet of raw material storage area, 500 square feet of washing area, 250 square feet of toilets, and 100 square feet of guard room. a2‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] > Interest rate: » An interest rate of 12 per cent for working out the bankability of the model project. > The margin money varies from minimum 10 per cent to 25 per cent of project cost. We have assumed margin money of 25 per cent in this model scheme. Petia litel RRL Pe ccit rary “> Fruit washing machine — » The fruit washing machine is used for different fruits and vegetables. > The purpose of machine is to reduce the initial microbial load by washing raw materials with chlorinated water. > Water used for washing has to be replaced at an interval of3 to 4 hours. Sorting or inspection conveyer — » This belt conveyor can be used for cutting, inspection and sorting purpose. + Screw feeder — » The screw feeder is used for feeding of sorted and cut fruit to fruit mill. The capacity of feeding can vary from fruit to fruit. > Twin pulper- > The pulping is major activity in this project. 43‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] > The pulper crushes fruit and fine pulp is extracted. > Therefore, a pulper of 3 MT per hour for fruits is required to ensure the regular supply of pulp. > The fruit pulp passes through a sieve where stone or waste is removed. > The cost of twin pulper is Rs. 2.70 Lakh. + Steam jacketed kettle - » Steam jacketed kettle is a double walled cooking vessel. » Pulp / other products requiring processing are heated in steam jacketed kettle at desirable temperature to reduce microbial load. > During this process some ingredients like sugar and citric acid are also added to standardize the product. > The estimated cost of two steam jacketed kettles of 375 kg each is Rs.3.60 Lakh, Ministry of Food Processing Industry, Gol is implementing a centrally sponsored scheme for known as National Mission on Food Processing (NMFP) jointly with State Governments. NY nia m ants + Government has approved National > Dairy Plan Phase-I (NDP-I) in February 2012 with a total investment of about Rs.2242 crore to be implemented from 2011-12 to 2016-17. > Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture,Government of India is also implementing “National Programme on Bovine Breeding & Dairy Development (NPBBDD) from 2013-14 to 2016-17. “+ TYPE OF PROJECTS: The types of milk processing projects that are normally considered for financial assistance are: > Bulk Milk Cooler (BMC) / Milk Chilling plants: This involves collection of milk from villages, chilling the milk to 3-4 degree Celsius and transporting to the main dairy for further processing and manufacture of products. » Market Milk Plants / Milk Processing Plants: It involves procurement of milk from the villages, chilling, standardization, homogenization, pasteurization, packing of market milks of various kinds (whole, standardised, toned and double toned milk) as well as manufacture of milk products. > Interest rate: An interest rate of 14 per cent for working out the bankability of the model project. 44‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] > The margin money varies from minimum 10 per cent to 25 per cent of project cost. We have assumed margin money of 25 per cent in this model scheme > Indian Partnership Act 1932 > An important byproduct of cashew industry is cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL)which is produced from cashew shells. CNSL has multiple uses in paint industry. > The Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI) works towards the promotion of cashew nut and cashew nutshell liquid (CSLN). * Process Flow of Cashew: > The margin money varies from minimum 10 per cent to 25 per cent of project cost. We have assumed margin money of 25 per cent in this model scheme. > An interest rate of 12per cent for term loan and 12.5 per cent for working capital to assess the bankability of the model project. v Poplar (Populus deltoids) is one of the fast growing multipurpose tree species which can be grown as a mono crop as well as in association with agricultural crops. In addition to fast growing nature, its other qualities such as winter deciduous nature, straight bole, narrow crown, compatibility with agricultural crops, etc. has made this tree one of the best options for agroforestry. Its wood being light, homogenous and odour less is suitable for match splints, plywood, ply board, packing cases, sports goods, artificial limbs, furniture, pulp for paper, wood, light constructional timber, pencils and furniture, etc. It has emerged as important industrial wood in North India and is being widely cultivated and good market has developed in this region. Poplar being a deciduous species adds tremendous amount of leaf litter to the soil and is considered to be one of the best species for agroforestry. v v v + Climate and Site requirement/ Site Selection: » Poplar grows well in the subtropical climate where the temperature extremes are not too severe. 45‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] > It does not perform well on saline, alkaline (pH>8.0), dry sandy soils, waterlogged areas and hard clays. > Cuttings obtained from the middle of the main shoot with diameter between 1-3 em perform better. » The best time of planting is middle of February. The distance to be kept is 80 cm row to row and 60 cm plant to plant. » The plants are ready for harvest in 6th year when they attain a girth of about 75-90 cm. > Margin money varies from 5% to 25% depending upon the type of investment and the class of borrowers. TR Oe cue Teeter) bees for yield due to Pee Perr) ed) cei Coeur Desa ae ary > Increase in crop yield due to pollination: > Yield Increase due to bee pollination in honeybee farming has been noteworthy. Incremental crop yields up to 44 % in mustard & sunflower, 32-45 % increase in cotton, 20 % increase in lucerne, 90 % increase in onion and 45 % increase in apple yield have been reported due to maintenance of beehives in their fields. “+ Management of bees for pollination in honeybee farming: 46‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] > It is recommended to place hives very near the flied to save bee’s energy and migrate colonies near the field at 10 % flowering. & Itis also recommended to place colonies at 3 per ha for Italian bee and 5 per ha for Indian bees. » The colonics should have at least 5 to 6 frame strength of bees and with scaled brood and young mated queen. * Harvesting of Bee Products in Honeybee Farming: » Honey, bees wax, royal jelly, bee venom, propolis and pollen are the main bee products. » Honey should be harvested at the end of a flowering season. + Training institutes for bee keeping: POUR aa eee ents erat Deed conn) cea iets Naar fncee een Oats institute Peis nr Cen Nr Fy Era Ganeshkhind Ler oUenitE De een aed Pret Mure nT a7‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] + Cashew (Anacardium occidentale), Origin: Brazil + Introduction: Later half of the Sixteenth Century “+ Heavy clay soils with poor drainage and soils with pH more than 8.0 are not suitable for cashew cultivation. > Red sandy loam, lateritic soils and coastal sands with slightly acidic pH are best for cashew. 4 Areas where the temperatures range from20 to 30°C with an annual precipitation of 1000 - 2000 mm are ideal for cashew growing. However, temperatures above 36°C between the flowering and fruiting period could adversely affect the fruit setting and retention, Cashew is a cross pollinated crop “> Epicotyl grafting and softwood grafting are found to be successful because it is easy to produce large number of grafts in a short time. 4 The land preparation work should be completed prior to the onset of monsoon season i.e. during May-June. + Layout: > Cashew trees are generally planted with a spacing of 7 to 9 meters adopting square system, > Aspacing of 7.5 m X 7.5 m (175 plants/ ha) or 8 m X 8 m (156 plants! ha) is recommended. > High density planting of cashew at a closer spacing of 4 m X 4 m (625 plants/ ha) in the beginning and thinning out in stages to maintain a final spacing of 8 m X 8 min the tenth year is also recommended. + The training and pruning of cashew plants is done during August - September. * Tea mosquito (Helopeltis spp.),flower thrips , stem and root borer and fruit and nut borer are the major pests, which are reported to cause around 30% loss in yield. “+ Cashew plants start bearing after three years of planting and reach full bearing during tenth year and continue giving remunerative yields for another 20 years. “> The cashew nuts are harvested during February - May. “+ The maturity of the cashew nut is tested by floatation method. The mature nuts sink in water while the immature/ unfilled one’s float. “ The shelling percentage of cashew varies between 20-25 “ Grading and Packing: > Grading is done for export purposes based on "counts" or number of kernels per pound. > Sound kernels are named as "wholes" and broken ones as "splits". 48‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] ‘The wholes are again classified as whole white kernels, whole scorched kernels, whole dessert kernels (a) and whole dessert kernels (b). The splits are also further graded into white pieces, scorched pieces, dessert pieces (a) and dessert pieces (b)based on certain physical characters. > The wholes are packed in several grades viz., 210, 240, 280, 320,400, 459 and 500; the popular grade is 320. > The specifications for graded kernels are that they should be fully developed, ivory white in colour and should be free from insect damage and black and brown spots. > Packing is done in time by Vita pack method (exhausting the air inside the packing tin, pumping in carbon dioxide and sealing). > Margin Money: > The margin money / down payment prescribed are 5 %, 10 % and 15% for small, medium and other farmers respectively. > The ultimate lending rate has been considered as 12 % for working out the bankability of the model project. > The productivity ofa ten-year-old cashew tree is considered at 9 kg of nuts per tree CCB atta le of 1.0 Among mandarins, Nagpur mandarin (Central India), Kinnow mandarin (North-West India), Coorg mandarin (South India) and Khasi mandarin (North-East India) are the commercial cultivars of India. “& Whereas, Mosambi (Maharashtra), Sathgudi (Andhra Pradesh) and Malta and Jaffa (Punjab) are the sweet orange cultivars traditionally grown. > Citrus fruits grow best between a temperature range of 13°C to 37°C.Temperatures below —4°C are harmful for the young plants. Soil temperature around 25°C seems to be optimum for root growth. Deep soils with pH range of 5.5 to 7.5 are considered ideal. However, they can also be grown in a pH range of 4.0 to 9.0. “> High calcium carbonate concentration in feeder root zone may adversely affect the growth + Plant density 49‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©: 9828822277/9023284483 2: [email protected] Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) * Normal spacing - 6 m x 6 m ; Plant population - 277 / ha Rael To ee a9) + Normal spacing - 5 mx 5 m, 5.5 x 5.5 m; Plant population ~ 400/330 per ha Limes/lemons (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle & Citrus limon) ‘* Normal spacing - 6 x 6 m/5 x5 m, Plant population ~ 277/400 per ha + In light soils, spacing will be 4.5 x 4.5 m or 5x 5m + The best season of planting is June to August. There are two main crops in mandarins and sweet oranges. > One is called as Ambiabahar (mango flowering) the flowering of which occurs in the month of January (at the time of flowering of mango hence the name Ambia) the fruits of which are available in the months of October-December. » The other crop is Mrig bahar (Monsoon bloom) the flowering of which occurs in the month of June-July and the fruits are harvested during February-April. > Mandarins and sweet oranges normally take 240-280 days to arrive at maturity. > Mature fruits at colour break stage are picked up in 2 - 3 intervals of 10-15 days. Limes and lemons take 150-160 days for maturity. There may be 2 or 3 crops ina year in limes and lemons. * Yield: >» Mandarin: Commences from the 5th year with about 50 fruits per tree and stabilizes in the 8th year. Average production is about 700-800 fruits per tree after stabilization. > Sweet Orange: Commences from Sth year with 40-50 fruits per tree & stabilizes around the 8th year. Average production is about 500-600 fruits per tree after stabilization. » Lime/Lemon: Commences from the 3rd year with 50-60 fruits per tree &stabilizes in the 8th year. Average production is about 1000-1500 fruits per tree after stabilization. > Economic life of plantation: 15 to 25 years “+ Post-harvest management > For imparting uniform yellow-orange color to the fruits application of ethephon @ 250 ppm along with 1 % calcium acetate as foliar spray at maturity stage is recommended, » Sweet oranges and mandarins may be treated with ethylene gas for de-greening and development of color. 50‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] > A temperature of 6-7°C, 5-10 ppm of ethylene and 90-95% RH in a de-greening chamber can set a change in color in about 48 hours. » The cold storage conditions for long term storage for different citrus fruits are available. Pre-cooling of citrus is done by forced air system. + The storage conditions for various citrus fruits are as under: » Mandarins: Mandarins can be stored at 5- 7°C with 85-90 % RH for 4-8 weeks. > Sweet oranges: Sweet oranges can be stored at 7-8°C with 85-90% RH for 4-8 weeks, » Lime/Lemon: Limes and lemon can be stored for 6-8 weeks at 9-100C storage temperature with 80-90% RH. Limes are subjected to pitting after storage at temperature below 7°C. Waxing treatment further reduces moisture loss extends shelf life in all citrus fruits. > The margin money / down payment prescribed are 5%, 10 % and 15% for small, medium and other farmers respectively. However, in the present model, 10 % of the unit cost i.e. Rs.14100/ha has been considered as margin money. » The ultimate lending rate has been considered as 12 % for working out the bankability of the model project. The mean annual temperature for optimum growth and maximum yield is stated to be27°C with a diurnal variation of 6"C to 7°C and relative humidity more than 60 %. The major soil types that support coconut in India are laterite, alluvial, red sandy loam, coastal sandy and reclaimed soils with a pH ranging from 5.2 to 8.0. In general square system of planting with a spacing of 7.5m x 7.5m is recommended for coconut. This will accommodate 177 palms per hectare. However, spacing of 7.5 to 10 mis practiced in various coconut growing regions of the country. 18 -24 month old seedlings are preferred for planting in water logged areas. Planting the seedlings during May with the onset of pre-monsoon rain is ideal. Fertilizers maybe applied in two split doses during May-June and September-October for the rainfed palms and in four or more equal splits for irrigated palms avoiding the heavy rainfall period. Economic life of the coconut palm is about 60 years. Neera, coconut water based nonalcoholic health drink is now gaining momentum in many states like Karnataka and Maharashtra ‘The margin money / down payment prescribed are 5%, 10 % and 15% for small, medium and other farmers respectively. However, in the present model, 15 % of the unit cost i.e. Rs.35,100/ha has been considered as margin money. 51‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] The ultimate lending rate has been considered as 13 % for working out the bankability of the model project. Model Profil Gladiolus (Gladiolus sp.) is a very popular bulbous ommamental plant. The pH should be slightly acidic in the range of 5.5-6.5. Gladiolus is propagated by corms (the underground storage organs - which are sometimes wrongly called as bulbs) and cormels, Generally, gladiolus is grown in the winter. “+ Harvesting of spikes and lifting of corms: » The spikes would be ready for harvest from 60-120 days after planting depending upon the variety, corm size at the time of planting and season. > The spikes should be harvested at tight bud stage, with one to five florets showing colour and at least four leaves on the plant for development of corms and cormels. > Thus, if planting of corm is done in the month of September, the harvesting of spikes will begin from November/December and continues up to January/February. » The frequency of harvesting the spikes should be adjusted depending on the growth of the plant/spike demand, market prices etc. » The corms are lifted after maturity, when nearly 25 % of the cormels turn brown and the leaves turn yellow and start drying. It takes nearly one and half to two months after flowering for the corms to attain maturity. > Yield: > Spike yield: One spike per plant » Corm yield: One plant able size corm per plant and cormels. > The yield per acre would be around 80000 spikes. The cormel yield varies from 1.5 - 2.5 quintals per acre depending on variety, depth of planting etc. North American Gladiolus Council has categorized the spikes into the following categories: 1 Fancy > 107 16 2 Special > 96 up to 107 Is 3 Standard > 81 up to 96 12 4 Utility <8l 10 > The domestic market, the spikes are graded into three categories viz., A, B & C. 52‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] > The margin money / down payment prescribed are 5 %, 10 % and 15% for small, medium and other farmers respectively. However, in the present model, 15 % of the unit cost i.e. Rs.42,600/acre has been considered as margin money. » The ultimate lending rate has been considered as 14 % for working out the bankability of the model project. + Hi tech Agriculture is one method of precision farming on a smaller scale where plant protection and fertigation are applied at the root zone and plants are grown in precise conditions of temperature and humidity for uniformity and maximization of yield. There are two approaches viz., > Greenhouse / poly house system and open-air system. Greenhouse technology: Advantages of greenhouses: 1. The yield may be 10-12 times higher than that of outdoor cultivation depending upon the type of greenhouse, type of crop, environmental control facilities. 2. The technology is ideally suited for vegetables and flower crops where uniformity in yield is very important. 3. Year-round production of floricultural crops and Off-season production of vegetable and fruit crops is possible. 4. Disease-free and genetically superior transplants can be produced continuously. 5. Efficient utilization of chemicals, pesticides to control pest and diseases and efficient use of Water. 6. Production of quality produce free of blemishes. 7. Most usefull in monitoring and controlling the instability of various ecological system. In Asia, China and Japan are the largest users of greenhouses. The National Committee on the use of Plastics in Agriculture(NCPA-1982) has recommended location specific trials of greenhouse technology for adoption in various regions of the country. Classification of greenhouses: > Greenhouse structure of various types are used for crop production. The different types of greenhouses based on shape, utility, material and construction are briefly given below: 1.Greenhouse type based on shape: a) Lean to type greenhouse. b) Even span type greenhouse. c) Uneven span type greenhouse d) Ridge and furrow type. 53‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] e) Saw tooth type. £) Quonset greenhouse. g) Interlocking ridges and furrow type Quonset greenhouse. h) Ground to ground greenhouse 2. Greenhouse type based on Uti a) Greenhouses for active heating. b) Greenhouses for active cooling. 3. Greenhouse type based on construction a) Wooden framed structure. b) Pipe framed structure. c) Truss framed structure. 4. Greenhouse type based on covering material a) Glass glazing. b) Fiber glass reinforced plastic (FRP) glazing (Plain sheet, corrugated sheet.) c) Plastic film (UV stabilized LDPE film, Silpaulin type sheet, Net house) d) Based on the cost of construction (High cost Green House, Medium cost Green House, Low cost Green House) 5. Computerized green houses > In general farmers prefer the manually Controlled System or Semi-Automatic Controlled System because of low investment. However, Manual systems require a lot of attention and care and are very difficult and cumbersome to maintain, uniform environment inside the Green House. > Ultimately this affects crop production and results in non-uniform growth and low quality of the crop Components and Features of a greenhouse based Hi-tech Agriculture system Polythene: > Polyhouse / Green houses are made of transparent, tight, cheap and flexible polythene. > This enables cultivation of vegetables and other crops in any season of the year depending upon their requirement, because temperature and humidity can easily be controlled in Poly houses as they prevent the thermal radiation from escaping which increases the temperature and energy and thus helps in the process of photosynthesis. » The poly houses are constructed with the help of ultraviolet plastic sheets, so that they may last for more than 5 years. Sheets are usually of 1501-micron thick plastic sheet and draped around bamboo or iron pipes which are more durable but costlier. 5a‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©; 9828822277/9023284483 ©: [email protected] “+ Equipment required for drip irrigation system include: eM sco cure aura ert Tey eran ey PVC tubing with dripper or emitters “+ Drippers of different types are available: i) Labyrinth drippers ii) Turbo drippers iii) Pressure compensating drippers — contain silicon membrane which assures uniform flow rate for years iv) Button drippers- easy and simple to clean. These are good for pots, orchards and are available with side outlet/top outlet or micro tube outlet. v) Pot drippers — cones with long tube Water output in drippers a. 16mm dripper at 2.8kg/cm2 pressure gives 2.65 liters/hour (LPH). b. 15mm dripper at | kg/cm2 pressure gives 1 to 4 liters per hour > Filters: » Depending upon the type of water, different kinds of filters can be used. & Gravel filter: > Used for filtration of water obtained for open canals and reservoirs that are contaminated by organic impurities, algae etc. The filtering is done by beds of basalt or quartz. “+ Hydro cyclone: » Used to filter well or river water that carries sand particles. © Disc filters: > Used to remove fine particles suspended in water + Screen filters: 55‘Agri Coaching Chandigarh ©: 9828822277/9023284483 2: [email protected] » Stainless steel screen of 120 mesh (0.13mm) size. This is used for second stage filtration of irrigation water. “+ General problems of fertigation » Nitrogen tends to accumulate at the peripheries of wetted soil volume. Hence, only roots at the periphery of the wetted zone alone will have enough access to Nitrogen. Nitrogen is lost by leaching and denitrification. Phosphorous accumulates near emitter and P fixing capacity decides its efficiency. Potassium moves both laterally and downward and does not accumulate near emitter. Its distribution is more uniform than N&P. Excepting boron, all micronutrients accumulates near the emitter if supplied by fertigation. Boron is lost by leaching in a sandy soil low in organic matter. > But chelated micronutrients of Fe, Zn can move away from the emitter but not far away from the rooting zone. Desirable nutrient level in greenhouse growth media vv v Careetiny NO3 N P K 1 Transplants 75 125 10-15 250-300 2 Youngpot& 50 90 6-10 150-200 foliage plants 3 Plants inbeds 125 225 10-15 200-300 Pasteurization of greenhouse plant growing media: > Greenhouse growing medium may contain harmful disease-causing organisms, nematodes, insects and weed seeds, so it should be decontaminated by heat treatment or by treating with volatile chemicals like methyl bromide, chloropicrin etc. rear Cir Penna Heat Steam 30 min at 180° F Methyl bromide 10 ml/cu. fof medium Cover with gas proof cover for 24-48 hr. Aerate for 24- 28 hr before use. Chloropicrin (Tear gas) 3-5 ml/cu. ft. of Cover for 1-3 days with gas medium proof cover after sprinkling with water. Aerate for 14days or until no odour is detected before using. 36