1.

A location centred on Carmarthen, in Wales for a

population of 5 million.
2. The energy mix is up to you to decide, but it must be net
zero carbon emitting.
3. The energy requirements will be determined by you using
the table to determine energy total energy demand

MECH433 Energy and the Environment

Assessment Part 1 - Population 5m

Assumptions Made:
The location at Carmarthen in wales is having 5 million population and the energy demand is
calculated based on the maximum usage of different kinds of kitchen appliance, household
items, transport and services. Then various kinds of energy sources such as wind, nuclear,
tidal has been shown mentioning its expected output following its storage capacity. The
different locations from where energy can be derived is mentioned as well followed by
different storage sources. The details of assumption is described below;
a) Average use of energy: It is found that for the population 5 million people the total
number of units is 3125000. The average energy usage per month is assumed to be
11.72 GW which has been represented through graph. In this calculation a particular
day has been chosen in a month to show the highest usage of energy based on the total
hour.
b) Peak demand is assumed to be: The peak demand of energy is 65 GW of which
around 60%(around 40GW) energy is generated from offshore and onshore
wind ,nuclear and tidal power. This maximum demand is calculated based on the
model calculation and household items usage on daily basis. If 40Gw energy
generation and storage can be shown per day then it can be confirmed that the
maximum energy for each month can be covered up.
c) Tidal flow rate: The tidal lagoon is created inorder to show the tidal energy
generation for a particular area. The flow rate is considered to be 2m/s. The tidal
energy can produce power two times a day at the gap of 12 hour.
Energy Mix
In case of energy mix four types of energy mix has been shown below that is Onshore wind,
offshore wind, Nuclear and Tidal energy. The expected output and the standard cost is
mentioned below.

Generation Energy 1 Energy 2 Energy 3 Energy 4

Type Onshore wind Offshore wind Nuclear Tidal
% of Energy Mix 30% 35% 25% 10%
(based on the
100% outputs)
100% 12 14 10 4
Output(GW)
Expected 11 13 9 3
Output(GW)
Standard cost £63 £75 £92.5 £90
(MWh-1)
Weighted cost £18.90 £26.25 £23.12 £9.00
(MWh-1)

Average Cost per MWh based on % Output : £77.27

Specific Information Required for Different Technologies

Technology Information required

Offshore Wind In case of offshore wind farm the turbine is chosen of GE with
rotor diameter 116 meter . The location is selected near capel curig
due to constant availability of wind speed throughout the year as
per given data[5]. This area has the average wind velocity 10m/s .
This wind turbine will generate 6.3 GW.
Onshore wind For onshore wind farm the GE turbine is chosen with rotor
diameter 116 meter. The area is selected near Bristol channel due to
high wind speed and from one turbine will generate around 6.3GW
energy.
Tidal For tidal power generation two location has been selected for
creating tidal lagoon which is pembrokshire coastline and Cwm-yr-
Eglwys coastline area due to its high tide availability with output
 2.7Gw and 1.32GW respectively. The tidal velocity is considered
to be 2m/s inorder to calculate total energy output for the height of
10meter.
Nuclear For nuclear power station the Hinkley C which has a capacity of
power generation of 1.6GW can be installed at three different site
beside the coastline of Amlwch , porthcawl, caernarfon . One major
criteria for nuclear power station is refueling during which the
power station should be shut down. So during that time the energy
must be stored in battery for uninterrupted power supply.
Storage For energy storage the Tesla megapack can be used and its output is
3.9MWh[11]. Its Dimensions is W 347 in, D 65 in, H 110 in and
discharge time 4h.

The details energy calculation for every energy sources is

explained below;

Wind power:

The above graph is showing average wind speed in UK[7]

The wind power can be generated on offshore and onshore both place.

Considering average wind speed 10m/s.

In an offshore wind farm, if the wind turbine diameter is 116 met(GE ) then the power
generation from 1 turbine will be [4]
Power(P)= 1/2(r2) U3
Where, = air density=1.2kg/m3
= 3.14 , r= rotor radius(116/2)= 58m ,U=wind
velocity=10m/s

= 0.5*1.2(3.14*582) 103
=6337.776*103 = 6.3MW

So 1 wind turbine can generate 6.3 MW.

Now to generate Onshore 12GW wind power we need

=12000/6.3= 1905 nos. of wind turbine

Now, to build 1905 nos. of onshore wind turbine the required area for rotor diameter
116m will be[4]

= (5D*8D*1905) m2= 5*116*8*116*1905= 1025347200 m2 = 1025.34km2

The area capel curig is chosen for offshore wind farm because of the average wind speed is
10m/s throughout the year[5].
Similarly, to generate 14GW energy for offshore wind farm the total nos. of turbine will be

=14000/6.3= 2222 nos. of turbine

So, for 2222 nos. of wind turbine installation the area required

= 5*116*8*116*2222
= 1195969280 m2
= 1195.969 km2

The location for offshore wind farm is chosen near Bristol channel because of the high speed
wind availability. The area has been shown 1199.96 km2 to install wind farm for 2222 nos. of
turbine.

Wind energy Storage: Once the power is generated it should be storage in battery as when
there is no wind blowing then the power can be distributed to the grid for distribution. So for
this reason 3.9MWh Tesla megapack battery storage container can be installed beside the
wind farm. Hence, For 12GW onshore energy storage total battery storage container will be

=12000/3.9= 3077nos. of Tesla megapack

Similarly, for offshore wind farm Tesla megapack required

= 14000/3.9= 3590 nos. Which can be installed beside at the coastal site of port Eynon.

The location of battery storage for offshore wind farm at the coastal site of port Eynon.

Tidal Power :

A tidal lagoon is a type of power plant that uses the tides' tidal fluctuations to produce
electricity. Similar to tidal barrages, tidal lagoons create electricity by trapping a significant
amount of water behind an artificial structure and releasing it to power turbines[9].
For tidal power generation the coastline area at pembrokshire has been choosen as this place
the high tide is generated because of the narrowing passage of the channel and it’s landing
point for western’s Europe powerful wind and the coastline area is best for tidal power
generation[12]. Tidal lagoons will produce power throughout four periods per day, every day
of the year, because there are always two high tides and two low tides each day ,so power can
be generated two times a day[9].
The distance is taken at St. Davids coastal area 8.41 km = 8410 met.
Now the power will be,
P = ghQ where, Q(flow rate)=VA , V= tidal velocity(2m/s),
A= area=8.41km
= coefficient= 0.8 , = density of sea water =1025kg/m3
h= height = 10m

= 0.8 * 1025* 9.81* 10* 2* 8410

= 1353034400 W
= 1.35 GW

So, one time tidal power will generate 1.35 GW energy. Similarly , from two tidal power
which occure every 12Hour gap total energy will be produced (1.35*2)= 2.7 GW .

In addition to the above location another tidal lagoon can be created at the coast of cwm-yr-
eglwys for the area of 4.14km.
Now, applying the same formula the power (P) will be

P = ghQ
where, Q=VA, V= velocity(2 m) , A= area= 4.14km=4140m

= 0.8 * 1025* 9.81* 10* 2* 4140

= 666059760 w= 0.66 GW

So, in a day total power will be at the gap of 12 hour =(0.66 *2)GW= 1.32 GW

Therefore, total energy from two tidal power will be (2.7+1.32)GW= 4.02 GW.

Tidal Energy Storage: The generated energy through Tidal can be stored in Tesla megapack
also which is capable of storing 3.9MWh power. This Megapack enables low-cost, high-
density commercial and utility projects at large scale[11].

Henceforth, inorder to store 1.35GW energy near pembrokshire St. Davids coast Tesla
megapack will be needed = 2700/3.9= 692 nos.

Similarly, at St. davids coast the nos. of 20ft. battery storage container will be
= 1320/3.9= 338 nos.

So, the location for storing battery container will be near to the tidal power station.
The location for battery storage at Cwm-yr-Eglwys.

The location for storing tidal power at St. Davids coast area.

Nuclear Power:

A nuclear power station is capable of generating power by the process of fission where
atoms splits into smaller atoms by releasing the binding energy[8]. Smaller atoms don't
require as much binding energy to hold them together during a reaction, thus any excess
energy is released as heat and radiation. The heat produced by fission is used in nuclear
power plants to boil water into steam[8]. The steam is then utilised to drive generators to
produce energy by turning a turbine.

The reason behind using nuclear energy is its capability of producing significant low carbon
zero carbon emission[8]. An example of such nuclear power plant is Hinkley point C which
can produce 3.2GW electricity. So this plant can be placed on the coast line area far from the
residential area as shown in the below location. Hence, in total the three nuclear power plant
of Hinkley point C can generate (3.2*3)GW=9.6 GW energy.
Storage
For storage system Tesla megapack battery has been used in all the energy sources. This has
a discharging time duration for 4 hours[11].

Storage Storage 1 Storage 2 Storage 3 Storage 4

Type Battery storage for Battery storage for Battery storage for Battery storage
Onshore wind Offshore Nuclear(Tesla for Tidal(tesla
(tesla megapack) wind(tesla megapack)[11] megapack)[11]
[11] megapack)[11]
% of Total 30.3% 35.35% 24.24% 10.10%
Storage Capacity
(based on the
100% capacity)
100% Energy 12 GWh 14GWh 9.6GWh 4GWh
Storage Capacity
Output / 3GWh 3.5GWh 2.5GWh 1GWh
Discharge Rate
Lifetime during 4h 4h 4h 4h
discharge (hours)
Standard cost 100 100 100 100
(MWh-1)
Weighted cost £30.3 £35.35 £24.24 £10.10
(MWh-1)

Average Cost per MWh of storage : £99.9

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