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Stand 2: Life processes
in plants & animals
Unit 4: Gas Exchange
Grade 11
Life Sciences (Study & Master pg. 208-241)
2017
Mrs Clulow
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Why the need for gas exchange?
Photosynthesis & cellular respiration need gas
exchange
Humans need O2 for life- aerobic resp.
CO2 accumulation in cells can be harmful
Each gas diffuses down its own conc. gradient
Requirements for an efficient gas
exchange surface- ideal for diffusion
Thin
Moist
Large surface area
Well protected
Gas exchange enhanced by a transport/blood
system
Gas exchange enhanced by presence of a
ventilation/breathing mechanism
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Gas exchange in diff. environments
Terrestrial
Air is O2 rich compared to water and gases diffuse
faster through air than water
Problem= desiccation of gas exchange surface
Aquatic
O2 more difficult to obtain than from air
Water denser than air
Gas exchange in mammals
Alveoli
large surface area
Single layer, thin walled, flat
squamous epithelial cells
Thin moist film
Capillaries- efficient transport
Muscles & ribs- thoracic cage
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Gas exchange in humans see pg. 214-215
The human respiratory system
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Components of the upper resp. tract
Upper resp. tract functions
Passageway for respiration
Receptors for smell
Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign
material
Moistens and warms incoming air
Resonating chambers for voice
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Components of the lower resp. tract
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Lower resp. tract functions
Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and
air appropriately, assists in sound production
Trachea: transports air to and from lungs
Bronchi: branch into lungs
Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange
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The lungs: external structure (pg. 218)
Base touches diaphragm
RHS- 3 lobes
LHS- 2 lobes
Pleural membrane/ pleura: thin
mem. Lines inside of thoracic
cavity & outside of each lung.
Pleural fluid between two layers-
reduces friction
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The lungs: internal structure (pg. 218/219)
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Gas exchange between the blood & alveoli
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Gas exchange & transport: a passive
process
Gases diffuse according to their partial pressures
External respiration: gases exchanged between air and blood
Internal respiration: gases exchanged with tissue fluids
Oxygen transport: bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells or
dissolved in blood plasma
Carbon dioxide transport: dissolved in blood plasma, bound
to hemoglobin, or in the form of plasma bicarbonate
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Mechanism of breathing/ ventilation
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Respiratory cycle
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The process of breathing: pressure gradient
Inspiration/Expiration: air in/air out
Cycle:
Relaxed state: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relaxed
Inspiration: diaphragm contracts, pulling muscle down,
intercostal muscles contract elevating chest wall and
expanding volume of chest, lowering pressure in lungs,
pulling in air
Expiration: muscles relax, diaphragm resumes dome
shape, intercostal muscles allow chest to lower resulting
in increase of pressure in chest and expulsion of air
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Composition of inhaled & exhaled air in
humans
Inhaled air Exhaled air
% O2 21 16
% CO2 0.04 aka very small amount 4
% N2 79 79
Water vapour 0.6 aka small amount 4 aka large amount
Temp. variable 28-34ºC
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Measurement of lung function
Lung volumes and vital capacity
Tidal volume: volume of air inhaled and exhaled
in a single breath
Dead space volume: the air that remains in the
airways and does not participate in gas exchange
Vital capacity: the maximal volume that can be
exhaled after maximal inhalation
Inspiratory reserve volume: the amount of air that
can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume
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Measurement of lung function continued
Lung volumes and vital capacity (continued)
Expiratory reserve volume: the amount of
air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond the
tidal volume
Residual volume: the amount of air
remaining in the lungs, even after a forceful
maximal expiration
Measurement: spirometer
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Measurement of lung capacity
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Regulation of breathing (pg. 225)
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Regulation of breathing: Nervous syst. involvement
Carotid and aortic bodies: sensitive to carbon dioxide, pH, and
oxygen levels
Conscious control: resides in higher brain centers; ability to
modify breath is limited
Respiratory center in the medulla oblongata: establishes basic
breathing pattern
Chemical receptors: monitor carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and
oxygen levels
Medulla: sensitive to hydrogen ions in cerebrospinal fluid resulting
from carbon dioxide in blood
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Four respiration processes
Breathing (ventilation): air into and out of lungs
External gas exchange between air and blood
Internal gas exchange between blood and tissues
Cellular respiration: oxygen use to produce ATP,
carbon dioxide as waste
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Asthma continued
Causes/triggers: Treatment
Dust Preventative medication
Changes in weather Avoid triggers
Animals Symptom relievers
Chemicals in air or food
Exercise
Mould
Pollen
Respiratory infections
Stress
Tobacco smoke
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Asthma
Asthma is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that
inflames and narrows the airways. Leading to
wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness,
and coughing. The coughing often occurs at night
or early in the morning
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Asthma continued
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Hay fever
Allergies to different allergens
Histamines protect body
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Bronchitis
Inflammation of bronchial
passages
Swelling of lining of larger
airways
Airways narrow & full with
fluid
Viral infection
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Emphysema
Alveolar tissue destroyed
Bronchioles collapse
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Lung cancer
Carcinogens
Cilia protect lungs-
tobacco paralyses cilia
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Artificial respiration (pg. 233)
Artificial way of providing exchange of gases in
the body using ventilation of the lungs, usually
mouth to mouth
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Effects of altitude on gas exchange (pg. 234)
Complete activity 18 on pg 235- physiological
adaptations to exercise and altitude
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