: a 2 Ee Z - a a: O Ns 18 [Link]wSaral Contents 1 Module Description 2 Homework Index 3 Exercise 1 4, Exercise 1A 5. Exercise 2 6 Exercise 2A 7 Answer Key Note Page - ii Page - ii Page - 1 Page - 6 Page - 12 Page - 15 Page - 21 Detailed solutions are available on the eSaral App. ‘Thermodynamies wWSaral & at wae area SlwSaral ‘Thermodynamics Module Description For mastering the concepts only learning is not sufficient. We have to practice and apply those concepts in problem solving. This sheet does just that. It contains a collection of problems segregated in the following exercises to help you master the concepts in a systematic and organized way, “Practice makes a man perfect” 1. Concept builder—1& 1A As soon as you have finished learning the concept do the problems from these exercises first. These exercises contains easy level questions to help you build your concepts. 1 —+ Contains Single Correct Type questions 1A —» Contains pattern based questions incorporating the latest JEE Advanced based patterns like more than one correct, matching list, match the column, ete. 2. Brain Booster— 2 & 2A Now that you have built your concepts it’s time to master them by solving Brain Boosting problems, Don’t hurry through these problems. Take time to solve & learn from them. These exercises contains Medium & Tough level problems. Do questions from 2 & 2A after attempting I & 1A 2 —+ Single Correct Type questions. 2A ——» Pattern Based questions. 3. Simulator — JM & JA Contains questions from previous year JEE Mains & JEE Advanced questions in exercise JM & exercise JA respectively. Get the real taste & feel of the type of questions being asked in JEE. It’s a great tool for simulating your mind with JEE problems. These exercises are not included in the module but are provided separately. JM —» JEE Mains previous years topic wise questions. JA —+ IEE Advance previous years topic wise questions. crn noone Page ii (rodwSaral ‘Thermodynamies Home Work Index Problem solving is an integral part of learning, Find questions to solve after each video in the homework Index. Make sure that you attempt all the problems (in Ex 1 to 2A) after learning a topic from the videos. For example if you have finished topic 8, first attempt all the problems listed in the index corresponding to topic 8 before proceeding to the video of topic 9. [Link]. Topic Name Ext | ExtA | Ex2 | Ex2A 1 Introduction to Thermodynamics 12 4 av 1, 1-4 14 2 |First Law of Thermodynamics 34 2 3 [Types of Processes and Work 5-8 [35,3233] 5 32,33 Done 4 [Feat Degrees offreedomand |g 1, 38 68 | 233637 Internal Energy Ir 17,24, 10,19-21, 5 py 118 | 35:37 a 28,31 6 [Isothermal Process in Detail 19-22 | 6,33 7 [Pree Expansion, Adiabatic and) 45 56 I7.12,18,30] 10 67,35 Polytropic Process 8 |cyelic Process 1-13 9 |Camot Cycle and Entropy 27-30 14is | 814 10 |Second Law of Thermodynamics | 31-34 | 14,22 16 11 [Eatery Change in various 35-40 | 13,23 | 17-21 | 11-1338 processes 12, [Mhird law of thermodynamics and | 4 45 32.06 H1-S diagram 15,16, 13 |Spontaneity and Gibb’s energy | 43-45 | 2” | 22.28 | 9.15 14 |Gibb's energy in detail 46-49 2930 | 534 5 5 16-18,27, 1s face 50-52 | 282931) 3132] 150%) wWSaral & at wae area Sl EawSaral Exercise - 1 ‘Thermodynamies Concept Builder SINGLE CORRECT TYPE Each question has FOUR options for correct answer: ONLY ONE of these four options is correct option. For each question, choose the correct option 10 answer the question. Introduction to Thermodynamics QI. naclosed system. (A) Energy is not exchanged (B) Matter is exchanged (C) Energy is only exchanged (D) Energy and matter are exchanged Qn. Which one of the following statement is false. (A) Work is a state function (B) Temperature is a state function (C) Change in the state is completely defined when the initial and final states are specified (D) Work appears at the boundary of the system it Law of Thermodynamics Q3. Inaprocess, 701 J of heat is absorbed by a system and 394 J of work is done by the system, What is the change in internal energy for the process ? (A) +3074 (B) 3943 (C)+ 7013 (D)-3073 Q4. According to 1 st law of Thermodynamics. (A) The energy of system is constant (B) The energy of universe is constant (C) The energy of surroundings is constant (D) The energy of system and surroundings are not constant Types of Processes and Work Done QS. If the internal energy of an ideal gas decreases by the same amount as the work done by the system, the process is :- (A) cyclic (B) isothermal (C) adiabatic (D) isolated Which is an irreversible process ? (A) Mixing of two gases by diffusion (B) Evaporation of water at 373K and fatm pressure (C) Dissolution of NaC! in water (D) Burning of Coal The correct answer (AQ AB (ABC (B) B,C (D)ACD Q7. The work done when a gas is compressed by an average pressure of 0.50 atm so as to decrease its volume from 400 cm’ to 200em* (A) 10.13 3 (B) 20.133 (©) 30.133 (D) 40.135 In a closed insulated container, a liquid is stirred with a paddle to increase the temperature. Which of the the following is true? (A) AU = 20,q=0 (B) AU =W =0,g40 (C) AU =0,W =q40 (D) W=0,AU =q70 Heat, Degree of Freedom and Internal Energy Q9. One mole ofa real gas is subjected to heating at constant volume from (P,, V,,T,) state to (P,, V,, T,) state. Then it is subjected to irreversible adiabatic compression against constant external pressure of P, atm till system reaches the final state (P,, V,, T,). wWSaral & at wae area a1wSaral Quo. Qu. Qn. Qu3. If the constant volume molar heat capacity of real gas is C,. Find out correct expression for AH from state | to state 3 - (A) C(T, ~T) +BY, - RV) (B) CT, -T) +@P,V, -PV) (C) CT, = T) + (PV, =P.) (D) C,(T, -7,)+@,V, -P.V,) One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas at temperature T and volume IL expands to 2L against a constant external pressure of one atm under adiabatie conditions, then final temperature of gas will be 5 30.0821 (aT (B)T +—"_| 30,0821 For a monatomic gas, the value of the ratio of C,,, and C,,, is = ve BZ o2 b= Ay Bs 5 OF Fora gas having molar mass M, specific heat at constant pressure can be given as : yR 7 Owen Rw __M RM ORG) Oa What is AU for the process described by figure. Heat supplied during the process q= 100 kd. 2bar| tau} LZ Im? om? (A) +50 KI (B)-50K3 (C)-150 kt (D) + 150K ‘Thermodynamics Enthalpy Q14. Out of U, H, q, Wand $ which are state function? (A) U, H, W (B) U,S,H, W (C)U,H,S (D) U, Hq, W, S QIS. Enthalpy of the system is given as :- (A) H+ PV (B)U+PV (C)U-PV (D) H-PV Q16. For the gas - phase decomposition, PCL(g) + PCI, (g) + Cl, (g) = (A) AH <0, AS <0 (B) AH> 0, AS >0 (C) AH>0,AS<0 (D) AH<0,AS>0 QI7. For the reaction, CH, (g)+30, (g) > 2CO, (g)+2H,0(1); AE =-1415KJ. The AH at 27°C is - (A) -1410 KI (B) -1420 KJ (C) +1420 KJ (D) +1410 KI QI8. One mole of ideal gas expands freely at 310 K from five litre volume to 10 litre volume. Then AU and AH of the process are respectively. (A) Oand 5 cal (©) Oand 0 (B) Oand 5 x 300 cal (D) 5 and 0 cal Isothermal Process In Detail Q19. The incorrect expression among the following is AG gsc SRB (B) In isothermal process, RTI ¥:) =-nRTlog,| Wroonist = “ART log, “| AH®-TAS* yinK= © RT (D) K=e80"" TeddwSaral Q20, Qu. Q22. Find the work done when 2 mole of hydrogen expand isothermally from 15 to 50 litres against a constant pressure of | atm at 25°C, (A) 847.0 cal (C) 84.7 cal (B) 847 K eal (D) 84.7 K cal Calculate the work done when 2 moles of hydrogen expand isothermally and reversibly at 27°C from 15 to 50 litres. (A) 14.45 K cal (B) 1445 J (C) 1445 cals (D) 14.45 KI A gas expands isothermally and reversibly. The work done by the gas is - (A) Zero. (B) Minimum (C) Maximum (D) Cannot be determined Free Expansion, Adiabatic and Polytropic Process Q23. Q24, Which of the following statement is incorrect when a system consisting of ideal gas undergoes change of state. (A) In reversible change, AS,.,. = 0 #0 (©) Inan adiabatic process always AS, = 0 (B) In an irreversible change, AS, (D) In an isochoric process, AS... = nC, 1, fn T, When a gas is subjected to adiabatic expansion it gets cooled due to - (A) Loss in heat (B) Increase in internal energy (C) Due to repulsion between molecule (D) Energy spent in doing work 25. Q26. ‘Thermodynamies AU =0 for (A) Cyclic process, Adiabatic process (B) Isothermal, Adiabatic process (C) Cyclic process, Isothermal process (D) Isochoric process, Isothermal process One mole of ideal gas is allowed to expand reversibly and adiabatically froma tempera- ture of 27°C. If the work done by the gas in the process is 3 KI, the final temperature will be equal to (C,=20 /K mol) (A) 100K (B) 450K (©) 150K (D) 400K Carnot Cycle and Entropy Q7. 28. Q29, Q30. The maximum efficiency of a heat engine operating between 100°C and 25°C is (A) 20.11% (B) 22.2% (C) 25.17% (D) None 9.0 gm of H,O is vaporised at 100°C and 1 atm pressure. If the latent heat of vaporisation of water is xI/gm, then AS is given by = ay py 18 “ 373 8) 100 wy 18x 1 18x © 373 @) 2 373 For conversion C(graphite) + C(Diamond), the AS is (A) Zero (C) Negative (B) Positive (D) Unknown For isothermal expansion in case ofan ideal gas: (A) AG=AS (B) AG=AH (©) AG=[Link] (D) AG=-[Link] wWSaral & at wae area a1wSaral Second Law of Thermodynamics Qi. Q32. One mole of an ideal monoatomie gas is caused to go through the cycle shown in figure. Then the change in the internal in expending the gas fromato c along the path abe Ve av, Volume —> (A) 3P,V, (B) ORT, (C)4SRT, (D) 10.5RT, The correct relationship between free energy change in a reaction and the corresponding equilibrium constant K,. is = (A) AG? = RT fnk, (B)-AG® = RT énk, (C) AG=RT nk, (D)-AG = RT /nk, Predict which of the following reaction(s) has a positive entropy change ? (1) Ag’ (aq) + Cl (ag) > AgCl(s) (Il) NHCl(s) > NH(g) + HCl(g) (II) 2NH(g) > N,(g) + 3H,(g) (A) Land I (B) IIL (©) Mand I (wl Among the following, the reaction for which AH = AU is- (A) PCL(g) 0 PCL(g) + Clg) (B) H{(g) + Cl(g) | 2HCI(g) (C) CHOH(;) + 304g) 3H,0(¢) (D) CH(g) + H() 2C0. CHe) ‘Thermodynamics Entropy Change In Various Processes Q35. Q36. Q37. Q38. Q39. One mole of an ideal diatomic gas (C, = 5 cal) was transformed from initial 25°C and IL to the state when temperature is 100°C and volume 10L. The entropy change of the process can be expressed as (R= 2 calories /mol / k) :- ‘ay 3en 28 + 2¢m10 (A) 3m 555 2m (B) Sf 3B ong 10 (B) Sin 55g + 2én © 7m 23 42m 4 (Tm 598 2/16 D) Sin 22 420m 0) Sin 9g +2!" 76 In the evapor: (A) decrease (B) increase (C) does not change (D) sometimes increases, sometimes decreases of water, the entropy := In which reactions AS is positive (A) 1,0 —>H,06) (B) 30,(g)—>20,(g) (©) H,0@—>H,0(8) (D) N,(g)+3H(g)—>2NH, (2) Entropy change for an adiabatic reversible process is (A) Positive (C) Negative (B) Zero (D) Constant For a reaction to be spontaneous at all temperatures : (A) AG ve, AH + ve and AS + ve (B) AG + ve, AH — ve and AS + ve (C) AG ~ve, AH — ve and AS ~ ve (D) AG — ve, AH ~ ve and AS + vevS Q40. aral Zine reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give hydrogen at 17°C. At this temperature, enthalpy change and entropy change are 12.55 KJ mol ‘and 5.0 J K'mol! respectively. Then :- (A) AG = -14KJ mol', reaction will be spontancous (B) AG=+14 KJ mo, reaction will be non spontaneous (C) AG =~ 11.1 KJ mol", reaction will be spontaneous (D) AG = + 11.1 KJ mot", reaction will be hon-spontaneous Third Law of Thermodynamics and_T-S diagram Qa. Q42. Identify the correct statement regarding entropy (A) At 0°C, the entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance is taken to be zero (B) At absolute zero of temperature, the entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance is +ve (C) At absolute zero of temperature, the entropy of all crystalline substances is taken to be zero. (D) At absolute zero of temperature, the entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance is taken to be zero. A particular reaction at 27° C for which AH > 0 and AS > 0 is found to be non- spontaneous. The reaction may be proceed spontaneously if s- (A) The tempreture is decreased (B) The tempreture kept constant (C) Tempreture is increased (D) It is carried in open vessel at 27°C Spontaneity and Gibb’s Energy Q43. For the change H,O(/) > H,O(g) ; P= 1 atm, T =373 K, the free energy change AG = 0. This indicates that :- Q4s. b’s Energy In Det: Q46. Q47. ‘Thermodynamies (A) H,0() is in equilibrium with H,0(g) (B) Water boils spontaneously at 373 K (©) Water does not boil spontaneously at 373K (D) Condensation of water vapour occurs spontaneously at 373 K Quick lime CaO is produced by heating lime stone CaCO, to drive of CO, gas CaCO(s) > CaO(s) + COYg) ; AH? = 178.3 kI AS? = 160 J/k At what temperature the reaction will be equilibrium :- (A) 1114 °C (©) 14K (B) 1468 K (D) 841K AG® for the reaction X+Y 5) Zis -4.606 kcal. The value of equilibrium constant of the reaction at 227°C is (R= 2.0 cal, mot! K*). (A) 100 (B) 10 (C)2_—(D) 0.01 The standard free energy change (AG*) is related to equilibrium constant (K) (A) AG? = -2.303 RT log K (B) AG? = 2.303 RT log K (C) AG? = RT log K (D) AG® = -RT log K The following curve represents the variation of Gibbs function 'G' with pressure at constant temperature, co t Span ® Correct match of given plots with the physical state of a substance is :- (A) € ~ solid, a — gas, b — liquid (B) ¢ — gas, b — liquid, a — solid (C) a= liquid, b ~ solid, ¢ ~ gas (D) ¢ ~ gas, b ~ solid, a ~ liquid wWSaral & at wae area SlwSaral Q48, Standard Gibbs energy change AG® for a reaction is zero. The value of the equilibrium constant will be - Qs. ‘Thermodynamics For a reaction, A+ B > AB, AC, is given by the equation 40 +5 x 10° T JK" in the temperature range 300 — 600 K. The enthalpy (A) 1 (B) 10 of the reaction at 300 K is ~25.0 Kl. ~ “alculate the enthalpy of the reaction at (C) 100 (Dy Calculate the enthalpy of th Q49. The depend sf Gibbs fir 450 K . The dependence of Gibbs free energy on . ye, pressure for an isothermal process of an Also, S° (NO,) = 57.5 cal/deg, ideal gas is given by =~ S*(O,) = 49.0 cal/deg, PR, S'(NO) = 50.3 cal/deg, (A) AG, = nRT inp S° (O,) = 56.8 cal/deg. y, (A) ~ 10.12 KI (B) ~ 28.32 kJ (B) AG, = nRT Inv (C) — 18.72 kJ (D) — 8.21 kJ (©) AG, = nRT log Q52. Combustion of octane takes place in an automobile engine. The homogencous \, equation of combustion is - (D) AG, = nRTlogy ‘ 25 C\H),(g) + O.(g) > 8CO,(g) + 9H,0(8) ACC ° The signs of AH, AS and AG forthe reaction Q50. In the process of ice melting at -15°C = willbe (A) AG <0 (B) AG >0 (A) +ve, -ve, tye (B) -ve, +ve, -v (C) AG =0 (D) Cannot predict (C) -ve, tve, +ve — (D) +ve, +ve, -ve Exercise - 1A Concept Builder OR MORE THA! CORRECT | Q3. Which of the following is / are example of TYPE non-PV work := (A) electric work Each question has FOUR options for correct (B) mechanical work answer(s). ONE OR MORE THAN ONE of these (©) nerves activity four option(s) is (are) correct option(s). For each question, choose the correct option(s) to answer the (D) muscular activity question, Q4. From some initial state (P,,V,,T,) to P, two QU. System that can exchange energy or matter identical gas sample were expanded by with surrounding == (1) Reversible adiabatic expansion ‘A) isolated system (B) closed syster (A) isolated system (B) closed system (11) Reversible isothermal expansion (C) open system (D) none then what is / are the correct option :~ Q2. If work done in adiabatic expansion is w & (A) w >, change in internal energy is AU then correct, statement(s) (A) w<0,AU<0 (C)w>0,AU>0 (B) w>0,AU<0 (D)x (B) ive) VD, ()(T),> 7),vS Qs. aral Ifone mole monoatomic ideal gas was taken through process AB as shown in figure, then select correct option(s). Given : In 1.5 = 0.4 v 15L! 10L 300 600 (A) wy, = 1496.52 J (B) dy, = 5237.82 J (©) AH,, = 3741.3 J (D) AS,, is + ve In isothermal ideal gas compression : (B) AI is zero (D) AG is + ve (A) w is + ve (©) AS,, is + ve Which of the following is/are represent irreversible process :~ (A) mixing of two different gaseous substance (B) water falling from the top (©) combustion of paper (D) friction less movement For an isobaric process AH is represented by or equal to =~ (Aw ©q (B) AU (D) none Which of the following is / are correct :~ (A) heat involve in isochorie process for an ideal gas is equal to change in internal energy. (B) for an ideal gas in a isothermal process work done by the system is equal to heat absorbed by the system, (C) heat involve in adiabatic process for an ideal gas is zero (D) heat involve in isobaric process for an ideal gas is equal to change in enthalpy Quo. Qu. Quiz Qi. Qs. ‘Thermodynamies An adiabatic expansion is one in which :- (A) all energy is transferred as heat (B) no energy is transferred as heat (C) the temperature of a gas decreases in a reversible adiabatic expansion (D) du 4 dw For free expansion process :~ (A) AS, = 0 (B) AS, = 0 (as,.>0 (D) as,,=0 Which of the following is true for reversible adiabatic process involving an ideal gas? (A) Gas with higher y has high magnitude of slope in a P (y-axis) w/s T (x-axis) curve (B) Gas with higher y has high magnitude of slope in a V (y-axis) vis T (x-axis) curve (C) Gas with higher y has high magnitude of slope in a P (y-axis) v/s V (x-axis) curve (D) Gas with higher y has low magnitude of slope in a P (y-axis) v/s T (x-axis) curve Select the correct statements for the equilibrium under standard condition :- H,0(8)5 FS H,0(/);AS, H,0()5 5%) H,O(g);AS; H,0(8)5 0%) H,O(@);A8, (A) as, > as; (B) as, >>> As, (C) AS; > As; (D) AS, >>> As, Which of the following statement (s) is/are correct ? (A) The system of constant entropy and constant volume will attain the eq brium in a state of minimum energy. (B) The entropy of the universe is increasing. (©) The process would be spontaneous when (AS),,y<0 and (AB),,,>0 (D) The process would be spontaneous when (AS),,,>0 and (AB),,,<0 wWSaral & at wae area a1wSaral QUIS. Which of the following is/are correct ? (A) AG = AH-TAS (B) At equilibrium AG ¥ 0 (C) At equilibrium AG? = (D) AG=AG?+ RT Ink, RT InK,, QU6. Which is / are the correct :~ (A) AG = AG? + RTénQ? (B) AG? =AG + RTénQ? (C) AG? =-RTénk?, (D) AG = RT/nk*,, QI7. The bond dissociation enthalpies of H,(g) and N.(g) are + 435.95 k mol ' and + 941.8 kJ mol! and enthalpy of formation of NH,(g) is ~ 46.024 kJ mol. Choose the correct options - (A) The enthalpy of atomization of NH,(g) is 1.170849 MJ mol! (B) The bond enthalpy of N — H bond is 390.283 KJ mol! (C) The bond enthalpy of N — H bond is 390.283 MJ mol! (D) The enthalpy of atomization of NH,(g) is 1.170849 KJ mol! Which statement is/are correct :- (A) Final temperature in reversible adiabatic expansion is lesser than in irreversible adiabatic expansion, (B) When heat is supplied to an ideal gas in an isothermal process, kinetic energy of gas will increase. (C) When an ideal gas i adiabatic expansion (D) Entropy increases in atomisation of dihydrogen Qis. subjected to gets cooled PARAGRAPH TYPE This section contains PARAGRAPHS. Based on each paragraph, there are questions, Each question has FOUR options, ONLY ONE of these four options corresponds to the correct answer: For each question, choose the option corresponding to the correct answer ‘Thermodynamies Paragraph for Questions 19 to 21 Physical properties of materials and system can after be categorized as being either intensive or extensive quantities according to how the property changes when the size of system changes. Intensive property is one whose magnitude is independent of the size OR mass of the system, An extensive property is one whose magnitude depend on the mass of system. Q19. Which of the following is not a intensive Prop. :- (A) heat capacity (©) sp. volume (B) refractive index (D) entropy Q20. Select an extensive prop. == (A) melting point (B) molality (©) pressure (D) internal energy Q21. Correct for enthalpy :- (A) intensive prop. (B) extensive (©) independent of mass of s (D) none Paragraph for Questions 22 to 24 ‘The change in Gibbs free energy (AG) of the system alone provides a criterion for the spontaneity of a process at constant temperature and pressure. The change in free energy of a system at constant temperature and pressure will be AG,_..= AH -TA, ) ve process will be spontaneous +4) ve process will be non-spontaneous AG = 0 system at equilibrium Standard free energy is related to the equilibrium constant as AG° = — 2.303 RT log Ky Qn. A process is spontaneous at all temperatures if- (A) AH > 0 and AS > 0 (B) AH > 0 and AS <0 (C) AH =O and aS <0 (D) AH <0 and AS > 0 ir ‘Google PlaywSaral 23. What will be the entropy change when two moles of an ideal gas expands reversibly from initial volume of | litre to 10 litre at constant temperature 300 K.? (A) 19.5 JK"'mot!—(B) 38.27 JK-'mol! (C) 11.48 KK "mol! (D) 5.74 KJK ‘mol Q24, The enthalpy of vapourisation of a liquid is 30 ki/mol and entropy of vapourisation is 75 Jmol'K*. The boiling point of the liquid at 1 atm is - (A) 250K (B) 400K (©) 450K (D) 600K Paragraph for Questions 25 to 27 Spontaneity of any process can be predicted with the help of AS... But this requires calculation of changes in system as well as surroundings, If some criteria (depending upon the system only) can be developed for checking spontanity under specific conditions, then that would be a more useful parameter. The criteria can be derived from Clausius inequality. TdS > g, > sign for reversible process = sign for reversible process or TdS > dU ~ W for an irreversible Process or TAS, > dU, +p dV [consider no non-PV work] If V and T are costant Tas > dU or dU-Tds<0 ‘Thermodynamies As temperature is constant, dU (TS) < 0 or = d(U-TS) <0 Another state function A(Helmholtz’s function) =U-TS A decrease in Helmholts function (H) under constant volume and tempearture is the criteria of spontaneity of a process. Q25. For a spontaneous process, if entropy and volume are constant, the internal energy of system must :- (A) increase (C) remain constant (B) decrease (D) be zero Q26. Ifa state function G is defined such as G=H-TS, then dG must decrease for a spontaneous process (involving only PV work) occuring at :- (A) Constant volume and temperature (B) Constant pressure and temperature (C) Constant volume and pressure (D) Constant entropy and volume Iq Q27. For an irreversible cyclic process is (f) ise (A) equal to zero (B) greater than zero (C) less than zero (D) equal to change in Gibb's energy MATCHING LIST TYPE Each question has TWO (02) matching lists: LIST I and LIST I. FOUR options are given representing matching of elements from LIST I and LIST Il. ONLY ONE of these four options corresponds to a correct ‘matching. For each question, choose the option corresponding to the correct matching. Match the column-I with Column-IL:- List - 1 (a) Perfectly (crystalline solid) Q28, (b) Reversible reaction at equilibrium (c) Isothermal process ()- @ le (Ayaarsb- paid—q (C)a-r;b-pgse-s;d—q List - I (p) AU=0 (q) T = constant (r) Jim sso (9) AScoae = 0 (B)a-s;b-r;e-paqid—q (D)a—q;b-s;c-pqid-r wWSaral & at wae area SlwSaral “Thermodynamies Q29. List - 1 List - 11 (A) Process occurs under constant temperature (P) Adiabatic process (B) Process occurs under no exchange of heat with (Q Isothermal process the surroundings (C) Cyclic integral of thermodynamic funetion is zero (R) Isochorie process (D) Process occurs under constant volume condition (S) Reversible process. A B C D P RS Q ® Q P Ss eR © Q s R P P Q R Ss Q30. List -1 List - 11 (A) Isothermal process a (B) Adiabatic process (Q w=-Pav (C) Isobarie process (R) w=AU (D) Isochorie process (S) w=-nRT In(VyV,) A B Cc D “@ R Ss Q P ®) Q R S Q © Q s R P © S R Q P Q31, Match the physical changes in List-I with their relations given in List-II > List-I Lis (A) AG () AU + PAV (B) AH (ii) -nEF jas: (iil) RT log K y, (D) AG? (iv) aR we x) Select the correct answer form the given codes = Codes : A Gi @ Gy) Gi B® @ Gi) Gi) Gy © Ww wi) @ © @ Gi Gy Gi eSaral APP ppGetiton |p (rodwSaral MATCH THE COLUMN TYPE ‘Thermodynamies Following questions contain statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in Column-I are labelled as A, B, Cand D while the statements in Column-I ave labelled as (P), (Q), (R) and (). Any given statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statement(s) in Column-HI. Q32. A monoatomic ideal gas of two moles is taken through a cyclic process starting from A as shown Vi Vv in figure. The volume ratio are 4. 2 andy =4. Ifthe temperature T, at A is 27°C, then ‘ A match the following. Column - 1 Column- I (A) Ratio of temperature at point B to point A (P) - 1200 cal (B) Ratio of heat exchange in process B > C (Q)- 1800 cal to process D> A (C) Work done in complete cyclic process (R)2 (D) Heat exchange in process C > D (S)-1 Column-I (Process of reaction) (A) For the process (B) For the endothermi 2A, + £0, ,(10% A,O,, at 298 K, AS & AG are (©) C(diamond)|i 9% C(graphite), favourable conditions for formation of diamond are high pressure and high temperature then AH, of diamond and AS of Diamond from Graphite are (D) For the given reaction NOx F2B INO Exgeaaay = 57-2 KI 210? Evan and Eyaasaqiy = 3-2 KJ, AH & AS for the given reaction Column-II (Positive, negative) (P) ~ve, +ve (Q) tye, ve (R) 4ve, +ve (S) -ve, -ve wWSaral & at wae area SlwSaral NUM. Al ‘YPE The answer to each question is a NUMERICAL VALUE. For each question, find the correct numerical value (in decimal notation, truncated! rounded-off to the second decimal place; e.g. 6.25, 7.00, -0.33, -.30, 30.27, -127.30) ‘Thermodynamics Qa7. If (at constant pressure) following reaction (1) takes place & heat evolve in this process is x & heat evolve in reaction (2) is y. 80, +40.(9) 808) sq=xkI (1) 280, + 0,(g) > 280,(g) a= yk. ...(2) Q34. If x & y are extensive properties, then What is the value of © 2 number of intensive properties in the x following :- x RTION AND REASO’ ()xt+y; @)x-y Oy oe ax (A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and Adxs Oy statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1 Q35. 180 gm of water is evaporated slowly | (B) — Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and under isothermal conditions at 100°C. statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation Assuming water vapour to behave ideally for statement-I. (AH, = 2260 J/g). What is the value of AS: (~) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false. (Give answer in sum 5 all digit, untill | (5) statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true Q36, When 10 litre of ozone gas at 1 atm is | Q38. Statement 1: Internal energy of a system compressed adiabatically to 1/5 of its is an extensive property, volume, the pressure becomes 6.5 times of Statement 2 : The internal energy of a the initial, Find out the work done in the system depends upon the amount and process. (Assuming ideal behaviour for physical state of the substance ozone, give your answer in L-atm) Exercise - 2 Brain Booster SINGLE CORRECT TYPE Q2. Which one of the following quantity is rs dependent on path ? Each question has FOUR options for correct (A) molar internal energy answer. ONLY ONE of these four options is correct option. For each question, choose the correct option (B) volume to answer the question, (Ow D)q+w QI. In thermodynamics, a process is called Oa reversible when : (A) surroundings and system change into | Q3. Out of boiling point (1), entropy (11), pH (111) each other and density (IV), Intensive properties are: (B) there is no boundary between system (LU and surroundings Gum (C) the surroundings are always in equili- 7 (LULIV brium with the system (D) the system changes into the surround- ings spontaneously (D) All of these on (rodWSaral Q. Q8. In which of the following sets, all properties belong to same category (all extensive or all intensive)? (A) Mass, Volume, Specific heat (B) Temperature, Concentration, Volume (C) Heat capacity, Concentration, Entropy (D) Enthalpy, Entropy, Volume Five moles of ideal gas expand isothermally and reversibly from an initial pressure of 100 atm to a final pressure of I atm at 27°C. The work done by the gas is - (A) 3455 cal (B) 13818 cal ©o (D) 69010 cal Internal energy does not include (A) vibrational energy (B) rotational energy (C) nuclear energy (D) energy arising by gravitational pull Heat capacity (C,) of an ideal gas is X KI! mole/K. To rise its temperature from 298K to 318K, heat to be supplied per 10g gas will be (in KJ) [MW=16] (A) 16X (B) 6.25X, (C) 32x (D) 12.5x An adiabatic process is one in which there is no transfer of heat across the boundary between system and surroundings. For such a process. (A) PAV =0 (C)AU=w (@B)q=w (D) AU =0. The enthalpy of fusion of ice is 6.025 kJ-mol, What is the entropy change in the conversion of 1g of ice to water at 273 K and one atmospheric pressure :~ (A) 1.22 LKgt (B) 2.63 J-K “mol! (C) 3.74 J-K ‘mol! (D) 4.53 J-K mol! Quo. Qu. Qn. a1. ‘Thermodynamies An ideal gas can be expanded from an initial state to a certain volume through two different processes, (A) PV? = K and (B) P=KY?, where K is a positive constant, Then, choose the correct option from the following. (A) Final temperature in (A) will be greater than in (B) (B) Final temperature in (B) will be greater than in (A) (©) Work done by the gas in both the processes would be equal (D) Total heat given to the gas in (A) is greater than in (B) A gaseous system changes from state A(P,,V,.T,) to B(P,.V,.T,), BoC (P,.V,T,) and finally from C to A. The whole process may be called : (A) Cyclic process (B) Reversible process (C) Isobarie process (D) Spontaneous process The internal energy change when a system goes from state A to B is 40 KJ/mol. If the system goes from A to B by a reversible path and returns to state A by an irrerversible path what would be the change in internal energy? (A) Zero. (B) 40K} (C) >40 KJ (D) <40KJ A cyclic process is shown in the P-T diagram, Which of the curves show the same process on V-T diagram ? 7 wl y wll f I} | = — c © ©! LA p) | LA ° = c = wWSaral & at wae ae SIwSaral Qu. Qs. Qus, Quiz. ais. Qs. When two mole ofan ideal g (ew.-5n) heated from 300 K to 600 K at constant pressure. The change in entorpy of gass (AS) is == 3 3 =Rin2 -=Rin2 (a) 5Rin (B) -ZRn 5 (C) 5RIn2 (D) ri 2 When heat is supplied to an ideal gas in an isothermal process, the - (A) Gas will do positive work (B) Gas will do negative work (C) Kinetic energy of gas will increase (D) Gas will not obey the law of conserva tion of energy Considering entropy (S) as a thermodynamic parameter, the criterion for the spontancity of any process is (A) AS,,,.., > 0 only (B) AS. dines > 9 Only (C) AS oo, * ASgratan > O (D) AS. oo ~ AScroadias ” One mole of an ideal gas is allowed to expand isothermally and reversibly at 300 K until the volume has tripelled. The AS for the system is (log3 = 0.4771) :- (A) 91.35 Jk" (B) ~91.35 Jkt (C) zero (D) 9.135 She When two gases are mixed the entropy (A) Remains constant (B) Decreases (C) Increases (D) Becomes zero Which of the following process proceed with increase of entropy I. Solid melts to liqui II, Mixing of gases III. Compression of gas IV. Vaporisation of water (A) 1,1, land IV (B) I, I and IV (C)Tand only (D) 11, Tl and TV Q20. Qu. Q22. Qu. ‘Thermodynamics What is the entropy change for the n of 1gm ice to water at 273 K, = 6.025 kJ mor" (A) 1.227 J kgm! (B) 22.1 J mot! (C) 397.8 Jk gor (D) 22.1 kJ ke! mot! Ifenthalpy of vaporisation of water is 186.5 kJ/mol, the entropy of its vaporisation (KJmol'K~) will be == (A) 05 (B) 1.0 Ls (D) 2.0 FC = CF - CF = CF, > Re—, FC-CF For this reaction (ring closure) AH = ~49 kJ mol and AS = 40.2 JK-'mot'. upto what temperature is the forward reaction spontaneous ? (A) 1492°C (©) 946°C (B) 1219°C (D) 1080°C The entropy of vaporization of benzene is 85 JK ' mol", When 117g benzene vaporizes at it's normal boiling point, the entropy change of surrounding is :~ (A) ~ 85 JK" (B) — 85 x 1.5 JK" (©) 85 15JK" — (D) None Which of the following conditions are applied for conversion ice into water :~ AH AS AG (A) Negative Negative Negative at low T (B) Negative Negative Positive at low T (©) Positive Positive Positive at low T (D) Positive Positive Negative at low T Q25. The enthalpy and entropy change for a chemical reaction are ~2.5 * 10° cal and 7.4 cal deg” respectively. Predict whether the nature of reaction at 298 K is :- (B) reversible (D) non-spontaneous: (A) spontaneous (C) irreversible on P: (rodwSaral ‘Thermodynamies Q26. The favourable conditions fora spontaneous | Q29. For the auto-ionization of water at 25°C, reaction are := H,O() 1 H'(aq) + OFF (aq) is 10". (A) TAS > AH, AH = + ve, AS = + ve What is AG® for the process ? (B) [TAS| < |AH|, AH = — ve, AS = — ve (A) U8x108 7 (B) 13.5 * 10°F (C) |TAS| = |AH|, AH =~ ve, AS = + ve (© L107 (D) None of these (D) Alll of these 30. The value of log,,K for a reaction A = B Q27. A reaction has AH = ~33 kl and AS~-S8I/ is K. This reaction would be ? Given : A}, , = 54.07 KI mot, (A) Spontaneous at all temperature AS yg, = #10 JK" mot! ® Nomspontanous at al temperature wd | Re S314 IK" mot; ous alove a certain temperatnre 2.303 x 8.314 x 298 = $705) - (D) Spontaneous below a certain temperature as (B) 10 only (C) 95 (D) 100 Q28. Given the following data: Q31. Heat of hydrogenation of ethene is x, and Substance AH (ki/mol) AG (kd/mol) that of benzene is x,. Hence resonance FeO(s) 266.3 -245.12 energy B C Graphite) 0 0 (A)x, (B)x, +x, Fe(s) 0 0 (©)3x,-x, (D) x, ~ 3x, cog) “105 13715 | oy ss ous ofheat is required ne . . of heat is required to evaporate one Deering at What tenperanus Ree mole of water at 298 K. ITAH®, of H,O(/) is reo re nis) -» Fer fen -286 kJ mol', AH®, of H,O(g) is - A” eee) (A)~330 kJ mol" (B) +242 ki mol sed (©C)-242 kJ mot! (D) 198 kJ mot! (B) 668 K (C) 966 K (D) AGis +ve, hence the reaction will never be spontaneous. Exercise - 2A Brain Booster ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CORRECT | Q2. For heat capacity which option is / are TYPE correct :~ ce Each question has FOUR options for correct AMG—Cy=R BC, answer(s). ONE OR MORE THAN ONE of these au oH four option(s) is (are) correct option(s). For each (©) Cv -(2) (D) Cr -(2) question, choose the correct option(s) to answer the ‘ . question. Q3. x: yis the ratio of y for CH, at high & low QU. Wall that can be used for "open system" (A) diathermic (B) permiable (C) adiabatic (D) rigid x temperature then what is the value of = ye? w® of wf Wig Bp OF OF wWSaral & at wae area SlwSaral Qa. Which option(s) function :~ s/are represent state (a) j ® (B) [fax =0 (cyclic integral) (©) if F= ffx, y) then, a-() oS ax) ay (D) if F = fx, y) then, or (5). Which of the following correctly represent the variation of G. dy “A [oo —_ solid (B) Gas a G ————__liquia solid © Gas a {|—-_-—_——es (D) Q. Qu0. ‘Thermodynamics Find the incorrect option for PV-work := (A) area under PV-graph (B) area under PT-graph (C) area under VI-graph (D) area under P, 1/V-graph The work involved in a reversible adiabatic process of expansion of an ideal gas from P, and V, to P, and V, is given by- (A) W= 7-1 on" (©) W=nCv(T,-T)) (D) W= [efficiency of carnot cycle * q,, 4) The efficiency of a heat engine is maximum when (A) temperature of source is greater than that of sink. (B) temperature of sink is greater than that of source (C) temperature difference of source and sink is minimum, (D) temperature difference of source and sink is maximum In which of the following reaction A.S° > 0 1 (A)8O, (2) + 5 0, (2) — SO, (2) (B) 20, (g) —> 30, (2) (C) NaCl (s) —> NaCl (ag) (D) H, (g) — 2H (g) For which of the following :~ AH > AU (at constant T) (assume all gase are ideal) (A) CH,(g) +20, (8)! (B) 2NO,(g)5 8 N,(g)+20,(g) ) CO,(g) +2H,0(4) (C) Pci(g)iilfl (D) none PCI (g) +Cl(2)wSaral Qu. Qu. Qu3. Qua. as. Which option is / are correct == (A) if AS, + AS... > 0 then process is spontaneous (B) if AS, + AS,,, reversible (©) ifAS,, + AS_,, <0 then process is non- spontaneous (D) at equilibrium state AS, + AS... = 0 then process is Which statements are correct ? (A) A spontaneous chemical reaction which starts far from equilibrium always gives, irreversible process. (B) The entropy increases in an irreversible adiabatic process. (C) The entropy decreases in a reversible adiabatic proces (D) The entropy does not change in a reversible adiabatic process. Which of the following statement (s) is/are false : (ayas for ZN(@) —> Nig) is positive (B) AG,,,,, is always zero for a reversible process in a closed system (©) AG? for an ideal gas is a function of temperature and pressure (D) Entropy of a closed system is always maximized at equilibrium The efficiency of the Carnot Engine is 1/6. On decreasing the temperature of the sink by 65k, the efficiency increases to 1/3. Find the temperature of the source ? (A) 325k (B) 390k (C) 230k (D) None Identify the incorrect statement regarding sponteneous process (A) Fora spontaneous process in an isolated. system, the change in entropy is positive (B) Endothermic processes are never spontaneous (C) Exothermic processes are always spontaneous (D) Lowering of energy and Higher of entropy in the reaction process is the criterion for spontaneity ‘Thermodynamies PARAGRAPH TYPE This section contains PARAGRAPHS. Based on each paragraph, there are questions. Each question has FOUR options. ONLY ONE of these four options corresponds to the correct answer: For each question, choose the option corresponding to the correct answer: Paragraph For Questions 16 to 18 The coefficients thermal expansion a and the coefficient of compressibility, B are defined as follows 1 a Ws), For a real gas (x), ct Where a is constant. Q16. For one mole ofan ideal gas ois (A) i B) ! Wy 8) > ot pt © a? O > QI7. For one mole of vanderwaals gas having negligible intermolecular attraction among, molecules which of the following is/are correct? (A) B is directly proportional to compress- ibility factor, Z (B) Z is directly proportional to B P( ap ) viev}, (Z- (D)Z= (2), QI8. What is the equation of state of real gas (x)? A represent a constant (A) P(V—a)=AT (BYP (Vay = AT =AT (©) PM(V-a)=AT (D) Way wWSaral & at wae area SlwSaral Paragraph For Questions 19 to 21 Enthalpy of reaction : It is used for the heat change accompanying any reaction depending upon the nature of the reaction the enthalpy of the reaction is named accordingly For example : In the reaction CH(g) + 0,(g) —> CO,(g) + H,O(4) ; AH= -890.4 kJ/mole This reaction shown that 890.4 kJ of heat is produced when methane is completely burnt it is known as heat of combustion. For example: In the reaction C(s) + O,(g) —> COQ); AH = -393.5 kJ/mole when CO,(g) is formed from its elements i.e. from C(s) and O,(g) 393.5 kJ of heat is produced and the process in heat of formation. Q19. The enthalpy of formation of methane from the following data ( C(s) + Ole) —> CO(g) AH = -393.7 kJ/mole Gi) H@) + 4029 > HOO AH = -285.8 ki/mole (iii) CH,(g) + 20,(g) — CO,(g) + 2H,0() AH =~ 890.4 kI/mol (A) 74.9 ki/mole — (B) 54.6 ki/mole (©) 99.7 ki/mole — (D) 89.6 k/mole Q20. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of sucrose (C,,H,,0,,) from the following data: , + 120g) — 12CO(g) + 111,00), AH = ~5200.7 kJ mol" (ii) C(s) + Og) —> COX), AH =~ 394.5 kJ mol! (ii) H,(g) + (1/2) 0,(2) > 1,00), AH =~ 285.8 kJ mol (A) 10.3 ki/mole (B) + 863.4 ki/mole (C) -2677.1 kJ/mole (D) 4321.3 ki/mole ‘Thermodynamics Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of benzene from the following data: ( 6C(s) + 3H,(g)— CHD, AH = 49.0 kJ mol! (ii) H(g) + (1/2) Og) 1,00), AH = 285.8 kJ mol! (iii) C(s) + Og) —> COAg), AH =~389.3 kJ mol! (A) +463.6 ki/mole (B) +324 ki/mole (C) — 1432.3 kJ/mole (D) 3242.2 ki/mole Paragraph For Questions 22 to 26 Standard Gibb’s energy of reaction (A,G°) ata certain temperature can be computed as A,G° = AH? —T. AS° and the change in the value of AH® and AS° for a reaction with temperature can be computed as follows : AH), - AH), =A.C)(T, -T,) lf ‘ “n) AG? = AH? - TAS? and by AG? = -RT In K, Consider the following reaction CO(g) + 2Hg) 1% CHOH(g) Given: AH? (CH,OH, g) = 201 ki/mol ; AH? (CO, g) =~ 114 kJ/mol $°(CH,OH, g) = 240 J/K-mol ; S°(H,, g) = 29 JK' mol! S%(CO, g) = 198 HmokK ; C2, (HL) = 28.8 Ymol-K (CO) = 29.4 Jmol-K ; C°, ,(CH,OH) = 44 J/imol-K (220) 0,06, all data at 300 K and in Q22. AS° at 300 K for the reaction is : (A) 152.6 J/K-mol (B) 181.6 J/K-mol (C) 16 ¥K-mol (D) none of thesewSaral ‘Thermodynamies Q23. AHP at 300 K for the reaction is : Q25. AH? at 320 K is : (A) -87 kJ/mol (A) -288.86 ki/mol (B) 87 ki/mol (B) -289.1 kJ/mol (C) -315 ki/mol (C) -87.86 kI/mol (D) -288 ki/mol (D) none of these Q24, AS? at 320 K is: Q26. AG? at 320 K is : (A) 155.18 Wmol-K (A) -48295.2 ki/mol (B) 150.02 Hmol-K. (B) -240.85 ki/mol (C) 172 Wmol-K (C) 240.85 ki/mol (D) none of these (D) -81.91 ki/mol MATCH THE COLUMN TYPE Following questions contain statements given in two columns, which have to be matched, The statements in Column-t are labelled as A, B, Cand D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as (P), (Q), (R) and (S). Any given statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statement(s) in Column-II. Q27. Column-I Column-It (A) Cyclic rule (P) J Pa xaVv ate Gi) alle (B) Work done in reversible isothermal process lw) lalhle BR (C) Work done in isobaric process (R) RTE M (D) Work done during free expansion (s) @RTin (B) Work done in adiabatic reversible process (1) -nR(T,-T,) (F) Work done in adiabatic irreversible process (U) Zero wm S-n) owt") (x) Pau xa wWSaral & at wae area SlwSaral ‘Thasdtynanion Q29. Q30. Column-I Column-II ite amount of an ideal gas) (Enthalpy change work done) () AH> 0 (Q) AH=0 v > © wv (R) W>0 L____,, P| AY (D) (Ss) W<0 Lis Column-1 (A) Reversible adiabatic compression (B) Reversible vaporisation (C) Adiabatic free expansion of ideal gas in vacuum (R) AS iy <0 (D) Dissociation of CaCO,(s) —> Ca0(s) + CO,(g) (S) as, =0 suman Match the following : Column-I (Process) Column-IL (A) AH = q, (P) aH! =0 (B) Kirchhoff’s equation (Q) A definite quantity (C) Haq.) (R) Path function (D) Spontaneous process (S) AG>0 (1) Sha > 0 (U) AH, ~ AH, = ACT, -T,) eSaral APP ppGetiton |p (rodwSaral NUMERICAL TYPE The answer to each question is a NUMERICAL VALUE. For each question, find the correct numerical value (in decimal notation, truncated/ rounded-off to the second decimal place; e.g. 6.25, 7.00, -0.33, -.30, 30.27, -127.30) Qa. Q32. Q33. One mole of benzene liquid is converted into vapour at its boiling point (80°C). Find out change in internal energy AU for this process (in KD), (given > A,,H = 3.0 KJ/mol, R=8.314 Vk mole.) An ideal gas is taken through the eycle A—> B—> C—> Aas shown in the figure. If net heat supplied to the gas in the cycle is 5J, the work done on the gas (in J) in the process C > Ais - Pin Nim? Water expands when it freezes. Determine amount of work done in joules, when a system consisting of 1.0 L of liquid water freezes under a constant pressure of 1.0 atm and forms 1.1 L of ice. Q34. Q35. Q36. 7. 38. ‘Thermodynamies The entropies of H,(g) and H(g) are 130.6 and 114.6 J mo! K~ respectively at 298 K. Using the data given below calculate AH? (in kJ/mol) of the reaction given below. Hg) —> 2H(g) ; AG? = 406.62 kI/mol One mol of non-ideal gas undergoes a change of state (2.0 atm, 3.0 L, 95 K) to (4.0 atm, 5.0 L, 245 K) with a change in internal energy (AU) = 30.0 L-atm. The change in enthalpy (AH) of the process in L-atm, ‘The molar heat capacity of water at constant pressure, C, is 75JK" mol’, When 1.0KJ of heat is supplied to 100g of water which is free to expand, the increase in temperature of water (in K) is : The molar heat capacity of water is 75 JK" mole, What is the amount of heat required (in KJ) to raise the temperature of 100g of water from 300K to 302.4 K ? Standard entropy of X,Y; and X¥;are 60, 40 and 50JK-!mol-1, respectively. For the reaction, 3X, + ay, > XY, AH=-30KJ to be at equlibrium the temperature (in K) will be:- Answer KeywSaral ‘Thermodynamies Ex-1A 1. BC 2.A,D 3. A,B,C,D 4. A,B,C,D 5.4, B,D 6. A,.B,D 7. ABC &C 9. A.B.C.D 10. B.C u.c 12. C.D 13. B.C.D 14. B,D 15. A.C 16. A,C,D 17. A.B 18, A,C.D 19. A.D 20. D 21.B 22.D 23. B 24. B 25.B 26.B 27.C 28. A 29.B 30. D 31. A 32. A-R; B- S; C- P; D-Q 33. AS, BoP, CQ, D>R 34.2 33&5 35,2 36.9 37.2 38. A Ex-2A, LA BCD 2ABCD 3A 4.4,B,CD [Link] 6.B,C,D 7.A,B,C 8.D 9. BCD 10. BC ILABCD — 12.,B,D 13. B,C,.D 14.B 15. B,C 16. B 17.D 18. C 19.4 20. 21D 22. 23.8 24. D 25.C 26.D 27.A+Q:B>PRS;C>PT; DU; E> PVW;F > PX 28.(A) > Q,8;B)>PR:(COPS;D)>PS 29. (A) 9S ; (B) > PR; (C) 9P, SD) > PR 30. (A) > Q ; (B) >U;(C) > P;(D) >T 31.593 KI 325.00 33.10.13} 34, 436.00 35. 44.00 36, 2.50 37. 1.00 38. 750.00