Respiratory System
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Respiratory Anatomy
• Mediastinum: Middle of chest where trachea
divides into two branches
• Bronchi: Each leads to a separate lung
• Lungs: Lobes are not mirror images
• Hilum: Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue,
and bronchial tubes enter and exit
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Anatomy of Respiration (cont’d)
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Respiratory Structures
Conduct air Exchange gases
ØNose ØBronchioles
ØNasal cavities and ØAlveoli
paranasal sinuses
ØLung capillaries
ØPharynx
ØLarynx
ØTrachea
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Respiratory Flow Chart (cont’d)
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Vocabulary
• adenoids Lymphatic tissue in the
nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils
• alveolus (plural: Air sac in the lung
alveoli)
• apex of the lung Tip or uppermost portion of the
lung
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• base of the lung The lower portion of the lung
• bronchioles The smallest branches of the
bronchi
• bronchus (plural: The branch of the trachea
bronchi) (windpipe) that is a passageway
into the lung; bronchial tube
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• carbon dioxide Gas produced by body cells when
(CO2) oxygen and carbon atoms from food
combine; exhaled through the lungs
• cilia Thin hairs attached to mucous
membrane epithelium lining the
respiratory tract
• diaphragm Muscle separating the chest and
abdomen; contracts to pull air into
lungs; relaxes to push air out
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• epiglottis Lid-like piece of cartilage that covers
the larynx; keeps food from entering
the larynx and trachea during
swallowing
• expiration Breathing out (exhalation)
• glottis Slit-like opening to the larynx
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• hilum (of lung) Midline region where the bronchi,
blood vessels, and nerves enter
and exit the lungs
• inspiration Breathing in (inhalation)
• larynx Voice box; contains the vocal cords
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• lobe Division of a lung
• mediastinum The region between lungs in the
chest cavity; contains the trachea,
heart, lymph nodes, aorta,
esophagus, and bronchial tubes
• nares Openings through the nose carrying
air into the nasal cavities
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• oxygen (O2) Gas that makes up 21% of air;
passes into the bloodstream at
the lungs and travels to all body
cells
• palatine tonsil One of a pair of almond-shaped
masses of lymphatic tissue in the
oropharynx
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• paranasal sinus One of the air cavities in the bones
near the nose
• parietal pleura Outer fold of pleura lying closer to
the ribs and chest wall
• pharynx The throat; including the
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and
laryngopharynx
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• pleura Double-folded membrane
surrounding each lung
• pleural cavity Space between the folds of the
pleura
• pulmonary Essential parts of the lung,
parenchyma responsible for respiration;
bronchioles and alveoli
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• respiration The process of moving air into
and out of the lungs; breathing
• trachea Windpipe
• visceral pleura Inner fold of pleura lying closer to
the lung tissue
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Combining Forms
and Terminology
Combining Form Meaning
• adenoid/o adenoids
• alveol/o alveolus, air sac
• bronch/o bronchial tube
• bronchi/o bronchus
• bronchiol/o bronchiole, small bronchus
• capn/o carbon dioxide
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Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
• coni/o dust
• cyan/o blue
• epiglott/o epiglottis
• laryng/o larynx, voice box
• lob/o lobe of the lung
• mediastin/o mediastinum
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Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
• nas/o nose
• orth/o straight, upright
• ox/o oxygen
• pector/o chest
• pharyng/o pharynx, throat
• phon/o voice
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Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
• phren/o diaphragm
• pleur/o pleura
• pneum/o air, lung
• pneumon/o lung
• pulmon/o lung
• rhin/o nose
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Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
• sinus/o sinus cavity
• spir/o breathing
• tel/o complete
• thorac/o chest
• tonsill/o tonsils
• trache/o trachea, windpipe
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and
Terminology
SUFFIXES
Suffix Meaning
-ema condition
-osmia smell
-pnea breathing
-ptysis spitting
-sphyxia pulse
-thorax pleural cavity, chest
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Diagnostic Terms
• Auscultation
• Percussion
• Pleural rub
• Rales (crackles
• Rhonchi (singular
rhonchus)
• Sputum
• Stridor
• Wheezes
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Pathology
Upper respiratory disorders
ØCroup
ØDiphtheria
ØEpistaxis
ØPertussis
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Pathology (cont’d)
Bronchial tube disorders
ØAsthma
ØBronchiectasis
ØChronic bronchitis
ØCystic fibrosis
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Pathology (cont’d)
Lung disorders
ØAtelectasis Ø Pulmonary edema
ØEmphysema Ø Pulmonary
ØLung cancer embolism (PE)
ØPneumoconiosis Ø Pulmonary fibrosis
ØPneumonia Ø Sarcoidosis
ØPulmonary abscess Ø Tuberculosis (TB)
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Pathology
Lung Disorders
Atelectasis
• Two forms
• Proximal
obstruction of distal
airways
• Accumulations of
fluid, blood, or air
in the pleural cavity
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Pathology
Pleural disorders
ØMesothelioma
ØPleural effusion
ØPleurisy (pleuritis)
ØPneumothorax
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Pathology
Pleural Disorders
Pneumothorax: Air gathers in the pleural cavity
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• Anthracosis • Hydrothorax
• Asbestosis • Infiltrate
• Bacilli • Palliative
• Chronic obstructive • Paroxysmal
pulmonary disease • Pulmonary infarction
(COPD)
• Purulent
• Cor pulmonale • Silicosis
• Exudate
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Clinical Procedures
X-rays
ØChest x-ray (CXR)
ØComputed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
ØPulmonary angiography
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Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
X-rays: radiographic imaging
This is a Normal
chest x-ray taken
from the PA
(posteroanterior)
view – xray passes
from back to front.
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Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
magnetic waves create images
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Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
• Nuclear tests
ØPositron emission tomography (PET) scan of the
lung
ØVentilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan: inhalation of
radioactive gas for imaging, followed by injection
of different radioactive material for imaging
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Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Bronchoscopy: fiberoptic or rigid endoscope inserted
into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or
collection of secretions
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Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Endotracheal intubation: placement of tube from mouth to
trachea to establish airway
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Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
• Laryngoscopy • Thoracotomy
• Lung biopsy • Thorascopy
• Mediastinoscopy • Tracheostomy
• Pulmonary function • Tuberculin test
tests (PFTs) • Tube thoracostomy
• Thoracentesis
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Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Thoracentesis: surgical puncture to
remove fluid from pleural space
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Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Tracheostomy: surgical creation of an
opening into the trachea through the neck
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
• ABGs Arterial blood gases
• AFB Acid-fast bacillus
• ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome
• BAL Bronchioalveolar lavage
• Bronch Bronchoscopy
• CF Cystic fibrosis
• CO2 Carbon dioxide
• COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure
• CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
• C&S Culture and sensitivity testing (of sputum)
• CTPA Computed tomography pulmonary angiography
• CXR Chest x-ray (film)
• DICO Diffusion capacity of lung for carbon monoxide
• DOE Dyspnea on exertion
• DPT Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
• FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in 1 second
• FVC Forced vital capacity
• ICU Intensive care unit
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
• LLL Left lower lobe (of lung)
• LUL Left upper lobe (of lung)
• MAC Mycobacterium avium
• MDI Metered-dose inhaler
• NSCLC Non-small cell lung cancer
• O2 Oxygen
• OSA Obstructive sleep apnea
• PaCO2 Carbon dioxide partial pressure
• PaO2 Oxygen partial pressure
• PCP Pneumocystis pneumonia
• PE Pulmonary embolism
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
• PEP Positive expiratory pressure
• PEEP Positive end-expiratory pressure
• PFTs Pulmonary function tests
• PND Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
• PPD Purified protein derivative
• RDS Respiratory distress syndrome
• RLL Right lower lobe (of lung)
• RML Right middle lobe
• RSV Respiratory syncytial virus
• RUL Right upper lobe (of lung)
• RV Residual volume
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
• SABA Short-acting beta agonist
• SCLC Small cell lung cancer
• SOB Shortness of breath
• TB Tuberculosis
• TLC Total lung capacity
• URI Upper respiratory infection
• VT Tidal volume
• VATS Video-assisted thoracic surgery
• VC Vital capacity
• V/Q scan Ventilation-perfusion scan
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Review Sheet
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form Meaning
• adenoid/o adenoids
• alveol/o alveolus; air sac; small sac
• bronch/o bronchial tube
• bronchi/o bronchial tube
• bronchiol/o bronchiole
• capn/o carbon dioxide
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Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form Meaning
• coni/o dust
• cyan/o blue
• epiglott/o epiglottis
• laryng/o larynx (voice box)
• lob/o lobe
• mediastin/o mediastinum
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Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form Meaning
• nas/o nose
• orth/o straight
• ox/o oxygen
• pector/o chest
• pharyng/o throat (pharynx)
• phon/o voice; sound
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Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form Meaning
• phren/o diaphragm; mind
• pleur/o pleura
• pneum/o lung; air; gas
• pneumon/o lung; air; gas
• pulmon/o lung
• rhin/o nose
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Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form Meaning
• sinus/o sinus
• spir/o to breathe
• tel/o complete
• thorac/o chest
• tonsill/o tonsil
• trache/o trachea (windpipe)
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Review Sheet (cont’d)
SUFFIXES
Suffix Meaning
• -ema condition
• -osmia smell
• -pnea breathing
• -ptysis spitting
• -sphyxia pulse
• -thorax chest; pleural cavity
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 49
