Module 4 | BSN 3 2nd Semester

ART APPRECIATION
Art: Subject & Content
Lecturer/s: Emmanuel R. Santos, LPT, MBA

NON-REPRESENTATIONAL ART
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OUTLINE
● Also called non-objective.
I. What is Subject? III. Subject and Content
A. Types of Subject IV. Various Levels of Meaning ● Art which does not make a reference to the real world, whether it
II. Subject and Art Forms A. Factual is a person, place, thing, or even a particular event.
A. In Architecture B. Conventional ● It is stripped down to visual elements such as shapes, lines, and
B. In Literature C. Subjective colors that are employed to translate a particular feeling, emotion,
C. In Sculpture and Painting V. Sources of Art Subjects and even concept.
D. In Theater, Dance, etc. ● Examples:
○ Brandenburg Concertos by Bach (music)
○ Two Forms by Henry Moore (sculpture)
○ Number 1A by Jackson Pollock (painting)
I. WHAT IS SUBJECT?
● Subject is the term used for whatever is represented in a work of
art.
● If the function answers the question, “What is it for?” Subject
answers “What is it about?”

Jackson Pollock's Number 1A, 1948

Fernando Amorsolo
Renowned as the First Contemporary Filipino Artist, Amorsolo painted the Philippine
landscape in sunny and colorful depictions that idealized both nature and native beauty. Using
techniques of natural outdoor lighting and taking from the Impressionists of Europe, he
mastered the skill of natural lighting in his paintings, and this trademark was later called his
mastery of the "Philippine Sun."

A. TYPES OF SUBJECT
REPRESENTATIONAL ART
● These types of art have subjects that refer to objects or events
occurring in the real world.
Henry Moore’s Two Forms
● Examples:
○ Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci (painting) NON-REPRESENTATIONAL VS. ABSTRACT
○ The Fountain by Ravel (piano composition) ● One source of confusion is the notion that non-representational art
is the same as abstract art.
● Representational art and non-representational art is not a clear-cut
divide; rather they exist in a spectrum.
● Abstract art is in itself a departure from reality, but the extent of
that departure determines whether it has reached the end
spectrum, which is non-representationality - a complete severance
from the world
● Example: Head of a woman by Pablo Picasso (sculpture)

Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa

GEC10 Transcribers: Ayapana, Buenviaje, Infante, Taperi Page 1 of 3

 ● If architecture is the art where the subject is the least common,
literature is the one where it is the most common.
● When we read words we expect them to be about something.
● There are so-called poems and bits of prose which have no
subject but they are relatively rare.

C. IN SCULPTURE AND PAINTING

● Traditional sculpture and painting usually have subjects. There is
however, a great deal of sculpture and painting without subject.
● The sculptor or the painter, like tha architect, may make a design
which is interesting in itself and which expresses the artist’s idea
though it has no subject.

II. SUBJECT AND ART FORMS

A. IN ARCHITECTURE

D. IN THEATER, DANCE, ETC.

● Theater and opera always have subjects.
● Dance may or may not have subjects.
● The minor arts, such as textiles, metalwork, and pottery, sometimes
have subject and sometimes do not.
● Music occupies a position about halfway between literature and
● Architecture is essentially an art which is not representational.
architecture. A great deal of music has no subject: the sonata, the
● Occasionally we will see buildings made to look like ice cream or
etude, the symphony, etc. On the other hand, much music has
coffee pots, if they are used for selling ice cream or coffee.
subject such as “Flight of the Bumblebee” by Rimsky Korsakov.
● A building is constructed for a certain purpose (a home, a factory,
an office).
● But usually, it has no subject.
● A building may, however, show details that are representational
like the caryatids of the Erechtheum. Although as a whole it has no
subject.

B. IN LITERATURE

III. SUBJECT AND CONTENT

SUBJECT

● What is it about?
● What it represents?
● What its theme is?
● The who, what, when and where of the work.

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● Subject, therefore, is sometimes used in two ways in discussing factual perspective, Michelangelo depicted a scene from the
works of art. It is used to refer to the things represented, the Creation Story, in particular, the creation of man. Apart from being a
immediately perceived subject matter when the work is first brought key element of Michelangelo’s fresco at the ceiling of the Sistine
into focus of attention; that is the sense in which we will be using it Chapel, the subject matter suggests that this is an example of
in this text. biblical art.
● However, subject is also sometimes used to refer to the larger, total B. CONVENTIONAL MEANING
meaning of the work after one has entered into dialogue with it and ● This work is indeed iconic, and this is asserted by the conventional
has considered it in detail. We shall refer to this broader meaning of meaning attached to it. Here, the specific poses of God (convex and
subject as “content.” concave postures, respectively) allude to the correspondence of the
CONTENT body and the commonly held belief that man was created in the
image and likeness of God. During this time, the ideals of humanism
● What does it mean? were underscored and the arts and sciences were furthered.
● How do I feel about it? ● It is therefore understandable that the classical canons of the form
● How do I relate to it? of the body (ideally proportioned and muscular) are portrayed,
● How do I value it? especially by Michelangelo who was first and foremost a sculptor.
● The why and how of them. ● Here, the view is that the greatness of old civilizations such as that
of the Greeks and the Romans may not only be replicated, but even
IV. VARIOUS LEVELS OF MEANING surpassed. Some art scholars noted how Michelangelo exhibited
● Factual Meaning just that- an elevated artistry- in that the dynamism and energy of
○ The most common. the figures in the frescoes in the Sistine chapel are unlike the works
○ This pertains to the most basic level of meaning for it may be of predecessors.
○ extracted from the identifiable or recognizable forms in the
artwork and understanding how these elements relate to one
C. SUBJECTIVE MEANING
another. ● An interesting overlap between the conventional and subjective
● Conventional Meaning meanings is the proposal from gynecologist Frank Lynn
○ Pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the artwork using Meshberger, whose published essay appeared in the October 1990
motifs, signs, symbols, and other cyphers as bases of its issue of the Journal of American Medical Association. Written was
meaning. his theory that an image and a message were hidden in plain sight:
○ These conventions are established through time, strengthened how the silhouette of God, the shroud and the drapery that trail
by recurrent use and wide acceptance by its viewers or audience behind, all seemingly align with the shape of the human brain.
or scholars who study them. ● According to Meshberger, the work can also be aptly called “The
● Subjective Meaning Endowment of Adam” for it brought to light that as God’s creation,
○ Finally, when subjectivities are consulted, a variety of meaning the most important qualities imparted to man was intellect. Like
may arise when a particular work of art is read. These meaning most Renaissance artists, Michelangelo unlocked the secrets and
stem from the viewer’s or audience’s circumstances that come precision of human anatomy assisting in dissections during his time.
into play when engaging with art. For Meshberger, it was his medical background and perhaps
○ When looking at a particular painting for example, perception exposure to art and history that allow him to catch the symbol,
and meaning are always informed (and even colored) by a hidden in Michelangelo’s work.
manifold of contexts: what we know; what we learned; what we
experienced; and the values we stand for. It is therefore
SOURCES OF ART SUBJECTS
expected that meaning may not be singular; rather, a painting
● Any artist may use any subject from any source, and it is impossible
may communicate multiple meaning to its many viewers.
ever to know all the subjects of art. Even the scholars who have
devoted a life-time to their study never expect to know all of them.
A. FACTUAL MEANING
There are, however, a few sources which are part of the background
of every cultivated person. For convenience they may be grouped
under the following six headings on the right:
1. Nature
2. History, including legend, folklore, and current events
3. Greek and Roman mythology
4. The Judeo-Christian tradition
5. Oriental sacred texts
6. Other works of art
● Michelangelo’s “Creation of Adam” can be read using various levels
of meaning previously discussed. There, Adam is figured with an REFERENCES
aged God, both of them with arm stretched and their respectives
● Lecture powerpoint
index fingers appealing to be fixed at an impending contact. Apart
from God who is wearing a tunic, everyone else is in nude.
● God is afloat, surrounded by drapery and figures presumed to be
angels and cherubs. Adam on the other hand is earth-bound, sitting
and reclined, positioned diagonally parallel to that of God. From a

GEC10 Art Appreciation | Art: Subject and Content Page 3 of 3

 Module 5 | BSN 3 2nd Semester
ART APPRECIATION
Art: Artists and Artisans
Lecturer/s: Emmanuel R. Santos, LPT, MBA

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OUTLINE II. GLIMPSE OF THE PAST

● In many cultures throughout much of history, those who produced,
I. Artists and Artisans IV. The Creative Process
embellished, painted, and built were not considered to be artists as
A. Artist A. Inspiration
B. Artisan B. Percolation we think of them now. They were artisans and craftspeople, and
II. Glimpse of the Past C. Preparation their role was to make the objects and build the structures for which
A. The Artisan and the Guilds D. Creation they were hired, according to the design (their own or another’s)
B. The Artist and His Studio E. Reflection agreed upon with those for whom they were working. That is not to
III. Stakeholders of the Art World V. Awards and Citations say they were untrained.
A. Orden ng Pambansang
● In Medieval Europe, or the Middle Ages (fifth-fifteenth centuries), for
Alagad ng Sining
B. Gawad ng Manlilikha ng example, an artisan generally began around the age of twelve as an
Bayan apprentice, that is, a student who learned all aspects of a profession
from a master who had their own workshop.
I. ART: ARTISTS AND ARTISANS ● Apprenticeships lasted five to nine years or more, and included
● One type of knowledge that fuels the twenty-first century is learning trades ranging from painting to baking, and masonry to
creativity. candle making. At the end of that period, an apprentice became
● This is evident in the recognition that professionals in the creative a journeyman and was allowed to become a member of the
sector are integral drivers and movers in society and an integral craft guild that supervised training and standards for those working
segment of this sector are artists. in that trade.
● But who are they? ● To achieve full status in the guild, a journeyman had to complete
their “masterpiece,” demonstrating sufficient skill and
A. ARTIST craftsmanship to be named a master.
● In much of the world today, an artist is considered to be a person
with the talent and the skills to conceptualize and make creative A. THE ARTISAN AND THE GUILDS
works. Such persons are singled out and prized for their artistic and
● In Germany, Cologne Cathedral is but one of the many examples of
original ideas.
early Gothic architecture. The account was that master mason
● Their artworks can take many forms and fit into numerous
Gerhard of Ryle started the project in 1248 but was only completed
categories, digital art, drawings, mixed media, paintings,
roughly 600 years later, claiming the record as one of the longest
photographs, prints, sculpture, and textiles.
construction projects to date.
● Of greater importance, artists are the individuals who have the
● What is meant here is a kind of formalization of craft education in
desire and ability to envision, design, and fabricate the images,
which regulation was set in place. Here, skills qualification was
objects, and structures we all encounter, use, occupy, and enjoy
needed for an apprentice to register under a particular craft guild.
every day of our lives.
● These guilds were prevalent during the Middle Ages particularly
during the thirteenth to fifteenth century, where towns had
B. ARTISAN formalized groups of artisans or craftsmen who took on a particular
● Today, as has been the case throughout history and across cultures, specialization or trade: shoemakers, textile and glass workers,
there are different titles for those who make and build. An artisan or carpenters, carvers, masons, armorers, and weapon-makers,
craftsperson, for example, may produce decorative or utilitarian arts, among others.
such as quilts or baskets. ● Here, the practice of artists was not grounded on the idea of
● Often, an artisan or craftsperson is a skilled worker, but not the individual capacities or success; rather, in the commitment to work
inventor of the original idea or form. together as a collective. Guilds were a type of social fellowship, an
● An artisan or craftsperson can also be someone who creates association structured with rules, customs, rights and
their own designs, but does not work in art forms or with responsibilities. With a lifetime of commitment to a particular trade,
materials traditionally associated with the so called fine arts, an artisan develops immense skills and expertise in his craft.
such as painting and sculpture. ● A master artisan or craftsman would then be open to hiring
● A craftsperson might instead fashion jewelry, forge iron, or blow apprentices who would be under his tutelage .
glass into patterns and objects of their own devising. Such inventive ● This brought to light various ways of thinking about transferring
and skilled pieces are often categorized today as Fine Craft or knowledge and skills by visualizing and articulating the principles,
Craft Art. processes, and tricks of the trade both in words and in print through
manuals and publications.

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 IN THE PHILIPPINES ● The beginning of the Industrial Revolution had an interesting
● The culture of artisans became prevalent in the Philippines as well, ramification for artists.
particularly during the Spanish colonial period. ● A compendium of events released the artists from the limitations
● Formerly done with the spirit of the communal and the everyday, that affected the way in which they produced their works.
patronship changed the way art was perceived. ● These included the availability and portability of materials (i.e
● This was both the case for religious and secular art, wherein the foldable easels and paint in tubes) and the reliance on the wealthy
existence of artisans proved to be of immense use. It was through patrons to place a commission.
mimesis or copying that artisans first learned to depict religious ● More painters enjoyed painting on their own behalf, creating works
images and scenes. Friars, being non-artists themselves, provided they wanted to create.
the references that artists could use. ● It was during this time that a host of styles developed side-by-side,
● During the propagation of faith, Spanish friars commissioned a lot of allowing artists to fully grasp the potential artistic license, with
artisans to carve, paint, and engrave images for churches and minimal (to no) consideration for the prevailing taste and stylistic
public sites. preferences.
● From the church, the next patrons of the arts were the then new ● During the latter part of the 1800s, artists began to question the
elite, the ilustrados or the middle class, along with foreign guests merits of stringent artistic training and education, but it was during
who wanted souvenirs to take along with them. the 1900s that art was truly liberated from the traditions of the past.
● Two important genres for painting at that time were the tipos del ● Perhaps, it was then that artists found freedom to articulate their
pais and letras y figuras. distinct aesthetic way of creative production.
● The former was watercolor paintings that showcased the different
local inhabitants of the country in different garbs, and clues to their III. STAKEHOLDERS OF THE ART WORLD
occupation and status; while the latter combined the principle of
● The art world as we know it today is like a complex human organism
tipos del pais and incorporated it as a means to illustrate the letters
that only functions if all of its organs function as well. These
of one’s name or surname.
“organs” organize the sales and purchases, collections and
● One key example that illustrated the systematization of art exhibitions of artworks, and they are the tastemakers of today’s art
instruction– a combination of sorts of the guild and the art school - generation. So who are these organs, these stakeholders of the
was the establishment of Damian Domingo of the Academia de art world, and what exactly do they do?
Dibujo.
● Known as the best tipos del pais painter, this school specialized in
GALLERISTS
teaching the miniaturismo style of painting along with the tenets of
classical European painting. Eventually, other schools emerged ● Gallerists own or run an art gallery. They exhibit and promote
teaching other genres such as bodegones (still life) and paisajes artists’ works in these galleries, and participants in art fairs in order
(landscape). to promote the artists whom they represent.
● Experienced gallerists have their own clear aesthetic, interests, and
B. THE ARTISAN AND HIS STUDIO focus. They choose the artworks for their gallery based on an
aesthetic and a story that they can connect with and sell. Whenever
● Moving back to Europe, the big shift that propelled the evolution of
an artwork is sold, the gallery takes a commission on the sale.
the pivotal role of the artist in the arts started during the Middle
● Gallerists typically display works straight out of an artist’s studio.
Ages up to the Renaissance period.
Aside from the obvious role of putting on exhibitions and creating
● Most pivotal developments included the transformation of the
publications, there are countless other important tasks that gallerists
craftsman to an artist or an independent artist; the widespread
carry out beyond the scenes. These include doing research for
patronization of secular art (alongside the continuous production of
exhibitions, helping artists with their archival work and researching
works with religious subjects); and the assertion of cognition, the
artworks that come through the gallery. Ultimately, the main goal of
will, and individuality.
galleries is to facilitate the production of excellent work by their
● Before the Renaissance Period, artworks were left unsigned. Artists
artists.
claiming authorship for their works by affixing their mark onto the
surfaces of their paintings were a big milestone in the history of the
artist. COLLECTORS
● These resulted in a wider variety of artworks, not just in form, but ● Collectors, of course, are key! They are the people who love art so
more so in style and technique. The site that saw this shift was a much they go through great lengths to collect it. Collectors come in
very personal space for the artist himself, which is the studio. all different shapes and forms, from the rich and famous to ordinary
● Today, artist studios have been a place of interest for the public. It is people with ordinary bank accounts. But each and every one of
interesting to see and learn where creativity manifests itself, them is partially responsible for helping artists, and art itself,
especially since an artist’s studio is an extension of the artist survive.
himself. ● Back in the day, particularly during the Renaissance, most avid
● The studio model dates back from the Renaissance. Therein, artists collectors were known as patrons of arts. These patrons were
flexed their relationship with their patron as a site where wealthy and often influential members of society who would
negotiations and works were made. financially support the best artists, purchase many of their artworks,
● There were those whose work stations were segmented into two, and commission them to create specific works. The patrons would
the studiolo and the bottega; the latter is where the work usually frequently model for their artists and feature as characters in
happened. paintings – a way for the artists to thank their patrons for their
support. Today, it seems that the patronage model is slowly

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 returning to the art world. Rose Lee Goldberg, the founder of the or art history is Pliny the Elder’s section on the history and
performance art nonprofit Performa, explains contemporary development of Greek sculpture and painting in his Natural History
patrons as people who are similar to the “angel investors” of the (c. AD 77-79)
tech world. They see potential for growth and want to support the ● However, the Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, writer and
incubation period. architect Giorgio Vasari is considered to be the first author of a true
history art. The book in question is The Lives of the Most Excellent
CURATORS Painters, Sculptures and Architects, published in 1550.
● Curators are employed by museums or galleries in order to acquire, MUSEUM INSTITUTIONS
care for and develop a collection. They arrange collection displays ● Museum Institutions, of course, are important parts of the organism.
and loaned works, and interpret the collection in order to inform, They are home to some of the most important artworks in the world,
educate and inspire the public. They are in charge of organizing and and are the first-go-to place for the public to experience art in the
realizing exhibitions. flesh. Within museum institution, there is a vast range of job
● The role of the curator has greatly evolved over the past decades. descriptions to epp the engine running smoothly
These days, there are many highly influential freelance and ● Museum directors supervise all aspects of the museum’s collection
independent curators who are not attached to any particular and the museum staff, and are responsible for overseeing
institutions and have their own personal style and philosophy behind administrative tasks and fundraising. The museum director is also
creating an exhibition. effectively the chief curator and has the final say on the exhibitions
● Curators are often seen as the new superstars of the art world, and display. Then there are the curators, who usually have a certain
active in many different fields ranging from being guest-curators for area of exercise and are in charge of certain parts of the museum
important museum exhibitions or being the curators of large art collection and the main people in charge of curating exhibitions.
world biennales and fairs, to writing influential essays and books in Besides these roles. Museum institutions have many other
the more academic fields of art criticism and art studies. important figures dedicated to making the institution run smoothly
and keeping the artwork in top condition
ART DEALERS ● Among these are conservators, who are in charge of the restoration
or artwork, archievest, art handlers, technicians, educational
● Art dealers are usually educated professionals who are specialists
department staff, marketing department staff, development
in the field of art business. They have to be on the cusp of what is
department staff and many more.
exciting, new or collectible
● They’re always up-to-date with the changing trends and taste of the
AUCTIONEERS
art world. They buy from auction houses and artists, then sell the
works that they have acquired in their galleries or find collectors ● Auctioneers work in auction houses, which are part of the
who are interested. secondary art market. In the secondary art market, art which has
● It is also common practice for museums, art institutions or non-profit already been owned by someone other than the artist is traded.
organizations to seek advice from art dealers when looking to When the decision has been made by a
borrow certain artworks to include in their exhibition. collector/dealer/foundation/business to sell an artwork, it enters the
secondary art market.
ART ADVISORS ● Buyers and sellers come together in an auction house and
announce the prices at which they are willing to buy and sell
● Art advisors or art consultants are there to find the exact art their
artworks. The gal is for mutually agreeable prices to merge. The
client is looking for, while making sure it’s within their budget. They
sales are facilitated by auctioneers, who are the ones leading the
often receive a discount on works from galleries and artists. It is
auction and the sale of the artworks. They are in charge of the
common practice for advisors to purchase the artwork at full price
bidding process and sell the artwork to the highest bidder. Auction
and collect the discount as their pay. This means the client receives
houses make their money by taking a commission on each sale,
free consulting advise and the consultant makes a profit through
which can go up to 25%
maintaining relationship with galleries and artist
● Conversely, the primary market is defined by the fact art is
● Advisors are not tied to specific artists or galleries- they manage
purchased directly from the artist. The only times that works at
relationships with experts to bring in the best pieces. Art advisors
auction have cme directly from the artist’s studio have been at
dont push their personal style or preferences, but rather mirror their
charity auction, and of course in the case of the anomaly known as
client's taste to find the best pieces for their art collection. That’s
Damien Hirt’s 2008 “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever” Sotheby’s
their job. They always stay up-to-date with the art world,
sale. On the cusp of the financial crash, Hist sold 223 brand-new
participating in gallery tours and keeping tabs on openings in order
pieces directly at auction and walked away with $172 million
to know what’s new, important and interesting in today’s art world.

ARTISTS
ART CRITICS
● Last but not the least, there are the artists. The entire art world
● Art critics form the link between critical academic thought and the
organism wouldn't even exist if it weren't for the artist, the heart and
art world. They study and interpret artworks and artists, and create
soul of the organism. Artists are the core creators, the very reason
art theory. Historically, art critics have been responsible for the
we are all doing what we are doing. They are the one who keep
coining of important art movements and they can be held at least
bravely and passionately reinterpreting and recreating the world
partially responsible for having propelled artist to stardom
around us, artist do many things: they shine light on the cracks in
● Art critics give artwork, art movements, and artists a place in art
the society, they challenge the status quo, they ask questions, they
history. The first surviving work that can be considered art criticism
express things that are hard to express, they create and appreciate

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 beauty, they criticize with humor and with gravitas, and they do so C. PREPARATION
much more. ● Preparation can be confused with the “percolation” period, but it is a
● As far back as the Paleolithic era in 25.000 BCE, humans were more active and focused time.
creating art in the shape of cave paintings, carving in bone and ○ You’ve settled on your inspiration and how you’d like to proceed.
tone, and small statues of female figures such as the Venus of ○ Now, it’s a matter of figuring out how to make it happen.
Willendorf, which were likely meant to symbolize fertility. And ● Preparation time includes the time spent obtaining and organizing
although the times will keep on rapidly changing, there will always your supplies, plus creating a blueprint for what your piece will
be artists to reflect on life and delve deep into its essence. Perhaps be.
The methods, material, media and styles will change, but the goal of ○ Maybe that means making roughs or creating a dummy outline
the artist to create beauty, to seek truth, to uncover lates if reality for a book project.
and to enrich lives will remain the same

IV. THE CREATIVE PROCESS D. CREATION

ACCORDING TO JESSIE OLESON MOORE ● Finally, it’s time to make it happen!
○ Creation is the time during which you are solidly on your path.
● Art doesn’t just happen. Whether it’s a simple line drawing or an ○ You have your pen to paper, your brush to canvas – you are
involved, realistic painting, there is a definite trajectory to the creating.
creative process. Beginning with the spark of inspiration and
● The process of creation can vary depending on your personal
finishing with the completion of a work, this illustrated guide portrays
temperament, your artistic style, and your medium.
the five stages of creating art.
○ For some, the process of creation is actually quite short and
● Like the famous “five stages of grief,” these steps don’t always much of the work has been done in the previous phases
progress in exactly this order. It’s possible to cycle back through ■ For instance, a simple line drawing. While it might take
different steps throughout the creative process, which may explain minutes to complete the drawing, the thought and time
why it feels like such a roller coaster at times! developing that idea was the most time-consuming part of
that project.
A. INSPIRATION ■ For a detailed painting, it might be just the opposite – you
● This is one of the most exciting moments in the process of creating might spend hours, days, or weeks refining the perfect light
art: That beautiful moment when inspiration strikes on a realistically painted flower petal in oil
● Where does inspiration come from?
○ Well, that’s a subject that has baffled and mystified people for E. REFLECTION
centuries. ● After you create a piece of art, there might be a slight tizzy of
○ Perhaps it’s a film or a piece of fine art that inspires you; activity: Sharing it with family and friends, delivering it to a client or
○ Perhaps it’s something from nature or an event that has occurred hanging it on the wall.
in your life ○ But regardless of the end point of the art, its completion often
○ Sometimes, an idea seems to come out of nowhere. leads to a period of reflection.
● Wherever ideas come from, they have an uncanny way of ● This reflection will be different for everyone.
striking at the oddest moments: ○ For some artists, there’s a sort of low-grade post-creative
○ While waiting for the bus depression that occurs, making them feel a little empty and
○ In the middle of rush hour “spent.”
○ While you’re in the bath ○ For others, there’s relief: “It’s done! I can move on to the next
thing!”
B. PERCOLATION ○ For others, there are regrets: “I wish I had made this line longer, I
● While it’s not the most glamorous part of the creative process, the wish I had made that part of the composition blue.”
“percolation” period is vital to creating art. ● Regardless of how it feels to create a piece, though, its
○ Basically, this is the time that elapses after you’ve had your idea, completion is a milestone.
but before you start making art. ○ But your creative work isn’t done forever: It won’t be too long
○ It can transpire in many different ways. before the entire cycle begins again!
● Sometimes this involves refining your idea by making sketches (and
tossing out just as many) or playing around with ideas visually. V. AWARDS AND CITATIONS
○ Other times, it’s just a matter of giving an idea space to ● As with any organized endeavor, the arts and culture have entered
germinate. into a phase in which another aspect of its practice can be realized.
○ Sometimes, you may have an idea years before you create the ● After an artist has spent considerable time honing his skills,
piece of artwork it inspired establishing the relevance of the body of his works, and even
● It doesn’t mean you’ve been resting on your laurels that entire time, gaining respect from his colleagues in the art world, he may be
though. considered or nominated for awards and citations.
○ There’s a part of you that is always processing and refining your
ideas.

GEC10 Art Appreciation | Art: Artists and Artisans Page 4 of 7

 THE TWO MAJOR AWARDS IN THE PHILIPPINES ● The NCCA was organized under Republic Act No. 7356 dated April
A. ORDEN NG PAMBANSANG ALAGAD NG SINING 2, 1992 and given broad responsibilities over the development and
(ORDER OF NATIONAL ARTISTS) promotion of the Filipino national culture and arts, including awards
● The conferment of the Order of National Artist is the "highest to persons who have significantly contributed to the development
national recognition" given to Filipino individuals who have made and promotion of Philippine culture and the arts.
significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts; ● Executive Order No. 236 dated September 19, 2003, otherwise
namely, music, dance, theater, visual arts, literature, film, broadcast known as the Honors Code of the Philippines, conferred additional
arts, and architecture and allied arts. prestige on the National Artist Award by raising it to the level of a
● The order is jointly administered by the National Commission for Cultural Order, fourth in precedence among the orders and
Culture and Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines decorations that comprise the Honors of the Philippines, and equal
(CCP) and conferred by the President of the Philippines upon in rank to the Order of National Scientist and the Gawad sa
recommendation by both institutions. (NCCA, 2015) Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA). The National Artist Award was
● The very first recipient of this award was painter Fernando thereby renamed the Order of National Artist (Orden ng
Amorsolo, who was touted as the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art.” Pambansang Alagad ng Sining)
He was the sole awardee in the year 1972, a National Artist for
Visual Arts.
HONORS AND PRIVILEGES
● At present, there are 73 awardees of this prestigious honor across
different forms. Some of them were given posthumously, while ● The rank and title of National Artist, as proclaimed by the President
others were fortunate enough to receive the award themselves. of the Philippines
● The National Artist gold-plated medallion minted by the Bangko
Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and citation
WHAT IS THE ORDER OF THE NATIONAL ARTIST
● A lifetime emolument and material and physical benefits
● The Order of National Artist (ONA/Orden ng Pambansang Alagad comparable in value to those received by the highest officers of the
ng Sining) is the highest national recognition given to Filipino land such as:
individuals who have made significant contributions to the ○ Living Awardees:
development of Philippine arts. ■ A minimum cash award of two hundred thousand pesos (Php
● The Order of National Artist aims to recognize: 200,000.00) net of taxes
○ Filipino artists who have made significant contributions to the ■ A minimum lifetime personal monthly stipend of Fifty
cultural heritage of the country: Thousand Pesos (Php 50,000.00)
○ Filipino artistic accomplishment at is highest level and to promote ■ Medical and hospitalization benefits not exceeding
creative expression as significant to the development of a Php750,000.00 per year
national cultural identity; and ■ Coverage by a life insurance policy by the Government
○ Filipino artists who have dedicated their lies to their works to Service Insurance System (GSIS) and/or private insurance
forge new paths and directions for future generations of Filipino companies from date of conferment the award, in the event
arists. that the National Artist is insurable, the premiums for which
● The order is jointly administered by the National Commission for shall be paid by the National Government or by donation from
Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the any governmental or private entities
Philippines (CCP) and conferred by the President of the Philippines ■ A State Funeral, the arrangements for and the expenses of
upon recommendation by both institutions. which shall be borne by the Government, upon death of the
● The ONA is one of the Honors conferred by the Republic of the National Artist
Philippines that embodies the nation's highest ideals in the ○ Posthumous Awardees
humanities and aesthetic expression through the distinct ■ One-time minimum cash award of One Hundred Fifty
achievements of individual citizens. While the Republic bestows due Thousand Pesos (Php150,000.00), net of taxes, payable to
recognition to these singular achievements, it, in turn, honors its the legal heir/s.
own cultural heritage, whose enrichment these achievements have
significantly affected, enhanced, and given direction. CRITERIA FOR SELECTION

● Living artists who are Filipino citizen at the time of nomination and
BACKGROUND
at the awarding, as well as those who died after the establishment
● The Order of National Artist (Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng of the award in 1972 but were Filipino citizens at the time of their
Sining) was established under proclamation No. 1001 dated April death
27, 1972 to give appropriate recognition and prestige to FIlipinos ● Artist who through the content and form of their works have
who have distinguished themselves and made outstanding contributed in building a Filipino sense of nationhood
contributions to Philippine arts and letters. The first award was ● Artist who have pioneered in a mode of creative expression or style,
conferred posthumously later that year to Fernardo Amorsolo. thus, earning distinction and making an impact on succeeding
● Proclamation No. 1144 dated May 15, 1973 named the CCP Board generations of artists
of Trustees as the National Artist Awards Committee and ● Artist who have created a substantial and significant body of works
Presidential Decree No. 208 issued on June 7, 1973 reiterated the and/or consistently displayed excellence in the practice of their art
mandate of CCP to administer the National Artist Awards as well as form thus, enriching artistic expression or style
the privileges and honors to NAtional Artists. ● Artist who enjoy broad acceptance through:

GEC10 Art Appreciation | Art: Artists and Artisans Page 5 of 7

 ○ Prestigious national and/or international recognition, such as the ○ Have engaged in a traditional and folk art which has been in
Gawad CCP para sa Sining, CCP Thirteen Artist Award, and existence and documented for at least 50 years
NCCA Haraya Awards (Alab and Dangal) ○ Command respect and inspire admiration of the country with
○ Critical acclaim and/or reviews of their works character and integrity
○ Respect and esteem from peers ○ Must have transferred and/or willing to transfer to other
members of the community the skills in the traditional and folk
arts for which the community has become nationally known
PRESENTATION OF THE AWARDS
○ However, a candidate who, due to age or infirmity, has left them
● The selection and conferment of the National Artists shall take place incapable of teaching further their craft, may still be recognized
every three (3) years provided that they must possess the qualifications enumerated
● The Order of National Artist shall be conferred by the President of above.
the Philippines on June 11 or any appropriate date in fitting
ceremonies to be organized by the ONA Secretariat CATEGORIES
● The medallion of the Order of National Artist and citation shall be
given to the awardee during the conferment ceremony. The cash ● The award may cover traditional and folk arts in the areas of
award of Php 200,000.00 in cheque shall be given immediately after performing arts and craft.
the ceremony or at another time and place as requested by the ● Consideration shall be made for adequate representation in
awardee geographic distribution and different artistic categories.
● A posthumous consisting of the medallion and citation shall be
given to the family or legal heir/s of the awardee. The cash award of AD HOC PANEL OF EXPERTS
Php150,000.00 in cheque shall be given to the awardees’ legal
heirs/s or a representative designated by the family immediately ● To ensure a fair selection of potential awardees, the Gawad sa
after the ceremony after the ceremony or another time and place as Manlilikha ng Bayan Executive Council shall be assisted by an Ad
requested by the family. Hoc Panel of Expert consisting of experts in the traditional and folk
arts categories.
● The names of those selected to become members of the Ad Hoc
B. GAWAD SA MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN Panel of Expert shall be submitted to the NCCA Board of
(NATIONAL LIVING TREASURES AWARD)
Commissioners for proper designation.
● It was created in 1992 under the Republic Act No. 7355. Also under ● The team of the members shall expire upon completion of the
jurisdiction of the National Commission for culture and the Arts search and selection program.
(NCCA), the NCCA (2015)
● “Through the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Committee and an Ad
Hoc Panel of Experts, conducts the search for the finest traditional FOR INDIVIDUAL AWARDEE
artist of the land, adopts a program, that will ensue the transfer of ● The rank and the title of Manlilikha ng Bayan, as proclaimed by the
their skills to others and undertakes measures to promote a genuine President of the Philippines in accordance with E.O. No. 236 or
appreciation of and instill pride among our people about the genius Honors Code of the Philippines
of Manliliha ng Bayan.” ● The GAMABA gold-plated medallion minted by the BSP and citation
● Was first conferred to three outstanding artists in music and poetry ● A lifetime emolument and materials and physical benefits
back in 1993 comparable in value to those received by the highest officers of the
○ Ginaw Bilog land such as:
■ Master of the Ambahan Poetry ○ A minimum cash award of Two Hundred Thousand Pesos, net
○ Masino Intaray of taxes
■ Master of various traditional musical instruments of the ○ A minimum lifetime personal monthly stipend of Fifty
Palawan People Thousand Pesos
○ Samaon Sulaiman ○ Medical and hospitalization benefits not exceeding Php
■ Master of kutyapi and other instruments 750,000 per year
● Recipients of GAMABA are sought under the qualification of a ● A state funeral, the arrangements for and the expenses of which
“Manlilikha ng Bayan” who is a citizen engaged in any traditional shall be borne by the Government, upon the death of the Manlilikha
art uniquely Filipino whose distinctive skills have reached such a ng Bayan
high level of technical and artistic excellence and have been passed ● A place of honor, in line with protocol precedence, in state functions,
on to and widely practiced by the present generation in their national commemoration ceremonies and all other cultural
community with the same degree of technical and artistic presentations
competence

HOW DOES ONE BECOME A MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN?

● An individual must:
○ Possess a mastery of tools and materials needed for the
traditional, folk art and be a master of works of extraordinary
technical quality
○ Have consistently produced works of superior quality over
significant period

GEC10 Art Appreciation | Art: Artists and Artisans Page 6 of 7

FOR GROUP AWARDEE

● The rank and the title of Manlilikha ng Bayan, as proclaimed by the

President of the Philippines in accordance with E.O. No. 236 or
Honors Code of the Philippines
● The GAMABA plaque for the group
● A one-time award of Two Hundred Pesos, net of taxes
● The group shall designate its leader who will represent and attend
events and functions on behalf of the group. The said representative
will also have a place of honor, in line with protocol precedence, in
state functions, national commemoration ceremonies and all other
cultural presentations

REFERENCES
● Lecture powerpoint

NOTES

GEC10 Art Appreciation | Art: Artists and Artisans Page 7 of 7

 Module 6 | BSN 3 2nd Semester
ART APPRECIATION
Elements and Principles of Art: Visual
Lecturer/s: Emmanuel R. Santos, LPT, MBA

INSERT SPACE FON

OUTLINE
● Form
○ Refers to three dimensions: height, width, and depth
I. Traditional Elements of Art III. Contemporary Elements
● There are two categories that can be used as a broad distinction for
A. Line IV. Perspectives
B. Shape and Form A. Planes and Perspective shapes: geometric and organic
C. Space
D. Colors CATEGORIES OF SHAPES
E. Texture ● Geometric shapes
II. Traditional Principles of Design
○ Find origin in mathematical propositions
○ Its translation and use are often man-made
I. TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS OF ART ○ Include shapes such as squares, triangles, cubes, circle, sphere,
A. LINE and cones, among others
● Refers to a point moving at an ● Organic shapes
identifiable path ○ Shapes that are readily occurring in nature
● It has length, direction, and a ○ Often irregular and asymmetrical
width ○ Flowing and curving appearance
● It is one-dimensional ○ Associated with things from the natural world such as plants and
● Has the capacity to either define animals
the parameters of the artwork
(edges) and/or become a C. SPACE
substantial component of a ● Usually inferred from a sense
composition of depth, whether it is real or
● It has variations in view of its simulated
orientation/direction, shape, and thickness ● Real space is
● Has the ability to direct the eyes to follow movement or provide hints three-dimensional. Sculptures
as to a work’s focal point are a perfect example of
artworks that bear this element
KINDS OF LINE ● They may also be implied in
two-dimensional artworks:
● Horizontal lines
○ Positive and negative space
○ Normally associated with rest or calm
■ Positive space - shadow is heavily used
○ Connotes a visual sense of being parallel to the ground
■ Negative space - usually identified with the white space
○ Alludes to position of the reclined body at rest
○ Three-dimensional space
● Vertical lines
■ Can be stimulated through a variety of techniques such as
○ Connote elevation or height, that usually means excitation or
shading
aspiration for action
■ An illusion of three-dimensionality can be achieved in a
● These lines communicate stability and firmness
two-dimensional work
● Diagonal lines
○ Convey movement and instability, although progression can be
D. COLOR
seen
● One of the elements that enhances the appeal of an artwork
● Crooked or jagged lines
● Its effect has range, that allows viewers to make responses based
○ Reminiscent of violence, conflict, or struggle
on memory, emotion, and instinct, among others
● Curved lines
● It is a property of light, as it is reflected off the object
○ Lines that bend or coil, allude to softness, grace, flexibility, or
even sensuality
PROPERTIES OF COLORS

B. SHAPE AND FORM ● Hue – it can be subdivided into three:

● These two are related to each other in the ○ Primary colors – red, yellow, blue
sense that they define the space occupied ○ Secondary colors – green, orange, and violet
by the object of art ○ Tertiary colors – six in total, these hues are achieved when
● Shape primary and secondary colors are mixed
○ Refers to two dimensions: height and ● Value – refers to the lightness or darkness of color. Used by artists
weight to create the illusion of depth and solidity, a particular mood,

GEC10 Transcribers: Ayapana, Buenviaje, Fodra, Gonzales, Koo, Taperi, Ty Page 1 of 5

 communicate a feeling, or in establishing a scene (e.g. day and
night)
○ Light colors – taken as the source of light in the composition
○ Dark colors – the lack or even absence of light
○ Tint – refers to a light color than the normal value (e.g., pink for
red)
○ Shade – refers to a darker color than the normal value (e.g.,
maroon for red)
● Intensity – refers to the color’s brightness or dullness. Identified as
the strength of the color, whether it is vivid or muted
○ Bright or warm colors – positive energy
○ Dull or cool colors – sedate, soothing, seriousness or calm SPLIT COMPLIMENTARY
● Types of Color Harmonies: ● Split complementary color scheme is a three-color combination
○ Monochromatic harmonies - use the variations of a hue consisting of one base color and two complementary colors
○ Complementary harmonies - involve two opposite colors in the positioned on the color wheel opposite a base hue. The contrast
color wheel is less sharp than in the complementary scheme, but it allows for
○ Analogous harmonies - make use of two colors beside each the use of more colors.
other in the color wheel

MORE COLOR SCHEMES

● A color scheme is a visual combination of colors that complement

one another. It is most commonly used in graphic design, interior
design, fashion, and the arts. The goal of a color scheme is to
create a unified aesthetic while also appealing to the viewer.
● In this feature, we will dive into the six major color schemes and
discuss the differences.

MONOCHROMATIC
Complementary Monochromatic ● Monochromatic color scheme utilizes all shades of a single hue. It
contains tones, shades, and tints created by blending black, gray,
Analogous Triadic
or white into a base hue. It is always a good choice because it is
difficult to make a mistake and create an unappealing color scheme
Split Complementary Tetradic

COMPLEMENTARY
● Complementary color scheme consists of colors opposite to one
another in the color wheel. Typically, the palette contains two
highly contrasting colors. They can be eye-catching but also too
powerful to the audience.

TRIADIC
● Triadic color scheme comprises three equally spaced colors on the
color wheel and forms a triangle. To keep the balance in this
scheme, use one color as the dominant and the others as accents

ANALOGOUS
● Analogous color scheme contains one primary color and two
complimentary colors on the color wheel. Analogous color
schemes are simple to create; however, if you want a harmonious
appearance, use warm or cool hues in your palette.

GEC10 Art Appreciation | Elements and Principles of Art: Visual Page 2 of 5

TETADRIC
● Tetadric or rectangular color scheme consists of two TYPES OF TEXTURE
1. Textures in the two-dimensional plane
complementary colors forming a rectangle on the color wheel.
a. One can imagine how the surface would feel if it was to be
The scheme is hard to harmonize, but the results may be stunning,
touched.
if you do everything right
2. Surface texture
a. Refers to the texture of the three-dimensional art object.

IN A GLANCE…

● Let’s dive deeper into colors…

○ Seamaster paint Malaysia

HUE, TINT, TONE AND SHADE

● Hue is pure color

● Tint is a hue with white added. ● Again, art elements are line, shape and form, space, color, and
● Tone is a hue with gray added. texture.
● Shade is a hue with black added.
II. TRADITIONAL PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
● Balance
○ Refers to the distribution of the visual elements in view of their
placement in relation to other
■ There are three forms of balance:
● Symmetrical- the elements used on one side are reflected
to the other. This offers the most stable visual sense to any
work
● Assymetrical- the elements are not the same (or the same
weight) on each side, putting heaviness on one side
● Radial- there is a central point in the composition, around
which elements and subjects are distributed
Hue Tint
● Scale and Proportion
○ Scale pertains to the size in relation to what is normal for the
figure or object in question
○ Proportion is the size of the components, or of objects in
relation to one another when taken as a composition or unit.
Itcan also refer to values such as amounts or number of
elements or objects in the composition
■ Proportion can be:
● Natural - related to the realistic size of the visual elements
in the artwork, especially for figurative artworks. When the
artist is after the accuracy in relation to the real world, it is
now referred as principle of scale
Tone Shade ● Exaggerated - refers to the unusual size relation of visual
elements, deliberately exaggerating the immensity or
E. TEXTURE minutes of an object. Diminutive (smaller than expected)
● Like space, it can also be either real or and Monumental (larger than presumed)
implied. ● Idealized - follow canons of perfection that achieve the
● It is experienced through the sense of most ideal size-relation
touch (and sight). ● Emphasis and Contrast
● It renders the art object tactile. ■ Emphasis
● Allows the attention of the viewer to a focal points,
accentuating or drawing attention to theses elements or
object

GEC10 Art Appreciation | Elements and Principles of Art: Visual Page 3 of 5

 ● It can be done through the manipulation of the elements or III. CONTEMPORARY ELEMENTS
through the assistance of other principles, especially
contrats
■ Contrast
● Is the disparity between the elements that figure onto the
composition. One may be made stronger to compare to
the other object.
● The use of positive and negative space is an example of
contrast
● Unity and Variety
○ Unity intends to imbue a sense of accord or completeness from
the artwork
○ Variety is the principle that aims to retain the interest by allowing
patches or areas that both excite and allow the eye to rest. It is
the use of different visual elements throughout a work
● Harmony
○ This principle is related to the principle of unity and variety, it is
when the elements or objects achieve a sense of flow and
interconnectedness
○ It is the visually satisfying effect of combining similar or related
elements
● Movement
○ This refers to the direction of the viewing eye as it goes
through the artwork, often guided by areas or elements that are
emphasized.
○ These focal points can be lines, edges, shape, and color within
the work of art, among others.
● Rhythm
○ This is created when an element is repeated, creating implied
movement.
○ Refers to the arrangement of shapes in a way which creates
an underlying beat. ● In addition to the traditional Elements and Principles, over the last
○ Variety of repetition helps invigorate rhythm as depicted in the few years there has been a growing and changing list of
artwork. Contemporary Elements (or Postmodern Principles). Many teachers
● Repetition and Pattern have been using these at the secondary level. Although the list is
○ Repetition refers to the appearance of lines, shapes, colors, and continuously in flux, we have compiled the seven most common
other elements in a recurring manner. ideas in the field for you in an additional download. These ideas
○ Pattern refers to the image created out of repetition. would be great to include as vocabulary or to use as themes in your
○ With repetition, there is a sense of predictability that is conveyed, classroom. They are a great way to expand your students’ art
which in turn imbues the feelings of security and calmness. language beyond the typical elements and principles definitions.

IN A GLANCE… IV. PERSPECTIVES

A. PLANES AND PERSPECTIVES
● Picture plane
○ Is the actual surface of the painting or drawing, where no
illusion of a third dimension exists
● Perspective
○ Can create an illusion of
space and depth on a flat
surface (or picture plane)
depending on the number
of vanishing points
● As forms and objects recede,
the smaller they become
● When parallel lines seem to
converge when they recede into a distance, at a point, they both
disappear. The point of disappearance is called the vanishing
point.
● A viewpoint may be constructed as normal (view standing up), low
(view from a lower range), or high (view looking down on a scene)
depending on the position the viewer takes.

GEC10 Art Appreciation | Elements and Principles of Art: Visual Page 4 of 5

TYPES OF PERSPECTIVE

● One-point perspective
○ Often used in depicting
roads, tracks, hallways, or
rows of trees
○ This type of perspective
shows parallel lines that
seem to converge at a
specific and lone vanishing
point, along the horizon line

● Two-point perspective
○ Pertains to a painting
or drawing that makes use of
two vanishing points, which
can be placed anywhere
along the horizon line
○ It is often used in
depicting structures such as
houses or buildings in the
landscape that are viewed
from a specific corner.

● Three-point perspective
○ It makes use of three vanishing points, each corresponding to
each axis of the scene
○ In this type of perspective, the viewer is looking at a scene from
above or below

REFERENCES
● Lecture powerpoint

NOTES

GEC10 Art Appreciation | Elements and Principles of Art: Visual Page 5 of 5

 Module 7 | BSN 3 2nd Semester
ART APPRECIATION
Elements and Principles of Art: Auditory
Lecturer/s: Emmanuel R. Santos, LPT, MBA

C. MELODY
INSERT SPACE FON

OUTLINE
● Refers to the linear presentation of (horizontal) pitch.
I. Elements of Art
A. Rhythm ● By horizontal, it means that it is read in succession from left to right.
B. Dynamics ● Pitch – the highness or lowness of musical sound
C. Melody
D. Harmony
E. Timbre
F. Texture
II. Combined or Hybrid Art
A. Combined
B. Hybrid

I. ELEMENTS OF ART: AUDITORY (MUSIC)

D. HARMONY
A. RHYTHM
● In contrast to melody, harmony is vertical.
● It is the element of music that refers to its pattern in time. ● It arises when pitches are combined to form chords.
● It is the pulse of the music. ● Chord – it is when several notes are simultaneously played.
● Beat – the basic unit of music ● It can be described according to its “harshness”:
● Tempo – refers to the speed of music (beats per second). ○ Dissonance – harsh-sounding combination
● Meter – recognizable recurrent patterns where beats can be ○ Consonance – smooth-sounding combination
organized.
● Classical terms are used to refer to the variations in tempo, some of
which are:
○ Largo – slowly and broadly
○ Andante – walking pace
○ Moderato – at moderate speed
○ Allegro – fast
○ Vivace – lively
○ Accelerando – gradually speeding up
○ Rallentando – gradually slowing down
○ Allargando – getting slower, broadening
○ Rubato – literally “robbed time”, rhythm is played freely for
E. TIMBRE
expressive effect
● It is often likened to the color of music
B. DYNAMICS
● It is a quality the distinguishes a voice or an instrument from another
● Refers to the loudness or quietness of music ● It may give a certain tone or characteristic to music depending on
● Classical terms are used to refer to the different levels pertaining to the technique used by the musician/artist
dynamics:
○ Pianissimo [pp] – very quiet
○ Piano [p] – quiet
○ Mezzo-piano [mp] – moderately quiet
○ Mezzo-forte [mf] – moderately loud
○ Forte [f] – loud
○ Fortissimo [ff] – very loud
● Crescendo refers to an increase in loudness while decrescendo
refers to a decrease in loudness.

GEC10 Transcribers: Infante, Nicolas Page 1 of 2

 F. TEXTURE
● It is the number of melodies, type of layers, and their relatedness.
● It may be:
○ Monophonic – single melodic line
○ Polyphonic – two or more melodic lines
○ Homophonic – main melody accompanied by chords
○ Heterophonic – simultaneous variation of a single melody line

II. COMBINED OR HYBRID ART

A. COMBINED ARTS
● It is when two or more art forms and style are combined
● Improvisation is often tapped in addition to practical and logical
considerations of creating an artwork
● The artist is challenged to deconstruct an idea or stimulus, from
which the content, narrative, technique, art forms, and styles will
take form.
● Some examples include:
○ Dance
○ Theater
○ Installation art
○ Film
○ Video art
○ Documentary
○ Photography
○ Puppetry
○ Design, and other
forms of production
B. HYBRID ARTS
● It is a contemporary art movement which involves frontier areas of
science and emerging technologies.
● It is driven by the expansion of the imagination and what is possible
through “the blistering pace of scientific and technological
development”.
● Artists reference and tap into the fields of robotic, artificial
intelligence, biotechnology, natural and computer sciences,
telecommunications, information, digital and interface technologies.

REFERENCES
● Lecture powerpoint

NOTES

GEC10 Art Appreciation | Elements and Principles of Art: Auditory Page 2 of 2

 Module 8 | BSN 3 2nd Semester
ART APPRECIATION
Fundamentals of Literature
Lecturer/s: Emmanuel R. Santos, LPT, MBA

A. WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY LITERATURE?

INSERT SPACE FO

OUTLINE
IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE
I. What is Literature?
A. Why Do We Need to Study Literature? ● As any field of academic discipline, the study of literature proves to
B. Roles of Literature
be a useful endeavor. It has its own unique way of expressing its
C. Divisions of Literature
II. Literary Approaches benefits and advantages. Students of literature will realize these
things during or after reading or studying a literary masterpiece. The
importance of literature include:
I. WHAT IS LITERATURE? 1. Literature helps us grow both personally and intellectually.
● The term literature is derived from the latin word “Littera” which 2. Literature links us with the rest of the world of which we are
means letters. apart.
3. Literature enables us to transcend our immediate time, place,
DEFINITIONS
and culture, and to make connections with other human beings
● World English Dictionary: and their concerns.
○ Literature is any written material such as poetry, novels, essays, 4. Literature encourages us to develop mature empathy with all
etc., especially works of imagination characterized by excellence forms of life: Human, animal, plant.
of style and expressions and by themes of general or enduring 5. Literature sharpens our sense of moral judgment.
interest. 6. Literature stimulates our imagination and ingenuity.
● Henry Van Dyke: 7. Literature shows the significance of irony, paradox, oxymoron,
○ Literature consists of writing which interprets the meanings of and ambivalence of life.
nature and life, in words of charm and power, touched with the 8. Literature allows us to see the world from different vantage
personality of the author, in artistic forms of permanent interest. points.
● Webster: 9. Literature relives history.
○ Literature is anything that is printed, as long as it is related to the 10. Literature reminds us that we are human beings.
ideas and feelings of people, whether it is true, or just a product ROLES OF LITERATURE
of one’s imagination.
● Literature remains as our largest reference or collection of ● Transmitter of value
information. ● Preserver of ideals, customs, and traditions
○ Nearly all records have existed in the form of literature. ● Mirror of culture
○ If we took a lot of better care of our literature, we would know so ● Agent of change
much more about who we are. ● Source of pleasure
● Literature is the one of the best ways for sharing thoughts, facts, TWO MAIN DIVISION OF LITERATURE
ideas, stories – both fictional and nonfictional. ● Prose
○ Literature provides one of the most direct ways of stimulating
● Poetry
your mind’s imagination.
PROSE
LET’S DIG DEEPER…
● Prose is a division of literature which covers a literary work that is
● According to form, it may be oral or written.
spoken or written within the common flow of language in sentences
○ The first was handed down originally through word of mouth, like
and in paragraphs which gives information, relate events, express
songs, proverbs, folk tales, and riddles; and later preserved in
ideas, or present opinions. Under this division, we have two
writing.
sub-divisions: the Fiction and Non-Fiction.
○ The second has been formally documented from the start.
● Prose (fiction) is a sub-division of prose which covers a literary
● According to appeal, it may be universal or transient. work of imaginative narration, either oral or written, fashioned to
○ Universal in point of time refers to writings long ago but continue entertain and to make readers think and more so, to feel. It normally
to exist. came from the writer's imagination. Some Literary Genres that fall
○ Others last only for a brief period of time. under fiction include:
● According to genre, literature has two main divisions: prose and ○ Legend is a prose fiction which attempts to explain the origin of
poetry. things, places, objects that we see around us.
○ Each division may be dub-divided into different types which will ■ Example: The Legend of Makahiya, Why the Sea is Salty
be discussed in the succeeding chapter. ○ Short story is a short prose fiction narrative depicting a simple
characterization and plot conveying a moral which can be read in
one sitting.

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 ■ Example: The Diamond Necklace by Guy de Maupassant, ○ It is usually recited during gatherings in the past but it may be
Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia-Villa. sung in the present days.
○ Novel is a very long prose narrative depicting complex ■ Example: Forevermore by Side A Band.
characterization and plot which is usually divided into chapters. ○ Metrical Tale is a narrative poem which narrates a story in a
■ Example: Les Miserables by Victor Hugo, War and Peace by "metered" or "measured" number of syllables hence it was called
Leo Tolstoy. metrical. There are two popular variations in Philippine
○ Novella is a long prose narrative similar to but shorter than a Literature, the Awit and Corrido.
novel but longer than a short story. It is also known as novelette. ○ Awit is a romance metrical tale of dodecasyllabic measure which
■ Example: Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson, The is recited during formal performances or informal gatherings.
Call of the Wild by Jack London. ■ Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco "Balagtas" Baltazar.
○ Fable is a short prose fiction narrative depicting animal ○ Corrido is a martial or adventure metrical tale of octosyllabic
characters which espouses a lesson in life. measure recited for recreational purposes.
■ Example: The Lion and the Mouse, The Monkey and the ■ Example: Ibong Ada Corazon dela Cruz
Turtle. ● Subdivision of poetry which features poems intended to be sung
○ Parable is a short prose allegorical narrative which presents a with accompaniment of the musical instrument called “lyre” hence,
philosophical outlook in life. lyric poetry. The following are the types of lyric poems:
■ Example: The Parable of the So The Prodigal Son. ○ Song
● Prose (Non-Fiction) is a sub-division of prose which covers a ■ A lyric poem of various theme which is meant to be sung in its
literary work of "real life" narration or exposition based on history entirety
and facts whose main thrust is intellectual appeal to convey facts, ● Example: Bayan Ko written by Jose De Jesus, arranged
theories, generalizations, or concepts about a particular topic. Some by Constancio De Guzman, and sung by Freddie Aguilar
literary genres that fall under non-fiction include: ○ Ode
○ Biography is a prose non-fiction detailing the life of a person ■ A lyric poem of noble and exalted emotion which has dignified
written by another person. Example: The Great Malayan about countenance
the Life of Jose Rizal written by Carlos Quirino. Sometimes, a ● Example: Ode to the West Wind by Percy Bysshe Shelley
biography may be written by the same person, hence, it is called ○ Elegy
autobiography. ■ A lyric poem of sad theme such as lamentation for the dead,
■ Example: Memoirs written by Juan Ponce Enrile was a longing for a missing love, and a grief for things beyond one’s
lengthy narrative about his own life. control
○ History is a prose non-fiction record of events that transpired in ● Example: Elegy written in a Country Churchyard by
the past. Thomas Gray
■ Example: The History of Filipino People written by Gregorio ○ Sonnet
Zaide. ■ A lyric poem of 14 iambic pentameter lines usually about love
○ News is a prose non-fiction narrative of events that happen and beautiful themes
everyday. The newspapers are written for this purpose. ● Example: Sonnet to Laura by Francesco Petrarch
■ Example: Philippine Daily Inquirer. ○ Idyll
○ Diary is a personal account of significant events that happen in ■ A lyric poem celebrating the tranquil and beautiful landscapes
the life of a person. of rural and country settings
○ Anecdote is a prose non-fiction narrative that depicts a single ● Example: Besides the Pasig River by Jose Rizal
incident in a person's life. ● Poetry (Dramatic Poetry) is a subdivision of poetry which features
■ Example: The Moth and the Lamp. poems meant to be performed on stage. Theater plays and dramatic
○ Essay is prose non-fiction which is a formal treatment of an presentations belong to this type:
issue written from the writer's personal point of view. ○ Tragedy
■ Example: On the Indolence of the Filipinos written by Jose ■ A dramatic poetry which features a hero whose hubris or
Rize shortcoming eventually causes his downfall or defeat often
POETRY ending in a very sad conclusion
● Example: Hamlet by William Shakespeare and The Three
● Poetry is a division of literature works which covers a literary work Rats by Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero
expressed in verse, measure, rhythm, sound, and imaginative ○ Comedy
language and creates an emotional response to an experience, ■ A dramatic poetry which is similar to tragedy except that the
feeling or fact. Traditionally, it has three sub-divisions namely: hero triumphs and overcomes the odds towards the end and
Narrative poetry, Lyric poetry, and Dramatic poetry. emerges victoriously.
● Poetry (Narrative Poetry) is a sub-division of poetry which tells or ● Example: The Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare
narrates a story. It may be lengthy as an epic, or short as a ballad ○ Melodrama
and/or typically measured as a metrical tale. ■ A dramatic poetry which is a combination of the elements of
○ Epic is a narrative poem which accounts the heroic exploits of a tragedy and comedy yet ends in a happy note
community's hero, usually involving superhuman abilities. ● Example: A Midsummer Night’s Dream by Willian
■ Example: Hudhod hi Aliguyon is an Ifugao epic. Shakespeare
○ Ballad is a narrative poem which depicts a single incident that ○ Farce
transpired in a person's life. ■ A dramatic poetry which is an exaggerated comedy that aims
to elicit laughter hence, relaxation.

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 ● Example: Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde 7. Biographical Approach
○ Social Play ● Literature is viewed from the life story of the author
■ A dramatic poetry which tackles social issues and problems or any of the characters presented in the story.
such as poverty, corruption, discrimination, racism, sexism, Since literature is all about reflection of life, any
among others, with an aim to bring awareness and bring literary piece, henceforth can be examined using a
about positive change biographical approach.
● Example: Zsazsa Zaturnah by Carlo Vergara 8. Marxist Approach
II. LITERARY APPROACHES ● For Karl Marx, a German-Jewish social
philosophy, literature is viewed as a conflict of
● When we read a literary piece, some of the more striking elements
social classes: The Ruling Class (Bourgeoisie) vs.
featured stand out above the rest. The tendency is, these linger in
The Working class (Proletariat). Stories
our minds a bit longer compared to others. In studying a literary
highlighting social conflict, class struggles and
piece, the same situation occurs in which we tend to question things
ideologies not compatible to each other are
over others supposed to be in the same light against the other. That
basically examples of this approach
is where literary approaches come in. We use these approaches
9. Feminist Approach
similar to a lens in order to view a particular insight we want to fully
● This approach speaks of highlighting the role of
explore.
women depicted in the story. Struggles, plight and
1. Formalist or Literary Approach
conditions of female characters or heroines are
● Literature is viewed intrinsically, independent of
being scrutinized.
the author, age, or any other extrinsic factor. The
10. Deconstructionist Approach
study of the selection is more or less based on the
● Popularized by Jacques Derrida, this approach
so-called “literary elements”
speaks of examining closely the individual
2. Moral or Humanistic Approach
elements comprising the story and then studying
● Literature is viewed to discuss man and its nature.
how these parts complement and work together to
It presents man as essentially rational; that is,
come up with the whole masterpiece.
endowed with intellect and free will; or that the
piece does not misinterpret the true nature of man. REFERENCES
The approach is close to the “morality” of ● Lecture powerpoint
literature, to questions of ethical goodness or
badness.
NOTES
3. Historical Approach
● Literature is seen both as a reflection and product
of the times and circumstances in which it was
written. It opiates on the premise that the history of
a nation has telling effects on its literature and that
the piece can be better understood and
appreciated if one knows the times surrounding its
creation.
4. Sociological Approach
● Literature is viewed as the expression of man
within a given social situation or social event or
social phenomena. The sociological approach
stresses on social “relevance”, social
“commitment”, contemporaneity, and it deems
communication with the reader important
5. Cultural Approach
● Literature is seen as one of the manifestations and
vehicles of a nation’s or race’s culture and
tradition. It includes the entire compels of what
goes under “culture” – the technological, artistic,
sociological, ideological aspects; and considers
the literary piece in the total cultural milieu in which
it was born.
6. Physiological Approach
● Literature is viewed as the expression of
“personality” of “inner drives” or “neurosis”. It
includes the psychology of the author, of the
characters, and even the psychology of creation.
KIt has resulted in an almost exhausting and
exhaustive “psychological analysis” of characters,
of symbols and images, of recurrent themes, and
others.

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