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Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems
ORGAN SYSTEMS 6. Urinary System- produce, store, and
eliminate liquid wastes. It also maintains
1. Nervous System - generates nerve the body’s mineral balance.
impulses to regulate body activities.
7. Lymphatic System - returns proteins
Detects external and internal changes
and fluid to blood.
in the body.
Site of maturation for B cells and T
2. Digestive System - physical and
cells that protect the body against
chemical breakdown of food.
microbes.
Absorbs nutrients and eliminates solid
8. Skeletal System - the ‘’framework’’ of
wastes.
the body. It supports and aids body
3. Cardiovascular System- heart pumps movements.
blood through vessels and blood carries
9. Muscular System - participates in
oxygen throughout the body.
body movement and maintain postures
4. Respiratory System - transfer of and produce heat.
oxygen and carbon dioxide. 10. Integumentary System - regulates
body temperature and provide insulation
5. Reproductive System- production of
and detects sensation.
gametes that unite to form a new
organism. 11. Endocrine System - regulates the
body system by releasing hormones.
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Language of Anatomy
Body Position - have an initial reference Reclining Position - the body is face
point. Standard position called down (prone) or face up (supine).
Anatomical Position.
Facing the observer, face forward. Lower limbs are parallel and feet are flat
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Body Regions
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Trunk
a. Thorax
b. Abdomen
c. Pelvic Cavity
d. Perineum
4. Upper Limbs
5. Lower Limbs
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Directional Terms Proximal and Distal - describes linear
structure
Superior - toward the head
Superficial and Deep - surface of the
Inferior - away the head
body
Medial - above midline
Anterior (ventral) - forward
Lateral - below midline
Posterior (dorsal) - backward
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Body Planes b. Parasagittal - unequal side
- flat surface that pass through the body 2. Frontal/Coronal Plane - vertical plane
parts, pertains to cut. that separate anterior (front) and
posterior (back) portions
Section
3. Cross-
- view of the body or organ, pertains to Sectional/Horizontal/Transverse Plane -
the view. horizontal plane that separates superior
(upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
1. Sagittal Plane - vertical plane that
separates left and right side 4. Oblique - diagonal cut, angle other than
the right angle (90’
a. Midsagittal/Median - equal left and right side.
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Body Cavities TYPES OF DORSAL CAVITY
- is any space or compartment, or 1. Cranial - the space in the skull that
potential space, in a body. It homes the brain. It is formed by 8 cranial
accommodate organs and other bones called neuocranium
structures.
2. Spinal - contains the spinal cord within
TYPES OF BODY CAVITY the vertebral column, formed by the
vertebrae through which the spinal cord
1. Dorsal - lies close to the spine in the passes.
posterior portion of the body, it is a fluid
filled space which surrounds the brain Abdominalpelvic
and spinal cord of vertebrates.
- can divided into four quadrants and nine
regions. These are defined by the
intersection of the sagittal plane and
umbilical plane.
ABDOMINALPELVIC QUADRANTS
1. Left Upper Quadrant - location of the
left portion of the liver, the larger portion
of the stomach, the pancreas, left kidney,
spleen, portions of the transverse and
descending colon, and parts of the small
intestine.
2. Ventral - it is in the anterior (front)
aspect of the human body. 2. Right Upper Quadrant - location of
the left portion of the liver, the larger
portion of the stomach, the pancreas, left
TYPES OF VENTRAL CAVITY kidney, spleen, portions of the transverse
and descending colon, and parts of the
1. Thoraric - a hollow space that is small intestine
bounded by the ribs and diaphragm.
3. Left Lower Quadrant - small
Has a partition called Mediastinum
intestine, some of the large intestine,
that contains the heart, thymus,
the left female reproductive organs,
trachea, and esophagus.
and the left ureter.
2. Abdominal Cavity - space that is
bounded by the diaghpram and 4. Right Lower Quadrant - the cecum,
abdominal muscle. appendix, part of the small intestines, the
right female reproductive organs, and the
right ureter
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8. Left Iliac (Inguinal) - part of the
descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and
the left illiac fossa.
9. Hypogastric - bladder, part of the
sigmoid colon, the anus, the uterus and
ovaries in females and the prostate in
males.
ABDOMINALPELVIC REGIONS
1. Right Hypochondriac - the right
portion of the liver, the gallbladder, the
right kidney, and parts of the small
intestine.
2. Left Hypochondriac - part of the
spleen, the left kidney, part of the
stomach, the pancreas, and parts of the
colon.
3. Epigastric - majority of the stomach,
part of the liver, part of the pancreas, part
of the duodenum, part of the spleen, and
the adrenal glands, pushes out when the
diaphragm contracts during breathing.
4. Right Lumbar - the gallbladder,
the right kidney, part of the liver, and
the ascending colon.
5. Left Lumbar - descending colon,
the left kidney, and part of the spleen.
6. Umbilical - the umbilicus, parts of
the small intestine, such as duodenum,
the jejunum, and the illeum,the
transverse colon, and the bottom
portions of both the left and right
kidney.
7. Right Iliac (Inguinal) - appendix,
cecum, and the right iliac fossa,
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Inferior Lower TRUNK
BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
Superior Higher Thoraric Thorax
HEAD UPPER
Chest LIMBS Pectoral
Anterior Front
Head Cephalic Collarbone
Breastbone Clavicular
Sternal
Posterior Back
Forehead Frontal Armpit
Breast Axillary
Mammary
Ventral Belly
Eye Orbital Arm Brachial
Dorsal Back
Nose Nasal Front of elbow
Abdomen Antecubital
Abdominal
Proximal Nearest
Mouth Oral Forearm
Navel Antebrachial
Umbilical
Distal Distant/Furthest
Ear Otic HAND
Pelvis Pelvic
Lateral Away the midline
Cheek Buccal Hand
Groin Manual
Inguinal
Towards the
Medial
Chin Mental Wrist Carpal
midline Genital Pubic
Palm Palmar
Neck Cervical Fingers Digital
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LOWERLIMB
Hip Coxal
Thigh Femoral
Kneecap Pat`ellar
Leg Crural
FOOT
Foot Pedal
Ankle Talus
Top of foot Dorsum
Toes Digital
UPPER
LIMB
Point of shoulder Acromial
Point of elbow Olecranon
Back of hand Dorsum
LOWER LIMB
Hollow behind Popliteal
knee
Calf Sural
Sole Plantar
Heel Calcaneal
SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN
SKULL
Skull Cranial Right Upper Left Upper
Quadrant
Base of Skull Occipital Quadrant
Base of Neck Nuchal Right Lower Left Lower
Quadrant Quadrant
TRUNK
Back Dorsal
Shoulder Blade Scapular
Spinal Column Vertebral
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