MASTERING JAVA 10Q+ solved and commented exercises to accelerate your learning RUHAN CONCEICAOMASTERING JAVA: 100+ Solved and Commented Exercises to Accelerate your Learning Ruhan Avila da ConceicdoPreface Welcome to this book where solved and com- mented Java exercises are presented. In this book, you will find a collection of over 100 exercises de- signed to help you improve your programming skills in this powerful language. Learning to program involves not only under- standing theoretical concepts but also applying those concepts in real-life situations. That's exactly what you will find in this book: a wide variety of problems ranging from basic fundamentals to more complex challenges. Each exercise is accompanied by a complete and detailed solution, which not only presents the source code but also explains the reasoning behind the approach taken. These comments discuss impor- tant concepts, provide valuable tips, and help under- stand how programming logic can be efficiently ap- plied in problem-solving.As you progress through the exercises, you will be challenged with tasks involving mathematical for- mula manipulation, strings, conditionals, loops, vec- tor manipulation, matrices, and much more. The main goal of this book is to provide a prac- tical and comprehensive resource for programmers seeking improvement. Whether you are a beginner in Java looking to solidify your knowledge or an experienced programmer wishing to deepen your expertise, these exercises will serve as an excellent study guide and reference. This book is also suitable for teachers who would like to have a rich collection of solved Programming Logic exercises to create ex- ercises and questions for their students. In several exercises, multiple solutions are pre- sented for the same proposed problem, involving different strategies and techniques. Enjoy this learning journey and dive into the solved and commented Java exercises. Prepare your- self for stimulating challenges, creative solutions, and a unique opportunity to enhance your program- ming skills.This book was written using artificial intelligence tools in content creation, but all materials have been reviewed and edited by the author to deliver a final high-quality product. Happy reading, happy studying, and have fun ex- ploring the fascinating world of Java programming Ruhan Avila da Conceicao.Summary Brief Introduction to Java Introduction to Exercises Mathematical Formulas Conditionals Repeat Loops Arrays Strings Matrices Recursive Functions Extra Exercises Complete List of Exercises Additional Content About the AuthorBrief Introduction to Java Java is a widely-used programming language ex- pressly designed for use in the distributed environ- ment of the internet. It was designed to have the "look and feel" of the C++ language, but it is simpler to use than C++ and enforces an object-oriented pro- gramming model. Here are some key characteristics of Java: Object-Oriented: In Java, everything is an Object. Java can be easily extended since it is based on the Object model. Platform Independent: Unlike many other pro- gramming languages including C and C++, when Java is compiled, it is not compiled into platform- specific machine code, but into platform-indepen- dent byte code. This byte code is distributed over theweb and interpreted by the Virtual Machine (JVM) on whichever platform it is being run on. Simple: Java is designed to be easy to learn. If you understand the basic concept of OOP, Java would be easy to master. Secure: With Java's secure feature, it enables to develop virus-free, tamper-free systems. Authenti- cation techniques are based on public-key encryp- tion. Architectural-Neutral: Java compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format, which makes the compiled code executable on many pro- cessors, with the presence of a Java runtime system. Portable: Being architectural-neutral and having no implementation dependent aspects of the specifi- cation makes Java portable. Robust: Java makes an effort to eliminate error- prone situations by emphasizing mainly on com- pile-time error checking and runtime checking. Multithreaded: With Java's multithreaded fea- ture, it is possible to write programs that can per- form many tasks simultaneously.Java was developed by James Gosling, a develop- ment leader in sun microsystem. Sun Microsystems in 1995. It was later acquired by Oracle Corporation. Java is used in a wide variety of computing plat- forms from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers. A basic structure of a Java program is shown below: public class Main { public static void main(String|] args) { [Link]("Hello, World!"); } } This is a simple program that prints "Hello, World!" to the console. In the above example, public class Main is the declaration of the class. Java pro- grams are made up of classes. The main method is the entry point of the program and System. [Link]- In("Hello, World!"); is the line which prints the text "Hello, World!" to the console.Variables In Java, a variable is a name given to a memory location. It's called a variable because the informa- tion stored in the memory location may change dur- ing the execution of the program. Each variable in Java has a specific data type, which determines the size and layout of the variable's memory, the range of values that can be stored within that memory, and the set of operations that can be applied to the variable. There are three types of variables in Java: Local Variables: A variable defined within a method is called a local variable. The variable will be destroyed once the method has completed. Instance Variables (Non-static Fields): Instance variables are non-static and are declared in a class outside any method, constructor or block. They are created when an object is created with the use of the keyword ‘new' and destroyed when the object is destroyed. Class Variables (Static Fields): A variable that is declared as static is called a static variable. It cannotbe local. There would only be one copy of each class variable per class, regardless of how many objects are created from it. Java variable types are further divided into two groups: Primitive Data Types: The primitive data types include boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float and double. Non-primitive Data Types (Reference/Object Data Types): Reference variables are created using defined constructors of the classes. They are used to access objects. These variables are declared to be of a specific type that cannot be changed. Class objects and various type of array variables come under ref- erence data type. Here is an example of how to declare variables in Java: public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { String name = "John"; // String variable int age = 20; // integer variable float mark = 85.5f; // float variablechar grade='A'; // character variable boolean passed = true; // boolean variable [Link](name); [Link](age); [Link](mark); [Link](grade); [Link](passed); In this program, name, age, mark, grade and passed are variables. String is a non-primitive data type whereas int, float, char and boolean are primitive data types. Primitive Data Types byte: The byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of -128 and a maximum value of 127 (inclusive). The byte data type can be useful for saving memory in large arrays. short: The short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of -32,768 and a maximum value of 32,767 (inclusive).int: By default, the int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer, which has a minimum value of -(231) and a maximum value of 231-1. long: The long data type is a 64-bit two's comple- ment integer. The signed long has a minimum value of -(263) and a maximum value of 263-1. float: The float data type is a single-precision 32- bit IEEE 754 floating point. Use a float (instead of double) if you need to save memory in large arrays of floating point numbers. double: The double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point. For decimal values, this data type is generally the default choice. boolean: The boolean data type has only two pos- sible values: true and false. Use this data type for simple flags that track true/false conditions. char: The char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character. It has a minimum value of '\u0000' (or 0) and a maximum value of '\uffff' (or 65,535 inclu- sive).Non-Primitive Data Types Non-primitive data types are created by the pro- grammer and are not defined by Java (except for String). Non-primitive types can be used to call methods to perform certain operations, while primi- tive types cannot. A non-primitive data type can also be null, while a primitive type cannot. Examples of non-primitive types include Strings, Arrays, Classes, Interfaces, and so on. For example, String in Java is a non-primitive data type. Printing data Printing data to the console in Java is straight- forward. You use [Link]() or [Link]- -printin(. Here's a brief explanation of the two methods: - [Link](): This method prints the text you pass to it, and the cursor remains at the end of the text in the console. - [Link](): This method prints the text you pass to it, and moves the cursor to thenext line in the console. The ‘Im' in printin stands for line." Here are examples of using both methods: public class Main { public static void main(String|] args) { [Link]('Hello, "); [Link](""World!"); [Link]("Hello, "); [Link]("World!"); } t In this program, the [Link] statements will output Hello, World! on the same line, while the [Link] statements will output Hello, and World! on separate lines. You can print all primitive data types, Strings, and even objects (which will be printed in a format de- fined by the class's toString method, unless you over- ride it). public class Main { public static void main(String|] args) {inta= 10; double b = 20.5; boolean c = true; String d = "Hello, World!"; [Link]("The value of a:" + a); [Link]("The value of b: " + b); [Link]("The value of c:" + c); [Link]("The value of d:" + d); } } In this program, we're declaring variables of different types, then printing them. The + operator is used to concatenate the string literal with the value of the variable. Reading data Java provides several ways to read user input. The Scanner class is one of the most commonly used ways to get user input from the standard input, which is typically the keyboard. The Scanner class is a part of the [Link] package, so you'll need to im- port this package or the class itself before using it.Here is an example of how you can use the Scan- ner class to read different types of input: import [Link]; // import the Scanner class public class Main { public static void main(String|] args) { Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // create a Scanner object [Link]("Enter your name:"); String name = [Link](); // read a whole line of input [Link]("Enter your age:"); int age = [Link](); // read an integer input [Link]("Enter your GPA:"); double gpa = [Link](); // read a double input [Link]("Your name is “ + name); [Link]("Your age is " + age); [Link]("Your GPA is " + gpa); [Link](); // it's a good practice to close the scanner when you're doneIn this program, we first import the Scanner class, then we create a Scanner object named scanner. We then use the nextLine(), nextInt(), and nextDouble() methods to read a String, an integer, and a dou- ble, respectively. Finally, we close the Scanner object using [Link]() to prevent a resource leak. It's worth noting that when using [Link]- tInt() or similar methods, it does not consume the last newline character from your input, and thus this newline is consumed in the next call to nextLine(). This might not be the desired behavior for your program, and it's generally a good idea to add an extra nextLine() call to consume the rest of the line when reading numeric or boolean data. import [Link]; public class Main { public static void main(String|] args) { Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); [Link]("Enter your age:");int age = [Link](); [Link](); // consume the leftover newline [Link]("Enter your name:"); String name = [Link](); [Link]("Your name is " + name); [Link]("Your age is " + age); [Link](); In this program, we use [Link]() after [Link]() to consume the leftover newline.Introduction to Exercises If you have acquired this book, you want to start programming and be logically challenged as soon as possible, without wanting to read a sermon on the mount. But it is important to highlight a few things before we begin. Even though many exercises may be considered easy, if you are new to this programming journey, it is important for you to first try to solve the problem on your own before looking at the solution. There is more than one possible solution to the same prob- lem, and you need to think and develop your own so- lution. Then, you can compare it with the proposed one in the book, identify the strengths of each, and try to learn a little more. If the exercise is too difficult and you can't solve it, move on to the next one and try again the next day.Don't immediately jump to the answer, even if you can't solve it, and definitely don't look at the answer without even attempting to solve it. Learning programming logic is not about getting the answer; it's about the journey you take to arrive at the answer. With that being said, the remaining chapters of this book are divided according to the programming topics covered in the proposed exercises e@ Mathematical Formulas (15 exercises) @ Conditionals (20 exercises) Loop Structures (25 exercises) Arrays (10 exercises) Strings (10 exercises) Matrices (10 exercises) Recursive Functions (10 exercises) + Extra Exercises at the End eoeeee#e You can check out the complete list of exercises at the end of the book. From now on, it's all up to you!Mathematical Formulas In Java, you can perform a variety of mathemati- cal operations using operators and the built-in Math class. Operators The basic mathematical operators are: + for addition - for subtraction * for multiplication / for division % for modulo (remainder of division) Here is an example: public class Main { public static void main(String|] args) { int x = 10; int y = 20;int sum = x + y; // addition int diff = x - y; // subtraction int product = x* y; // multiplication int quotient = y / x; // division int remainder = y % x; // modulo [Link]("Sum: " + sum); [Link]("Difference: " + diff); [Link]("Product: " + product); [Link]("Quotient: " + quotient); [Link]("Remainder: " + remainder); Math class Java provides the Math class in the [Link] pack- age which has several methods that can be used for mathematical operations. These include: [Link](number): returns the absolute value of the number. [Link](number1, number2): returns the maxi- mum of two numbers.[Link](number1, number2): returns the mini- mum of two numbers. [Link](number): returns the square root of the number. [Link](number): returns the cube root of the number. [Link](number, power): returns the value of the first parameter raised to the second parameter. [Link](number): returns the number rounded to the nearest whole number. [Link](number): rounds a number UP to the nearest integer, if necessary, and returns the result. [Link](number): rounds a number DOWN to the nearest integer, if necessary, and returns the re- sult. Here's an example of how to use the Math class: public class Main { public static void main(String|] args) { double x = 10.6; double y = 20.5;[Link]("Max: " + [Link](x, y)); [Link]("Min: " + [Link](x, y)); [Link]("Square root of y: "+ [Link](y)); [Link]('y to the power of x: + Math- -pow(y, x); [Link]("Round of y: " + [Link](y)); [Link](Ceiling of x:" + [Link](x)); [Link]("Floor of x: " + [Link](x)); } } 1. Write a program that prompts the user for two numbers and displays the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division between them. public class ArithmeticCalculator { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user for the first number [Link]("Enter the first number: ");double num1 = [Link](); // Prompt the user for the second number [Link]("Enter the second number: "); double num2 = [Link](); // Perform arithmetic operations double addition = num1 + num2; double subtraction = num1 - num2; double multiplication = num1 * num2; double division = num1 / num2; // Display the results [Link]("Addition: " + addition); [Link]("Subtraction: "+ subtraction); [Link](Multiplication: " + multiplica- tion); [Link]('Division: " + division); // Close the Scanner [Link](); We begin by importing the [Link] class, which allows us to read user input from the console.We define the ArithmeticCalculator class, which will contain our main method. Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. We use [Link] and [Link]- ble() to prompt the user to enter the first num- ber. The entered value is then stored in the variable num1. Similarly, we prompt the user to enter the second number using [Link] and scan- [Link](), and store the entered value in the variable num2. Next, we perform the four arithmetic operations using the entered numbers: addition (num1 + num2), subtraction (num1 - num2), multiplication (num1 * num2), and division (num1 / num2). The results of these operations are stored in separate variables: ad- dition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Finally, we use [Link] to display the results of the arithmetic operations to the user. We close the Scanner object to free up system re- sources using the [Link]() method.2. Write a program that calculates the arithmetic mean of two numbers. import [Link]; public class ArithmeticMeanCalculator { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user for the first number [Link]("Enter the first number: "); double num1 = [Link](); // Prompt the user for the second number [Link]("Enter the second number: "); double num2 = [Link](); // Calculate the arithmetic mean double arithmeticMean = (num1 + num2) / 2; // Display the arithmetic mean [Link](‘Arithmetic Mean: " + arith- meticMean); // Close the Scanner[Link](); We import the [Link] class to read user input. We define the ArithmeticMeanCalculator class, which will contain our main method. Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. We use [Link] and [Link]- ble() to prompt the user to enter the first num- ber. The entered value is then stored in the variable num. Similarly, we prompt the user to enter the second number using [Link] and scan- [Link](), and store the entered value in the variable numz2. Next, we calculate the arithmetic mean of the two numbers using the formula: (num1 + num2) / 2, and store the result in the variable arithmeticMean. Finally, we use [Link] to display the arithmetic mean to the user.We close the Scanner object to free up system re- sources using the [Link]() method. 3. Create a program that calculates and displays the arithmetic mean of three grades entered by the user. import [Link]; public class GradeAverageCalculator { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user for the three grades [Link]("Enter the first grade: "); double grade1 = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the second grade: "); double grade? = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the third grade: "); double grade3 = [Link](); // Calculate the arithmetic mean double arithmeticMean = (grade1 + grade2 +grade3) / 3; // Display the arithmetic mean [Link](‘Arithmetic Mean of the three grades: + arithmeticMean); // Close the Scanner [Link](); We begin by importing the [Link] class, which allows us to read user input from the console. This class is part of the Java standard library and makes it easy to handle user input. Next, we define the GradeAverageCalculator class, which will contain our main method. Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. We use this object to obtain the user's grades. We prompt the user to enter the first grade using [Link] and [Link](). The en- tered value is then stored in the variable gradel.Similarly, we prompt the user to enter the second grade and store the entered value in the variable grade2. We then prompt the user to enter the third grade and store the entered value in the variable grade3. Next, we calculate the arithmetic mean of the three grades using the formula: (gradel + grade2 + grade3) / 3. We add up the three grades and divide the sum by 3 to get the average. Finally, we use [Link] to display the calculated arithmetic mean to the user. We close the Scanner object to free up system re- sources using the [Link]() method. This step is essential to prevent resource leaks and should be done when we are done using the Scanner. 4. Write a program that calculates the geometric mean of three numbers entered by the user import [Link]; public class GeometricMeanCalculator {public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter the three numbers [Link]("Enter the first number: "); double num1 = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the second number: "); double num2 = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the third number: "); double num3 = [Link](); // Calculate the geometric mean double geometricMean = [Link](num1 * num2 * num3, 1.0 / 3.0); // Display the geometric mean [Link](""Geometric Mean:" + geomet- ricMean); // Close the Scanner [Link]();We begin by importing the [Link] class, which allows us to read user input from the console. This class is part of the Java standard library and makes it easy to handle user input. Next, we define the GeometricMeanCalculator class, which will contain our main method. Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. We use this object to obtain the three numbers. We prompt the user to enter the first number using [Link] and [Link](). The entered value is then stored in the variable num. Similarly, we prompt the user to enter the second number and store the entered value in the variable num2. We then prompt the user to enter the third num- ber and store the entered value in the variable num3. Next, we calculate the geometric mean of the three numbers using the formula: geometricMean = cubeRoot(num1 * num2 *num3). We can find the geo- metric mean by multiplying the three numbers to-gether and then taking the cube root of the product. We use the [Link] method to calculate the cube root, as it's equivalent to raising to the power of 1.0/ 3.0. Finally, we use [Link] to display the calculated geometric mean to the user. We close the Scanner object to free up system re- sources using the [Link]() method. This step is essential to prevent resource leaks and should be done when we are done using the Scanner. 5. Write a program that calculates the BMI of an individual, using the formula BMI = weight / height? import [Link]; public class BMICalculator { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter weight in kilograms [Link]("Enter your weight in kilograms: ");double weight = [Link](); // Prompt the user to enter height in meters [Link]("Enter your height in meters: "); double height = [Link](); // Calculate BMI double bmi = weight / (height * height), // Display the BMI [Link](Your BMI is: " + bmi); // Close the Scanner [Link](); We start by importing the [Link] class, which allows us to read user input from the console. This class is part of the Java standard library and makes it easy to handle user input. Next, we define the BMICalculator class, which will contain our main method. Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user.We use this object to obtain the user's weight and height. We prompt the user to enter their weight in kilo- grams using [Link] and [Link]- ble(). The entered value is then stored in the variable weight. Similarly, we prompt the user to enter their height in meters and store the entered value in the variable height. Next, we calculate the BMI using the formula: BMI = weight / (height * height). We divide the weight by the square of the height (height * height) to get the BMI. Finally, we use [Link] to display the calculated BMI to the user. We close the Scanner object to free up system re- sources using the [Link]() method. This step is essential to prevent resource leaks and should be done when we are done using the Scanner. When you run this Java program, it will prompt you to enter your weight and height in kilogramsand meters, respectively. After you provide the input, it will calculate and display your BMI. 6. Create a program that calculates and displays the perimeter of a circle, prompting the user for the radius. import [Link]; public class CirclePerimeterCalculator { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter the radius of the circle [Link]("Enter the radius of the circle: "5 double radius = [Link](); // Calculate the perimeter of the circle double perimeter = 2 * [Link] * radius; // Display the perimeter of the circle[Link]("Perimeter of the circle: " + perimeter); // Close the Scanner [Link](); We start by importing the [Link] class, which allows us to read user input from the console. This class is part of the Java standard library and makes it easy to handle user input. Next, we define the CirclePerimeterCalculator class, which will contain our main method. Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. We use this object to obtain the user's input (radius of the circle). We prompt the user to enter the radius of the cir- cle using [Link] and [Link](). The entered value is then stored in the variable ra- dius.Next, we calculate the perimeter of the circle using the formula: perimeter = 2 * a * radius. We use [Link] to get the value of mw (approxi- mately 3.14159) from the Java standard library. The formula calculates the distance around the circle, which is the perimeter. Finally, we use [Link] to display the calculated perimeter of the circle to the user. We close the Scanner object to free up system re- sources using the [Link]() method. This step is essential to prevent resource leaks and should be done when we are done using the Scanner. 7. Write a program that calculates the area of a circle from the radius, using the formula A = tr? import [Link]; public class CircleAreaCalculator { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the userScanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter the radius of the circle [Link]("Enter the radius of the circle: "5 double radius = [Link](); // Calculate the area of the circle double area = [Link]* [Link](radius, 2); // Display the area of the circle [Link]("Area of the circle: " + area); // Close the Scanner [Link](); } } We start by importing the [Link] class, which allows us to read user input from the console. This class is part of the Java standard library and makes it easy to handle user input. Next, we define the CircleAreaCalculator class, which will contain our main method.Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. We use this object to obtain the user's input (radius of the circle). We prompt the user to enter the radius of the cir- cle using [Link] and [Link](). The entered value is then stored in the variable ra- dius. Next, we calculate the area of the circle using the formula: area = m * radius?. We use [Link] to get the value of m (approximately 3.14159) from the Java standard library, and [Link] to calculate the square of the radius. Finally, we use [Link] to display the calculated area of the circle to the user. We close the Scanner object to free up system re- sources using the [Link]() method. This step is essential to prevent resource leaks and should be done when we are done using the Scanner.8. Write a program that calculates the delta of a quadratic equation (A = b? - 4ac). import [Link]; public class QuadraticDeltaCalculator { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter the coefficients a, b,andc [Link]("Enter the coefficient a: "); double a = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the coefficient b: "); double b = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the coefficient c: "); double c = [Link](); // Calculate the delta (A) of the quadratic equationdouble delta = [Link](b, 2) -4*a*c; // Display the delta of the quadratic equation [Link]("Delta (A) of the quadratic equation: " + delta); // Close the Scanner [Link](); We start by importing the [Link] class, which allows us to read user input from the console. This class is part of the Java standard library and makes it easy to handle user input. Next, we define the QuadraticDeltaCalculator class, which will contain our main method. Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. We use this object to obtain the user's input (coefficients a,b, and c of the quadratic equation). We prompt the user to enter the coefficients a, b, and c of the quadratic equation using [Link]--print and [Link](). The entered values are then stored in variables a, b, and c, respectively. Next, we calculate the delta (A) of the quadratic equation using the formula: A = b? - 4ac. We use [Link] to calculate the square of b, and standard arithmetic operations to perform the rest of the cal- culations. Finally, we use [Link] to display the calculated delta (A) of the quadratic equation to the user. We close the Scanner object to free up system re- sources using the [Link]() method. This step is essential to prevent resource leaks and should be done when we are done using the Scanner. 9. Write a program that calculates the perimeter and area of a rectangle, using the formulas P = 2(w + 1) and A = wl, where w is the width and 1 is the length import [Link]; public class RectangleCalculator {public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter the width of the rectangle [Link]("Enter the width of the rec- tangle: "); double width = [Link](); // Prompt the user to enter the length of the rectangle [Link]("Enter the length of the rec- tangle: "); double length = [Link](); // Calculate the perimeter of the rectangle double perimeter = 2 * (width + length); // Calculate the area of the rectangle double area = width * length; // Display the perimeter and area of the rectangle[Link]("Perimeter of the rectangle: "+ perimeter); [Link]("Area of the rectangle: " + area); // Close the Scanner [Link](); We start by importing the [Link] class, which allows us to read user input from the console. This class is part of the Java standard library and makes it easy to handle user input. Next, we define the RectangleCalculator class, which will contain our main method. Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. We use this object to obtain the user's input (width and length of the rectangle). We prompt the user to enter the width of the rec- tangle using [Link] and [Link]-ble(). The entered value is then stored in the variable width. Similarly, we prompt the user to enter the length of the rectangle and store the entered value in the variable length. Next, we calculate the perimeter of the rectangle using the formula: perimeter = 2 * (width + length). We add the width and length together, and then multiply the sum by 2 to get the perimeter. Similarly, we calculate the area of the rectangle using the formula: area = width * length. We simply multiply the width and length together to get the area. Finally, we use [Link] to display the calculated perimeter and area of the rectangle to the user. We close the Scanner object to free up system re- sources using the [Link]() method. This step is essential to prevent resource leaks and should be done when we are done using the Scanner.10. Write a program that calculates the perimeter and area of a triangle, using the formulas P = a+b+candA=(b*h)/2, where a, band c are the sides of the triangle and h is the height relative to the side B. import [Link]; public class TriangleCalculator { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter the sides of the trian- gle [Link]("Enter the side a of the triangle: "); double a = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the side b of the triangle: double b = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the side c of the triangle:double c = [Link](); // Prompt the user to enter the height relative to side B [Link]("Enter the height relative to side B: % double h = [Link](); // Calculate the perimeter of the triangle double perimeter = a +b +c; // Calculate the area of the triangle double area = (b* h) / 2; // Display the perimeter and area of the triangle [Link]('Perimeter of the triangle: " + perimeter); [Link]("Area of the triangle:" + area); // Close the Scanner [Link](); We start by importing the [Link] class, which allows us to read user input from the console.This class is part of the Java standard library and makes it easy to handle user input. Next, we define the TriangleCalculator class, which will contain our main method. Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. We use this object to obtain the user's input (sides a, b,c, and height h of the triangle). We prompt the user to enter the sides a, b, and c of the triangle using [Link] and scan- [Link](). The entered values are then stored in variables a, b, and. Next, we prompt the user to enter the height h relative to side B using [Link] and scan- [Link](). The entered value is then stored in the variable h. Now, we calculate the perimeter of the triangle using the formula: perimeter = a + b + c. We add the three sides together to get the perimeter. Similarly, we calculate the area of the triangle using the formula: area = (b*h)/ 2. We multiply sideB (b) by the height (h) and then divide the product by 2 to get the area. Finally, we use [Link] to display the calculated perimeter and area of the triangle to the user. We close the Scanner object to free up system re- sources using the [Link]() method. This step is essential to prevent resource leaks and should be done when we are done using the Scanner. 11. Write a program that calculates the average velocity of an object, using the formula v = As/At, where v is the average velocity, As is the space variation, and At is the time variation import [Link]. Scanner; public class AverageVelocityCalculator { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]);// Prompt the user to enter the space variation (As) [Link]("Enter the space variation (As) in meters: "); double spaceVariation = [Link](); // Prompt the user to enter the time variation (At) [Link]("Enter the time variation (At) in seconds: "); double timeVariation = [Link](); // Calculate the average velocity (v) double averageVelocity = spaceVariation / timeVari- ation; // Display the average velocity [Link]("Average velocity: " + averageVel- ocity + " meters per second"); // Close the Scanner [Link](); We start by importing the [Link] class, which allows us to read user input from the console.This class is part of the Java standard library and makes it easy to handle user input. Next, we define the AverageVelocityCalculator class, which will contain our main method. Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. We use this object to obtain the user's input for the space variation (As) and the time variation (At). We prompt the user to enter the space variation (As) in meters using [Link] and scan- [Link](). The entered value is then stored in the variable spaceVariation. Similarly, we prompt the user to enter the time variation (At) in sec- onds using [Link] and [Link]- ble(). The entered value is then stored in the variable timeVariation. Next, we calculate the average velocity of the ob- ject using the formula: averageVelocity = As / At. We divide the space variation (spaceVariation) by the time variation (timeVariation) to get the average ve- locity.Finally, we use [Link] to display the calculated average velocity of the object to the user in meters per second. We close the Scanner object to free up system re- sources using the [Link]() method. This step is essential to prevent resource leaks and should be done when we are done using the Scanner. 12. Write a program that calculates the kinetic energy of a moving object, using the formula E = (mv7’) / 2, where E is the kinetic energy, m is the mass of the object, and v is the velocity. import [Link]; public class KineticEnergyCalculator { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter the mass of the object [Link]("Enter the mass of the object (in kilograms): ");double mass = [Link](); // Prompt the user to enter the velocity of the object [Link]("Enter the velocity of the object (in meters per second): "); double velocity = [Link](); // Calculate the kinetic energy (E) of the object double kineticEnergy = (mass * [Link](velocity, 2))/ 2; // Display the kinetic energy of the object [Link]("Kinetic energy of the object: " + kKineticEnergy + " joules"); // Close the Scanner [Link](); In this program, we prompt the user to enter the mass of the object (in kilograms) and the velocity of the object (in meters per second). The entered values are then stored in variables mass and veloc- ity, respectively. We calculate the kinetic energy (E -kineticEnergy) of the object using the formula: kinet- icEnergy = (mass * velocity\2) / 2. We use [Link] to calculate the square of the velocity. The kinetic en- ergy is a measure of the energy an object possesses due to its motion. Finally, we display the calculated kinetic energy of the object to the user in joules. 13. Write a program that calculates the work done by a force acting on an object, using the formula W = F*d, where W is the work, F is the applied force, and dis the distance traveled by the object. import [Link]; public class WorkCalculator { public static void main(String] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter the applied force (F) in newtons [Link]("Enter the applied force (F) in new-tons: "); double force = [Link](); // Prompt the user to enter the distance traveled (d) by the object in meters [Link]("Enter the distance traveled (d) by the object in meters: "); double distance = [Link](); // Calculate the work done (T) by the force on the object double work = force * distance; // Display the work done by the force on the object [Link]("Work done by the force on the object: "+ work + "joules'); // Close the Scanner [Link](); In this program, we prompt the user to enter the applied force (F) in newtons and the distance traveled (d) by the object in meters. The entered val- ues are then stored in variables force and distance,respectively. We then calculate the work done using the provided formula W=F*d = work = force * dis- tance. Finally, we display the calculated work done by the force on the object to the user in joules. 14. Write a program that reads the x and y position of two points in the Cartesian plane, and calculates the distance between them. import [Link]; public class DistanceCalculator { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter the x and y coordi- nates of the first point [Link]("Enter the x-coordinate of the first point: "); double x1 = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the y-coordinate of the first point: "); double y1 = [Link]();// Prompt the user to enter the x and y coordi- nates of the second point [Link]("Enter the x-coordinate of the sec- ond point: "); double x2 = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the y-coordinate of the sec- ond point: "); double y2 = [Link](); // Calculate the distance between the two points using the distance formula double distance = [Link]([Link](x2 - x1, 2) + [Link](y2 - y1, 2)); // Display the distance between the two points [Link](Distance between the two points: "+ distance); // Close the Scanner [Link](); } } We start by importing the [Link] class, which allows us to read user input from the console.This class is part of the Java standard library and makes it easy to handle user input. Next, we define the DistanceCalculator class, which will contain our main method. Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. We use this object to obtain the user's input for the x and y coordinates of both points. We prompt the user to enter the x and y coor- dinates of the first point using [Link] and [Link](). The entered values are then stored in variables x1 and y1. Similarly, we prompt the user to enter the x and y coordinates of the second point using [Link]- .print and [Link](). The entered values are then stored in variables x2 and y2. Next, we calculate the distance between the two points using the distance formula: We use [Link] to calculate the square root of the sum of the squares of the differences in the x andy coordinates. This formula gives us the Euclidean distance between two points in a two-dimensional Cartesian plane. Finally, we use [Link] to display the calculated distance between the two points to the ‘user. 15. Create a program that prompts the user for the radius of a sphere and calculates and displays its volume. import [Link]; public class SphereVolumeCalculator { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter the radius of the sphere [Link]("Enter the radius of the sphere: "); double radius = [Link](); // Calculate the volume of the sphere double volume = (4.0 / 3.0) * [Link]* Math .pow(ra-dius, 3); // Display the volume of the sphere [Link]('Volume of the sphere: " + volume); // Close the Scanner [Link](); } } In this program, we prompt the user to enter the radius of the sphere. The entered value is then stored in the variable radius. We then calculate the volume of the sphere using the provided formula V = (4/3) *n*r?, where 7 is the mathematical constant rep- resenting pi (approximately 3.14159), andr? means the radius raised to the power of 3. To calculate the volume, we use the [Link]() method to raise the radius to the power of 3, and then we multiply it with 4.0 / 3.0 and [Link], which gives us the vol- ume of the sphere. Finally, we display the calculated volume of the sphere to the user.Conditionals Before moving on to the exercises and their re- spective commented solutions, let's make an intro- duction to some important content for solving the activities. Comparison Operators Comparison operators are used to compare two values in Java. These operators can be used with many types of values, including integers, floating- point numbers, and strings. All of these operators return a boolean result ei- ther true or false and are often used in conditional statements like if, while, do-while, etc. Here are the comparison operators in Java: Equal to (==): Checks if two values are equal. intx=5; if (x ==5){ [Link]("x is 5");Not equal to (/=): Checks if two values are not equal. intx=5; if (x!= 10) { [Link]("x is not 10"); } Greater than (>): Checks if the left operand is greater than the right operand. intx=5; if(x>3){ [Link]("x is greater than 3"); j Less than (<): Checks if the left operand is less than the right operand. intx=5; if(x<10){ [Link]("x is less than 10"); }Greater than or equal to (>=): Checks if the left op- erand is greater than or equal to the right operand. int x= 5; if(x>=5){ [Link]("x is greater than or equal to 5"); } Less than or equal to (<=): Checks if the left oper- and is less than or equal to the right operand. int x= 5; if(x<=5){ [Link]("x is less than or equal to 5"); } Logical Operators In Java, there are three main logical operators: and (&&), or (||) and not (/). These operators are used to combine logical expressions and evaluate complex conditions. Here is a detailed explanation of each operator: and operator - &&:The and operator is used to combine two or more logical expressions. It returns true only if all expres- sions are true. Otherwise, it returns false. The truth table for the and operator is as follows: x y xandy true true true true | false | false false | true | false false | false | false intx=5; if(x>O&&x<10){ [Link]("x is a positive single digit num- ber."); } or operator: The or operator is used to combine two or more logical expressions. It returns True if at least one ofthe expressions is true. Returns False only if all ex- pressions are false. The truth table for the or opera- tor is as follows: x y xory True | True | True True | False | True False | True | True False | False | False intx=5; if(x< Ollx>4) [Link]("x is either negative or greater than 4."); } not operator: The not operator is used to negate a logical expres- sion. It reverses the value of the expression. If the ex-pression is True, the not operator returns False. If the expression is False, the not operator returns True. boolean isCold = false; if (lisCold) { [Link](It's not cold today."); } It's important to note that && and // are short- circuit operators. This means that they only evaluate the right-hand operand if it's necessary to determine the result. For instance, if A and B are two operands, then: Inthe case ofA &&B, if Ais false, Java won't evalu- ate B, because the result of the AND operation will be false regardless of the value of B. Inthe case of A //B, if A is true, Java won't evaluate B, because the result of the OR operation will be true regardless of the value of B. This feature can be used to prevent errors during runtime (for example, checking for a null reference before accessing an object's methods or properties),and can also improve performance by avoiding un- necessary calculations. Conditionals in Java Conditional statements in Java allow your pro- gram to make decisions based on certain conditions. Here are the main types of conditional statements in Java: if statement: The most basic control flow state- ment supported by Java is the if statement. int num = 10; if (mum > 5) { [Link]("Number is greater than 5"); } if-else statement: The if statement alone will exe- cute a block of code if, and only if, a condition is true. The if-else statement allows you to execute a block of code if the condition is true and another block if it is false. intnum = 4;if (num > 5){ [Link]("Number is greater than 5"); }else{ [Link]("Number is not greater than 5"); } else if statement: If you have multiple conditions to check, you can use else if for this. int num = 25; if (num > 30) { [Link]("Number is greater than 30"); Jelse if (mum > 20) { [Link]("Number is greater than 20"); Jelse{ [Link]("Number is not greater than 20"); } switch statement: A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values. Each value is called a case, and the variable being switched on is checked for each switch case. int day = 3; switch (day) {case 1: [Link]("Monday"); break; case 2; [Link]("Tuesday"); break; case 3: [Link]("Wednesday"); break; // You can have any number of case statements. default: // Optional [Link]("Invalid day"); } In this switch statement example, if the day vari- able matches any case, the corresponding code block will be executed. The break statement is used to ter- minate the current case and move on to the next one. If no case matches, the code under default will be executed.16. Make a program that asks for a person's age and displays whether they are of legal age or not. import [Link]. Scanner; public class LegalAgeChecker { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter their age [Link]("Enter your age: "); int age = [Link](); // Checkif the person is of legal age (age >= 18) boolean isLegalAge = age >= 18; // Display the result based on whether the person is of legal age or not if (isLegalAge) { [Link]("You are of legal age."); }else { [Link]("You are not of legal age."); }// Close the Scanner [Link](); We start by importing the [Link] class, which allows us to read user input from the console. This class is part of the Java standard library and makes it easy to handle user input. Next, we define the LegalAgeChecker class, which will contain our main method. Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. We use this object to obtain the user's input for their age. We prompt the user to enter their age using [Link] and [Link](). The entered value is then stored in the variable age. We use a boolean variable isLegalAge to check if the person is of legal age. We do this by comparing the age with the legal age threshold, which is 18 in this case. If the age is greater than or equal to 18, then isLegalAge will be true, indicating that the per-son is of legal age. Otherwise, it will be false, indicat- ing that the person is not of legal age. Finally, we use an if-else statement to display the appropriate message based on whether the person is of legal age or not. If isLegalAge is true, it means the person is of legal age, so we display "You are of legal age." If isLegalAge is false, it means the person is not of legal age, so we display "You are not of legal age." We close the Scanner object to free up system re- sources using the [Link]() method. This step is essential to prevent resource leaks and should be done when we are done using the Scanner. 17. Write a program that reads two numbers and tells you which one is bigger. import [Link]. Scanner; public class BiggerNumberChecker { public static void main(String] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter the first number[Link]("Enter the first number: "); double number1 = [Link](); // Prompt the user to enter the second number [Link]("Enter the second number: "); double number2 = [Link](); // Check which number is bigger using an if state- ment if (number1 > number2) { [Link]("The bigger number is: " + number1); } else if (mumber2 > number1) { [Link]("The bigger number is: " + number2); }Jelse { [Link]("Both numbers are equal."); } // Close the Scanner [Link](); Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. Weuse this object to obtain the user's input for the two numbers. We prompt the user to enter the first number using [Link] and [Link](). The entered value is then stored in the variable num- berl. Similarly, we prompt the user to enter the second number using [Link] and scan- [Link](). The entered value is then stored in the variable number2. We use an if statement to compare the two num- bers and determine which one is bigger. - If number] is greater than number2, the con- dition number1 > number2 evaluates to true, and the code inside the if block will be executed. It means number1 is bigger than number2, so we display "The bigger number is:" followed by num- ber1. - If number2 is greater than number1, the con- dition number2 > number! evaluates to true, and the code inside the else if block will be executed. It means number2 is bigger than number1, so wedisplay "The bigger number is:" followed by num- ber2. - If both numbers are equal, none of the above conditions will be true, and the code inside the else block will be executed. It means both num- bers are equal, so we display "Both numbers are equal." Another solution import [Link]; public class BiggerNumberChecker { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter the first number [Link]("Enter the first number: "); double number1 = [Link](); // Prompt the user to enter the second number [Link]("Enter the second number: "); double number2 = [Link](); // Determine the bigger number using the Math.max() method double biggerNumber = [Link](number1, number2); // Display the result [Link]('The bigger number is: " + biggerNumber); // Close the Scanner [Link](); } } In this solution, we use the [Link]() method to determine the bigger number between number1 and number2. This method returns the larger of the two arguments. Finally, we display the bigger number to the user. 18. Write a program that asks the user for three numbers and displays the largest one. import [Link]. Scanner; public class LargestNumberFinder { public static void main(String|] args) {// Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter the three numbers [Link]("Enter the first number: "); double number1 = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the second number: "); double number? = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the third number: "); double number3 = [Link](); // Find the largest number using if statements double largestNumber; if (number1 >= number2 && number1 >= num- ber3) { largestNumber = number1; J else if (mumber2 >= numberl && number? >= number3) { largestNumber = number2; Jelse { largestNumber = number3; } // Display the largest number[Link](''The largest number is: " + largestNumber); // Close the Scanner [Link](); We start by importing the [Link] class, which allows us to read user input from the console. This class is part of the Java standard library and makes it easy to handle user input. Next, we define the LargestNumberFinder class, which will contain our main method. Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. We use this object to obtain the user's input for three numbers. We prompt the user to enter the three numbers using [Link] and [Link](). The entered values are then stored in variables num- ber1, number2, and number3, respectively.We use if statements to compare the three num- bers and determine the largest one. Here's how the if statements work: - The first if statement checks if number1 is greater than or equal to both number2 and num- ber3. If this condition is true, it means that num- ber1 is the largest number among the three, so we assign its value to the variable largestNum- ber. - The first else if statement checks if number2 is greater than or equal to both number1 and number3. If this condition is true, it means that number? is the largest number among the three, so we assign its value to the variable largest- Number. - If neither of the above conditions is true, it means that number3 is the largest number among the three, so we assign its value to the variable largestNumber. Finally, we use [Link] to display the largest number to the user.We close the Scanner object to free up system re- sources using the [Link]() method. This step is essential to prevent resource leaks and should be done when we are done using the Scanner. Another solution import [Link]; public class LargestNumberFinder { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter the three numbers [Link]("Enter the first number: "); double number1 = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the second number: "); double number2 = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the third number: "); double number3 = [Link](); // Find the largest number using the [Link]() method double largestNumber = [Link](number1, Math--max(number2, number3)); // Display the largest number [Link]('The largest number is: " + largestNumber); // Close the Scanner [Link](); In this program, we prompt the user to enter three numbers. The entered values are then stored in variables number1, number2, and number3, re- spectively. We use nested [Link]() method calls to find the largest number among the three. The [Link]() method returns the larger of the two ar- guments provided to it, so by nesting three calls, we can find the largest number among the three 19. Write a program that reads a number and reports whether it is odd or even. import [Link];public class OddEvenChecker { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter a number [Link]("Enter a number: "); int number = [Link](); // Check if the number is odd or even using the modulo operator (%) if (number % 2 == 0) { [Link](number + " is even."); Jelse { [Link](number + "is odd."); } // Close the Scanner [Link](); In this program, we prompt the user to enter a number using [Link] and [Link]-tInt(). The entered value is then stored in the vari- able number. We use the modulo operator % to check if the number is odd or even. When a number is divided by 2, the remainder will be 0 if it's even and 1 if it's odd. So, if number % 2 == O, it means the number is even, and we display "is even." Otherwise, if number % 2 ! = 0, it means the number is odd, and we display "is odd." 20. Write a program that reads a number and reports whether it is positive, negative or zero. import [Link]. Scanner; public class NumberClassifier { public static void main(String] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter a number [Link]("Enter a number: "); double number = [Link]();// Check if the number is positive, negative, or zero using if-else statements if (number > 0) { [Link]("The number is positive."); }else if (number < 0) { [Link]("The number is negative."); Jelse { [Link]("The number is zero."); } // Close the Scanner [Link](); In this program, we prompt the user to enter a number using [Link] and scan- [Link](). The entered value is then stored in the variable number. We use if-else statements to check if the number is positive, negative, or zero: - If number is greater than O (number > 0), it means the number is positive, and we display "The number is positive."- Ifnumber is less than O (number < 0), it means the number is negative, and we display "The number is negative." - If neither of the above conditions is true, it means number is equal to 0, and we display "The number is zero." 21. Make a program that reads the scores of two tests and reports whether the student passed (score greater than or equal to 6) or failed (score less than 6) in each of the tests. import [Link]. Scanner; public class TestResults { public static void main(String] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter the score of the first test [Link]("Enter the score of the first test: "); double test1Score = [Link]();// Prompt the user to enter the score of the second test [Link]("Enter the score of the second test: % double test2Score = [Link](); // Check if the student passed or failed in the first test if (test1 Score >= 6) { [Link]("You passed the first test."); Jelse { [Link]("You failed the first test."); } // Check if the student passed or failed in the second test if (test2Score >= 6) { [Link]("You passed the second test."); }Jelse { [Link]("You failed the second test."); } // Close the Scanner [Link]();We start by importing the [Link] class, which allows us to read user input from the console. This class is part of the Java standard library and makes it easy to handle user input. Next, we define the TestResults class, which will contain our main method. Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. We use this object to obtain the user's input for the scores of both tests. We prompt the user to enter the score of the first test using [Link] and [Link]- ble(). The entered value is then stored in the variable test1Score. Similarly, we prompt the user to enter the score of the second test using [Link] and scan- [Link](). The entered value is then stored in the variable test2Score. We use if statements to check if the student passed or failed in each of the tests.- Ifthe test1Score is greater than or equal to 6, it means the student passed the first test, so we display "You passed the first test." Otherwise, we display "You failed the first test." - Similarly, if the test2Score is greater than or equal to 6, it means the student passed the sec- ond test, so we display "You passed the second test." Otherwise, we display "You failed the sec- ond test." 22. Make a program that reads the grades of two tests, calculates the simple arithmetic mean, and informs whether the student passed (average greater than or equal to 6) or failed (average less than 6). import [Link]. Scanner; public class TestGradesChecker { public static void main(String|] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]);// Prompt the user to enter the grades of two tests [Link]("Enter the grade of the first test: "); double grade1 = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the grade of the second test: "); double grade? = [Link](); // Calculate the average grade double average = (grade1 + grade2) / 2; // Determine if the student passed or failed based on the average if (average >= 6) { [Link]("Congratulations! You passed."); Jelse { [Link]("Sorry, you failed."); } // Close the Scanner [Link]();We start by importing the [Link] class, which allows us to read user input from the console. This class is part of the Java standard library and makes it easy to handle user input. Next, we define the TestGradesChecker class, which will contain our main method. Inside the main method, we create a Scanner ob- ject named scanner to read input from the user. We use this object to obtain the user's input for the grades of the two tests. We prompt the user to enter the grade of the first test using [Link] and [Link]- ble(). The entered value is then stored in the variable gradel. Similarly, we prompt the user to enter the grade of the second test using [Link] and scan- [Link](). The entered value is then stored in the variable grade2. We calculate the average grade by adding the grades of the two tests and dividing the sum by 2. We use an if statement to determine if the stu- dent passed or failed based on the average. If theaverage is greater than or equal to 6, it means the student passed, and we display "Congratulations! You passed." Otherwise, if the average is less than 6, it means the student failed, and we display "Sorry, you failed." We close the Scanner object to free up system re- sources using the [Link]() method. This step is essential to prevent resource leaks and should be done when we are done using the Scanner. 23. Make a program that reads three numbers, and informs if their sum is divisible by 5 or not. import [Link]. Scanner; public class SumDivisibleByFiveChecker { public static void main(String] args) { // Create a Scanner object to read input from the user Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); // Prompt the user to enter three numbers [Link]("Enter the first number: "); int number1 = [Link]();