Calculus 2 for Engineers

MAT 076

Prepared by: EMT

1. Integration Techniques

1
Integration by Parts
 is a rule that transforms the integral of products
of functions into other functions
 is used when two functions are multiplied
together.
 If the functions are not related then use
integration by  parts  

𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
   
Note: DO the integration by substitution first
before you decide to use the Integration by parts.
3

Integration by Parts
   

   
Choose in this order:

𝐿 – Logarithmic function
𝐼 – Inverse Trigonometric function
𝐴 – Algebraic function
𝑇 – Trigonometric function
𝐸 – Exponential function

2
    
Examples:
     
ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑣=𝑥
 
   
𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥
  𝑥
    𝑑𝑥
= ln 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥
  𝑥
 
= 𝑥ln 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥ln 𝑥 − 𝑥  + 𝑐

   
Examples:
 
   
𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑣=𝑒
     

𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑒 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
 
   
𝑢1 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑣1 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
=𝑥 𝑒 −2 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢1 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑣1 = 𝑒
   

= 𝑥 𝑒 − 2 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
   
= 𝑥 𝑒 − 2𝑥𝑒 + 2 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
 
= 𝑥 𝑒 − 2𝑥𝑒 + 2𝑒 + c

3
    
Examples:
     
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑣=
     
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 −
6 6 𝑥
     
𝑥 ln 𝑥 1
= − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6 6
 
𝑥 ln 𝑥 1 𝑥
= − +c
6 6 6
𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑥
= − +c
6 36
𝑥 1
= ln 𝑥 − +c
6 6

   
Examples:
     
𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 =   𝑣=𝑥
     
𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥  
  1−𝑥
   
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥−  
1−𝑥
   
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢1 = 1 − 𝑥
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥− 𝑑𝑢1 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 /
   
1
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥− 1−𝑥 (−2𝑥𝑑𝑥)
−2
 
1 1−𝑥 1 2 
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥+ + c = 𝑥 sin 𝑥+ 1−𝑥 +c
2 1 2 1
2
 
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥+ 1−𝑥 +c

4
    
Examples:
     
𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣=𝑒
   
 
𝑢1 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣1 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑒 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢1 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣1 = 𝑒
   
 
= 𝑒 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 (−sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
   

𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

   
   
𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 cos 𝑥
 
   
2 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 cos 𝑥
   
1
2 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 cos 𝑥
2
 
 
1 1
𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 cos 𝑥 9
2 2
 

   
Examples:
 
   
sin ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 = ln 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 =
  𝑒 =𝑒 , 𝑥𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 = 𝑥, 𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
   

sin 𝑢 𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑤 = sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑢

     𝑑𝑤 = cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑣=𝑒
 
𝑤1 = cos 𝑢 , 𝑑𝑣1 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
𝑒 sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 𝑒 − 𝑒 cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑤1 = − sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 , 𝑣1 = 𝑒
   
 
= 𝑒 sin 𝑢 − 𝑒 cos 𝑢 − 𝑒 (−sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢)
    

𝑒 sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 sin 𝑢 − 𝑒 cos 𝑢 − 𝑒 sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

   

10

5
 Cont…
   

𝑒 sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 sin 𝑢 − 𝑒 cos 𝑢 − 𝑒 sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

   
   
𝑒 sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑒 sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 sin 𝑢 − 𝑒 cos 𝑢
 
   
2 𝑒 sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 sin 𝑢 − 𝑒 cos 𝑢
   
1
2 𝑒 sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 sin 𝑢 − 𝑒 cos 𝑢
2
 
 
1 1
𝑒 sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 sin 𝑢 − 𝑒 cos 𝑢 Back-substitute
2 2
    𝑢 = ln 𝑥, 𝑒 = 𝑥,
1 1 𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
sin ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥sin ln 𝑥 − 𝑥cos ln 𝑥
2 2
 

11

RULE OF THUMB WITH

INTEGRATION BY PARTS
PROBLEMS
 Always pick the right “𝑢.” If the problem is getting really
difficult, maybe you picked the wrong “𝑢.” You had to pick
the right “𝑢” to work with the problem.
 If the integral on the right does not look easy to compute,
then do integration by parts for that integral only.
 If you see the resulting integral looks like the integral you
are asked to solve for in the first place, then simply
combine the two like integrals and use algebra to solve
for the integral.

12

6
Trigonometric  Integrals
𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐼(a): sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
where 𝑚 or 𝑛 is
  a 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟.

1. If 𝑚 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑑𝑑
  𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟, then
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
and putting sin 𝑥 = 1 − cos 𝑥

2. If 𝑛 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑑𝑑
  𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟, then

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

and putting  cos 𝑥 = 1 − sin 𝑥
 If 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠, then use either 1 or 2 process.
But better use process 1.
13

Trigonometric
 
Integrals
𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐼(b): sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are both 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟.

 Then either you replace 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 or 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 with:

1 − cos 2𝑥 1 + cos 2𝑥
sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 =
2 2

 If 𝑚 = 𝑛, then use:
sin 2𝑥
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 =
2

14

7
Example:
   
1. ∫  sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
  Replace sin 𝑥 = 1 − cos 𝑥

= 1 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
   
 
= sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
   
  Let
  𝑢 = cos 𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
  𝑢  
= − cos 𝑥 + +𝑐 Back-substitute
3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
= − cos 𝑥 + +𝑐
3
15

Example:
   
2. ∫  cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫    cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Replace cos 𝑥 = 1 − sin 𝑥
 
 
= 1 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
 
= 1 − 2 sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
     
 
= cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
     
Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
= sin 𝑥 − + +𝑐
3 5

16

8
 Example:
   
3. ∫  sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
  Replace sin 𝑥 = 1 − cos 𝑥

= 1 − cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

   
 
= cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
   
  Let
  𝑢 = cos 𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = −sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

=− 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑢  𝑢  
=− + +𝑐 Back-substitute
4 6
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
=− + +𝑐
4 6
17

Example:
   
4. ∫  sin   𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Replace sin 𝑥 = 1 − cos 𝑥
 
 
=  
1 − cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
=   1 − 2 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
  cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥  
 
= cos
 
𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
−2 cos  𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
    Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥.  Then 𝑑𝑢 = −sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=− 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
 𝑢 𝑢   𝑢  
=− +2 − +𝑐 Back-substitute
3 5 7
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
=− + − +𝑐
3 5 7
18

9
 Example:
 
5. ∫  sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Replace sin 𝑥 =

 
1 − cos 2𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
 
2  
 
1 1
= 𝑑𝑥 − co𝑠 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
   
    Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥.
1 1 1
= 𝑑𝑥 − co𝑠 2𝑥 (2𝑑𝑥)
2 2 2
   
1 1
= 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2 4

19

Example:
   
6. ∫  sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Replace sin 𝑥 = → sin 3𝑥 =
 
1 − cos 6𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
2
   
1 − cos 6𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
2
   
1 − 2 cos 6𝑥 + cos 6𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
4
       
1 1 1
= 𝑑𝑥 − co𝑠 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + cos 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 2 4
    Let
  𝑢 = 6𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑑𝑥. And replace
cos 6𝑥 = → cos 6𝑥 =
     
1 1 1 1 1 + cos 12𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 − co𝑠 6𝑥 6𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
4 2 6 4 2
     
20

10
 Cont…        
1 1 1 1
= 𝑑𝑥 − co𝑠 6𝑥 6𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + cos 12𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 12 8 8
       
      Let 𝑢 = 12𝑥,
  then 𝑑𝑢 = 12𝑑𝑥.
1 1 1 1 1
= 𝑑𝑥 − co𝑠 6𝑥 6𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + cos 12𝑥 (12𝑑𝑥)
4 12 8 8 12
               
1 1 1 1
= 𝑑𝑥 − co𝑠 6𝑥 6𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + cos 12𝑥 (12𝑑𝑥)
4 12 8 96
       
1 1 1 1
= 𝑥− sin 6𝑥 + 𝑥 + sin 12𝑥 + 𝑐
4 12 8 96
1 1 1 1
= 𝑥+ 𝑥− sin 6𝑥 + sin 12𝑥 + 𝑐
4 8 12 96
3 1 1
= 𝑥− sin 6𝑥 + sin 12𝑥 + 𝑐
8 12 96

21

Example:
   
7. ∫  cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
1 + cos 𝑥 Replace cos 𝑥 = → cos 𝑥=
= 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑎+𝑏 = 𝐶 𝑎 𝑏 +𝐶 𝑎 𝑏+𝐶 𝑎 𝑏 +⋯+ 𝐶 𝑎 𝑏
   
1 + cos 𝑥 Pascal’s 1
= 𝑑𝑥 Triangle 1 1 𝑛 =1
2
    1 2 1 𝑛 =2
1 + 3 cos 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 1 3 3 1 𝑛 =3
= 𝑑𝑥 1 4 6 4 1 𝑛 =4
8
         
1 3 3 1
= 𝑑𝑥 + co𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 8 8 8
     
Replace cos 𝑥 = 
       
1 3 3 1 + cos 2𝑥 1
= 𝑑𝑥 + co𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 8 8 2 8
       

22

11
 Cont…        
1 3 3 1 + cos 2𝑥 1
= 𝑑𝑥 + co𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 8 8 2 8
       
Replace cos 𝑥 = 1 − sin 𝑥
       
1 3 3 1 1
= 𝑑𝑥 + co𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 1 + cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 1 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 8  8  2 8 
      
1 3   3  
3 1   1
= 𝑑𝑥 + co𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8   8     16 16   8  8  
1  3  3   1   3   1 
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + co𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8   16   8  
8  
16 8
           
5 1 3 1
= 𝑑𝑥 + co𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
16 2 16 8
        𝑢 = 2𝑥 , 𝑣 = sin 𝑥
      𝑑𝑢 =  2𝑑𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5 1 3 1 1
= 𝑑𝑥 + co𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
16 2 16 2 8
       
5 1 3 sin 𝑥
= 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 − +𝑐
16 2 32 24
23

Example:
   
8. ∫  sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
sin 2𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 Replace sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 =
2
     
sin 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
  2 4
1  1 − cos 4𝑥  
= 𝑑𝑥 Replace sin 𝑥 = → sin 2𝑥 =
4   2  
1   1
= 𝑑𝑥 − cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥.
8  
8  
1   1 1 
= 𝑑𝑥 − cos 4𝑥 (4𝑑𝑥)
8 8 4
   
1 1
= 𝑥− sin 4𝑥 + 𝑐
8 32

24

12
Trigonometric
 
Integrals
 
𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐼𝐼: tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
where 𝑛 is a 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟.  

 
1. If ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, then strip 2 tangent out and replace
 
tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 1
 
2. If ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , then strip 2 cotangent out and
 
replace cot 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 − 1

25

Example
   

1. tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Replace tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 1

 
   
= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
   
 
= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥
        Replace tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 1
= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sec 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
     
   
= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
     
Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
tan 𝑥
= − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
3

26

13
Example
   

2. cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cot 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Replace cot 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 − 1

 
   
= cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
   
 
= cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
   
    Replace cot 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥
= cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
   
Let 𝑢 = cot 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = −csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. And let 𝑣 = sin 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
cot 𝑥
=− − ln sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
2

27

Example
   

3. tan 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Replace tan 4𝑥 = sec 4𝑥 − 1

 
   
= sec 4𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
   
 
= sec 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
        Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥.
1
= sec 4𝑥 (4𝑑𝑥) − 𝑑𝑥
4
   
tan 4𝑥
= −𝑥+𝑐
4

28

14
Trigonometric
 
Integrals  
𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐼𝐼𝐼: sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
   
where 𝑛 is a positive 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟.

1. If 𝑛 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛, then
→ strip 2 secant out and convert the rest of the secant
to tangent using sec 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 1, use 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥.

→ strip 2 cosecant out and convert the rest of the

cosecant to cotangent using csc 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 + 1,
use 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥.

29

Trigonometric
 
Integrals  
𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐼𝐼𝐼: sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
   
where 𝑛 is a positive 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟.

2. If 𝑛 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑, then
 let 𝑢 = sec 𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and use integration by
   
parts: ∫  𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫  𝑣𝑑𝑢. Then convert tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 1

 let 𝑢 = csc 𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐sc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and use integration by

   
parts: ∫  𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫  𝑣𝑑𝑢. Then convert cot 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 − 1

30

15
Example
   

1. sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

      Replace 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 1
= tan 𝑥 + 1 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
   
 
= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
    Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
tan 𝑥
= + tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
3

31

Example
   

2. 𝑐sc 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = c𝑠𝑐 4𝑥 csc 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

      Replace 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4𝑥 + 1
= csc 4𝑥 csc 4𝑥𝑑𝑥
 
 
= c𝑜𝑡 4𝑥 + 1 csc 4𝑥𝑑𝑥
 
 
= c𝑜𝑡 4𝑥 + 2 c𝑜𝑡 4𝑥 + 1 csc 4𝑥𝑑𝑥
     
 
= c𝑜𝑡 4𝑥 csc 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 c𝑜𝑡 4𝑥 csc 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 + csc 4𝑥𝑑𝑥
  Let 𝑢 = cot 4𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢   = −4𝑐sc 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥. And  
let 𝑣 = 4𝑥 and𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑑𝑥
     
1 1 1
=− c𝑜𝑡 4𝑥 (−4csc 4𝑥𝑑𝑥) + 2 − c𝑜𝑡 4𝑥 (−4csc 4𝑥𝑑𝑥) + csc 4𝑥(4𝑑𝑥 )
4 4 4
     
1 cot 𝑥 1 cot 𝑥 1 1 1 1
=− − − cot 4𝑥 + 𝑐 = − cot 4𝑥 − cot 4𝑥 − cot 4𝑥 + 𝑐
4 5 2 3 4 20 6 4

32

16
 Example
   

3. 𝑐sc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = csc 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

  let  𝑢 = csc 𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐sc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = − csc  𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = − cot 𝑥

= csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 −  − cot 𝑥 (− csc 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

 
= −csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
  Replace 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 − 1
 
 
= −csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 −  
csc 𝑥 − 1 csc
 
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
 
csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −csc
 
𝑥 cot 𝑥 − csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +  
      csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
         
csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
2 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
   

33

Cont…    
1 1 csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
2 2 csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
    let 𝑢 = csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥,
    𝑑𝑢 = (− csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − csc 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 1 −csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥
csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
 
2 2   csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
   
1 1 csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
2 2   csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
    
1 1 𝑑𝑢
csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 −
  2 2 𝑢
  1 1 
csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ln csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2
 

34

17
 Example
   

4. sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

  let  𝑢 = sec 𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = sec
  𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = tan 𝑥

= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 −  
tan 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
 
= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Replace 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 1
 
 
 
= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 −  
sec 𝑥 − 1 sec
 
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +
     
      sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥
sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
   
sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥
     
sec 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
2 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥
   

35

Cont…    
1 1 sec 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
2 2 sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥
    let 𝑢 = sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥,
    𝑑𝑢 = (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑢
sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 +
2 2 𝑢
     
1 1
sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ln sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2
 

36

18
Trigonometric
 
Integrals
𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐼𝑉: tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟
 
 
cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are  positive 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠.
1. If 𝑛 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛, then
→ strip 2 secant out and convert the rest of the secant
to tangent using sec 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 1, use 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥.

→ strip 2 cosecant out and convert the rest of the

cosecant to cotangent using csc 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 + 1,
use 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥.
37

Example
   

1. tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

      Replace 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 1
=  
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 1 sec
 
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
    Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥
= + +𝑐
6 4

38

19
Example
 

2. cot 4𝑥 𝑐sc 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
  1
=− cot 4𝑥 (4csc 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥) Let 𝑢 = cot 4𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = −4𝑐sc 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
4
 
1 cot 4𝑥
=− +𝑐
4 5
1
= − cot 4𝑥 + 𝑐
20

39

Trigonometric
 
Integrals
𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐼𝑉: tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟
 
 
cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are  positive 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠.
2. If 𝑚 = odd, then
→ strip one secant out and one tangent out and
convert the rest of the tangent to secant using
tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 1, use 𝑢 = sec 𝑥.
→ strip one cosecant out and one tangent out and
convert the rest of the cotangent to cosecant using
c𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = c𝑠𝑐 𝑥 − 1, use 𝑢 = csc 𝑥.
40

20
Example
   

1. tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

      Replace 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 1
= sec 𝑥 − 1 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
     

= sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

   
Let 𝑢 = sec 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥
= − +𝑐
5 3

41

Example
   

2. cot 2𝑥 𝑐sc 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cot 2𝑥 𝑐sc 2𝑥 csc 2𝑥 cot 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

      Replace 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝑥 − 1
= csc 2𝑥 − 1 csc 2𝑥 csc 2𝑥 cot 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
     

= csc 2𝑥 csc 2𝑥 cot 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − csc 2𝑥 csc 2𝑥 cot 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

  Let 𝑢 = csc 2𝑥,  then  𝑑𝑢 = −2 csc 2𝑥 cot 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
 
1 1
=− csc 2𝑥 (−2csc 2𝑥 cot 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥) − − csc 2𝑥(−2 csc 2𝑥 cot 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2 2
   
1 csc 2𝑥 1 csc 2𝑥
=− + +𝑐
2 6 2 4
1 1
= − csc 2𝑥 + csc 2𝑥 + 𝑐
12 8
42

21
Trigonometric
 
Integrals
𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐼V: tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟
 
 
cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are  positive 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠.
3. If 𝑚 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛, and 𝑛 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑 then
 convert tangent to secant using tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 1 and use
𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝑰𝑰𝑰 (𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅) processes to integrate.

 convert cotangent to cosecant using cot 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 − 1 and use

𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝑰𝑰𝑰 (𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅) processes to integrate

43

Example
   

1. tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

      Replace 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 1
= sec 𝑥 − 1 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
     

= sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
From the example
  of 𝑇𝑌𝑃𝐸 𝐼𝐼𝐼(#4),
 
 
∫  sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ln sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 𝑐 and
 
∫  sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 𝑐 , then
 
1 1
tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ln sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 − ln sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + c
  2 2
  𝟏 𝟏
tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝐜
𝟐 𝟐
 

44

22
Trigonometric
 
Integrals
𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 V: sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
where 𝑚  and 𝑛 are positive 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠.

For any combination, use:

1 1
sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 = cos 𝑚 − 𝑛 𝑥 − cos 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑥
2 2
1 1
cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 = cos 𝑚 − 𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑥
2 2
1 1
sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 = sin 𝑚 − 𝑛 𝑥 + sin 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑥
2 2
1 1
cos 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 = sin 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑥 − sin 𝑚 − 𝑛 𝑥
2 2

45

Example
 

sin 4𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Use sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 = sin 𝑚 − 𝑛 𝑥 + sin 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑥

  sin 4𝑥 cos 3𝑥 = sin 4 − 3 𝑥 + sin 4 + 3 𝑥
sin 4𝑥 cos 3𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + sin 7𝑥
   
1 1
sin 4𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + sin 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
       
1 1
= sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + sin 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
   
  Let 𝑢 = 7𝑥,  then 𝑑𝑢 = 7𝑑𝑥.
1 1 1
= sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + sin 7𝑥 (7𝑑𝑥)
2 2 7
   
1 1
= − cos 𝑥 − cos 7𝑥 + 𝑐
2 14

46

23
Example
 

sin 5𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Use sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 = cos 𝑚 − 𝑛 𝑥 − cos 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑥

  sin 5𝑥 sin 2𝑥 = cos 5 − 2 𝑥 − cos 5 + 2 𝑥
sin 5𝑥 sin 2𝑥 = cos 3𝑥 − cos 7𝑥
   
1 1
sin 5𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cos 3𝑥 − cos 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
       
1 1
= cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − cos 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
   
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥,  then 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 and Let   𝑣 = 7𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = 7𝑑𝑥.
1 1 1 1
= cos 3𝑥 (3𝑑𝑥) − cos 7𝑥 (7𝑑𝑥)
2 3 2 7
   
1 1
= sin 3𝑥 − sin 7𝑥 + 𝑐
6 14

47

Example
 

cos 4𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Use cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 = cos 𝑚 − 𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑥

  cos 4𝑥 cos 2𝑥 = cos 4 − 2 𝑥 + cos 4 + 2 𝑥
cos 4𝑥 cos 2𝑥 = cos 2𝑥 + cos 6𝑥
   
1 1
sin 5𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cos 2𝑥 + cos 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
       
1 1
= cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + cos 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
   
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥,  then 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 and Let   𝑣 = 6𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑑𝑥.
1 1 1 1
= cos 3𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 + cos 7𝑥 (6𝑑𝑥)
2 2 2 6
   
1 1
= sin 2𝑥 + sin 6𝑥 + 𝑐
4 12

48

24
Trigonometric Substitution

 When the integrand involves 𝑎 − 𝑥 ,

try 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃.

 When the integrand involves 𝑎 + 𝑥 ,

try 𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃.

 When the integrand involves 𝑥 − 𝑎 ,

try 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃.
49

Trigonometric Substitution

50

25
 Example:
    
1.∫  𝑎 + x 𝑑𝑥 = ∫    𝑎 sec 𝜃 𝑎 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=𝑎 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
let 𝑢 = sec 𝜃,   𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑣 = tan 𝜃
 

=𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 − sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

 
 
= 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 − 𝑎 tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 Replace 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 1
 
 
= 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 − 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 1 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
     
 
𝑎  
sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 sec
 
𝜃 tan 𝜃 − 𝑎 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑎  
      sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
𝑎 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑎 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + 𝑎 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
         
sec 𝜃 + sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
2𝑎 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + 𝑎 𝑑𝜃
sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
   

51

Cont…    
1 1 sec 𝜃 + sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
𝑎 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + 𝑎 𝑑𝜃
2 2 sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
   
let 𝑢1 = sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃,
    𝑑𝑢1 = (sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + sec 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
1 1 𝑑𝑢1
𝑎 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + 𝑎
  2 2 𝑢1
 
  1 1  
𝑎 + x 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + 𝑎 ln sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 + 𝑐
  2 2
  1 1
 
𝑎 + x 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎sec 𝜃 𝑎tan 𝜃 + 𝑎 ln sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 + 𝑐
2 2
    
  1   1 𝑎 +x 𝑥
𝑎 + x 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑎 + x + 𝑎 ln + +𝑐
2 2 𝑎 𝑎
     
𝑥 
  𝑎 𝑎 +x +𝑥
𝑎 + x + ln +𝑐 𝑎 + x 𝑑𝑥 =
2 2 𝑎
   
  𝑥  𝑎   𝑎
𝑎 + x 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 + x + ln 𝑎 + x + 𝑥 − ln 𝑎 + 𝑐
2 2 2
 
 
  𝑥  𝑎   a constant
𝑎 + x 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 + x + ln 𝑎 +x +𝑥 +𝑐 52
2 2

26
 Example: let 𝑢 = 9𝑥 ,
𝑢 = 3𝑥,
𝑎 =4
𝑎=2
3𝑥  
  9𝑥 − 4
   
2. ∫  𝑑𝑥 = ∫  3𝑥 = 2 sec 𝜃
  2 2
𝑥 = sec 𝜃
=2 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 3  
9𝑥 − 4 = 2 tan 𝜃
  2
  𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 
3 9𝑥 − 4 = tan 𝜃
=2 sec 𝜃 − 1 𝑑𝜃 2 2
 
𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 9𝑥 − 4
      3 tan =𝜃
2
=2 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 2 𝑑𝜃
Replace 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 1
   
= 2 tan 𝜃 − 2𝜃 + 𝑐
 
  9𝑥 − 4
= 9𝑥 − 4 − 2 tan +𝑐
2

53

Example: let 𝑢 = 𝑥 ,
𝑢 = 𝑥,
𝑎 =9
𝑎=3
3
    𝑥
3. ∫    𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 
   
1 𝑑𝜃 9−𝑥
= 𝑥 = 3 sin 𝜃  
81   sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 = 3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 9 −𝑥 = 3 cos 𝜃
1  
= csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑥 = 3 sin 𝜃
81   𝑥 = 81 sin 𝜃
 
1
= csc 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
81   Replace 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 + 1
1  
= cot 𝜃 + 1 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
81    
1   1
= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
81  
81   Let 𝑢 = cot 𝜃, then 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑥 2𝑑𝑥.
   
1 1
=− cot 𝜃 (− csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃) + csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
81 81
   
1 cot 𝜃 1  
9−𝑥
=− − cot 𝜃 + 𝑐 cot 𝜃 =
81 3 81 𝑥

54

27
Cont…
   
1 9−𝑥 1 9−𝑥
=− − +𝑐
243 𝑥 81 𝑥
   
1 9−𝑥 1 9−𝑥
=− +1 +𝑐
81 𝑥 3 𝑥
 
1 9−𝑥 9−𝑥 3𝑥
=− + +𝑐
81 𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥
 
1 9−𝑥 9 − 𝑥 + 3𝑥
=− +𝑐
81 𝑥 3𝑥
 
1 9−𝑥 9 + 2𝑥
=− +𝑐
81 𝑥 3𝑥
 
9 − 𝑥 9 + 2𝑥
=− +𝑐
243𝑥

55

Partial Fraction
 Functions of 𝑥 that can be expressed in the
form , where both 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) are
( )
polynomials of 𝑥, is known as
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
 The method of Partial Fraction allows us to
integrate a rational function by first
expressing it as a sum of simpler fractions
called 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 that can be
integrated easily.
56

28
Partial Fraction

57

Partial Fraction

7𝒙 − 9 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
= + +
𝑥 𝒙+1 𝒙+2 𝒙 𝑥+1 𝒙+𝟐

58

29
Partial Fraction

5𝒙 + 7𝒙 − 9 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
= + +
𝒙+1 𝒙+1 𝒙+1 𝒙+1

59

Partial Fraction
Case 3. 𝑄 𝑥 has a quadratic factor
𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

Then there is a PFD

𝑅 𝑥 𝐴 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝐴
=
𝑄 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

5𝑥 − 9 𝑨(𝟐𝒙) + 𝑩
=
𝑥 +1 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏

60

30
4 steps in integration by partial
fraction

61

Example:
     
1.∫  𝑑𝑥 = ∫  𝑑𝑥 = ∫  𝑑𝑥
 
𝑥 +2
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑥+1
𝑥 +2   𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑥+1
𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐵𝑥 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴 𝑥 − 1 + 𝐵 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶(𝑥 − 𝑥)
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛: 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛: 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = −1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:
2 = −𝐴 3 = 2𝐵 3 = 2𝐶
𝐴 = −2 𝐵 = 3/2 𝐶 = 3/2
       
𝑥 +2 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = −2 + +
𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝑥 2𝑥 −1 2𝑥 − 1
               
𝑥 +2 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = −2 + +
𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝑥 2 𝑥−1 2 𝑥+1
    𝟑   𝟑 
= −𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒄
𝟐 𝟐

62

31
Example:
 
𝑥 −1
2. 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑥+1
 
𝑥 −1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= + + +
𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝑥 −1=𝐴 𝑥+1 + 𝐵𝑥 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶𝑥 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐷𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛: 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = −1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:
−1 = 𝐴 −2 = −𝐷
𝐴 = −1 𝐷=2
𝑥 − 1 = −1 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐵𝑥 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶𝑥 𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥
𝑥 − 1 + 1 𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶𝑥 𝑥 + 1
𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3x + 1 − 2𝑥 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥
2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + x = 𝐵𝑥 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 : 2 = 𝐵 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥: 1 = 𝐵 + 𝐶
1 =2+𝐶
C = −1
         
𝑥 −1 1 2 −1 2
𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1
         

63

Cont…
         
𝑥 −1 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑥 + 2 − +2
𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥 𝑥 +1 𝑥+1 𝑥  + 1
            
1 𝑑𝑥
=− 𝑑𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥+1
       
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
= − ln 𝑥 + 2 ln 𝑥 + 1 − +2 +𝑐
−1 −2
1 1
= − ln 𝑥 + 2 ln 𝑥 + 1 + − +𝑐
𝑥+1 𝑥+1

64

32
Example:
   
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 10 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 10
3. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5
   
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 10 𝐴 𝐵(2𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶
= +
𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 10 = 𝐴 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶 𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:
10 = 5𝐴
𝐴=2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 10 = 2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶 𝑥
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 10 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 10 = 2𝐵𝑥 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥
−𝑥 = 2𝐵𝑥 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 : −1 = 2𝐵 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥: 0 = 2𝐵 + 𝐶
  𝐵 = −1/2
    0 =2 − +𝐶 𝐶=1
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 10 2 −(2𝑥 + 2) + 1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥  𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5
           
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 10 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 2 1
𝑑𝑥 = 2 − 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5
       

65

Cont…
       
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 10 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 2 1
𝑑𝑥 = 2 − 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5
             
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥
=2 − 𝑑𝑥 +
𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥+1 +4
     

1 𝑥+1
= 2 ln 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 + arctan +𝑐
2 2

66

33
Rationalizing Substitution

 An integration method which is often useful

when the integrand is a fraction including
 
more than one kind of root, such as .A
different type of rationalizing substitution can
be used to work with integrands such as .

67

Rationalizing Substitution

68

34
 Example The powers of 𝑥 are 1/2 and 1/3, so
the LCM of their denominators is
 
 
1 1
𝑥 𝑙𝑐𝑚 , = 6
1. 𝑑𝑥 2 3
1+ 𝑥
  Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 , 𝑥 =𝑢
 
 
 
  𝑥=𝑢 𝑥=𝑢
𝑥 𝑢 6𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = (6𝑢 𝑑𝑢)
1+ 𝑥 1+𝑢
     
𝑢
=6 𝑑𝑢
  1+𝑢
 
1
=6 𝑢 −𝑢 +𝑢 −1+ 𝑑𝑢
1+𝑢
 
6𝑢 6𝑢 6𝑢 𝑢
= − + − 6𝑢 + 6 arctan + 𝑐
7 5 3 1

6 𝑥 /
6 𝑥
= − + 2   𝑥 − 6 𝑥 + 6 arctan 𝑥 + 𝑐
6 7 6 5
= 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2   𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 6 arctan 𝑥 + 𝑐
7 5

69

Example
  Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑒 ,
𝑑𝑥 𝑢−1=𝑒
2.
1+𝑒 ln 𝑢 − 1 = ln 𝑒
 
ln 𝑢 − 1 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
  𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= −1
𝑢
1+𝑒  𝑢
 
𝑑𝑢 1 𝐴
= +
𝐵
= 𝑢(𝑢 − 1) 𝑢 𝑢 − 1
𝑢 𝑢−1
   
1 = 𝐴 𝑢 − 1 + 𝐵𝑢
1 1
= − 𝑑𝑢 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛: 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 = 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:
𝑢−1 𝑢 1 = −𝐴 1=𝐵
  𝐵=1
= ln 𝑢 − 1 − ln 𝑢 + 𝑐 𝐴 = −1

𝑢−1 1 1
=− +
1
= ln +𝑐 𝑢(𝑢 − 1) 𝑢 𝑢−1
𝑢
1+𝑒 −1 𝑒
= ln + 𝑐 = ln +𝑐
1+𝑒 1+𝑒

70

35
Example:

71

Wallis’ Formula

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

… …
= 𝛼
…

𝛼 = , if both 𝑚 and 𝑛 are even

𝛼 = 1, otherwise

72

36