GECO I - UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

 PRELIM PERIOD 

UNIT 1 THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES

This unit covers the topic on: A. Philosophy, B. Sociology, C. Psychology, D.

Anthropology, and E. Oriental/ Eastern Thought

A. PHILOSOPHY

Ancient Philosophy (1000 BC to 500 AD)

The Ancient Triumvirate are:

1. Socrates
2. Aristotle
3. Plato

Socrates

“Know thy self” means:

1. Man must live and stand according to his nature

2. Man must look at himself

“An unexamined life is not worth living.”

The fundamental question is to find what?

1. Invitation to introspection: Platonic theory of reminiscence

2. Knowledge is within, inherent in man; not outside
3. Wisdom is learning to reflect

By what means?

1. The Socratic Method: Dialogue between the soul and itself

2. Between a student and his teacher

Two Aspects of Reality

1. Physical World - Changeable, transient, imperfect World of Senses/Matter

2. Spiritual World - Unchanging, eternal, perfect World of Ideas/Form

*Dualistic Reality: Body and Soul

Our Soul (Self)
 1. Strive for wisdom and perfection
2. Reason is the soul’s tool to achieve such state
3. A unified, indissoluble, immortal entity that remains the same over time
4. That is in the very likeness of the divine

Plato

3-Part Soul/Self (Psyche)

1. Reason: the divine essence that lets us think deeply (wisdom), make wise choices,
and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths
2. Physical Appetite: accounts for the basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst
and sexual desire
3. Spirit/Passion: accounts for the basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition,
aggressiveness, and empathy

a. The three are in a dynamic relationship with each other: in agreement or in

conflict
b. But it is the responsibility of the Reason to restore harmony among the three
c. Harmony: justice in the individual, social, and political levels

Aristotle

1. The mind (self) is Tabula Rasa – a blank slate

2. Self is composed of matter and form
a. Matter is in a continuous process of developing and becoming
3. The Process of Completion is through experiences
a. Knowledge is acquired through the senses
4. Self comes from a First Cause, the source of all changes although unchangeable
itself
5. The goal of the human self is reached in happiness through moderation or balance
of things

The Post-Aristotelians

1. Maintains the dualism between body and soul

2. More ethical in the ideas

a. Moral norms: attainment of happiness

Stoicism - Apathy or indifference to pleasure
Hedonism - “Eat, drink, and be happy. For tomorrow, you will die.”
Epicureanism - Moderate pleasure

Questions to ponder during the Medieval Philosophy!

 1. Is the Self related to a supreme being - God?
2. Who am I in relation to a supreme being – God?

Medieval Philosophy (500 AD – 1350 AD)

Theo-centric

1. From the scientific investigation on nature and search for happiness to the
question of life and salvation in another realm, in a better world (i.e., the afterlife)
2. Influence from ancient thought:
a. The (human) self-endures through time
3. More imposing than informing, because it was trying to aim at paganism and
barbarism
4. There was an aim to merge philosophy and religion (Christian, Jewish, Muslim)

St. Augustine (Theologian, Philosopher)

1. Integrates Platonic ideas with the tenets of Christianity

2. Platonic Realm of Idea = Christian Philosophy of a Transcendent God
3. The self-strives to achieve union with God through faith and reason

St. Thomas Aquinas

1. Self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world around us (objects in

our environment)
2. We don’t encounter ourselves as isolated minds or selves, but rather always as
agents interacting with our environment

a. The labels we attribute to ourselves are taken from the things we encounter in
our environment
Examples: Gardener, Artist, Kind, Loving - “The things that we love tell
us what we are.”

If St. Thomas tells us that our knowledge is based on our encounter of things, does this
mean that we get to know everything simply by experiencing it?

1. Experiencing that something exists doesn’t tell us what it is

2. Knowing and learning about a thing requires a long process of understanding;
same with the mind and the self – with experience and reason
Questions to ponder during the Modern Philosophy!

1. How can I be sure that the self exists?

2. What the proofs that the self exists?

Modern Philosophy (14th Century to the early 20th Century)

 Genuine knowledge has to be based on independent rational inquiry and real world
experimentation, rather than dependent on knowledge handed down by authorities

Anthropocentric

1. Thinkers began to reject the scholastics’ (medieval thinkers) excessive reliance

on authority
2. Period of radical social, political and intellectual developments

RENE DESCARTES - “Cogito ergo sum”

1. “I think, therefore, I am”

2. Human identity: self-awareness
3. The Self if a thinking thing which can exist independently of the body

Dualism

1. Thinking (Spiritual) Self

a. Governed by laws of reason & God’s Will
2. Physical Body
a. Governed by the laws of nature

JOHN LOCKE

1. The self is endured because of memory

2. Conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are the keys to
understanding the self

DAVID HUME

1. Impressions – basic sensations of experiences

2. The self is a “bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each
other in an inconceivable rapidity, and are in perpetual flux and movement”

IMMANUEL KANT

1. A priori concepts
2. The self actively organizes all the sensations and thoughts into a picture that
makes sense to each one of us
3. Self as subject, not object

SIGMUND FREUD (Father of Psychoanalysis)

1. The self is multi-tiered/multi-layered:

a. Conscious – refers to those thoughts and feelings that we are aware of

 b. Preconscious – experiences that are unconscious but could become conscious
with little effort
c. Unconscious – contains all drives, urges or instincts that are beyond our
awareness but motivate our feelings, thoughts and behavior

GILBERT RYLE

1. The self is defined in terms of behavior that is presented to the world

2. The self is a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition for a person to
behave in a certain way in certain circumstances

PAUL CHURCHLAND - Eliminative Materialism

1. Grounded in neuroscience
2. The mind/self is the brain

Contemporary Philosophy (Late 19th Century)

1. Political Revolution
2. Industrial Revolution
3. Scientific advancements and growth of materialism
4. Theory of Evolution
5. More humanist as a response to the so-called alienation of the human person

EDMUND HUSSERL

1. We experience our self as a unity which the mental and physical are seamlessly
woven together

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY - “Lived Body”

1. An entity that can never be objectified or known in a completely objective sort of

way, as opposed to the “body as object” of the dualists
2. “There is no duality of substance but dialectic of living being in its biological
milieu”

Questions to ponder!

1. Which among these Philosophies can you relate with?

2. How do they affect the way you see yourself?

B. SOCIOLOGY

The self as a product of modern society among other constructions

The Self in the Sociological Perspective

 1. Classical sociological perspective: the self is a relatively stable set of
perceptions of who we are in relation to ourselves, others, and to social systems

a. The self is socially constructed in the sense that it is shaped through

interaction with other people
b. As with socialization in general, the individual is not a passive participant in
this process and have a powerful influence over how this process and its
consequences develop

The Looking Glass Self (Charles Horton Cooley)

1. A person’s self grows out of a person´s social interaction with others

2. The view of ourselves comes from the contemplation of personal qualities and
impressions of how others perceive us
3. Actually, how we see ourselves does not come from who we really are, but rather
from how we believe others see us

Johari Window (Joseph Luft & Harrington Ingham)

Technique used to enhance the individual's perception on self and others.

Known to the Not known to

self the self
Known to Open/Area Blind spot
others
Not known Hidden/Facade Unknown
to others

C. PSYCHOLOGY

The self-based on psychoanalytic approach and cognitive construction

The Self Based on Psychoanalytic Approach

Structure of the Self (Sigmund Freud)

1. ID (Biological Self) - Pleasure Principle

a. Natural part of the self

b. Animalistic nature of man
c. Pleasure seeking part of the personality
d. Determined by the genetic code
e. Providing the raw materials
f. Setting the boundary conditions for development
  The ID represents the basic need of man.

a. If it is not satisfied, it could result to stress and tension.

b. If satisfied, it could give you comfort and joy.
c. If the id is angered or provoked it could destroy not only himself but also his
surrounding
d. If the id is properly controlled, it could bring warmth and comfort

2. SUPEREGO (Social Self) - Idealistic Principle

a. The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned
from one's parents and others

3. EGO (Psychological Self) - Reality Principle

a. The only region of the mind that is in contact with reality; it operates to fulfil
the reality principle
b. The ego constantly tries to reconciles the irrational wants of the id and the
superego with the realistic demands of the world

ID SUPEREGO
“I want to do that “It’s not right to do
now” that”

EGO
“Maybe we can
compromise”

The job of the ego or self is to balance the aggressive drives of the id with the moral
control of the superego.

Description

1. When the scale is out of balance, it is the responsibility of the EGO to mediate the
conflict between the ID and SUPEREGO
2. Weak ego will lead to ANXIETY
3. To protect the ego from anxiety, we use DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Ego Defense Mechanisms

1. Repression: when the ego is threatened, it unconsciously forgets or blocks

unpleasant feelings
 2. Displacement: redirecting unacceptable urges to less threatening people or
objects
3. Regression: the ego may revert back to an earlier stage during times of stress or
anxiety
4. Projection: attributing the unwanted impulse to another person.
5. Sublimation: suppression of unwanted impulses by substituting it with a creative
cultural accomplishment

Functionalism (William James)

1. Focused on the operation of conscious activity

a. Example: thinking and learning
2. Study of man’s adjustment to his environment
a. Materials
b. Capacities
c. Skills

The Self as a Cognitive Construction

Symbolic Interactionism (George Herbert Mead)

“I and the Me” self

1. Two aspects of self-awareness:

a. The “me” is the socialized aspect of the person
b. The “I” is the active aspect of the person

Imaginary Audience

1. Adolescents are thought to believe that others are always watching and evaluating
them, and that they are special and unique

Self-Concept

1. Mental representation

a. What we look like

b. How we feel in different types of situation
c. How we behave towards others
d. What do we do at work?
e. What are the roles we have in the family or society?

Real and Ideal Self (Carl Rogers)

1. A person's ideal self may not be consistent with what actually happens in life and
experiences of the person
 2. Hence, a difference may exist between a person's ideal self and actual experience
3. Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be
in a state of congruence

Self as defined by Social Comparison (Leon Festinger)

1. TEMPORAL COMPARISON

a. Considering your present condition in relation to how you were in the past

2. SOCIAL COMPARISON

a. Evaluating yourself in comparison to others – using others as a basis for

evaluating your attributes

How does the social comparison process work?

Depending on the level of someone’s motivation, he/she may have the tendency to
compare himself/herself with others either in an UPWARD or DOWNWARD kind of
comparison

Two Modes of Social Comparison

1. Upward social comparison

a. When we compare ourselves with those who we believe are better than us
b. Often focus on the desire to improve our current level of ability
c. A highly motivated person tends to engage in upward comparisons, and
usually assume himself/herself as better or equal to the “best person”
d. Studies have shown that if given a chance, people choose to make upward
comparisons instead of downward ones

2. Downward social comparison

a. When we compare themselves to others who are worse off than ourselves
b. Often centered on making ourselves feel better about our abilities
c. A person who is unhappy or is unmotivated usually engages in this to feel
better about himself/herself

Two Modes of Downward Social Comparison

1. Passive downward comparison

a. Happens when a person takes into consideration the previous condition in

making comparison
 b. Example: A low performing student comparing himself/herself with a worse
off student

2. Active downward comparison

a. Happens when a person compares himself/herself with others by demeaning

or causing harm to them
b. By derogating the target or causing harm to him/her, this person generates a
situation in which the target is worse off than him/her, therefore giving
him/her the chance to make a downward comparison

Self-Evaluation and Self-Enhancement

Motivation plays a role in this model and is manifested by self-evaluation and self-
enhancement.

Description

1. Self-evaluation occurs when someone looks for positive traits in himself/herself

based on the best person he/she compares himself/herself with self-enhancement
2. Self-enhancement, on the other hand, occurs when the person questions which
aspects of himself/herself need to be improved to reach the level of goodness of
the person he/she is comparing himself/herself with self-esteem

Self-Esteem

1. Used to describe a person's overall sense of self-worth or personal value

2. In other words, it refers to how much you appreciate and like yourself
3. Self-esteem is often seen as a personality trait, which means that it tends to be
stable and enduring reference group

Reference Group

1. A group to which an individual or another group is compared

2. Sociologists call any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating
themselves and their own behavior a reference group

The Creation of Identities

1. One’s identity must balance the need to be similar to one’s reference group with
the need to be a unique individual

a. Children become aware of the need for a group identity and are often afraid or
acting differently
b. Teens often seem torn between the need to assert their own individual identity
and the need to conform to their reference group
 c. New identities are forged in relation to work, parenthood, economic status,
and ageing

D. ANTHROPOLOGY

The self and person in contemporary anthropology & the self being embedded in culture

Western Self vs. non-western Self

Western Self

1. autonomous and egocentric

Non-western self

1. identity shared with others and derived from a culture instead of a “self”

Individualism vs. Collectivism

Individualism

1. A human being has an individualistic nature and is an independent part of the

universe and the society

Individual rights Independence is Being dependent

take center highly valued upon others is
stage often considered
shameful or
embarrassing

People tend to The rights of People often

be self-reliant individuals tend place a greater
to take a higher emphasis on
precedence standing out and
being unique

Collectivism.

1. A human being is an integral part of the universe and the society

2. People are fundamentally connected
3. Duty towards all others is a very important matter
 Social rules focus on Working as a group and
promoting selflessness and putting the supporting others is essential
community needs ahead of individual needs

People are encouraged to do what's best for Families and communities have a central role
society

THE SELF IN ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT

The self as embedded in relationships and through spiritual development in Confucian

thought

Asian Schools of Thought

1. Buddhism (Siddhartha Gautama)

a. Buddha discovered why life is filled with suffering and how humanity can
escape from this unhappy existence

Experience in the transformations of consciousness and stages of meditation

Buddha denies the self: no self, no individual

a. No-self is the nature of an intuitive and subjective perception toward oneself

beyond the ordinary range of human experience that is full of the anxieties and
defensiveness
b. To study the self is to deny the self
c. When self becomes anxiety-free, one can act spontaneously

Everything is impermanent in the continuous becoming of lived experience

Implies emphasis on compassion for others and conduct ourselves with restraint out
of a sense of responsibility

2. Hinduism (Fusion of various Indian cultures and traditions)

a. Hindus believe that an individual’s action (karma) – the bad or good actions that
the individual performed in a previous life determines his or her caste

In simple terms, the law of karma suggests that a person's mental and physical
actions are binding
The law of karma is very much verifiable in real life
We all have seen in our own lives, and in nature too, that we reap what we
sow
 Our successes and failures are mostly products of our own thoughts and
actions

3. Taoism (Lao-Tzu)

a. Relativity of opposites (i.e., yin and yang)

Self does not exist without the existence of the Other

a. Self as a separate identity is supported by the equal and opposite sensation of

otherness

4. Confucianism (Confucius)

a. The Self in Confucianism is the starting point of a constructive process

b. For western philosophers, the concept of the self is the end of their searches
c. It is only through the continuous opening up of the self to others that the self can
maintain its wholesome personal identity
d. A person who is not responsive to others is self-centered

Confucian self is relational and interdependent

a. Belief that certain sets of human relationships are basis for moral community
Ruler and minister
Friend and friend
Elder and younger brother
Husband and wife
Father and son

Filial piety is a foundational concept in the thought of Confucius

a. to be good to one's parents

b. to take care of one's parents
c. to engage in good conduct not just towards parents but also outside the home so as
to bring a good name to one's parents and ancestors
d. to ensure male heirs
e. display sorrow for their parents’ sickness and death
to bury their parents and carry out sacrifices after their death

🙟 PRELIM PERIOD 🙜

ANTHROPOLOGY

This subject covers the Western Self vs. Non-Western Self and
Individualism vs. Collectivism.
Terminal Objectives

1. State and explain the Western Self versus the Non-Western Self.
2. Declare and expound Individualism versus Collectivism.

Enabling Objectives

1. State and elucidate the meaning of the person in contemporary

anthropology.
2. Trace and clarify the human being’s individualistic nature as an
independent part of the universe and society.
3. Expound and explicate that a human being is an integral part of
the universe and the society.
4. Demonstrate how people are fundamentally connected.
5. State and interpret the meaning of performing one’s duty to
others.
6. Define and specify how individual rights take the center stage.
7. Differentiate independence from dependence according to their
value.
8. Explain the meaning of self-reliance, individual rights, and social
roles

The self and person in contemporary anthropology & the self being
embedded in culture

A. Western Self vs. non-western Self

Western Self

01. autonomous and egocentric

Non-western self

1. identity shared with others and derived from a culture instead of a

“self”

B. Individualism vs. Collectivism

Individualism

1. A human being has an individualistic nature and is an independent

part of the universe and the society.
Individual Independence is Being dependent
rights highly valued upon others is
take center often considered
stage shameful or
embarrassing

People tend to The rights of People often

be self-reliant individuals tend place a greater
to take a higher emphasis on
precedence standing out and
being unique

Collectivism.

1. A human being is an integral part of the universe and the society

2. People are fundamentally connected
3. Duty towards all others is a very important matter

Social rules focus on Working as a group and

promoting selflessness and putting the supporting others is
community needs ahead of individual needs essential

People are encouraged to do what's best for Families and communities

society have a central role

ACTIVITY #1
LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Definition

Directions: Define the following terms.

01. Anthropology
02. autonomous
03. center stage
04. central role
 05. Collectivism
06. contemporary anthropology
07. culture
08. egocentric
09. embedded in culture
10. higher performance
11. highly valued
12. independence
13. independent part
14. individual rights
15. Individualism
16. individualistic nature
17. Non-western self
18. self
19. selflessness
20. self-reliant
21. social rules
22. society
23. unique
24. universe
25. Western Self

Identification

Directions: Write the correct answer on the blank in each number.

01. ______________ It is autonomous and egocentric.

02. _____________ Its identity is shared with others and derived
from
a culture instead of a self.
03. ______________ It is a belief that a human is an independent part
of
the universe and the society.
04. ______________ It has an individualistic nature.
05. ______________ It takes the center stage.
06. ______________ It is highly valued.
07. ______________ It is often considered shameful.
08. ______________ It is the same as shameful.
09. ______________ It is a quality of people.
10. ______________ It happens to individual rights.
11. ______________ It refers to one of people’s greater emphasis.
12._______________It’s another quality where people place greater
 emphasis.
13. _______________It is one quality of a human being in
collectivism.
14._______________It’s another quality of a human being in
collectivism.
15. _______________It describes people in collectivism.
16. _______________It’s the description of the duty of people
towards
all others in collectivism.
17. _______________ It is one focus of social rules in collectivism.
18. _______________ It is another focus of social rules about
individual
needs.
19. _______________It is one essential duty of people in collectivism
regarding the group.
20.________________It is another essential duty of people in
collectivism regarding support.
21. _______________ It is how people are encouraged to do in
society.
22._______________ It is the kind of role of families and communities.
23._______________ It is not given priority in non-western self.
24._______________One of those given priority in non-western self
about identity.
25.________________ Another priority about identity in nonwestern
self.

Modified True or False

Directions: Write True on the blank if the statement is correct. If it is

wrong, correct the underlined word on the blank provided for

01. __________The western self is autonomous.

02. __________The western self is egocentric.
03. __________In the non-western self, identity is shared with others.
04. __________Identity is derived from a culture in the western self.
05. __________An ant has an individualistic nature.
06. __________An animal is an independent part of the universe.
07.__________ An animal is an independent part of the society.
08.__________ All rights take center stage in individualism.
09.__________ Individual rights take center stage in individualism.
10.__________ Independence is highly valued in individualism.
11.__________ In collectivism independence is highly valued.
 12.__________ Dependence upon others is often considered
shameful.
13.__________Being dependent on others is also considered
embarrassing.
14.__________ In individualism, people tend to be self-reliant.
15.__________ The rights of individuals tend to take a high
precedence
in individualism.
16. _________ In individualism animals often place a greater
emphasis
on standing out.
17.__________Being ordinary is also of greater emphasis in
individualism.
18.__________Duty towards some is a very important matter in
collectivism.
19.__________Social roles focus on selflessness in collectivism.
20.__________ In collectivism, it is essential to work as a group.
21.__________ Supporting others is essential in collectivism.
22.__________ In collectivism, community needs are ahead of
individual needs.
23.__________ In individualism, people are encouraged to do what is
best for society.
24.__________ In collectivism, children and parents have a central
role.
25.__________ People are encouraged to do what is best for their
children in collectivism.

Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the letter of your choice and write it on the blank.

1. How do you describe the western self?

a. It is autonomous and egocentric.

b. It is autonomous but not egocentric.
c. It is egocentric but not autonomous.
d. It is theocentric.
e. None of the above.

2. How do you describe the non-western self?

a. Its identity is not shared with others.
b. Its identity is derived from a “self.”
c. Its identity is shared with others and derived from a culture instead of
a “self.”
d. Its identity is shared with chosen people only.
e. Its identity is derived from a chosen culture only.

3. What is/are the qualities of individualism?

a. Anybody has an individualistic nature.

b. All have an individualistic nature.
c. A human being has an individualistic nature and is an
independent part of the universe and society.
d. A human being has an individualistic nature but is a dependent part
of the universe and the society.
e. All of the above

4. In individualism, what is the position of individual rights?

a. Individual rights take the center stage.

b. Individual rights take the back stage.
c. Individual rights take the side stage.
d. Individual rights take the front stage.
e. All of the above

5. How is independence valued in individualism?

a. quickly valued
b. poorly valued
c. unfavorably valued
d. insignificantly valued
e. highly valued

6. How is being dependent upon others considered in individualism?

a. honorable or enjoyable
b. soothing or reassuring
c. shameful or embarrassing
d. wonderful or magnificent
e. exceptional or terrific

7. How do we compare individualism to collectivism?

a. A human being has a common nature and is a needy part of the

universe and the society.
b. A human being has a corporate nature and is a helpless part of the
universe and the society.
c. A human being has a familiar nature and is a determined part of the
universe and the society.
d. A human being has a public nature and is a conditional part of the
universe and the society.
e. A human being has an individualistic nature and is an
independent part of the universe and the society.

8. What is one way of comparing collectivism to individualism?

a. A human being is an immaterial part of the universe and the society.

b. A human being is an irrelevant part of the universe and the society.
c. A human being is an integral part of the universe and the society
d. A human being is an extraneous part of the universe and the
society.
e. A human being is an unimportant part of the universe and the
society.

9. What is another way of comparing collectivism to individualism

based on people connection?

a. People are superficially connected.

b. People are fundamentally connected.
c. People are rapidly connected.
d. People are lightly connected.
e. People are casually connected.

10. How do we compare collectivism to individualism based on

duty?
a. Duty towards all others is a very insignificant matter.
b. Duty towards all others is a very minor matter.
c. Duty towards all others is a very minimal matter.
d. Duty towards all others is a very small matter.
e. Duty towards all others is a very important matter.
f. Duty towards all others is a very slight matter.

11. How do others evaluate a human being who is individualistic?

a. A human being is an independent part of the universe and the

society.
b. A human being is a partial part of the universe and the society.
c. A human being is a subjective part of the universe and the society.
d. A human being is an inequitable part of the universe and the society.
e. A human being is an unfair part of the universe and the society.

12. What is the human being as an independent part?

a. The human being is an independent part of the universe and the

society.
b. The human being is an independent part of the universe only.
c. The human being is an independent part of the society only.
d. The human being is an independent part of the world and the family.
e. The human being is an independent part of the universe and the
neighborhood.

13. How are people encouraged in a collective society?

a. People are encouraged to do what’s worst for society

b. People are encouraged to do what’s best for society
c. People are encouraged to do what’s most horrible for society
d. People are encouraged to do what’s ruthless for society
e. People are encouraged to do what’s merciless for society

14. In a collective society, how do individuals work?

a. They don’t work as a group and support themselves only.

b. They work alone and forget others.
c. They work as a group and support others.
d. They work as a group and support their friends only.
e. They work individually and don’t support others.

15. What is one focus of social rules in a collective society?

a. Social rules focus on promoting selfishness.
b. Social rules focus on promoting self-interest.
c. Social rules focus on promoting egoism.
d. Social rules focus on promoting self-regard.
e. Social rules focus on promoting selflessness.

16. What are the social rules on community and individual needs in
a collective society?

a. Putting the community needs behind individual needs

b. Putting the community needs in the back of individual needs
c. Putting the community needs after individual needs
d. Putting the community needs ahead of individual needs
e. Putting the community needs at the rear of individual needs

17. Who have a central role in a collective society?

a. Families and communities have a central role in a collective

society.
b. Friends and neighbors have a central role in a collective society.
c. Teachers and schools have a central role in a collective society.
d. Employers and workers have a central role in a collective society.
e. Entrepreneurs and communities have a central role in a collective
society.

18. Which is highly valued in individualism?

a. Partiality is highly valued in individualism.

b. Friendship is highly valued in individualism.
c. Independence is highly valued in individualism.
d. Seniority is highly valued in individualism.
e. Favoritism is highly valued in individualism.

19. What is the tendency of people in an individualistic society?

a. People tend to be needy.

b. People tend to be helpless.
c. People tend to be regulated.
d. People tend to be decisive.
e. People tend to be self-reliant.
 20. Which tends to take a higher precedence in an individualistic
society?

a. the wrongdoings of individuals

b. the crimes of individuals
c. the corruptions of individuals
d. the criminalities of individuals
e. the rights of individuals

21. Which do people in an individualistic society often do?

a. They place a smaller emphasis on standing out and being unique.

b. They place a less emphasis on standing out and being unique.
c. They place a minor emphasis on standing out and being
unique.
d. They place a greater emphasis on standing out and being unique.
e. They place a minimal emphasis on standing out and being unique.

22. What is done to people in a collective society?

a. They are discouraged to do what is best for society.

b. They are dejected to do what is best for society.
c. They are encouraged to do what is best for society.
d. They are encouraged to do what is worst for society.
e. They are encouraged to do what is best for themselves.

23. What takes the central stage in an individualistic society?

a. Individual rights
b. Community rights
c. Individual faults
d. Universal rights
e. Students’ rights

24. Which focus on promoting selflessness in a collective society?

 a. Social rules
b. Private rules
c. Secret rules
d. Overt rules
e. Confidential rules

25. Which is a very important matter in a collective society?

a. Duty towards oneself only

b. Duty towards one’s parents only
c. Duty towards one’s pets only
d. Duty towards all others
e. Duty towards one’s best friend only

Critical Thinking Questions

Directions: Answer the critical thinking questions.

1. How will you show that you are an independent part of the
universe?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_________
02: How do you perform your duty to others without harming
yourself and your love ones?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_______________________

03: Given a choice, which will you choose, your individual rights
or the rights for everyone? Why?
 Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________

4. At present, which do you prefer, your independence or your

dependence on others? Support your answer.

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
__________________

Lesson Application

Directions: Illustrate your answer.

1. How do you relate Anthropology to the CDSGA Philosophy of

always committing itself in serving God and his fellowmen, its
mission to give AFFORDABLE, TRANSFORMATIVE,
PSYCHOLOGICALLY INNOVATIVE, QUALITY EDUCATION and a
CARING SERVICE that makes a difference towards self-
actualization and a vision to be a man of God - Vir Enim Dei?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_______________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______

🙟 PRELIM PERIOD 🙜

PHILOSOPHY

This subject covers the periods Ancient Philosophy (1000 BC to 500

AD), Medieval Philosophy (500 AD – 1350 AD), Modern Philosophy (14th
Century to the early 20 Century), and Contemporary Philosophy (Late 19th
th

Century)

Terminal Objectives

1. State and explain the perspectives during the Ancient Philosophy.

2. Affirm and expound what happened during the Medieval
Philosophy.
3. Declare and expound the principles during the Modern
Philosophy.
4. Discuss and describe the perspectives of the modern
philosophers.

Enabling Objectives

1. State and elucidate what Socrates meant by knowing thyself and

the two aspects of reality.
2. Explain the meaning of the 3-Part Soul/Self (Psyche) by Plato.
3. Demonstrate how the mind is a tabula rasa or blank slate.
4. Differentiate the moral norms in the attainment of happiness.
5. Trace and clarify the meaning of theo-centric.
6. Define and show the practice of anthropocentric.
7. Expound and explicate the meaning of the following: a. political
evolution, b. industrial revolution, c. scientific advancements and
growth of materialism, d. theory of evolution, and e. more
humanist as a response to the so-called alienation of the human
person

A. Ancient Philosophy (1000 BC to 500 AD)

The Ancient Triumvirate are:

 1. Socrates
2. Aristotle
3. Plato

Socrates

“Know thy self” means:

1. Man must live and stand according to his nature

2. Man must look at himself

“An unexamined life is not worth living.”

The fundamental question is to find what?

1. Invitation to introspection: Platonic theory of reminiscence

2. Knowledge is within, inherent in man; not outside
3. Wisdom is learning to reflect

By what means?

1. The Socratic Method: Dialogue between the soul and itself

2. Between a student and his teacher

Two Aspects of Reality

1. Physical World - Changeable, transient, imperfect World of

Senses/Matter
2. Spiritual World - Unchanging, eternal, perfect World of
Ideas/Form.

Dualistic Reality: Body and Soul

Our Soul (Self)

1. Strive for wisdom and perfection

2. Reason is the soul’s tool to achieve such state
3. A unified, indissoluble, immortal entity that remains the same over
time
 4. That is in the very likeness of the divine

Plato

3-Part Soul/Self (Psyche)

1. Reason: the divine essence that lets us think deeply (wisdom),

make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal
truths
2. Physical Appetite: accounts for the basic biological needs such as
hunger, thirst and sexual desire
3. Spirit/Passion: accounts for the basic emotions such as love,
anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and empathy

a. The three are in a dynamic relationship with each other: in agreement

or in conflict
b. But it is the responsibility of the Reason to restore harmony
among the three
c. Harmony: justice in the individual, social, and political levels

Aristotle

1. The mind (self) is Tabula Rasa – a blank slate

2. Self is composed of matter and form
a. Matter is in a continuous process of developing and becoming

3. The Process of Completion is through experiences

a. Knowledge is acquired through the senses

4. Self comes from a First Cause, the source of all changes although
unchangeable itself
5. The goal of the human self is reached in happiness through
moderation or balance of things

The Post-Aristotelians

1. Maintains the dualism between body and soul

2. More ethical in the ideas
 a. Moral norms: attainment of happiness

 Stoicism - Apathy or indifference to pleasure

 Hedonism - “Eat, drink, and be happy. For tomorrow, you
will die.”
 Epicureanism - Moderate pleasure

Questions to ponder during the Medieval Philosophy!

1. Is the Self related to a supreme being - God?

2. Who am I in relation to a supreme being – God?

Medieval Philosophy (500 AD – 1350 AD)

Theo-centric

1. From the scientific investigation on nature and search for

happiness to the question of life and salvation in another realm, in
a better world (i.e., the afterlife)
2. Influence from ancient thought:
a. The (human) self-endures through time

3. More imposing than informing, because it was trying to aim at

paganism and barbarism
4. There was an aim to merge philosophy and religion (Christian,
Jewish, Muslim)

St. Augustine (Theologian, Philosopher)

1. Integrates Platonic ideas with the tenets of Christianity

2. Platonic Realm of Idea = Christian Philosophy of a Transcendent
God
3. The self-strives to achieve union with God through faith and
reason

St. Thomas Aquinas

 1. Self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world
around us (objects in our environment)
2. We don’t encounter ourselves as isolated minds or selves, but
rather always as agents interacting with our environment
a. The labels we attribute to ourselves are taken from the things
we encounter in our environment

 Examples: Gardener, Artist, Kind, Loving - “The things that

we love tell us what we are.”

If St. Thomas tells us that our knowledge is based on our encounter

of things, does this mean that we get to know everything simply by
experiencing it?

1. Experiencing that something exists doesn’t tell us what it is

2. Knowing and learning about a thing requires a long process of
understanding; same with the mind and the self – with experience
and reason

Questions to ponder during the Modern Philosophy!

1. How can I be sure that the self exists?

2. What the proofs that the self exists?

Modern Philosophy (14th Century to the early 20 Century)

th

Genuine knowledge has to be based on independent rational inquiry

and real world experimentation, rather than dependent on knowledge
handed down by authorities

Anthropocentric

1. Thinkers began to reject the scholastics’ (medieval thinkers)

excessive reliance on authority
2. Period of radical social, political and intellectual developments

RENE DESCARTES - “Cogito ergo sum”

1. “I think, therefore, I am”

 2. Human identity: self-awareness
3. The Self if a thinking thing which can exist independently of the
body

Dualism

1. Thinking (Spiritual) Self

a. Governed by laws of reason & God’s Will

2. Physical Body
a. Governed by the laws of nature

JOHN LOCKE

1. The self is endured because of memory

2. Conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are
the keys to understanding the self

DAVID HUME

1. Impressions – basic sensations of experiences

2. The self is a “bundle or collection of different perceptions, which
succeed each other in an inconceivable rapidity, and are in
perpetual flux and movement”

IMMANUEL KANT

1. A priori concepts
2. The self actively organizes all the sensations and thoughts into a
picture that makes sense to each one of us
3. Self as subject, not object

SIGMUND FREUD (Father of Psychoanalysis)

1. The self is multi-tiered/multi-layered:

a. Conscious – refers to those thoughts and feelings that we are
aware of
 b. Preconscious – experiences that are unconscious but could
become conscious with little effort
c. Unconscious – contains all drives, urges or instincts that are
beyond our awareness but motivate our feelings, thoughts and
behavior

GILBERT RYLE

1. The self is defined in terms of behavior that is presented to the

world
2. The self is a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition for a
person to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances

PAUL CHURCHLAND - Eliminative Materialism

1. Grounded in neuroscience
2. The mind/self is the brain

Contemporary Philosophy (Late 19th Century)

1. Political Revolution
2. Industrial Revolution
3. Scientific advancements and growth of materialism
4. Theory of Evolution
5. More humanist as a response to the so-called alienation of the
human person

EDMUND HUSSERL

1. We experience our self as a unity which the mental and physical

are seamlessly woven together

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY - “Lived Body”

1. An entity that can never be objectified or known in a completely

objective sort of way, as opposed to the “body as object” of the
dualists
2. “There is no duality of substance but dialectic of living being in its
biological milieu”
 Questions to ponder!

1. Which among these Philosophies can you relate with?

2. How do they affect the way you see yourself?

ACTIVITY # 2

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Guide Questions for Class Interaction
1. What is your interpretation of this statement? – “what Socrates
meant by knowing thyself and the two aspects of reality”
2. How do you explain the meaning of the 3-Part Soul/Self (Psyche)
by Plato?
3. Can you demonstrate that the mind is a tabula rasa or blank slate?
How?
4. Is the moral norm the attainment of happiness? Why?
5. What do you mean by theocentric? Explain.
6. What do you mean by anthropocentric? How do you show the
practice of anthropocentric?
7. What is the meaning of: a. political evolution, b. industrial
revolution, c. scientific advancements and growth of materialism,
d. theory of evolution, and d. more humanist as a response to the
so-called alienation of the human person? Explain.

Definition
Directions: Define the following terms:

1. Anthropocentric
2. Cogito ergo sum
3. Conscious awareness
4. Dualistic Reality
5. Epicureanism
6. Harmony
7. Hedonism
8. Impressions
9. Know thy self
 10. Lived Body
11. Memory
12. Neuroscience
13. Platonic Realm of Idea
14. Physical Appetite
15. Physical Body
16. Psyche
17. Reason
18. Self-knowledge
19. Spirit / Passion
20. Stoicism
21. Tabula Rasa
22. Theo-centric
23. Thinking
24. Transcendent God
25. Wisdom

Identification

Directions: Write the correct answer on the blank in each number.

1. __________ According to this philosopher, man must live and

stand according to his nature.
2. __________ It is an invitation to introspection.
3. __________ It is the dialogue between the soul and itself.
4. __________ It is changeable, transient, imperfect World of
Senses/Matter.
5. __________ It is the unchanging, eternal, perfect World of
Ideas/Form.
6. __________ It refers to our body and soul Our Soul (self)
7. __________ This Philosopher advocated the 3-Part Soul/Self
(Psyche)
8. __________ It is the divine essence that lets us think deeply
(wisdom), make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of
eternal truths.
9. __________ It accounts for the basic biological needs such as
hunger, thirst and sexual desire.
10. __________ It accounts for the basic emotions such as love,
anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and empathy.
11. __________ It refers to justice in the individual, social, and
political level.
 12. __________ According to this philosopher, the mind is a blank
slate.
13. __________ It is composed of matter and form.
14. __________ It is in a continuous process of developing and
becoming.
15. __________ It is acquired through the senses.
16. __________ It is the attainment of happiness.
17. __________ It refers to apathy or indifference to pleasure.
18. __________ It says “Eat, drink, and be happy. For tomorrow you
die.”
19. __________ It means moderate pleasure.
20. __________ It characterizes Medieval Philosophy.
21. __________ He was a Theologian, Philosopher.
22. __________ A philosopher who believed that self-knowledge is
dependent on our experience with the world around us.
23. __________ It is the time of Philosophy from the 14 century to
th

the early 20 century.

th

24. __________ These thinkers began to reject the scholastics’

excessive reliance on authority.
25. __________ It was the period of radical social, political and
intellectual developments.
26. __________ Meaning of “Cogito ergo sum.”
27. __________ It is governed by laws of reason & God’s will.

Modified True or False

Directions: Write True on the blank before each number if the

statement is correct. If it is wrong, write the underlined word in the
statement on the blank to make the statement correct.

1. __________ The physical body is governed by the laws of nature.

2. __________ According to John Locke, the self is endured because
of memory.
3. __________ Human identity are the basic sensations of
experiences.
4. __________ Immanuel Kant is the “Father of Psychoanalysis.”
5. __________ Preconscious refers to those thoughts and feelings
that we are aware of.
6. __________ According to Gilbert Ryle, the self is defined in terms
of behavior that is presented to the world.
7. __________ Paul Churchland advocated Eliminative Materialism.
 8. __________ Contemporary Philosophy is the period during the
Late 19 Century.
th

9. __________ According to Edmund Husserl, the self strives to

achieve union with God through faith and reason.
10. __________ According to Sigmund Freud, the unconscious
contains all drives, urges or instincts.
11. __________ “Lived Body” is an entity that can never be
objectified according to Immanuel Kant.
12. __________ The Political Revolution is a part of Contemporary
Philosophy.
13. __________ The Theory of Evolution happened during the late
19 century.
th

14. __________ In Preconscious the self is multi-tiered/multi-

layered.
15. __________ According to St. Thomas Aquinas, the labels we
attribute to ourselves are taken from the things we encounter in
our environment.
16. __________ Human identity means self-awareness.
17. __________ The self is endured because of memory.
18. __________ Dualism was introduced by the Post Aristotelians.
19. __________ Self comes from a Second Cause, the source of all
changes although unchangeable itself.
20. __________ The goal of the human self is reached in happiness
through moderation or balance of things.
21. __________ Misunderstanding refers to justice in the individual,
social, and political levels.
22. __________ Spirit/Passion accounts for the basic emotions
such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and empathy.
23. __________ Physical Appetite accounts for the basic biological
needs such as hunger, thirst and sexual desire.
24. __________ Knowledge is learning to reflect.
25. __________ According to Socrates, man must know himself.

Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the letter of your choice and write it on the blank
after each number.

1. The Ancient Triumvirate are: _____

a. Socrates, Aristotle, Plato

b. Socrates, Aristotle, St. Augustine
c. Aristotle, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas
d. Plato, St. Augustine, Rene Descartes
e. Plato, John Locke. David Hume

2. Who was the theologian philosopher? _____

a. Aristotle
b. Socrates
c. Plato
d. St. Thomas Aquinas
e. St. Augustine

3. He advocated the 3-Part Soul/Self (Psyche). _____

a. Aristotle
b. Socrates
c. Plato
d. St. Thomas Aquinas
e. St. Augustine

4. This philosopher tells us that we don’t encounter ourselves

as isolated minds or selves. _____

a. Aristotle
b. Socrates
c. Plato
d. St. Thomas Aquinas
e. St. Augustine

5. This philosopher says that Man must look at himself. _____

a. Aristotle
b. Socrates
c. Plato
d. St. Thomas Aquinas
 e. St. Augustine

6. According to this philosopher, the mind is Tabula Rasa.

_____

a. Aristotle
b. Socrates
c. Plato
d. St. Thomas Aquinas
e. St. Augustine

7. These are the philosophers who belong to the ancient

triumvirate. _____

a. Aristotle
b. Socrates
c. Plato
d. St. Thomas Aquinas
e. St. Augustine

8. Which of the following belong to the contemporary

philosophy? _____

a. political and industrial revolution

b. scientific advancements and growth of materialism
c. theory of evolution more humanist as a response to the so-called
alienation of the human person
d. All of the above

9. Which of the following do not belong to the contemporary

philosophy? _____

a. political and industrial revolution

b. scientific advancements and growth of materialism
c. impressions
d. more humanist as a response to the so-called alienation of the human
person
e. None of the above

10. Who is the Father of Psychoanalysis? _____

a. Sigmund Freud
b. Plato
c. Aristotle
d. Socrates
e. Immanuel Kant

11. Who is the philosopher who advocated a priori concepts?

_____

a. Sigmund Freud
b. Plato
c. Aristotle
d. Socrates
e. Immanuel Kant

12. Who are not members of the Ancient Triumvirate? _____

a. Sigmund Freud
b. Plato
c. Aristotle
d. Socrates
e. Immanuel Kant

13. The philosopher who advocated the Platonic theory of

reminiscence. _____

a. Sigmund Freud
b. Plato
c. Aristotle
d. Socrates
e. Immanuel Kant

14. The philosopher who advocated that reason is the divine

essence that lets us think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve
a true understanding of eternal truths. _____

a. Sigmund Freud
b. Plato
c. Aristotle
d. Socrates
e. Immanuel Kant

15. Which of the following is not a basic emotion? _____

a. Love
b. Anger
c. Hunger
d. Ambition
e. Aggressiveness

16. Who was the theologian philosopher?

a. St. Augustine
b. St. Thomas Aquinas
c. Rene Descartes
d. John Locke
e. David Hume

17. The philosopher who advocated that impressions are the basic
sensations of experience.

a. St. Augustine
b. St. Thomas Aquinas
c. Rene Descartes
d. John Locke
e. David Hume
 18. The philosopher who advocated “Cogito ergo sum.”

a. St. Augustine
b. St. Thomas Aquinas
c. Rene Descartes
d. John Locke
e. David Hume

19. The philosopher who believed that we are always agents

interacting with our environment.

a. St. Augustine
b. St. Thomas Aquinas
c. Rene Descartes
d. John Locke
e. David Hume

20. It is the period of radical social, political and intellectual

developments.

a. Anthropocentric
b. theo-centric
c. stoicism
d. hedonism
e. epicureanism

21. It means moderate pleasure.

a. Anthropocentric
b. theo-centric
c. stoicism
d. hedonism
e. epicureanism
 22. It means apathy or indifference to pleasure.

a. Anthropocentric
b. theo-centric
c. stoicism
d. hedonism
e. epicureanism

23. It is an influence from ancient thought that the (human) self-

endures through time.

a. Anthropocentric
b. theo-centric
c. stoicism
d. hedonism
e. epicureanism

24. It is the time from 500 AD – 1350 AD.

a. Ancient Philosophy
b. Medieval Philosophy
c. Modern Philosophy
d. Contemporary Philosophy
e. None of the above

25. It is the time during the late 19 century. Ancient Philosophy

th

a. Medieval Philosophy
b. Modern Philosophy
c. Contemporary Philosophy
d. None of the above

Critical Thinking Questions

Directions: Answer the critical thinking questions.

1. Do you believe the philosophy that wisdom means learning to
reflect – that it is inherent in man without outside intervention? If
so, is there a need to go to school to learn?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_________________________

2. As an individual, how are you related to God as a supreme being?

Are you being dependent on God’s grace and mercy?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________

3. Do you really exist? What makes you sure that you do exist?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_________________________

4. At present, what philosophy proves your existence as a human

being with everything that happens around us?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________________
_____________________

Lesson Application

Directions: Illustrate your answer.

1. How do you relate the CDSGA Philosophy of always committing

itself in serving God and his fellowmen, its mission to give
AFFORDABLE, TRANSFORMATIVE, PSYCHOLOGICALLY
INNOVATIVE, QUALITY EDUCATION and a CARING SERVICE that
makes a difference towards self-actualization and a vision to be a
man of God – Vir Enim Dei?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_____
🙟 PRELIM PERIOD 🙜

PSYCHOLOGY

This subject covers the Self Based on Psychoanalytic Approach, the

Self as a Cognitive Construction, the Social Comparison Process, and Self
Evaluation and Self Enhancement.

Terminal Objectives (General Learning Outcomes)

1. State and explain the self-based on psychoanalytic approach and

cognitive construction
2. Assert and expound the Self as a Cognitive Construction
3. Discuss and justify the Social Comparison Process
4. Describe and rationalize Self Evaluation and Self Enhancement
Enabling Objectives (Specific Learning OUTCOMES)

1. State and elucidate the meaning of the structure of the self and
what they represent according to Sigmund Freud
2. State the meaning of Functionalism and interpret its meaning
according to William James
3. Trace and clarify Symbolic Interactionism according to George
Herbert Mead
4. Demonstrate how adolescents achieve an imaginary audience
5. Illustrate our mental representation – how we look like, how we feel
in different types of situation, how we behave towards others, what
we do at work and the roles we have in the family and society
6. Differentiate the meaning and solve an individual’s self and his
actual experience
7. Define and show how an individual compares himself/herself to
others
8. Define and compare ourselves to others with those who are better
than us
9. Explain and compare ourselves to others who are worse off than
ourselves
10. Demonstrate how you compare yourself with enhancement
11. Justify how you compare yourself with self-esteem
12. Show how you evaluate yourself using a standard reference
group
13. Affirm how you create your identity in relation to your work,
parenthood, economic status, and ageing

The self-based on psychoanalytic approach and cognitive

construction

A. The Self Based on Psychoanalytic Approach

Structure of the Self (Sigmund Freud)

1. ID (Biological Self) - Pleasure Principle

a. Natural part of the self

b. Animalistic nature of man
c. Pleasure seeking part of the personality
d. Determined by the genetic code
e. Providing the raw materials
f. Setting the boundary conditions for development
 The ID represents the basic need of man.
a. If it is not satisfied, it could result to stress and tension.
b. If satisfied, it could give you comfort and joy.
c. If the id is angered or provoked it could destroy not only himself but
also his surrounding
d. If the id is properly controlled, it could bring warmth and
comfort

2. SUPEREGO (Social Self) - Idealistic Principle

a. The superego incorporates the values and morals of society

which are learned from one's parents and others

3. EGO (Psychological Self) - Reality Principle

a. The only region of the mind that is in contact with reality; it operates
to fulfil the reality principle
b. The ego constantly tries to reconciles the irrational wants of the id
and the superego with the realistic demands of the world

ID SUPEREGO
“I want to do that now” “It’s not right to do that”

EGO
“Maybe we can compromise”

The job of the ego or self is to balance the aggressive drives of the id
with the moral control of the superego.

Description

1. When the scale is out of balance, it is the responsibility of the EGO

to mediate the conflict between the ID and SUPEREGO
2. Weak ego will lead to ANXIETY
3. To protect the ego from anxiety, we use DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Ego Defense Mechanisms

1. Repression: when the ego is threatened, it unconsciously forgets
or blocks unpleasant feelings
 2. Displacement: redirecting unacceptable urges to less threatening
people or objects
3. Regression: the ego may revert back to an earlier stage during
times of stress or anxiety
4. Projection: attributing the unwanted impulse to another person.
5. Sublimation: suppression of unwanted impulses by substituting
it with a creative cultural accomplishment

Functionalism (William James)

01. Focused on the operation of conscious activity

a. Example: thinking and learning

02. Study of man’s adjustment to his environment

a. Materials
b. Capacities
c. Skills

B. The Self as a Cognitive Construction

Symbolic Interactionism (George Herbert Mead)

“I and the Me” self

1. Two aspects of self-awareness:

a. The “me” is the socialized aspect of the person

b. The “I” is the active aspect of the person

Imaginary Audience

1. Adolescents are thought to believe that others are always

watching and evaluating them, and that they are special and
unique

Self-Concept
1. Mental representation

a. What we look like?

b. How we feel in different types of situation?
c. How we behave towards others?
 d. What do we do at work?
e. What are the roles we have in the family or society?

Real and Ideal Self (Carl Rogers)

1. A person's ideal self may not be consistent with what actually

happens in life and experiences of the person
2. Hence, a difference may exist between a person's ideal self and
actual experience
3. Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization
they must be in a state of congruence

C. Self as defined by Social Comparison (Leon Festinger)

1. TEMPORAL COMPARISON
a. Considering your present condition in relation to how you were in the
past

2. SOCIAL COMPARISON

a. Evaluating yourself in comparison to others – using others as a basis

for evaluating your attributes

How does the social comparison process work?

Depending on the level of someone’s motivation, he/she may have

the tendency to compare himself/herself with others either in an UPWARD
or DOWNWARD kind of comparison

Two Modes of Social Comparison

1. Upward social comparison

a. When we compare ourselves with those who we believe are

better than us
b. Often focus on the desire to improve our current level of
ability
c. A highly motivated person tends to engage in upward
comparisons, and usually assume himself/herself as better or
equal to the “best person”
d. Studies have shown that if given a chance, people choose to make
upward comparisons instead of downward ones
 2. Downward social comparison

a. When we compare themselves to others who are worse off

than ourselves
b. Often centered on making ourselves feel better about our
abilities
c. A person who is unhappy or is unmotivated usually engages
in this to feel better about himself/herself

Two Modes of Downward Social Comparison

01. Passive downward comparison

a. Happens when a person takes into consideration the previous

condition in making comparison
b. Example: A low performing student comparing himself/herself with a
worse off student

02. Active downward comparison

a. Happens when a person compares himself/herself with others by
demeaning or causing harm to them
b. By derogating the target or causing harm to him/her, this person
generates a situation in which the target is worse off than him/her,
therefore giving him/her the chance to make a downward comparison

D. Self-Evaluation and Self-Enhancement

Motivation plays a role in this model and is manifested by self-

evaluation and self-enhancement.

Description

1. Self-evaluation occurs when someone looks for positive traits in

himself/herself based on the best person he/she compares
himself/herself with self-enhancement
2. Self-enhancement, on the other hand, occurs when the person
questions which aspects of himself/herself need to be improved to
reach the level of goodness of the person he/she is comparing
himself/herself with self-esteem

Self-Esteem
 1. Used to describe a person's overall sense of self-worth or
personal value
2. In other words, it refers to how much you appreciate and like
yourself
3. Self-esteem is often seen as a personality trait, which means that it
tends to be stable and enduring reference group

Reference Group

1. A group to which an individual or another group is compared

2. Sociologists call any group that individuals use as a standard for
evaluating themselves and their own behavior a reference group

The Creation of Identities

1. One’s identity must balance the need to be similar to one’s

reference group with the need to be a unique individual

a. Children become aware of the need for a group identity and are often
afraid or acting differently
b. Teens often seem torn between the need to assert their own
individual identity and the need to conform to their reference
group
c. New identities are forged in relation to work, parenthood, economic
status, and ageing

ACTIVITY # 3
LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Guide Questions for Class Interaction

Directions: Answer the following guide questions for class

interaction.

1. What is the meaning of the structure of the self and how do they
represent according to Sigmund Freud?
2. What is the meaning of Functionalism and interpret its meaning
according to William James?
3. How do you trace the Symbolic Interactionism according to
George Herbert Mead? Clarify.
 4. Can you demonstrate how adolescents achieve an imaginary
audience? Show.
5. What do you mean by our mental representation – how we look
like, how we feel in different types of situation, how we behave
towards others, what we do at work and the roles we have in the
family and society? Illustrate.
6. What is the meaning of individual’s self and how do you
differentiate it from his actual experience?
7. How do you define and compare himself/herself to others?
8. How do you compare ourselves to others with those who are better
than us? Explain.
9. How do you compare ourselves to others who are worse off than
ourselves? Explain.
10. How do you compare yourself with enhancement?
Demonstrate.
11. How do you compare yourself with self-esteem? Justify.
12. How do you evaluate yourself using a standard reference
group? Show.
13. How do you create your identity in relation to your work,
parenthood, economic status, and ageing? Affirm.

Definition

Directions: Define the following terms.

01. Active Downward Comparison

02. Anxiety
03. Defense mechanisms
04. Displacement
05. EGO
06. Functionalism
07. ID
08. Ideal Self
09. Identities
10. Imaginary Audience
11. Mental representation
12. Motivation
13. Passive Downward Comparison
14. Projection
 15. Psychoanalytic Approach
16. Real Self
17. Reference Group
18. Regression
19. Self-Enhancement
20. Self-Esteem
21. Self-Evaluation
22. Social Comparison
23. Sublimation
24. SUPEREGO
25. Symbolic Interaction

Identification

Directions: Write the correct answer on the blank provided in each

number.

01. __________It refers to the Biological Self.

02. __________It incorporates the values and morals of society
which
are learned from one's parents and others.
2. __________It unconsciously forgets or blocks unpleasant feelings
when the ego is threatened.
3. __________It redirects unacceptable urges to less threatening
people or objects.
4. __________The ego may revert back to an earlier stage during
times of stress or anxiety.
07. __________ It attributes the unwanted impulse to another person.
08.___________It is the suppression of unwanted imoulses by
substituting it with a creative cultural accomplishment.
09. __________ It is focused on the operation of conscious activity.
10. __________ It is the socialized aspect of the person.
11.___________It is the active aspect of the person.
12.__________ They are thought to believe that others are always
watching and evaluating them.
13.__________ It refers to considering your present condition in
relation to how you were in the past.
14.___________It refers to evaluating yourself in comparison to
others.
15.___________It happens when we compare ourselves with those
who
we believe are better than us.
 16.___________It happens when we compare ourselves to others
who
are worse off than ourselves
17.___________It happens when a person takes into consideration
the
previous condition in making comparison.
18.__________ It happens when a person compares himself/herself
with others by demeaning or causing harm to them.
19.__________ It plays a role in this model and is manifested by self-
evaluation and self-enhancement.
20.__________ It occurs when someone looks for positive traits in
himself/herself.
21.__________ It occurs when the person questions which aspects
of
himself/herself need to be improved.
22.__________ It is used to describe a person’s overall sense of self-
worth or personal value.
23.__________ It is a group to which an individual or another group
is
compared.
24.___________It must balance the need to be similar to one’s
reference group.
25.__________ They often seem torn between the need to assert their
own individual identity and the need to conform to their
reference
group.

Modified True or False

Directions: Write true on the blank if the statement is correct. If it is

wrong, correct the underlined word and write it on the blank provided for.

01.__________The Biological Self is a Pleasure Principle.

02.__________The ID represents the basic need of man.
03.__________The Social Self is an Idealistic Principle.
04.__________The ego constantly tries to reconcile the rational
wants
of the id and the superego with the realistic demands of the
world.
05.__________The job of the ego or self is to balance the aggressive
drives of the id with the immoral control of the superego.
06.__________ Strong ego will lead to anxiety.
07.__________ Regression redirects unacceptable urges to less
 threatening people or objects.
08.__________ Projection means attributing the unwanted impulse to
another person.
09.__________ Sublimation is the suppression of unwanted impulses.
10.__________ Destructive cultural accomplishment is substituted in
sublimation.
11.__________ Functionalism is focused on the operation of
conscious
activity.
12.__________ The “m” is the socialized aspect of the person.
13.__________ The “I” is the inactive aspect of the person.
14.__________ Adolescents are thought to be special and unique.
15.__________ A person’s ideal self may be inconsistent with what
actually happens in life.
16.__________ A person’s ideal self may not be consistent with his
experiences.
17.__________Sigmund Freud believed that for a person to achieve
self-actualization, they must be in a state of congruence.
18.__________A difference may exist between a person;s ideal self
and
actual experience.
19. _________ Leon Festinger defined self by social comparison.
20.__________Social comparison is considering your present
condition in relation to how you were in the past.
21.__________Upward social comparison is often centered on
making
ourselves feel better about our abilities.
22.__________Active downward comparison happens when a person
takes into consideration the previous condition in making
comparison.
23.__________Motivation is manifested by self-evaluation and self-
enhancement.
24.__________Self-evaluation occurs when someone looks for
positive
traits in himself/herself.
25.__________Self-esteem is used to describe a person’s overall
sense
of self-worth or personal value.

Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the letter of your choice and write it on the blank.
 1. _____ Which of the following best describes a reference group?

a. It is a group to which an individual or another group is compared.

b. It is described by philanthropists as any group which can be
compared to another group.
c. It is a group to which a plant is compared.
d. It is an individual which is compared to a non-living thing.
e. None of the above

2. _____ Which of the following does not describe self-esteem?

a. It is a person’s overall sense of self-worth.

b. It refers to how much you appreciate and like yourself.
c. It tends to be unstable and does not endure the reference
group.
d. It is often seen as a personality trait.
e. It is the overall sense of personal value of a person.

3. _____ When does self-evaluation occur?

a. When someone looks for negative traits in himself/herself

b. When someone compares himself/herself with self-enhancement
c. When someone looks for positive traits in himself/herself
d. When someone accepts only his/her mistakes
e. When someone accepts only his/her success

4. _____ When does self-enhancement occur?

a. When the person questions which aspects of himself/herself need to

be improved
b. When the person does not want to reach the level of goodness
of the person he/she is comparing himself with self-esteem
c. When the person accepts only positive comments only about
himself/herself
d. When the person does not accept any comment about himself/herself
e. When the person accepts negative comments only about himself
 5. _____ How is motivation manifested?

a. By self-evaluation only
b. By self-enhancement only
c. By self-evaluation and self-enhancement
d. By comparison
e. None of the above

6. _____ Which is an example of passive downward comparison?

a. A high performing student comparing himself/herself with his/her

teacher
b. A low performing student comparing himself/herself with a worse off
student
c. A low performing student comparing himself/herself with his/her
friends
d. A high performing student comparing himself/herself with his/her
friends
e. All of the above

7. _____ When does active downward comparison happen?

a. When a person compares himself/herself with others by demeaning

or causing harm to them
b. When a person compares himself with others by praising them
c. When a person compares himself to others by not causing them harm
d. When a person compares his/her positive traits with others
e. When a person compares his/her negative traits with others

8. _____ What is a social comparison?

a. It is evaluating yourself in comparison to others.

b. It is evaluating others in comparison to yourself.
c. It is evaluating your friend in comparison to your other friends
d. It is evaluating yourself in comparison to your past.
e. None of the above

9. _____ What is temporal comparison?

a. It is considering your past condition in relation to how you will be in

the future.
b. It is considering your present condition in relation to how you were in
the past.
c. It is considering your present condition in relation to how you
will be in the future.
d. It is considering your past condition in relation to what you are now.
e. All of the above

10. _____ According to Carl Rogers, what is a person’s ideal self?

a. He said that a person’s ideal self is always consistent with what

actually happens in life and experiences of the person.
b. He said that there is no difference between a person’s ideal
self and actual experience.
c. He said that a person’s ideal self may not be consistent with what
actually happens in life and experiences of the person.
d. He believed that for a person cannot achieve self-actualization.
e. He does not believe the state of congruence.

11. _____ What does mental representation include?

a. What we look like and what we do at work

b. How we feel in different types of situations
c. How we behave towards others
d. The roles that we have in the family or society
e. All of the above

12. _____ Who advocated symbolic interactionism?

a. George Herbert Mead

b. William James
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Socrates
e. Plato

13. _____ What are the ‘ego’ defense mechanisms?

a. Repression
b. Displacement
c. Regression
d. Projection
e. Sublimation

14. _____ Which of the ego defense mechanism states that the ego
may revert back to an earlier stage during times of stress and
anxiety?
a. Repression
b. Displacement
c. Regression
d. Projection
e. Sublimation

15. _____ Which ego defense mechanism refers to redirecting

unacceptable urges to less threatening people or objects?

a. Repression
b. Displacement
c. Regression
d. Projection
e. Sublimation

16. _____ Which ego defense mechanism says that when the ego is
threatened, it unconsciously forgets or blocks unpleasant
feelings?

a. Repression
b. Displacement
c. Regression
d. Projection
e. Sublimation

17. _____ Which ego defense mechanism attributes the unwanted

impulse to another person?

a. Repression
b. Displacement
c. Regression
d. Projection
e. Sublimation

18. _____ Which ego defense mechanism refers to suppression of

unwanted impulses by substituting it with a creative cultural
accomplishment

a. Repression
b. Displacement
c. Regression
d. Projection
e. Sublimation

19. _____ What happens when the ID is not satisfied?

a. It could result to stress and tension.

b. It could result to unhappiness.
c. It could result to death.
d. It could result to paralysis.
e. It could result to poor eyesight.

20. _____ What happens when the ID is properly controlled?

a. It could bring prosperity.

b. It could bring material wealth.
c. It could bring warmth and comfort.
d. It could bring peace to mankind.
e. It could bring physical beauty.

21. _____ What happens if the ID is angered or provoked?

a. It could result to world war.

b. It could destroy not only himself but his surroundings.
c. It could mean disobedience to parents and kins.
d. It could result to frequent fights with neighbors.
e. It could destroy his appetite.

22. _____ How will you describe the biological self?

a. It is the artificial part of the self.

b. It is the bad nature of man.
c. It is the pleasure seeking part of the personality.
d. It is determined by inspection.
e. It provides the finished product.

23. _____ What is the scientific description of the biological self?

a. It is determined by the genetic code.

b. It is determined by ultrasound.
c. It is determined by means of x-ray.
d. It is determined by a quack doctor.
e. All of the above

24. _____ How will describe the ID in relation to development?

a. It sets the end of development.

b. It sets the results of development.
c. It sets the boundary conditions for development.
d. It sets the rules for development.
e. None of the above
 25. _____ How will you describe the ID with regards to the nature of
man?

a. It is the animalistic nature of man.

b. It is the cultural nature of man.
c. It is the 2-sided nature of man.
d. It is the womanizer nature of man.
e. It is the physical nature of man.

Critical Thinking Questions

Directions: Answer the critical thinking questions.

1. As a student, what is your mental representation of yourself? Do

you think you can be better if you go to a reformative school?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_______--

2. How do you compare yourself to others? Is it the best way?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
___

3. What is your standard reference group in evaluating yourself?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_____________________

4. How do you create your identity in relation to your studies, your

future work, economic status and when you grow old?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_________

Lesson Application

Directions: Illustrate your answer.

1. How do you relate Psychology to the CDSGA Philosophy of always

committing itself in serving God and his fellowmen, its mission to
give AFFORDABLE, TRANSFORMATIVE, PSYCHOLOGICALLY
INNOVATIVE, QUALITY EDUCATION and a CARING SERVICE that
makes a difference towards self-actualization and a vision to be a
man of God - Vir Enim Dei?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
___________________

🙟 PRELIM PERIOD 🙜

SOCIOLOGY

This subject covers The Self in the Sociological Perspective, The

Looking Glass Self, and The Johari Window.
Terminal Objectives

01. State and explain The Self in the Sociological Perspective

1. Affirm and expound The Looking Glass Self
2. Discuss and describe The Johari Window

Enabling Objectives

1. State and elucidate what is meant by the self as a product of

modern society.
2. Demonstrate how a person’s self grows
3. Trace and clarify how an individual’s self-perception is enhanced

A. The Self in the Sociological Perspective

The self as a product of modern society among other constructions

1. Classical sociological perspective: the self is a relatively stable

set of perceptions of who we are in relation to ourselves, others,
and to social systems

a. The self is socially constructed in the sense that it is shaped

through interaction with other people
b. As with socialization in general, the individual is not a passive
participant in this process and have a powerful influence over
how this process and its consequences develop

B. The Looking Glass Self (Charles Horton Cooley)

1. A person’s self grows out of a person´s social interaction with

others
2. The view of ourselves comes from the contemplation of personal
qualities and impressions of how others perceive us
3. Actually, how we see ourselves does not come from who we really
are, but rather from how we believe others see us

C. Johari Window (Joseph Luft & Harrington Ingham)

Technique used to enhance the individual's perception on self and

others.

Known to the Not known to

self the self
Known to Open/Area Blind spot
 others
Not Hidden/Facade Unknown
known
to others

ACTIVITY #4
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Definition

Define the following terms:

01. Classical Sociological Perspective

02. consequences
03. constructions
04. contemplation of personal qualities
05. hidden/façade
06. impressions
07. in relation to others
08. in relation to ourselves
09. individual’s perception
10. Johari Window
11. Looking Glass Self
12. not a passive participant
13. open/area
14. powerful influence
15. process
16. product of modern society
17. relatively stable
18. set of perceptions
19. shaped through interaction
20. social interaction
21. social systems
22. socialization
23. socially constructed
 24. Sociological Perspective
25. technique

Identification

Directions: Write the correct answer on the blank in each number.

01. __________ It is a product of modern society.

02. __________ It is the self in a relatively stable set of perceptions.
03. __________These are related to ourselves.
04. __________ We are related to them.
05. __________ The system to which we are related.
06. __________ The reason why the self is shaped through
interaction
with others.
07. __________ The individual is not a passive participant in this
process.
08.__________ The kind of influence of the participant in this
process.
09.__________ These are developed in the process.
10.__________ It is how a person’s self grows.
11.__________ It comes from the contemplation of personal
qualities
by others.
12.__________ These are the perceptions of others about us.
13.__________ It is how we see ourselves.
14.__________ It is the technique used to enhance the individual’s
self
perception.
15.__________ It is not known to the self.
16. __________It is a way or method.
17. __________It is known to the self.
18.__________ It is not known to others.
19.__________It is not known to self and to others.
20.__________It is the self which is the product of society.
21.__________It is the main set of the Classical Sociological
Perspective
22.__________It is how the self is constructed.
23.__________It is how the self is shaped.
24.__________It is the opposite of active participant.
25.__________It is a growth out of a person’s social interaction with
others.
 Modified True or False

Directions: Write True on the blank if the statement is correct. If it is

wrong, write and correct the underlined word in the statement on the blank
to make the statement correct.

01.__________The self is a product of modern society among other

constructions.
02.__________The Classical Sociological Perspective is embodied in
the Sociological Perspective of the Self.
03.__________The self is a relatively stable set of perceptions.
04.__________ We are not in relation to ourselves.
05.__________ We are also in relation to others.
06.__________ Our set of perceptions are related to philosophical
systems.
07.__________ The self is psychologically constructed.
08.__________ As with socialization in general, the animal is not a
passive participant in this process.
09.__________ Generally, socialization has a powerful influence over
the process.
10.__________ In socialization, consequences are developed.
11.__________ The Looking Glass Self was discovered by Charlton
Horton Cooley.
12.__________ A person’s self grows out of a person’s social
interaction with others.
13.__________The view of plants comes from the contemplation
of
their personal qualities.
14.__________The judgment of how others perceive us is one basis
of
how we view ourselves.
15.__________ How we see ourselves does not come from who we
really are.
16.__________ How we believe others see us is how we see
ourselves.
17.__________ Johari Window was created by psychologists Joseph
Luft & Harrington Ingham.
18.__________Technique is used to enhance the individual's
perception on self and others.
19.__________The Johari Window has two rooms.
20.__________Johari comes from the combination of the last names
of its creators.
 21.__________The Looking Glass Self and the Johari Window have
the same concepts
22.__________In reality, the looking glass is like a mirror.
23.__________As you look at the eye glasses, you see what see what
others believe to see you.
24.__________The Looking Glass Self is used to enhance your self-
perception and others’ perception about you.
25.__________The Johari Window is more is more comprehensive
because it enhances your self-perception and others’ perception
about you.

Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the letter of your choice and write it on the blank.

1. _____ What does The Self in the Sociological Perspective include?

a. Classical Sociological Perspective

b. Non-Classical Sociological Perspective
c. Neo-Classical Sociological Perspective
d. Old Classical Sociological Perspective
e. None of the Above

2. _____ What best describes the Classical Sociological

Perspective?

a. The self is a relatively non-stable set of perceptions

b. The self is a relatively turbulent set of perceptions.
c. The self is a relatively stable set of perceptions.
d. The self is a relatively toxic set of perceptions.
e. The self is a relatively useless set of perceptions.

3. _____ Which is the top in the list with whom are we in relation?

a. to all animals
b. to all plants
c. to all living things
d. to all non-living things
e. to ourselves
 4. ______ Which is the second in the list with whom we are in
relation?

a. to nobody
b. to others
c. to everyone
d. to all living things
e. None of the above

5. _____ Which is the last in the list with whom we are in relation?

a. to ourselves
b. to anybody else
c. to others
d. to social systems
e. to social workers

6. _____ Why is the self socially constructed?

a. Because it is shaped through interaction with our parents only

b. Because it is shaped through interaction with our friends only
c. Because it is shaped through interaction with our teachers
only
d. Because it is shaped through interaction with our peers only
e. Because it is shaped through interaction with other people

7. _____ In socialization, is the individual a passive participant in the

process?

a. Yes
b. No
c. Maybe
d. Sometimes
e. Always

8. _____ In socialization, does the individual have a powerful

influence in the process?
 a. Yes
b. No
c. Maybe
d. Sometimes
e. Always

9. _____ In socialization, do consequences develop in the process?

a. Yes
b. No
c. Maybe
d. Sometimes
e. Always

10. _____ In the Looking Glass Self, how does a person’s self-
grow?

a. The person’s self grows out of what he/she learns from others
b. The person’s self grows out of his/her interaction with others
c. The person’s self grows out of what others teach him/her
d. The person’s self grows out of nothing
e. None of the above

11. _____ From where does the view of ourselves come?

a. from the comments of others

b. from the teachings of others
c. from the contemplation of our personal qualities
d. from the judgment of others
e. All of the above

12. _____ What is the other means of viewing ourselves?

a. from the expectations of how others perceive us

b. from the expressions of how a few perceive us
c. from the impressions of how others perceive us
d. from the judgments of how others perceive us
e. None of the above

13. _____ How do we see ourselves?

a. It comes from who we really are.

b. It comes from anyone else.
c. It does not come people who don’t know us.
d. It comes from people who don’t know us.
e. It does not come from who we really are.

14. _____ What is the technique used to enhance the individual’s

perception on self?

a. The Johari Window

b. The Window Pane
c. The Looking Glass Self
d. The Eyeglasses
e. The Mirror

15. _____ Who discovered the Johari Window?

a. Socrates and Plato

b. Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham
c. Freud and Cooley
d. John Locke and Rene Descartes
e. St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas

16. _____ Do the Looking Glass Self and the Johari Window serve
the same purpose?

a. Yes
b. Maybe
c. Always
d. No
e. All of the above
 17. _____ How many windows does the Johari Window have?

a. Four
b. Three
c. Two
d. One
e. None of the above

18. _____ How do you describe a blind spot?

a. It is known to the self.

b. It is known to others.
c. It is not known to the self.
d. It is not known to others.
e. All of the above

19. _____ How do you describe an Open/Area?

a. It is known to the self.

b. It is known to others.
c. It is not known to the self.
d. It is not known to others.
e. All of the above

20. _____ How do you describe an Unknown?

a. It is known to the self.

b. It is known to others.
c. It is not known to the self.
d. It is not known to others.
e. All of the above

21. _____ How do you describe Hidden/Façade?

a. It is known to the self.
b. It is known to others.
c. It is not known to the self.
d. It is not known to others.
e. All of the above

22. _____ How do you describe a Johari Window?

a. It is known to the self.

b. It is known to others.
c. It is not known to the self.
d. It is not known to others.
e. All of the above

23. _____ How do you describe the Looking Glass Self?

a. It shows how a person’s self grows out of that person’s social

interaction with others.
b. It tells that the view of ourselves comes from the contemplation of
personal qualities and impressions of how others perceive us.
c. It says that how we see ourselves does not come from who we really
are.
d. It says that how we see ourselves come from how we believe others
see us.
e. All of the above

24. _____ Can we compare the Looking Glass Self and the Johari
Window?

a. No
b. Yes
c. Maybe
d. Always
e. Sometimes

25. _____ Is the Looking Glass Self the same as the Johari
Window?
a. Sometimes
b. No
c. Maybe No
d. Yes
e. None of the above

Critical Thinking Questions

Directions: Answer the critical thinking questions.

1. Do you agree that the self is a product of modern society among

other constructions?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_______________________

2. Is the self socially constructed?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________

3. Does a person’s self grow through his/her social interaction with

others?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
__________________
 4. Can you use the Johari Window to enhance your self-perception of
yourself and others

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________

Lesson Application

Directions: Illustrate your answer.

1. How do you relate Sociology to the CDSGA Philosophy of always

committing itself in serving God and his fellowmen, its mission to
give AFFORDABLE, TRANSFORMATIVE, PSYCHOLOGICALLY
INNOVATIVE, QUALITY EDUCATION and a CARING SERVICE that
makes a difference towards self-actualization and a vision to be a
man of God - Vir Enim Dei?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
__________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_____
🙟 PRELIM PERIOD 🙜

THE SELF IN ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT

This subject covers Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, and Confucianism.

Terminal Objectives

1. State and explain the principles about Buddhism

2. Express and illuminate the teachings about Hinduism
3. Discuss and justify the principle involved in Taoism
4. Assert and rationalize the teachings embodied in Confucianism

Enabling Objectives

1. Explain how the self is embedded in relationships and through

spiritual development in Confucian thought.
2. State and elucidate how Buddha implies emphasis on compassion
for others and conduct ourselves with restraint out of a sense of
responsibility.
3. Demonstrate the law of karma suggesting that a person's mental
and physical actions are binding.
4. Illustrate how our successes and failures are mostly products of
our own thoughts and actions.
5. Differentiate the meaning of “Self as a separate identity” and solve
how it is supported by the equal and opposite sensation of
otherness.
6. Trace and clarify how the Confucian self is relational and
interdependent.
7. Define and show the belief that certain sets of human relationships
are based on moral community in the following: a. Ruler and
minister, b. Friend and friend, c. Elder and younger brother, d.
Husband and wife, and e. Father and son.
8. Define and specify that “Filial piety is a foundational concept in
the thought of Confucius”.

Basis for Oriental Western Thought

The self as embedded in relationships and through spiritual

development in Confucian thought

01. Buddhism (Siddhartha Gautama)

a. Buddha discovered why life is filled with suffering and how humanity
can escape from this unhappy existence

Experience in the transformations of consciousness and stages of

meditation
 Buddha denies the self: no self, no individual

a. No-self is the nature of an intuitive and subjective perception toward

oneself beyond the ordinary range of human experience that is full of
the anxieties and defensiveness
b. To study the self is to deny the self
c. When self becomes anxiety-free, one can act spontaneously

Everything is impermanent in the continuous becoming of lived

experience

Implies emphasis on compassion for others and conduct ourselves

with restraint out of a sense of responsibility

02. Hinduism (Fusion of various Indian cultures and traditions)

a. Hindus believe that an individual’s action (karma) – the bad or

good actions that the individual performed in a previous life
determines his or her caste

 In simple terms, the law of karma suggests that a person's

mental and physical actions are binding
 The law of karma is very much verifiable in real life
 We all have seen in our own lives, and in nature too, that we
reap what we sow
 Our successes and failures are mostly products of our own
thoughts and actions

03. Taoism (Lao-Tzu)

a. Relativity of opposites (i.e., yin and yang)

Self does not exist without the existence of the Other

a. Self as a separate identity is supported by the equal and opposite

sensation of otherness

4. Confucianism (Confucius)

a. The Self in Confucianism is the starting point of a constructive

process
b. For western philosophers, the concept of the self is the end of
their searches
 c. It is only through the continuous opening up of the self to others that
the self can maintain its wholesome personal identity
d. A person who is not responsive to others is self-centered

Confucian self is relational and interdependent

a. Belief that certain sets of human relationships are basis for moral
community

 Ruler and minister

 Friend and friend
 Elder and younger brother
 Husband and wife
 Father and son

Filial piety is a foundational concept in the thought of Confucius

a. to be good to one's parents

b. to take care of one's parents
c. to engage in good conduct not just towards parents but also outside
the home so as to bring a good name to one's parents and ancestors
d. to ensure male heirs
e. display sorrow for their parents’ sickness and death
f. to bury their parents and carry out sacrifices after their death

ACTIVITY # 5
LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Definition

Directions: Define the following terms

01. anxieties
02. Buddhism
03. compassion for others
04. Confucianism
05. constructive process
06. defensiveness
07. embedded in relationships
 08. filial piety
09. Hinduism
10. humanity
11. interdependent
12. intuitive perception
13. karma
14. relational
15. Relativity of opposites
16. self-centered
17. sense of responsibility
18. spiritual development
19. stages of meditation
20. subjective perception
21. suffering
22. Taoism
23. transformations of consciousness
24. unhappy existence
25. wholesome personal identity

Identification

Directions: Write the correct answer on the blank in each number.

01.__________ It is one basis for oriental western thought.

02.__________ Another basis for oriental western thought
03.__________ He advocated Buddhism.
04.__________ He discovered why life is filled with suffering and how
humanity can escape from this unhappy existence
5. __________ It is the nature of an intuitive and subjective
perception
toward oneself.
06. __________ The meaning of ‘to study the self.’
07. __________ One can act spontaneously when this happens to the
self.
08. __________ It happens to everything in the continuous becoming
of
lived experience.
09. __________ It is the fusion of various Indian culture and
traditions.
10. __________ They believe in karma.
11. __________ It refers to the bad or good actions in a previous life
determines his/her caste.
 12.___________It suggests that a person’s mental and physical
actions
are binding.
13.__________ These are the products of our own thoughts and
actions.
14.__________ He advocated Taoism
15.__________ It is supported by the equal and opposite sensation of
otherness.
16.__________ He advocated Confucianism.
17.__________ It is the starting point of a constructive process.
18.__________ For them, the concept of the self is the end of their
searches.
19.__________ It refers to a person who is not responsive to others.
20.__________ It is relational and interdependent.
21.__________ It is the belief about certain sets of human
relationships.
22.__________ It is a foundational concept in the thought of
Confucius
23.__________ The law of karma in real life
24.__________ It is all we have seen in our own lives and in nature.
25.__________ Examples of relativity of opposites
24.__________ It is what the self can maintain through the
continuous
opening up of the self to others.
25.__________It is relational and interdependent.

Modified True or False

Directions: Write True on the blank if the statement is correct. If it is

wrong, write the correct word in the statement on the blank provided for.

01.__________The self is embedded in relationships.

02.__________The self is also embedded through spiritual
development in Confucian thought.
03.__________ Buddha discovered why life is filled with suffering.
04.__________ Buddha also discovered how humanity can escape
from this horrible experience
05.__________ No-self is one nature of tactless perception toward
oneself.
06.__________ Human experience is full of anxieties and
defensiveness.
07.__________ Filial piety is a foundational concept in the thought of
Confucius.
 08.__________ Everything is permanent in the continuous becoming
of
lived experience
09.__________Hinduism implies emphasis on compassion for others
and conduct ourselves with restraint out of a sense of
responsibility.
10.__________Taoism is the fusion of various Indian cultures and
traditions
11.__________The Hindus believe that an individual’s action (karma)
–
the bad or good actions that the individual performed in a
previous life determines his or her caste
12.__________ In complex terms, the law of karma suggests that a
person's mental and physical actions are binding.
13.__________ The law of gravity is very much verifiable in real life.
14.__________ Our successes and failures are mostly products of
our
own thoughts and actions
15.__________The yin and yang are examples of Relativity of
Opposites.
16.__________The self does not exist without the existence of the
other.
17.__________Buddha advocated Taoism.
18.__________According to Confucius, to study the self is to deny
the
self.
19.__________Taoism was advocated by Siddhartha Gautama.
20.__________ For western philosophers, the concept of the self is
the
end of their searches
21.__________ A person who is not responsive to others is self-
centered.
22.__________ Confucian self is relational and motivational.
23.__________ Moral community is the basis of the belief about
certain
sets of relationships.
24.__________ To be good to one’s parents is one of the concepts of
Buddha.
25.__________ The law of karma is very much verifiable in artificial
life.

Multiple Choice
 Directions: Choose the letter of your choice and write it on the blank.

01._____ Who discovered that life is filled with suffering and how
humanity can escape from this unhappy existence?

a. Siddhartha Gautama
b. the Hindus
c. Lao-Tzu
d. Confucius
e. None of the above

02._____ Which of the following is not included in the belief that

certain
sets of human relationships are basis for moral community?

a. Ruler and minister

b. friend and friend
c. Husband and wife
d. Grandfather and grandmother
e. Elder and younger brother

03. ____ Which of the following does not include parents in the
foundational concept in the thought of Confucius?

a. to be good to one’s parents

b. to take care of one’s parents
c. to ensure one’s heirs
d. to display sorrow for their parents’ sickness and death
e. to bury their parents and carry out sacrifices after their death

04._____ Which of the following include death and burial of parents

in
the foundational concept in the thought of Confucius?

a. to be good to one’s parents

b. to take care of one's parents
c. to engage in good conduct not just towards parents but also
outside the home so as to bring a good name to one's parents
and ancestors
d. to display sorrow for their parent’ sickness and death
e. to bury their parents and carry out sacrifices after their death
 05._____ Which of the following includes the teachings of Confucius?

a. The Self in Confucianism is the starting point of a constructive

process.
b. For western philosophers, the concept of the self is the end of
their searches.
c. It is only through the continuous opening up of the self to
others
that the self can maintain its wholesome personal identity.
d. A person who is not responsive to others is self-centered.
e. All of the above

06._____ Which of the following is not advocated by Buddha?

a. Life is filled with happiness

b. Humanity does not want to escape from happiness.
c. Buddha does not deny the self.
d. To help the self makes it happy
e. All of the above

07._____ Which of the following is true in Buddhism?

a. Everything is permanent in the continuous becoming of lived

experience.
b. Buddhism implies emphasis on coldness for others.
c. It implies emphasis on conducting ourselves with restraint out
of a sense of responsibility.
d. Nothing is impermanent in the continuous becoming of lived
experience.
e. Buddhism is the same as Hinduism.

08._____ Which of the following is not advocated in Hinduism?

a. When self becomes anxiety-free, one can act spontaneously.

b. It believes that the individual’s performance in a previous life
determines his or her caste.
c. The law of karma suggests that a person’s mental and physical
actions are binding.
d. The law of karma is very much verifiable in real life.
e. We all have seen in our own lives, and in nature too, that we
reap
 what we sow

9. Which of the following is true about Hinduism?

a. The individual’s performance in a previous life determines his

or
her caste.
b. The law of karma is very much verifiable in real life.
c. We all have seen in our own lives, and in nature too, that we
reap
what we sow.
d. The law of karma suggests that a person’s mental and physical
actions are binding.
e. All of the above

10. Which of the following is true about Taoism?

a. Self does not exist without the existence of the other.

b. Self exists even without the existence of the other.
c. Self is not a separate identity so it is not supported by the
unequal and parallel sensation of otherness.
d. The law of karma is very much verifiable in real life.
e. None of the above.

11. Which is true about Confucian self?

a. Confucian self is non-relational.

b. Confucian self is dependent.
c. Confucian self is ruled by the law of karma.
d. Confucian self is relational and interdependent.
e. All of the above.

12. Who believed that to study the self is to deny the self?

a. Confucius
b. Lao-Tzu
c. The Hindus
d. Siddhartha Gautama
e. None of the above

13. Who among the following believed in the law of karma?

a. Confucius
 b. The Hindus
c. Lao-Tzu
d. Siddhartha Gautama
e. None of the above.

14. Who among the following believed that certain sets of human
relationships are basis for moral community?

a. Hindus
b. Siddhartha Gautama
c. Confucius
d. Lao-Tzu
e. None of the above

15. Who among the following was called Buddha?

a. Hindus
b. Siddhartha Gautama
c. Confucius
d. Lao-Tzu
e. None of the above

16. Who among the following advocated Taoism?

a. Hindus
b. Siddhartha Gautama
c. Confucius
d. Lao-Tzu
e. None of the above

17. Who among the following advocated taking care of one’s

parents?

a. Hindus
b. Siddhartha Gautama
c. Confucius
d. Lao-Tzu
e. None of the above

18. Who among the following believed the need to ensure female
heirs?

a. Hindus
 b. Siddhartha Gautama
c. Confucius
d. Lao-Tzu
e. None of the above

19. Who among the following does not believe displaying sorrow
for
their parents and death?

a. Hindus
b. Siddhartha Gautama
c. Confucius
d. Lao-Tzu
e. a, b, c, d

20. Which the foundational concept in the thought of Confucius?

a. filial piety
b. filial wickedness
c. filial inequity
d. filial malice
e. filial evilness
21. Who believed in the relativity of opposites?

a. Hindus
b. Siddhartha Gautama
c. Confucius
d. Lao-Tzu
e. None of the above

22. Which best describes Hinduism?

a. It is the separation of various Indian culture and traditions.

b. It is the fusion of a few Indian culture and traditions.
c. It is the fusion of various Indian culture and traditions.
d. It is the separation of a few Indian culture and traditions.
e. All of the above.

23. Which belief of Confucius does not patronize the following as

basis for moral community?

a. ruler and minister

b. friend and foe
 c. elder and younger brother
d. husband and wife
e. none of the above

24. Which of the following is not a foundational concept in the

thought
of Confucius?

a. to disobey one’s parents

b. to take care of one’s parents
c. to ensure male heirs
d. to display sorrow for their parents’ sickness and death
e. to bury their parents and carry out sacrifices after their death

25. Which of the following was Buddha’s belief?

a. to display sorrow for their parents’ sickness and death

b. Self as a separate identity is supported by the equal and
opposite sensation of otherness
c. to ensure male heirs
d. Self does not exist without the existence of the other.
e. To study the self is to deny the self.
Critical Thinking Questions

Directions: Answer the critical thinking questions.

1. Is yourself embedded in relationships and through spiritual

development in your school at present?

Answer:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
______________________________

2. Do you emphasize compassion for others and conduct yourself

with restraint out of a sense of responsibility?

Answer:
_______________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
______________________________

3. Do you believe in the law of karma suggesting that a person's

mental and physical actions are binding?

Answer:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_________________________

4. Do you believe that your successes and failures are mostly

products of your own thoughts and actions?

Answer:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_________________________
Lesson Application
Directions: Illustrate your answer.

1. How do you relate the SELF IN ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT to

the CDSGA Philosophy of always committing itself in serving God
and his fellowmen, its mission to give AFFORDABLE,
TRANSFORMATIVE, PSYCHOLOGICALLY INNOVATIVE, QUALITY
EDUCATION and a CARING SERVICE that makes a difference
towards self-actualization and a vision to be a man of God - Vir
Enim Dei?

Answer:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
___________________