DESIGN OF HVAC SYSTEM FOR FIRST

FLOOR FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

HOSPITAL
Sana’a University – faculty of engineering-mechanical
engineering
Te a m :
MOHAMMED HABEB

ADEB HASAN

MOHAMMED AL-GAORI

MOATH RADMAN
Supervised
by :
DR. ABDULJALIL AL-ABIDI
 Outline :

Introduction 1
Duct design 5

Problem statement 2 Pipe design 6

Building description 3 Terminal units 7

Cooling load calculation 4 Absorption chiller 8

Conclusions
&Recommendations 9
 Introduction 1 120

100

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the

technology of indoor environmental comfort. Its goal is 80

to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air

quality. ... It is one of the most important factors for 60

maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings

40
44% of a commercial building’s energy consumption is
attributed to HVAC systems
20

www.bluehatmechanical.com
 Introduction 1

Hospital buildings are very important building and one of

the few types of building that run at full scale twenty four
hours a day, so they need to make HVAC system
to maintain the temperature, air quality, airflow and humidity to
create the most comfortable environment possible for the
patients and to control hazards and control of infection, removal
of odors and bacteria
 Introduction 1

In practice, HVAC of hospital depend on air

conditioning system configuration and design
parameters selection and this based on
knowledge, experience, and skill of system
designer and using of standards
 Introduction 1

HVAC for hospital is a little different due to

The parameter for each room and department
 Problem statement 2

Due Hot temperature climate in Yemen

Importance of Air conditioning system for

hospitals

h t t p s : / / w w w. h y d r o l - e a r t h - s y s t - s c i . n e t / 1 7 / 3 9 3 7 / 2 0 1 3 /
 Problem statement 2

• Air-conditioning system in Yemen

depend on air-conditioning using
compressor
• large amount of electrical power
required
• the cost of electrical energy at Yemen
increased
• missing the local grid and the
increasing of fuel cost
• The using of solar cooling is necessary
for energy saving
Building description 2

- Location (15.35°N) (44.27°E)

- First floor
- Area = 1970 m2

K Thickness
Layer
W /m.°C (mm)
Soft stone 1.05 150

Cement concrete 1.2 20

Block cement 1 200

Cement plaster 1.2 20
Ceramic 2.9 10
Components of External Wall
Building description 2
Cardiac
` ICU

Operation room department

Sterilization
ICU
Cardiac department
Recovery room
Dressing rooms
Break rooms
Sterilization Operation rooms
Cooling loads calculation 3

There are two methods used for loads calculations

A) Manual Method

B) Technical Method
 Cooling loads calculation 3

taking operation room 1 (OP-Z1) with 35 m2

and 2.8m height
as sample, which is located in the SE and NE
of building.

Operation room parameters

DB Temperature 21°C
Relative humidity 50%
Pressure Positive
Exhaust air 200-400 cfm less than
supply
Ventilation 15-20 ACH
Cooling loads calculation 3
A) Manual Method

Outside design condition: 30.20 C Db.

Inside design condition: 210C Db and 50% RH. 𝑛
1 𝑥𝑗
Overall heat transfer coefficient for walls U=1.787 w/m2 .C. 𝑅𝑡ℎ = = 𝑅𝑖 + ෍ + 𝑅𝑜
𝑈𝑤 𝑘𝑗
𝑗=1
Overall heat transfer coefficient for windows U=5.097w/m2 .C.

Occupancy: 5m2/person=7 people with sensible heat gain 82

W/person, and latent heat gain 79 W/person

Lights: 17 W/m2 of floor area.

Equipment: 110 W/m2.

Cooling loads calculation 3

𝐷𝑅
𝑇𝑜𝑚 = 𝑇𝑜 − = 23.75
2

𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 = 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 − 𝐿𝑀 𝐾 + 25.5 − 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑇𝑂,𝑚 − 29.4 𝑓

𝑄𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 𝐴𝑈ሺ𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 ) = 705.7 𝑊 1

𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝐴 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹 𝐶𝐿𝐹 𝑆𝐶 = 2227.2 W 2

𝑊
𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =𝑄 𝐴 = 581 𝑊 3
𝑚2

𝑄𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝. = 𝑄𝑆𝐻 + 𝑄𝐿𝐻 = 956 w 4

𝑄𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝. = 𝑄 𝑤Τ𝑚2 ∗ 𝐴 𝑚2 = 3850 𝑊൯ 5

Cooling loads calculation 3

Q __h
inf il =mf(hi o) =27.6 W 6
𝑉𝑓
Qv=( ) (h -h ) =6650 W 7
𝑣𝑜 * o i
The Total Heat Gain

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 + 𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 + 𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑄𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝 + 𝑄𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝 + 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙 + =8.34 KW =2.385 TR

The Total coil load

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 + 𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠. + 𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑄occc𝑢𝑝 + 𝑄𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝 + 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙 + 𝑄𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡.

= 14.99 KW =4.28 TR
Cooling loads calculation 3
B) Technical Method

Using REVIT program to calculate cooling loads

the program performs the following tasks:
• Calculates design cooling loads for zones
• Determines required supply and return airflow flow rates for zones
Cooling loads calculation 3

SketchUp

First
SketchUp creates and the
building geometry in REVIT
and gives the defining for
each zone
Second
separate the departments
into spaces and collect spaces
to zones
Such as OP-Z1 and we do
that for all the building
Cooling loads calculation 3
Cooling loads calculation 3
REVIT input data

2.8m

The modified data done according to ASHRAE

Cooling loads calculation 3
Cooling loads calculation 3
Results
Cooling loads calculation 3

Validation
Load (Kw) Manual method Technical method

Total load 15 15.48

Ventilation load 6.657 6.859

Error = 3.2%

Which of these methods is preferred ……..??????

Technical method is better than manual method due to
1- The manual method takes all the loads at the same time
2- other consideration like fan heat
 Duct design 4

conduits or passages used in ventilation, and air

conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and remove air

Figure shows galvanized iron material that is used in
ducts design for this work because its availability ,
corrosion resistance and lowest cost.
 Duct design 4

Types of ducts
Rectangular or square
Round
Flexible Duct work

Round rectangular
Flexible
 Duct design 4
Duct insulation

fibrous glass material used to

isolate duct for many purpose
such as thermal insulation and
protection duct from corrosion
Duct design 4

Duct Design Procedures

1. Selection the
dimension of air
outlet(diffusers)
according to flow rate
of air in each room
2. Selection the type of
duct
3. Duct calculation
 Duct design 4

Selection the diffuser

For OP-Z1 m. air= 406 L/s

Type of duct is rectangular

Duct design 4

Duct sizer

By knowing the flow rate of room

and recommended velocity using
DUCT SIZER to calculate the
losses and duct size

Velocity 500-700 fpm

Duct size 350 x 350

Friction 0.399 pa/m
 Duct design 4
Duct fitting losses calculating by
ASHRAE DUCT FITTIND DATA BASE
Duct design 4
Duct and pipe design 4 REVIT design
Duct design 4
REVIT duct result
 Duct design 4

Exhaust duct

Exhaust duct criteria

1- Exhaust grill should be

70 mm above floor
according to ASHRAE
application
2- exhaust flow depend
on the pressure of
rooms
Duct design 4

Duct accessories

Balancing damper
To control the flow rate reducing or
increasing the airflow depending upon
conditions
Duct design 4
FILTERS
To eliminate particles
Filter Design Factors
1. Degree of air cleanliness required.
2. Particulate/contaminate size and form (solid or aerosols).
4. Cost (initial and maintenance).
5. Space requirements.
6. Pressure loss/energy use.

HEPA filter
Efficiency of HEPA filter reach
to 99.997%
Pressure loss reach to 249 pa
Duct design 4
Duct design 4
 Duct design 4
After drawing and calculating
duct the main ducts detail
Roof top fan units Actual flow rate Actual Pressure
(m3/s) drop (Pa)
Mechanical supply 1.056 123.64
air (1)
Mechanical supply 1.08 314.67
air (2)
Mechanical 1.9274 334.62

supply air (3)

Mechanical supply 3.04 772.7
air (4)
Mechanical supply 0.9795 116.3
air (5)
Mechanical supply 1.1859 342
air (6)
Mechanical exhaust 2.8107 349
air (1)
Mechanical exhaust 1.9485 255.5
air (2)
Mechanical exhaust 1.7505 276
air (3)
 Duct design 4
Selection of the fans
The following must be considered when selecting a suitable fan:
Desired air volume
Required pressure loss
Roof top fan Actual flow Actual Model standar Standar
units rate (m3/s) Pressure d flow d
drop (Pa) rate Pressur
(m3/s) e drop
(Pa)
Mechanical 1.056 123.64 MUB 042450 1.41 250
supply air (1) EC-A2
Mechanical 1.08 314.67 MUB 042450 1.75 560
supply air (2) EC-A2
Mechanical 1.9274 334.62 MUB 062560 3 540
supply air (3) EC-A2
Mechanical 3.04 772.7 MUB 062630 3.89 790
supply air (4) D4-A2 IE2
Mechanical 0.9795 116.3 MUB 042450 1.75 600
supply air (5) EC-A2
Mechanical 1.1859 342 MUB 042450 1.75 430
supply air (6) EC-A2
Mechanical 2.8107 349 MUB 062630 3.63 660
exhaust air (1) D4-A2 IE2
Mechanical 1.9485 255.5 MUB 062560 3 500
exhaust air (2) EC-A2
Mechanical 1.7505 276 MUB 062560 3 550
exhaust air (3) EC-A2
Duct design 4

A B
 Pipe design 5

Piping system used to convey water to

FCU and AHU

In a chilled water system, water is first cooled

in the water chiller the evaporator of
reciprocating, screw, or centrifugal refrigeration
system located in a centralized plant to a
temperature of (6 °C). It is then pumped to the
water cooling coils in AHUs and FCUs.
 Pipe design 5

After flowing through the coils, the chilled water

increases in temperature up to (12 C ) and then returns to
the chiller
Pipe design 5
Type of Piping system

Closed system
a closed system is one in which the flow of water is not exposed
to the atmosphere at any point.

Two-Pipe Direct Return System

Piping Material

Steel- Schedule 40
 Pipe design 5
Manual calculation
 Pipe design 5
Section Component Diameter Flow Velocity Equivalent NO. of Total ∆P ∆P
Result of manual (mm) rate )m/s) length component length (pa/m) )pa)
(kg/s) (mm) (mm
calculation
)

Sect. 1 Pipe 32 2.37 2.46 ‫ــــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــــ‬ 1.1 2000 10200

Elbow 1 2 2
Tee 2 1 2
Total ‫ــــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــــ‬ 5.1
Sect. 2 Pipe 32 1.79 1.85 ‫ــــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــــ‬ 3.2 1200 6240
Tee 2 1 2
Total ‫ــــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــــ‬ 5.2
Sect. 3 Pipe 20 .74 2.15 ‫ــــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــــ‬ 14 3000 87300
Tee 1.2 1 1.2
Elbow 0.6 12 7.2
Pall valve 6.7 1 6.7
Total ‫ــــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــــ‬ 29.1
A.H.U.01 6880
Sect. 4 Pipe 32 1.79 1.85 ‫ــــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــــ‬ 3.2 1200 6240
Tee 2 1 2
Total ‫ــــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــــ‬ 5.2
TOTAL 116860
Pipe design 5

Pipe flow wizard program

Input Data

Output data
 Pipe design 5

REVIT drawing and calculating

First draw pipe and indicate

if it supply or return

Second insert the flow water

for AHU or FCU and the
pressure drop for each AHU
or FCU
 Pipe design 5

Inserting data to FCU

or AHU based on
catalogs

Water flow calculated

by this equation
𝑸𝒄𝒄
𝒎 ሶ= (kg/s)
𝑪𝒑 ሺ𝑻𝒊𝒏 −𝑻𝒐𝒖𝒕 )

𝐶𝑝 = 4.186 k J/ kg °C
For FCU01 the zone load 𝑸𝒄𝒄 = 8.688kw …. 𝒎 ሶ = 0.415 L/s
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 12 0 C 𝑇𝑖𝑛 = 7 oC
Pipe design 5
F.C.U. Spaces Q(W) V(L/s) mw(L/s)

F.C.U. 01 • Break 3 8688 416.8 0.4151

• Break 4
• Break 5

F.C.U. 02 • Break 1 11651 557.6 0.55667

• Break 2
• Store NR break

F.C.U. 03 • Monitoring 9967 309.6 0..47621

F.C.U. 04 • Dressing NR STR 4659 244.3 0.2226
F.C.U. 05 • Fixing NR STR 6904 241 0.32986
• Sub NR STR

F.C.U. 06 • Sub way 01 9621 470.1 0.45968

F.C.U. 07 • Sub way 02 4089 159.1 0.19537
F.C.U. 08 • Sub way 03 10204 400.7 0.48753
F.C.U. 09 • Replacing dressing zone 6831 321 0.3264

F.C.U. 10 • Replacing NR CATH 7284 347.3 0.348

F.C.U. 11 • ICU services rooms 6242 313.15 0.29823
F.C.U. 12 • CATH services rooms 3984 342.17 0.19
F.C.U. 13 • Services room 12556 464 0.59991
• Electric room
• Hall with stair

F.C.U. 14 • Replacing zone 11052 396.5 0.528

Pipe design 5
A.H.U. Spaces Q(W) V(L/s) mw(L/s)

A.H.U. 01 • OP-Z1 15485 405.4 0.73985

A.H.U. 02 • OP-Z2 12230 423.5 0.58433
A.H.U. 03 • OP-Z3 13847 414.1 0.661586
A.H.U. 04 • OP-Z4 7689 344.9 0.36737
A.H.U. 05 • OP-Z5 18195 616.7 0.86933
A.H.U. 06 • I.C.U. 31777 876.75 1.5183
A.H.U. 07 • Cath heart zone 33535 1118.03 1.6022
• PR-zone 2

A.H.U. 08 • Cath zone 17100 673.63 0.817

• Dirt unit

A.H.U. 09 • Stylization 37330 1225.6 1.78356

A.H.U. 10 • Recovery zone 9831 314.1 0.46971
A.H.U. 11 • Store 1-OP 22043 815 1.0532
• Store 2-OP
• Prep. -R- OP
• Hall near-OP
Pipe design 5

Pipe accessories
Pressure gauge (on chiller)
Temperature gauge
Gate valve
Pressure regulating valve
Butterfly valve
Balancing valve
Strainer
 Pipe design 5

Air Separator
Air separator is removing the air from pipes system because air
create noise in the system and causes corrosion in pump
impellers.

Expansion tank

Expansion tanks are required in a closed loop chilled water

HVAC system to absorb the expanding fluid and limit the
pressure within a cooling system
 Pipe design 5

Results of pipe calculating

Diameter of main pipe = 100 mm

Flow = 16.7 L/s
Return pressure loss= 4.18 bar
Supply pressure = 3.8 bar

Supply

Return
Pipe design 5

Pump Sizing
centrifugal pump designs which are the most common
types used in comfort air conditioning.

Flow rate = 16.7 L/s

∆𝒑 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

Total pressure drop = 7.98 bar

ℎ = 81.34 𝑚
 Pipe design 5

Pump selection
Terminal units 6
Fan-Coil Unit

fan-coil units used to control the volume and

temperature of air delivered to the space as required to
maintain occupant thermal comfort and/or ventilation.
the basic components of fan-coil units are a cooling
coil, filter, fan, and temperature control device
 Terminal units 6 F.C.U. Spaces Q(W) V(L/s) mw(L/s)

F.C.U. 01 • Break 3 8688 416.8 0.4151

• Break 4
In our project we • Break 5
used 14 FCU F.C.U. 02 • Break 1 11651 557.6 0.55667
According to loads • Break 2
• Store NR break
F.C.U. 03 • Monitoring 9967 309.6 0..47621
F.C.U. 04 • Dressing NR STR 4659 244.3 0.2226
F.C.U. 05 • Fixing NR STR 6904 241 0.32986
• Sub NR STR
F.C.U. 06 • Sub way 01 9621 470.1 0.45968
F.C.U. 07 • Sub way 02 4089 159.1 0.19537
F.C.U. 08 • Sub way 03 10204 400.7 0.48753
F.C.U. 09 • Replacing dressing 6831 321 0.3264
zone
F.C.U. 10 • Replacing NR CATH 7284 347.3 0.348
F.C.U. 11 • ICU services rooms 6242 313.15 0.29823
F.C.U. 12 • CATH services rooms 3984 342.17 0.19
F.C.U. 13 • Services room 12556 464 0.59991
• Electric room
• Hall with stair
F.C.U. 14 • Replacing zone 11052 396.5 0.528
 Terminal units 6

Selection of FCU from catalogs

For FCU01 with load 8.688 Kw and flow 416 L/s

475 L/s
 Terminal units 6

enclosed assembly consisting of a

fan or fans and other necessary
equipment to perform one or more
of the functions of circulating,
cleaning, cooling, humidifying,
dehumidifying.
 Terminal units 6

The AHU is used to control the

following parameters of the space.
•Temperature
•Humidity
•Air Movement
•Air Cleanliness

Components of Air Handling Unit

Housing

Fan
Cooling Coil

Filters
Terminal units 6

Selection AHU criteria

load
flow rate

AHU 11 with 22.043 Kw and 815 L/s

Terminal units 6
A.H.U. Spaces Q(W) V(L/s) mw(L/s)

A.H.U. 01 • OP-Z1 15485 405.4 0.73985

A.H.U. 02 • OP-Z2 12230 423.5 0.58433
A.H.U. 03 • OP-Z3 13847 414.1 0.661586
A.H.U. 04 • OP-Z4 7689 344.9 0.36737
A.H.U. 05 • OP-Z5 18195 616.7 0.86933
A.H.U. 06 • I.C.U. 31777 876.75 1.5183
A.H.U. 07 • Cath heart zone 33535 1118.03 1.6022
• PR-zone 2
A.H.U. 08 • Cath zone 17100 673.63 0.817
• Dirt unit
A.H.U. 09 • Stylization 37330 1225.6 1.78356
A.H.U. 10 • Recovery zone 9831 314.1 0.46971
A.H.U. 11 • Store 1-OP 22043 815 1.0532
• Store 2-OP
• Prep. -R- OP
• Hall near-OP
Absorption chiller 8
 Absorption chiller 8

Selection of
absorption chiller
Absorption chiller 8
Absorption chiller 8

Characteristics of different solar collectors (for solar cooling purposes)

 Absorption chiller 8

Efficiency of evacuated
tube
Absorption chiller 8
Thermann TH-30 Collector Specification Source:[ Apricus ,technical manual, March2014]
Absorption chiller 8
Absorption chiller 8

Item Result
𝑸𝑺
𝑨𝑪 = Qe 369 kW
𝛈𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐱
Qg 473.1 kW

𝑨𝒄 Qs 333.2 Kw
𝑨𝒄 = 𝒏𝑨𝒆 → 𝒏 = 504.9 𝑚2
𝑨𝒆 Ac

Ag 792 𝑚2

Number of collector 180

Number of tube 5400

 Cost of diffusers and grilles
Type Size (mmXmm) No. Cost of unit $ Total Cost

Supply diffuser 600X600 10 55 550

Supply diffuser 450X450 82 55 4510

Return diffuser 450X450 45 55 2475

Exhaust grille 600X600 3 55 165

Exhaust grille 400X400 26 55 1430

Exhaust grille 300X300 4 55 220

TOTAL COST 170 9350

 Cost of F.C.U.
F.C.U Actual Load (TR) standard Load Cost $
(TR)
F.C.U. 01 2.4823 2.5 1875
F.C.U. 02 3.329 3.5 2625
F.C.U. 03 2.85 3 2250
F.C.U. 04 1.33 1.5 1125
F.C.U. 05 1.973 2 1500
F.C.U. 06 2.749 3 2250
F.C.U. 07 1.1683 1.5 1125
F.C.U. 08 2.915 3 2250
F.C.U. 09 1.952 2 1500
F.C.U. 10 2.08 2 1500
F.C.U. 11 1.7834 2 1500
F.C.U. 12 1.1383 1.5 1125
F.C.U. 13 3.5874 3.5 2625
F.C.U. 14 3.1577 3.5 2625
TOTAL COST 25875
 Cost of A.H.U.
A.H.U. Actual Load Standard Cost $
(TR) Load (TR)
A.H.U. 01 4.4243 4.5 6300
A.H.U. 02 3.494 3.5 4900
A.H.U. 03 3.9563 4 5600
A.H.U. 04 2.197 2.5 3500
A.H.U. 05 5.1986 5.5 7700
A.H.U. 06 9.08 9 12600
A.H.U. 07 10.153 10.5 14700
A.H.U. 08 4.886 5 7000
A.H.U. 09 10.666 11 15400
A.H.U. 10 2.81 3 4200
A.H.U. 11 6.298 6.5 9100
TOTAL COST 91000
Duct every 1 m2 Total= 54000 $
28 $

Chiller every 1 TR 1700$ Total= 166600 $

Solar collector every piece 1200 $ Total=216000 $

Recommendations 8.2
▪ Using REVIT MEB for calculating load is effective most of things
considered in it .
▪ Using REVIT MEB for calculating duct and pipe losses is very
effective.
▪ Any one Using REVIT MEB should be precise in inserting data to
program from standards books for getting proper cooling loads
and losses .
THANKS FOR ATTENTION