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Chua circuit
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Leon O. Chua (2007), Scholarpedia, 2(10):1488. Curator: Dr. Leon O. Chua, Dept. of EECS, University of California, Berkeley The Chua Circuit is the simplest electronic circuit exhibiting chaos, and many well-known bifurcation phenomena, as verified from numerous laboratory experiments, computer simulations, and rigorous mathematical analysis. revision #37294 [link to/cite this article]
Contents
1 Historical Background 2 Circuit Diagram and Realization 2.1 Local Activity is Necessary for Chaos 2.2 The Chua Diode is Locally Active 2.3 Oscilloscope Displays of Chaos 3 Chua Equations 3.1 Fractal Geometry of the Double Scroll Attractor 3.2 Period-Doubling Route to Chaos 3.3 Interior Crisis and Boundary Crisis 4 Generalizations 5 Applications 6 External Links 7 References 8 See Also
Figure 1: The Chua Circuit.
Historical Background
The Chua Circuit was invented in the fall of 1983 (Chua, 1992) in response to two unfulfilled quests among many researchers on chaos concerning two wanting aspects of the Lorenz Equations (Lorenz, 1963). The first quest was to devise a laboratory system which can be realistically modeled by the Lorenz Equations in order to demonstrate chaos is a robust physical phenomenon, and not merely an artifact of computer round-off errors. The second quest was to prove that the Lorenz attractor, which was obtained by computer simulation, is indeed chaotic in a rigorous mathematical sense. The existence of chaotic attractors from the Chua circuit had been confirmed numerically by Matsumoto (1984), observed experimentally by Zhong and Ayrom (1985), and proved rigorously in (Chua, et al, 1986). The basic approach of the proof is illustrated in a guided exercise on Chuas circuit in the well-known textbook by Hirsch, Smale and Devaney (2003).
Circuit Diagram and Realization
The circuit diagram of the Chua Circuit is shown in Figure 1. It contains 5 circuit elements. The first four elements on the left are standard off-the-shelf linear passive electrical components; namely, inductance L > 0, resistance R > 0, and two capacitances C1 > 0 and C2 > 0. They are called passive elements because they do not need a power supply (e.g., battery). Interconnection of passive elements always leads to trivial dynamics, with all element voltages and currents tending to zero (Chua, 1969).
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Local Activity is Necessary for Chaos
The simplest circuit that could give rise to oscillatory or chaotic waveforms must include at least one locally active (Chua, 1998), (Chua, 2005) nonlinear element, powered by a battery, such as the Chua diode shown in Figure 1, characterized by a current vs. voltage nonlinear function , whose slope must be negative somewhere on the curve. Such an element is called a locally active resistor. Although the function may assume many shapes,the original Chua circuit specifies the 3-segment piecewise-linear odd-symmetric characteristic shown in the right hand side of Figure 1, where m0 denotes the slope of the middle segment and m1 denotes the slope of the two outer segments ; namely,
where the coordinate of the two symmetric breakpoints are normalized, without loss of generality, to
The Chua Diode is Locally Active
The Chua diode is not an off-the-shelf component. However, there are many ways to synthesize such an element using offthe-shelf components and a power supply, such as batteries. The circuit for realizing the Chua diode need not concern us since the dynamical behavior of the Chua Circuit depends only on the 4 parameter values L, R, C1, C2 and the nonlinear characteristic function . Any locally active device requires a power supply for the same reason a mobile phone can not function without batteries (Chua, 1969). A physical circuit for realizing the Chua Circuit in Figure 1 is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Physical realization of the Chua Circuit.
Observe the one-to-one correspondence between each linear circuit element in Figure 1 and its corresponding physical component in Figure 2 (Gandhi et al, 2007). The Chua diode in Figure 1 corresponds to the small black box with two external wires soldered across capacitance C1. Two batteries are used to supply power for the Chua diode. The parameter values for L, R, C1, and C2, as well as instructions for building the Chua diode in Figure 1 are given in (Kennedy, 1992). Figure 3 shows the complete Chua Circuit, including the circuit schematic diagram (enclosed inside the box NR) for realizing the Chua diode, using 2 standard Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps) and 6 linear resistors (Gandhi et al. 2007). The two vertical terminals emanating from each Op Amp (labeled and , respectively) in Figure 3 must be connected to the plus and minus terminals of a 9 volt battery, respectively. There are many other circuits for realizing the Chua diode. The most
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Figure 3: Realization of Chuas Circuit using two Op Amps and six linear resistors to implement the Chua diode NR.
Figure 4: A Chua Circuit where the Chua diode is implemented by a specially designed IC chip.
compact albeit expensive way is to design an integrated electronic circuit, such as the physical circuit shown in Figure 4, where the black box in Figure 2 had been replaced by a single IC chip (Cruz and Chua, 1993), and powered by only one battery.
Oscilloscope Displays of Chaos
Using the Chua Circuit shown in Figure 4, the voltage waveforms and across capacitors C1 and C2, and
the current waveform through the inductor L in Figure 1, were observed using an oscilloscope and displayed in Figure 5 (a), (b), and (c) (left column), respectively. The Lissajous figures associated with 3 permutated pairs of waveforms are displayed on the right column Figure 5; namely, in the plane in Figure 5(d), the plane in Figure 5(e), and the plane Figure 5 (f). They are 2-dimensional projections of the chaotic attractor, called the double scroll, traced out by the 3 waveforms from the left column in the 3-dimensional space. It is important to point out that the Chua Circuit is not an analog computer. Rather it is a physical system where the voltage, current, and power associated with each of the 5 circuit elements in Figure 1 can be measured and observed on an oscilloscope, and where the power flow among the elements makes physical sense. In an analog computer (usually using Op Amps interconnected with other electronic components to mimic some prescribed set of differential equations), the measured voltages have no physical meanings because the corresponding currents and powers can not be identified, let alone measured, from the analog computer.
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Figure 5: .Waveforms and Lissajous figures recorded from experimental measurements on the Chua Circuit shown in Figure 4. The three waveforms displayed in (a), (b), and (c) (left column) correspond to to , and , respectively. The three Lissajous figures displayed in (d), (e), and (f) (right column) correspond to the pair of variables ( , ), ( , ), and ( , ), respectively
Chua Equations
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By rescaling the circuit variables , , and from Figure 1, we obtain the following dimensionless Chua Equations involving 3 dimensionless state variables x, y, z, and only 2 dimensionless parameters and :
Chua Equations
where and are real numbers, and is a scalar function of the single variable . The Chua Equations are simpler than the Lorenz Equations in the sense that it contains only one scalar nonlinearity, whereas the Lorenz Equations contains 3 nonlinear terms, each consisting of a product of two variables (Pivka et al, 1996). In the original version studied in-depth in (Chua et al, 1986), is defined as a piecewise-linear function
where m0 and m1 denote the slope of the inner and outer segments of the piecewise-linear function in Figure 1, respectively. Although simpler smooth scalar functions, such as polynomials, could be chosen for without affecting the qualitative behaviors of the Chua Equations, a continuous (but not differentiable) piecewise-linear function was chosen strategically from the outset in (Chua et al, 1986) in order to devise a rigorous proof showing the experimentally and numerically derived double scroll attractor is indeed chaotic. Unlike the Lorenz attractor (Lorenz, 1963), which had not been proven to be chaotic until 36 years later (Stewart, 2000) by Tucker (1999), it was possible to prove the double scroll attractor from the Chua Circuit is chaotic by virtue of the fact that certain Poincare return maps associated with the attractor can be derived explicitly in analytical form via compositions of eigen vectors within each linear region of the 3-dimensional state space (Chua et al, 1986), (Shilnikov, 1994).
Fractal Geometry of the Double Scroll Attractor
Based on an in-depth analysis of the phase portrait located in each of the 3 linear regions of the x-y-z state space, as well as from a detailed numerical analysis of the double scroll attractor shown in Figure 6, the geometrical structure of the double scroll attractor is found to consist of a juxtaposition of infinitely many thin, concentric, oppositely-directed fractal-like layers. The local geometry of each cross section appears to be a fractal at all cross sections and scales. This fractal geometry is depicted in the caricature shown in Figure 7. A 3-dimensional model of the double scroll attractor, accurate to millimeter scales, has been carefully sculpted using red and blue fiber glass, and displayed in Figure 8.
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Figure 6: The double scroll attractor derived by computer simulations of the Chua Equations.
Figure 7: A caricature of the double spiral fractal geometry of the double scroll attractor.
Figure 8: Three-dimensional fiber glass model of the double scroll attractor.
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Period-Doubling Route to Chaos
By fixing the parameters of the Chua Equations at = 15.6, m0 = -8/7 and m1 = -5/7, and varying the parameter from = 25 to = 51, one observes a classic period-doubling bifurcation route to chaos (Kennedy, 2005). This is depicted in Figure 9, reproduced from page 377 of (Alligood et al, 1997).
Interior Crisis and Boundary Crisis
By fixing the parameters of the Chua Equations at = 15.6, m0 = -8/7 and m1 = -5/7, and varying the parameter from = 32 to = 30, Figure 10 (reproduced from page 421 of Alligood et al (1997)) shows the bifurcation of a pair of coexisting Rssler-like attractors with separate basins of attraction moving toward one another until they touch at = 31, whereupon the two twin attractors merge into a single double scroll attractor. A further reduction to = 30 triggers a boundary crisis, resulting in a periodic orbit.
Figure 9: The Chua Circuit exhibits a period-doubling route to chaos.
Figure 10: The Chua Circuit exhibits an interior crisis and a boundary crisis bifurcation.
Generalizations
There exists several generalized versions of the Chua Circuit. One generalization substitutes the continuous piecewiselinear function by a smooth function, such as a cubic polynomial (Khibnik et al, 1993), (Shilnikov, 1994), (Huang et al, 1996), (Hirsch et al, 2003), (Tsuneda, 2005), (ODonoghue et al, 2005). For example, Hirsch, Smale and Devaney chose
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with = 10.91865 and = 14 to obtain a pair of homoclinic orbits, a much coveted precursor of chaos (Shilnikov, 1994). Another generalization replaces the third equation in the Chua Equations by
thereby introducing a third parameter (Chua, 1993). This unfolding of the originl vector field gives rise to a surprisingly large number of topologically distinct chaotic attractors. For example, Bilotta had reported almost a thousand attractors (which appears to exhibit different geometrical structures) from the generalized Chua Equations (Bilotta et al, 2007). Various forms of the Chua Equations can be found in textbooks on nonlinear dynamics (Hirsch et al, 2003), (Alligood et al, 1997) and chaos (van Wyk and Steeb, 1997), (Sprott, 2003), where a more detailed mathematical analysis can be found.
Applications
The Chua Circuit has been built and used in many laboratories as a physical source of pseudo random signals, and in numerous experiments on synchronization studies, such as secure communication systems and simulations of brain dynamics. It has also been used extensively in many numerical simulations, and exploited in avant-garde music compositions (Bilotta et al, 2005), and in the evolution of natural languages (Bilotta and Pantano, 2006). Arrays of Chua Circuits have been used to generate 2-dimensional spiral waves, 3-dimensional scroll waves, (Munuzuri et al, 1993) and stationary patterns, such as Turing and other exotic patterns, (Munuzuri and Chua, 1997), (Madan, 1993), as illustrated in Figures 11(a), (b), and (c), respectively. Such high-dimensional attractors have been exploited for applications in image processing, neural networks, dynamic associative memories (Itoh and Chua, 2004), complexity (Chua, 1998), emergence (Arena et al, 2005), etc.
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Figure 11: Spiral wave, scroll wave, and stationary pattern generated from 2- and 3-dimenstional arrays of Chua Circuits.
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External Links
http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/chaostsa/ http://www.chuacircuit.com
References
Alligood, K. T., Sauer, T. D. and Yorke, J. A. (1997) Chaos, Springer-Verlag, New York. Arena, P., Bucolo, M., Fazzino, S., Fortuna, L. and Frasca, M. (2005) The CNN Paradigm: Shapes and Complexity, International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 7 : 2063-2090. Bilotta, E., Gervasi, S. and Pantano, P. (2005) Reading Complexity in Chuas Oscillator Through Music. Part I : A New Way of understanding chaos, International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 15 : 253-382. Bilotta, E., and Pantano, P. (2006) The Language of Chaos, International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 16 : 523-557. Bilotta, E., Di Blasi, G., Stranges, F. and Pantano, P. (2007) A Gallery of Chua Attractors. Part VI. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 17 : 1801-1910. Chua, L. O. (1969) Introduction to Nonlinear Network Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York. Chua, L. O. (1992) The Genesis of Chuas Circuit. Archiv fr Elektronik und Ubertragung-stechnik, 46 : 250257. Chua, L. O. (1993) Global Unfolding of Chuas Circuit, IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications, Computer Science, E76-A : 704-734. Chua, L. O. (1994) Chuas Circuit : An Overview Ten Years Later, Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, 4 : 117-159. Chua, L. O. (1998) CNN : A Paradigm for Complexity, World Scientific, Singapore. Chua, L. O. (2005) Local Activity is the Origin of Complexity, International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 15 : 3435-3456. Chua, L. O., Komuro, M., and Matsumoto, T. (1986) The double scroll family, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 33 : 1072-1118. Cruz, J. M. and Chua, L. O. (1993) An IC Chip of Chuas Circuit, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and SystemsII, 10 : 596-613. Gandhi, G., Muthuswamy, B., and Roska, T. (2007) Chua's Circuit for High School Students, International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 12. Hirsch, M. W., Smale, S. and Devaney, R. L. (2003) Differential Equations, Dynamical Systems & An Introduction to Chaos, Second Edition, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam. Huang, A. S., Pivka, L., Wu, C. W, and Franz, M. (1996) Chuas Equation with Cubic Nonlinearity, International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 12(A) : 2175-2222. Kennedy, M. P. (1992) Robust Op Amp Realization of Chuas Circuit, Frequenz, 46 : 66-80 Kennedy, M. P. (2005) Chuas Circuit, Encyclopedia of Nonlinear Science (Editor : A. Scott) 136-138. Itoh, M. and Chua, L.O. (2004) Star Cellular Neural Network for Associative and Dynamic Memories, International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 14 : 1725-1772. Khibnik, A.I. Roose, D. and Chua, L. O. (1993) On periodic orbits and homoclinic bifurcations in Chuas circuit with a smooth nonlinearity, International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 3 : 363-384. Lorenz, E. (1963) Deterministic flow, Journal of Atmospheric Science, 20 : 130-141. Madan, R. N. (1993) Chuas Circuit : A Paradigm for Chaos, World Scientific, Singapore. Matsumoto, T. (1984) A Chaotic attractor from Chuas Circuit, IEEE Transaction on Circuits and Systems, 31 : 1055-1058. Perez-Munuzuri, V., Perez-Villar, V. and Chua, L. O. (1993) Autowaves for Image Processing on a TwoDimensional CNN Array of Excitable Nonlinear Circuits : Flat and Wrinkled Labyrinths, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 140 : 174-181. Munuzuri, A.P., and Chua, L.O. (1997) Stationary Structures in a Discrete Bistable Reaction-Diffusion System, International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 12 : 2807-2825. ODonoghue, K., Kennedy, M. P., Forbes, P., Qu, M. and Jones, S. (2005) A Fast and simple Implementation of Chua's Oscillator with Cubic-Like Nonlinearity, International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 15 : 2959-2971. Pivka, L., Wu, C. W. And Huang, A. (1996), Lorenz Equation and Chuas Equation, International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 12(B) : 2443-2489. Shilnikov, L. P. (1994) Chuas Circuit : Rigorous Results and Future Problems, International Journal of
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Bifurcation and Chaos, 4 : 489-519. Sprott, J. C. (2003) Chaos and Time-Series Analysis, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Stewart, I (2000) The Lorenz Attractor Exists, Nature, 406 : 948-949. Tsuneda, A. (2005) A Gallery of Attractors from smooth Chuas Equation, International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 15 : 1-50. Tucker, W. (1999) The Lorenz Attractor Exists, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 328, series 1 : 1197-1202 van Wyk, M. A. and Steeb, W. H. (1997) Chaos in Electronics, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Internal references John W. Milnor (2006) Attractor. Scholarpedia, 1(11):1815. Edward Ott (2006) Basin of attraction. Scholarpedia, 1(8):1701. John Guckenheimer (2007) Bifurcation. Scholarpedia, 2(6):1517. Valentino Braitenberg (2007) Brain. Scholarpedia, 2(11):2918. Olaf Sporns (2007) Complexity. Scholarpedia, 2(10):1623. James Meiss (2007) Dynamical systems. Scholarpedia, 2(2):1629. Eugene M. Izhikevich and Richard FitzHugh (2006) FitzHugh-Nagumo model. Scholarpedia, 1(9):1349. Mark Aronoff (2007) Language. Scholarpedia, 2(5):3175. Kendall E. Atkinson (2007) Numerical analysis. Scholarpedia, 2(8):3163. Arkady Pikovsky and Michael Rosenblum (2007) Synchronization. Scholarpedia, 2(12):1459. James Murdock (2006) Unfoldings. Scholarpedia, 1(12):1904.
See Also
Chaos, Chaotic Oscillators, FitzHugh-Nagumo Model Leon O. Chua (2007) Chua circuit. Scholarpedia, 2(10):1488, (go to the first approved version) Created: 10 May 2006, reviewed: 9 October 2007, accepted: 9 October 2007 Action editor: Dr. Eugene M. Izhikevich, Editor-in-Chief of Scholarpedia, the free peer reviewed encyclopedia Retrieved from "http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Chua_circuit" Categories: Dynamical Systems
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